Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 37 family.
May be involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. PDR (TC 3.A.1.205) subfamily.
Contains one covalently linked phytochromobilin chromophore.
Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reductase, rRNA, etc. It also controls the expression of its own gene(s) in a negative feedback fashion.
Belongs to the YSL (TC 2.A.67.2) family.
The sequence shown here is derived from an EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ whole genome shotgun (WGS) entry which is preliminary data.
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
NDH is composed of at least 16 different subunits, 5 of which are encoded in the nucleus.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient.
The NDH complex is 2.5-3 times more abundant in bundle sheath than mesophyll cells.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. TBL subfamily.
Belongs to the 2Fe2S plant-type ferredoxin family.
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the plant acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the cytosolic Fe-S scaffold complex. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via a FAD- and FMN-containing diflavin oxidoreductase. Together with the diflavin oxidoreductase, also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
The C-terminal domain binds 2 Fe-S clusters but is otherwise mostly in an intrinsically disordered conformation.
The N-terminal domain has structural similarity with S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, but does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine. It is required for correct assembly of the 2 Fe-S clusters.
The twin Cx2C motifs are involved in the recognition by the mitochondrial MIA40-ERV1 disulfide relay system. The formation of 2 disulfide bonds in the Cx2C motifs through dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions effectively traps the protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
Belongs to the RecA family. DMC1 subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations.
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Belongs to the abscisic acid and water stress-induced protein family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 20 family.
Belongs to the disease resistance NB-LRR family.
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGN subfamily.
Ethanolamine phosphate transferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers ethanolamine phosphate to the first alpha-1,4-linked mannose of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol precursor of GPI-anchor.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
P1 and P2 exist as dimers at the large ribosomal subunit.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
May be involved in DNA replication and thus regulate cell proliferation.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. RAD16 subfamily.
Belongs to the LOB domain-containing protein family.
Nuclear chaperone required for maturation and nuclear export of pre-60S ribosome subunits.
Belongs to the plant homeotic and developmental regulators ALOG protein family.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex, at least composed of CRR4 and CAF1 proteins.
Ubiquitous transcription factor required for a diverse set of processes. It is a component of the CCR4 complex involved in the control of gene expression.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin B subfamily.
Belongs to the RBR family. Ariadne subfamily.
Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the aromatic acid exporter (TC 2.A.85) family.
Catalyzes the formation of sulfite from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) using thioredoxin as an electron donor.
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the leguminous lectin family.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 32 family.
Belongs to the plant dirigent protein family.
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol in the biosynthesis of lignans, flavonolignans, and alkaloids and thus plays a central role in plant secondary metabolism.
Modulates cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration and is crucial for proper stomatal regulation in response to elevated levels of external Ca(2+). May function by regulating concentrations of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which in turn triggers release of Ca(2+) from internal stores. May play a role in de-etiolation.
Phosphorylated in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells, under both low and high light regimes (70 vs 900 umol photons/m-2/s).
Belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family.
Hydrolyzes acetyl esters in homogalacturonan regions of pectin. In type I primary cell wall, galacturonic acid residues of pectin can be acetylated at the O-2 and O-3 positions. Decreasing the degree of acetylation of pectin gels in vitro alters their physical properties.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
May participate in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond in the first two intermediates of riboflavin biosynthesis, which are highly reactive metabolites, yielding relatively innocuous products. Thus, can divert a surplus of harmful intermediates into relatively harmless products and pre-empt the damage these intermediates would otherwise do. Has no activity against GTP, nucleoside monophosphates or ADP-ribose.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the YbiA family.
Lethal when homozygous. Required for both endosperm and embryo formation in the seed.
Pyrimidine reductase involved in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. Has also a non-functional N-terminal deaminase domain that lacks the catalytically essential zinc-binding residues. 39% activity when NADH replaces NADPH. No evidence for a phosphatase activity conferred by the N-terminal domain.
Unlike bacteria that have a bifunctional, two-domain RibD enzyme, plants have a monofunctional reductase and a monofunctional deaminase, each having an enzymatically inactive domain.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the selenoprotein M/F family.
May be involved in modulation of pathogen defense and leaf cell death.
The C-terminus contains a calmodulin-binding domain, which binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion.
Catalyzes the specific phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of shikimic acid using ATP as a cosubstrate.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
Belongs to the plant LTP family. B11E subfamily.
Homodimer; in free form. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex which is a heteropentamer containing 2 copies of SUPV3L1 and 3 copies of PNPT1.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Belongs to the fasciclin-like AGP family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the pectinesterase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the PMEI family.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class IV subfamily.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 10 (cellulase F) family.
Belongs to the precorrin methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. phosphate:H(+) symporter (TC 2.A.1.9) family.
Belongs to the mandelate racemase/muconate lactonizing enzyme family.
Converts the prephenate produced from the shikimate-chorismate pathway into phenylalanine.
Belongs to the acyl-ACP thioesterase family.
Plays an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the beta-class carbonic anhydrase family.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
Belongs to the oligopeptide OPT transporter (TC 2.A.67.1) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase beta subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyzes the two-electron reduction of thioredoxins by the electrons provided by reduced ferredoxin.
Heterodimer of subunit A (variable subunit) and subunit B (catalytic subunit). Heterodimeric FTR forms a complex with ferredoxin and thioredoxin.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 17 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase GT106 family.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Ascorbate peroxidase subfamily.
Belongs to the threonine aldolase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Classical plant (class III) peroxidase subfamily.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin A subfamily.
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations.
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer. Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Histone-binding component that specifically recognizes H3 tails trimethylated on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3), which mark transcription start sites of virtually all active genes.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen.
Between 10 and 30 days after pollination.
Transcriptional activator specifically required for expression of the maturation program in the seed development. Probably potentiates the response to the seed-specific hormone abscisic acid (ABA). May bind to DNA indirectly.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for normal assembly of chloroplast polysomes.
Pale green leaf phenotype. Global defects in chloroplast translation.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecG subfamily.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 1 family.
Binds 1 Ca(2+) ion. Required for its activity.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL36 family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Belongs to the Casparian strip membrane proteins (CASP) family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Interacts with chloroplast ribosomal protein L14 (rpl14).
May be a ribosome silencing factor (Potential). Involved in plastid biogenesis. Plastids affected by a mutation in Iojap lose the ability to perform translation and lack plastid ribosomes.
Plastids lose the ability to perform translation and lack plastid ribosomes.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC159 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Belongs to the TALE/KNOX homeobox family.
Binds to RNA (PubMed:17965274). Possible transcription factor that regulates genes involved in development. Mutations in KN-1 alter leaf development. Foci of cells along the lateral vein do not differentiate properly but continue to divide, forming knots. May participate in the switch from indeterminate to determinate cell fates. Probably binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3'.
Expressed in apical meristems of vegetative and floral stems as well as in the underlying ground meristem. Specifically expressed in vascular bundles developing both in the leaf and stem. Very low levels of expression in leaves.
Expressed throughout apical and vegetative meristem during development. Down-regulated as leaves and floral organs are initiated.
Forms homodimers (By similarity). Binds to MBP2C; this interaction reduces RNA binding capacity (PubMed:17965274).
ADP:ATP antiporter that mediates import of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and export of ATP out to fuel the cell (By similarity). Cycles between the cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) and the matrix-open state (m-state): operates by the alternating access mechanism with a single substrate-binding site intermittently exposed to either the cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. UNG family.
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Atypical ATP-dependent clade 'X' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 28 family.
May be involved in environmental stress response.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA).
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. TIP (TC 1.A.8.10) subfamily.
Transcriptional activator that binds specific DNA sequence.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 92 family.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Belongs to the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Probably involved in membrane trafficking.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ArgA subfamily.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. POR subfamily.
Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 100 family.
Invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit.
The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Folate-biopterin transporter (TC 2.A.71) family.
Involved in sequestration of excess metal in the cytoplasm into vacuoles to maintain metal homeostasis.
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. Plant myosin class XI subfamily.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
The QLQ domain and WRC domain may be involved in protein-protein interaction and DNA-binding, respectively.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
Involved in the regulation of the G1/S transition. Increases the DNA binding activity of E2F proteins after heterodimerization.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Bacterial/plant glycogen synthase subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Belongs to the plant CAR protein family.
PSK-alpha is produced by endopeptidase digestion. PSK-beta is produced from PSK-alpha by exopeptidase digestion.
Promotes plant cell differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis as well as cell proliferation.
Sulfation is important for activity and for the binding to a putative membrane receptor.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class I subfamily.
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel.
Involved in lignin biosynthesis. May catalyze the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers, like coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and 4-coumaryl alcohol.
Reduced lignin content, and modified lignin of reddish-brown color.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
Putative gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CPYC subfamily.
Required for proper 27S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. DHAR family.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the OXA1/ALB3/YidC (TC 2.A.9.2) family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
The primary product of this enzyme is 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed naringenin-chalcone or chalcone) which can under specific conditions spontaneously isomerize into naringenin.
Belongs to the plant rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. TRX/MLL subfamily.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC2 subfamily.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
In plastids the minimal PEP RNA polymerase catalytic core is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, beta', and beta''. When a (nuclear-encoded) sigma factor is associated with the core the holoenzyme is formed, which can initiate transcription.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Belongs to the ribosome-inactivating protein family.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Belongs to the WIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of chloroplastic protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the isopentenyl phosphate kinase family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the anamorsin/DRE2 homolog, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins.
Belongs to the class-II DAHP synthase family.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-I subfamily.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Required for endonucleolytic cleavage during polyadenylation-dependent pre-mRNA 3'-end formation.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I13 (potato type I serine protease inhibitor) family.
Expressed in early stages of lateral root primordium formation, becoming restricted to the endodermal cell lineage at later stages.
Expressed in the root endodermis and in a single file of cells through the quiescent center.
Probable transcription factor involved in establishing and maintaining the correct radial pattern in the root apical meristem.
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetL is important for photoautotrophic growth as well as for electron transfer efficiency and stability of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, PetD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are PetG, PetL, PetM and PetN. The complex functions as a dimer.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 34 family.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase II family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the DHBP synthase family.
tRNA nucleus export receptor which facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex.
The jas domain is required for interaction with COI1.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.
Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope.
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Binds 3 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
By herbivory, wounding or elicitor treatments in young leaves of cv. B73, but not of cv. Delprim (PubMed:12481088). Induced transiently by F.graminearum and combination of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethephon (EP), an ethylene precursor (PubMed:26620527).
Expressed in leaves and sheath tissues. Not detected in roots.
Involved in the formation of (E)-beta-farnesene and (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, key signal molecules in induced plant defense mediated by the attraction of enemies of herbivores (PubMed:12481088). In the presence of geranyl diphosphate, catalyzes the formation of the acyclic monoterpens (3R)-linalool and geraniol (PubMed:12481088). However, the in vitro rate of sesquiterpene formation is about four times higher than the rate of monoterpene formation (PubMed:12481088). Mediates the conversion of ent-copalyl diphosphate into ent-kaurene, thus having probably a role in gibberellin biosynthesis (PubMed:26620527).
The Asp-Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Asp/Glu (DDXXD/E) motif is important for the catalytic activity, presumably through binding to Mg(2+).
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Belongs to the chalcone isomerase family.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Belongs to the DVL/RTFL small polypeptides family.
May be involved in both secretory and endocytic intracellular trafficking in the endosomal/prevacuolar compartments.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase involved in the omega-oxidation pathway of lipid degradation.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
Acts as a factor that allows the DNA to undergo a single round of replication per cell cycle. Required for DNA replication and cell proliferation (By similarity). May act as a component of the MCM complex which is the putative replicative helicase of the replication licensing system in eukaryotic cells.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCA family. CPR flippase (TC 3.A.1.211) subfamily.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. Purple acid phosphatase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytoene. Mediates the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis.
Expressed in embryos, endosperm and seedling leaves (PubMed:8722797). Expressed in leaves and endosperm (PubMed:8722797).
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Belongs to the Bowman-Birk serine protease inhibitor family.
Associates with 90S and pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles.
Component of the 90S pre-ribosome involved in the maturation of rRNAs. Required for early cleavages of the pre-RNAs in the 40S ribosomal subunit maturation pathway.
Belongs to the plant tobamovirus multiplication TOM1 protein family.
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 2 family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. ERF subfamily.
Belongs to the 11S seed storage protein (globulins) family.
Hexamer; each subunit is composed of an acidic and a basic chain derived from a single precursor and linked by a disulfide bond.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. CMP-Sialate:CMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.12) subfamily.
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Essential for the maintenance of cellular ATP levels and carbohydrate metabolism (By similarity).
Plants contain two types of GAPDH: cytosolic forms which participate in glycolysis and chloroplast forms which participate in photosynthesis. All the forms are encoded by distinct genes.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with ribosomal protein S21.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Component of a prohibitin multimeric complex in mitochondrial membranes.
May function as sodium-coupled metabolite transporter across the chloroplast envelope.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Omega family.
Required for the accumulation of coenzyme A in the mitochondrial matrix.
Is associated with a DNA binding complex to bind to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 5 (cellulase A) family.
Belongs to the RuBisCO large chain family. Type I subfamily.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large chains and 8 small chains; disulfide-linked. The disulfide link is formed within the large subunit homodimers.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate in the photorespiration process. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site.
The basic functional RuBisCO is composed of a large chain homodimer in a 'head-to-tail' conformation. In form I RuBisCO this homodimer is arranged in a barrel-like tetramer with the small subunits forming a tetrameric 'cap' on each end of the 'barrel'.
The disulfide bond which can form in the large chain dimeric partners within the hexadecamer appears to be associated with oxidative stress and protein turnover.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TTCP) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively.
Belongs to the complex I 51 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Belongs to the plant ACBP60 protein family.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Plays an important role in the control of DNA replication and the maintenance of replication fork stability.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
Shows a remarkable charge distribution with the N-terminus being highly negatively charged, and the cytoplasmic C-terminus positively charged.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins.
Binds to multiple calmodulin (CaM) in the presence of Ca(2+) and CaM-like proteins.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 41 family. O-GlcNAc transferase subfamily.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues.
Contains at least one intrachain disulfide bond essential for its enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Belongs to the NADH:flavin oxidoreductase/NADH oxidase family.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate, which is further processed to form (S)-allantoin.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Involved in splicing regulation. Facilitates post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by limiting the degradation of transgene aberrant RNAs by the RNA quality control (RQC) machinery, thus favoring their entry into cytoplasmic siRNA bodies where they can trigger PTGS. Does not participate in the production of small RNAs.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
Belongs to the ParA family. MinD subfamily.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. SpeA subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Involved in the synthesis of glucuronoxylan hemicellulose in secondary cell walls.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Belongs to the drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) superfamily. Plant drug/metabolite exporter (P-DME) (TC 2.A.7.4) family.
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the membrane.
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Belongs to the plant ureide permease (TC 2.A.7.19) family.
Highly expressed in root. Expressed at much lower level in kernel. Weakly or not expressed in expressed in stems and leaves.
Utilizes UDP-glucose as the sugar donor and catalyzes the formation of O-beta-D-glucosyl-cis-zeatin from cis-zeatin. May regulate active versus storage forms of cytokinins and could have an impact on seed growth.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL21 family.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-processing.
Homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family. COMT subfamily.
Expressed in seedlings and newly formed crown roots. Highest expression in the scutellar node. Low to non detectable levels in cob, tassel and mature organs like husk or leaves.
O-methyltransferase involved in the benzoxazinoid glucoside biosynthesis. Can use 2,4,7-trihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-D-glucoside (TRIBOA-glucoside) as substrate, but not aglucone TRIBOA, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, apigenin or quercetin.
Peak of expression in 3- and 4-day-old seedlings.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel.
Belongs to the nucleoporin NSP1/NUP62 family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose. Necessary for the biosynthesis of the core tetrasaccharide in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
Belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
Component of the peroxisomal and mitochondrial division machineries. Plays a role in promoting the fission of mitochondria and peroxisomes.
The C-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal targeting, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal fission.
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family. SMH subfamily.
Binds preferentially double-stranded telomeric repeats, but may also bind to the single telomeric strand.
HTH myb-type domain confers double-stranded telomeric DNA-binding while the H15 domain is involved in non-specific DNA-protein interaction and multimerization.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 79 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. NIP (TC 1.A.8.12) subfamily.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase HD2 family.
Mediates the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (By similarity).
Multimer. Possibly forms a homotrimer with HDT1 and/or HDT3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. PIP (TC 1.A.8.11) subfamily.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
Belongs to the ACC deaminase/D-cysteine desulfhydrase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35.5) family.
Magnesium transporter that may mediate the influx of magnesium.
Belongs to the SIS family. GutQ/KpsF subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 9 (cellulase E) family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the pyridoxine kinase family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Putative transcription activator involved in regulating light control of development.
Belongs to the class-II pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the purine permeases (TC 2.A.7.14) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Golgi membrane protein involved in vesicular trafficking.
Belongs to the CcmF/CycK/Ccl1/NrfE/CcsA family.
Required during biogenesis of c-type cytochromes (cytochrome c6 and cytochrome f) at the step of heme attachment.
Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (3-isopropylmalate) to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. The product decarboxylates to 4-methyl-2 oxopentanoate.
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
DNA polymerase II participates in chromosomal DNA replication.
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
Belongs to the ALG10 glucosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Ungrouped subfamily.
Belongs to the CRT-like transporter family.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Catalyzes the condensation of (S)-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] and pyruvate to 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA).
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
This enzyme participates in both the breakdown and synthesis of glucose.
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 independent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine resulting in methionine formation.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
By treatment with tunicamycin. Overproduced in fl2, defective endosperm-b30, and mucronate mutants.
Probably plays a role in facilitating the assembly of multimeric protein complexes inside the ER.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Plant (TC 1.A.1.4) subfamily.
The KHA domain (rich in hydrophobic and acidic residues) present in the C-terminal part is likely to be important for tetramerization.
The potassium channel is composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits.
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids. The pore-forming region H5 is enclosed by the transmembrane segments S5 and S6 in the Shaker-type (1P/6TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity.
Associated with ER-derived protein bodies in endosperm.
Expressed in roots, stalks, leaves, immature ears, embryo and endosperm.
May be involved in the degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
May be involved in the degradation process of specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
Not induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Cytoprotective ribonuclease (RNase) required for resistance to abiotic stresses, acting as a positive regulator of mRNA decapping during stress.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
Belongs to the oxygen-dependent FAD-linked oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the MORC ATPase protein family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2). Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module).
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2 and the SAGA complexes. The transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histones. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription. The TREX-2 complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery.
Belongs to the acetolactate synthase small subunit family.
Acts as a Mg(2+) transporter. Can also transport other divalent cations such as Fe(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+) but to a much less extent than Mg(2+).
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Essential component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Essential for the SPC catalytic activity, possibly by stabilizing and positioning the active center of the complex close to the lumenal surface.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the cystatin family. Phytocystatin subfamily.
Catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Belongs to the plant DMP1 protein family.
Belongs to the SLAC1 S-type anion channel family.
Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
May function in depolymerizing pectin during pollen development, germination, and tube growth. Acts as an exo-polygalacturonase.
Belongs to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) protein family.
Binds at least 14 chlorophylls (8 Chl-a and 6 Chl-b) and carotenoids such as lutein and neoxanthin.
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins.
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5C family.
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family.
Belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose.
Belongs to the plant organ size related (OSR) protein family.
Probably involved in the defense reaction of plants against pathogens.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx5 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides.
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
Involved in C-to-U editing of chloroplastic RNA. Functions as major chloroplastic editing factor. Controls a majority of the chloroplastic editing sites.
Belongs to the PHD-associated homeobox family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Regulator of biological processes that recruits a histone deacetylase to control gene transcription. May play a role in the entry into mitosis, negatively regulating the cell proliferation. Formation of stable complexes with geminiviridae replication-associated proteins may create a cellular environment which favors viral DNA replication.
Functions as two-component phosphorelay mediators between cytokinin sensor histidine kinases and response regulators (B-type ARRs). Plays an important role in propagating cytokinin signal transduction.
Histidine-containing phosphotransfer domain (HPt) contains an active histidine that mediates the phosphotransfer.
Belongs to the terpene cyclase/mutase family.
Belongs to the TALE/BELL homeobox family.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC5 subfamily.
A single Lys to Asn substitution at position 6 is the probable cause of the transition from the hardened fruitcase surrounding the kernels in teosinte to the cob that bears naked grains in maize. This substitution is not affecting the DNA binding site specificity, but increases the stability of the homodimers.
SBP transcriptional regulator probably involved in the domestication of maize. Acts as a transcriptional repressor binding to a 5'-GTAC-3' motif. May repress the growth of lateral branches in length and numbers.
Strongly expressed in immature ears and weakly in husks. Found in the inflorescence meristem of the developing ear, in the spikelet pair primordia, the glume primordia, the cupule forming region and other floral organs. Not detected in other tissues.
The N-terminal domain is necessary for dimerization.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule. PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family. A-PGAM subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Belongs to the BIG GRAIN 1 (BG1) plant protein family.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex with RFC1.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 16 (GT16) protein family.
Cytokinin receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Functions as a histidine kinase and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ("psi") residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the TAF9 family. CENP-S/MHF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the castor/pollux (TC 1.A.1.23) family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL12 family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family. RHD3 subfamily.
Probable GTP-binding protein that may be involved in cell development.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG.
Several isoforms of the allergen exist due to polymorphism.
The variability of the residues taking part of IgE-binding epitopes might be responsible of the difference in cross-reactivity among olive pollen cultivars, and between distantly related pollen species, leading to a variable range of allergy reactions among atopic patients.
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Induced by the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis.
Monomer (PubMed:30651637). Interacts with Cmu1 of the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis (PubMed:30651637). A structural feature specific to the fungal secreted Cmu1 called extensive loop region (ELR) is required for the intimate interaction (PubMed:30651637). Does not interact with its own chorismate mutases (PubMed:30651637).
Specifically blocks the catalytic activity of the chorismate mutase Cmu1 from the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis. Hinders substrate access to the active site of Cmu1 through intimate interactions (PubMed:30651637). A structural feature specific to the fungal secreted Cmu1 called extensive loop region (ELR) is required for the intimate interaction (PubMed:30651637). Does not interact with its own chorismate mutases (PubMed:30651637). The secreted fungal Cmu1 presumably affects biosynthesis of the plant immune signal salicylic acid by channelling chorismate into the phenylpropanoid pathway (PubMed:30651637).
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Allantoinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS30 family.
According to the redox status, the Cys-116-Cys-154 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (By similarity). Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (By similarity).
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions (By similarity). It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G (By similarity). EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners (By similarity). In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F (By similarity). Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28 (By similarity).
Induced by ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), mainly in lines (e.g. cv. Ye478) susceptible to potyvirus such as maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV).
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Component of complex II composed of eight subunits in plants: four classical SDH subunits SDH1, SDH2, SDH3 and SDH4 (a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP), and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.), as well as four subunits unknown in mitochondria from bacteria and heterotrophic eukaryotes.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 11 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Belongs to the EARLY FLOWERING 4 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family.
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Can be acetylated to form H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K18ac and H3K23ac. H3K9ac could compete with H3K9me and prevent gene silencing. H3K9ac is restricted to euchromatin (By similarity).
Can be phosphorylated to form H3S10ph, H3T11ph and H3S28ph.
Methylated to form mainly H3K4me, H3K9me, H3K18me, H3K23me, H3K27me and H3K36me. H3K9 and H3K27 are predominantly under the form of H3K9me1 and H3K27me1. H2BK143ub1 is probably prerequisite for H3K4me. H3K4me2, H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 are restricted to euchromatin, including centromeres. H3K27me2 is specifically enriched in heterochromatin, including chromomeres, pericentromeres and knobs. H3K27me3 is limited to several discrete euchromatic domains. H3K9me1 and H3K27me1 are enriched in pericentromeric heterochromatin, but also found in euchromatin between chromomeres.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H3K4me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Lys-5; H3K9ac = acetylated Lys-10; H3K9me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Lys-10; H3S10ph = phosphorylated Ser-11; H3T11ph = phosphorylated Thr-12; H3K14ac = acetylated Lys-15; H3K18ac = acetylated Lys-19; H3K18me = methylated Lys-19; H3K23ac = acetylated Lys-24; H3K23me = methylated Lys-24; H3K27me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Lys-28; H3S28ph = phosphorylated Ser-29; H3K36me = methylated Lys-37.
Component of LSM protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
Mg(2+) is required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35) family.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains arranged as a dimer of alpha/beta heterodimers.
Possesses non-specific lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. Hydrolyzes phospholipids as well as galactolipids. May play a role in disease resistance.
Belongs to the S1FA transcription factor family.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes a negative element (S1F) within the RPS1 promoter.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily. OTCase family.
Belongs to the neutral ceramidase family.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Belongs to the phospholipase D family. C2-PLD subfamily.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl dipeptides and plays a significant role in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Belongs to the endoribonuclease YbeY family.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-161 activates it.
Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Component of the kinase complex that phosphorylates the repetitive C-terminus of RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Belongs to the peptidase M10A family. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) subfamily.
The nitrogen atoms of the two glycine residues in the GGXR motif define the oxyanion hole, and stabilize the oxyanion that forms during the nucleophilic attack by the catalytic serine during substrate cleavage.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Phi family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Belongs to the GLUTAMINE DUMPER 1 (TC 9.B.60) family.
Belongs to the HAK/KUP transporter (TC 2.A.72.3) family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 51 family.
Part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC).
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Highly expressed in root. Expressed at lower level in kernel and cob. Weakly expressed in leaves. Weakly or not expressed in stems.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase MPG family.
Hydrolysis of the deoxyribose N-glycosidic bond to excise 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from the damaged DNA polymer formed by alkylation lesions.
Component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex at least composed of ATG18, SAC/FIG4, FAB1 and VAC14.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
Involved in the activation and reutilization of phytol from chlorophyll degradation in plant metabolism, including tocopherol biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of phytol to phytol monophosphate (PMP) (By similarity).
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate. Helps prevent cellular oxidative stress via its role in NAD biosynthesis.
Transiently phosphorylated on a His residue during the reaction cycle. Phosphorylation strongly increases the affinity for substrates and increases the rate of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide production. Dephosphorylation regenerates the low-affinity form of the enzyme, leading to product release.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Defects in the formation of the blade-sheath boundary in leaves (e.g. absent or incorrectly positioned ligule and auricles) and delayed flowering.
Expression in meristem/developing ligule regions.
Required for the formation of the blade-sheath boundary in leaves. Promotes flowering.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA central domain where it helps coordinate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbB subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). It binds chlorophyll and helps catalyze the primary light-induced photochemical processes of PSII. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Type-7 methyltransferase family. SABATH subfamily.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 37 family.
Oligomer of 24 subunits. There are two types of subunits: L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain. The major chain can be light or heavy, depending on the species and tissue type. The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble mineral iron core is deposited.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.1) family.
May act as a component of the auxin efflux carrier.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Accumulates at a high level in endosperm during the period of zein synthesis and protein body development and declines to a low level at kernel maturity.
Expressed in endosperm. Not detected in embryo, leaves and roots.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with both 22 kDa and 19 kDa alpha-zeins (PubMed:17693529). Interacts (via C-terminus) with OP10 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:27541862).
Involved in protein body development and 22 kDa alpha-zein localization.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the NRAMP (TC 2.A.55) family.
Belongs to the ethylene receptor family.
May act early in the ethylene signal transduction pathway, possibly as an ethylene receptor, or as a regulator of the pathway.
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CGFS subfamily.
May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit.
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity.
With S5 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin (TC 1.B.8.1) family.
Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 stabilizes microtubules and affects affinity and processivity of microtubule motors. This modification has a role in multiple cellular functions, ranging from cell motility, cell cycle progression or cell differentiation to intracellular trafficking and signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Expressed in roots with a circadian rhythm showing an increase at the end of the night period, a peak during the first part of the light period and then a decrease.
Homomers. Can interact with PIP1-2 to form heteromers.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Active as homomers. Increased activity when heteromerization with PIP1-2.
Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP21 (TC 1.B.29) family.
Voltage-dependent rectifying anion channel that facilitates the translocation between chloroplast and cytoplasm of phosphorylated carbohydrates such as triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) depending of ATP to triosephosphate ratio in the plastidial intermembrane space; in high triosephosphate/ATP conditions (e.g. photosynthesis), export of triosphosphate from chloroplast (outward rectifying channels), but in high ATP/triosephosphate conditions (e.g. dark phase), import of phosphosolutes (inward rectifying channels).
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress. These functions might be dependent on each isozyme/isoform in each plant tissue.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
May interact with ARGONAUTE1 or PINHEAD through their common PAZ domains.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family. UBA4 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Also essential during biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of sulfur carriers URM1 and MOCS2A. Its N-terminus first activates URM1 and MOCS2A as acyl-adenylates (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to URM1 and MOCS2A to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of their C-terminus. The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards URM1 and MOCS2A. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed. Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; NFS1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions.
Adds the eighth mannose residue in an alpha-1,6 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursor (dolichol-PP-Man(7)GlcNAc(2)) required for protein glycosylation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
Belongs to the nicotianamine synthase (NAS)-like family.
Synthesizes nicotianamine, a polyamine which serves as a sensor for the physiological iron status within the plant, and/or might be involved in the transport of iron.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Homoserine kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Although related to the peptidase M24 family, this protein lacks conserved active site residues suggesting that it may lack peptidase activity.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. SSRP1 binds specifically to double-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of SPT16 and SSRP.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
Developing seeds, seedling roots and shoots, and embryo.
Expression decreases during seed development and embryo maturation.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Activated by 3'phosphoglycerate, inhibited by orthophosphate. Allosteric regulation.
Belongs to the bacterial/plant glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase family.
This protein plays a role in synthesis of starch. It catalyzes the synthesis of the activated glycosyl donor, ADP-glucose from Glc-1-P and ATP.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
P700 is a chlorophyll a/chlorophyll a' dimer, A0 is one or more chlorophyll a, A1 is one or both phylloquinones and FX is a shared 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur center.
PsaA and PsaB bind P700, the primary electron donor of photosystem I (PSI), as well as the electron acceptors A0, A1 and FX. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn. Oxidized P700 is reduced on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane by plastocyanin.
The PsaA/B heterodimer binds the P700 chlorophyll special pair and subsequent electron acceptors. PSI consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
Belongs to the aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Belongs to the gluconokinase GntK/GntV family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Nitrate/nitrite porter (TC 2.A.1.8) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. Cation/proton exchanger (CAX) subfamily.
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner.
Homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity (By similarity).
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta (1B-alpha=beta'), delta (1B-beta), and gamma (1B-gamma).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 64 family.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
In the central section; belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Initial time lag in electron acceptance from ascorbate observed in acidic pH.
Two-heme-containing cytochrome. Catalyzes ascorbate-dependent trans-membrane electron transfer by utilizing a concerted H(+)/e(-) transfer mechanism.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase.
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex.
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class II subfamily.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA.
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle.
Seems to play a role in the dimerization of PSII.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Proton-conducting pore forming subunit of the membrane integral V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
Causes an allergic reaction in human. Causes maize pollen allergy (By similarity).
May aid fertilization by loosening the cell wall of the stigma and style, thereby facilitating penetration of the pollen tube. Acts selectively on grass cell walls, which are relatively poor in pectins and xyloglucans and rich in glucuronoarabinoxylans and (1-3),(1-4)-beta-D-glucans, when compared with cell walls of other angiosperms, including other monocots (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Acetylates newly synthesized histones during DNA replication. Highly specific in vitro for the non-acetylated H4 which is acetylated sequentially at 'Lys-12' and 'Lys-5' into a di-acetylated form.
Found in the dry embryo (at protein level). Maximum level of expression 22 hours after start of seed imbibition.
Inhibited by 5 mM of zinc, copper and iron. Unaffected by low concentrations of detergents and irreversibly inactivated by 2% ethanol, isopropanol or dimethyl sulfoxide.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase.
Editing is independent of both splicing and processing of the primary transcript.
Essential for the assembly of the photosystem I (PSI) complex. May act as a chaperone-like factor to guide the assembly of the PSI subunits.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Lys-53 undergoes hypusination, a unique post-translational modification that consists in the addition of a butylamino group from spermidine to lysine side chain, leading to the formation of the unusual amino acid hypusine. eIF-5As are the only known proteins to undergo this modification, which is essential for their function.
The precise role of eIF-5A in protein biosynthesis is not known but it functions by promoting the formation of the first peptide bond.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
Belongs to the IspD/TarI cytidylyltransferase family. IspD subfamily.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor.
Belongs to the elongation factor P family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-14 subfamily.
Catalyzes methyl transfer from S-methylmethionine (SMM) to adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoMet). SMM degradation (by HMT-1, HMT-2, HMT-3 and HMT-4) and biosynthesis (by MMT1) constitute the SMM cycle in plants, which is probably required to achieve short term control of AdoMet level (By similarity).
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRB family specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer.
Expressed in endosperm, mainly in the peripheral regions.
Structurally, 22K and 19K zeins are composed of nine adjacent, topologically antiparallel helices clustered within a distorted cylinder.
The alpha zeins of 19 kDa and 22 kDa account for 70% of the total zein fraction. They are encoded by a large multigene family.
Belongs to the SurE nucleotidase family.
Belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase family.
Involved in chloroplast mRNA stability (PubMed:19424177, PubMed:21173259, PubMed:22156165). Binds specifically to two intergenic RNA regions of similar sequence located in the chloroplast atpH 5'-UTR and psaJ 3'-UTR, and serves as a barrier to RNA decay (PubMed:19424177). Binding to a specific site in the intergenic region of the chloroplast atpH is sufficient to block 5'-3' and 3'-5' exonucleases (PubMed:21173259). Acts as protein barrier to block mRNA degradation by exonucleases, and defines processed mRNA termini in chloroplasts (PubMed:22156165). Remodels the structure of the atpH ribosome-binding site in a manner that can account for its ability to enhance translation (PubMed:21173259). Stabilizes a RNA 3'-end downstream from psaI (PubMed:30125002). Binds atpH RNA as a monomer (PubMed:25609698).
Yellow-green seedling phenotype (PubMed:19424177). Seedling lethality after the development of three leaves (PubMed:19424177). Defects in plastid mRNA metabolism and reduced levels of subunits of several photosynthetic enzyme complexes (PubMed:19424177).
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the sn-1 position.
The PPC domain mediates interactions between AHL proteins.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs).
Involved in the production of antifungal dolabralexin phytoalexins in response to biotic and abiotic stresses (PubMed:29475898). In response to fungal infection and in associtation with AN2, is involved in the production dolabradiene, a type of antifungal phytoalexin (PubMed:29475898). Converts ent-copalyl disphosphate (ent-CPP) to dolabradiene (PubMed:29475898).
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds to GA-rich elements (GAGA-repeats) present in regulatory sequences of genes involved in developmental processes.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.
Activates ubiquitin by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a ubiquitin-E1 thioester and free AMP.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Sensitive to lysine inhibition. This inhibition increase in an allosteric manner with increasing concentration of the inhibitor.
Tetramer of modified subunits derived from two genes in different combinations.
Was originally thought to be a dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), catalyzing the condensation of (S)-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] and pyruvate to dihydrodipicolinate (DHDP). However, it was shown in E.coli that the product of the enzymatic reaction is not dihydrodipicolinate but in fact (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinic acid (HTPA), and that the consecutive dehydration reaction leading to DHDP is not spontaneous but catalyzed by DapB.
May be involved in the synthesis of minor phospholipids and in modulation of IP3-mediated signal transduction.
Requires a divalent cation for activity.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CC-type subfamily.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 12 family.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type II sub-subfamily.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
The C2 domains have an essential, but non-catalytic function. They may facilitate interactions with other proteins and are required for lipid transport function.
Probably involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase alpha chain family.
The N-terminal domain is essential for RNAP assembly and basal transcription, whereas the C-terminal domain is involved in interaction with transcriptional regulators and with upstream promoter elements.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase family.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family. Azg-like subfamily.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Required for vacuolar assembly and vacuolar traffic.
Expressed in roots, coleoptiles, leaves, stalks, apical meristems, immature ears, endosperm, pericarp and tassel spikelets.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. LOG2 subfamily.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. EZ subfamily.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of some PcG multiprotein complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development (By similarity).
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Dwarf plants with narrow and small leaves, reduced number of branches in the tassel leaves, fasciated ears and sterile florets.
Expressed in shoots, aerial roots, ears and tassels (Ref.1). Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), young leaf primordia, leaf margins, inflorescence meristem, floral meristem and spikelet meristem (PubMed:29437990).
Interacts with several GRFs (PubMed:29437990, PubMed:26036253). Interacts with GRF10 (PubMed:29437990, PubMed:24854713). Interacts with GRF1 (PubMed:24854713).
Transcription coactivator that plays a role in the regulation of meristematic function in leaves, stems and inflorescences (PubMed:29437990). Regulates shoot architecture and meristem determinacy (PubMed:29437990). Binds to the inflorescence architecture gene UB3 (unbranched3) (PubMed:29437990). Regulates the expression of several genes involved in inflorescence architecture (PubMed:29437990). Component of a network formed by the microRNA396 (miRNA396), the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation (Probable) (PubMed:26036253). Associates with the core SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex and specific GRFs to tightly regulate the transition between cell division and cell expansion in growing leaves (PubMed:26036253).
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins transfer phospholipids as well as galactolipids across membranes. May play a role in wax or cutin deposition in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues.
Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks.
Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) response.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Photoregulated by reversible phosphorylation of its threonine residues.
The N-terminus of the protein extends into the stroma where it is involved with adhesion of granal membranes and post-translational modifications; both are believed to mediate the distribution of excitation energy between photosystems I and II.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.7) family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolases 36 family.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbC subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls and provides some of the ligands for the Ca-4Mn-5O cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex. It may also provide a ligand for a Cl- that is required for oxygen evolution. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Phosphorylated in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells, phosphorylation increases when cells are grown under high rather than low light regimes (70 vs 900 umol photons/m-2/s).
Catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization of bicyclic chalcones into tricyclic (S)-flavanones. Responsible for the isomerization of 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed chalcone) into naringenin.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL28 family.
PsaD can form complexes with ferredoxin and ferredoxin-oxidoreductase in photosystem I (PS I) reaction center. PSAD may encode the ferredoxin-docking protein.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
May be involved in N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class C subfamily.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Expressed in roots, stalks, leaves, embryo and endosperm.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX59 subfamily.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Through the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) it forms oxaloacetate, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid source for the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Belongs to the IAA-amido conjugating enzyme family.
Functions in brassinosteroid signaling. May function as transcriptional repressor.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. TPT (TC 2.A.7.9) subfamily.
Mediates the export of fixed carbons from the chloroplasts into the cytosol in the form of triose phosphates. In addition, it can also bind and transport phosphoenolpyruvate, thereby increasing the photosynthetic efficiency of C4-plants.
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase family. DEMETER subfamily.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Required for stage-specific floral organ abortion.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Highly expressed in shoots (Ref.1, PubMed:24854713). Expressed in developing leaves (Ref.1, PubMed:24854713).
Involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in developing shoots and leaves (PubMed:24854713). Does not possess transactivation activity (PubMed:24854713).
Lacks the whole C-terminal region found in the GRF family, and therefore lacks transactivation activity.
Plants over-expressing GRF10 exhibit reduced leaf size and plant height.
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-II subfamily.
The light-modulated chloroplast enzyme, encoded by a nuclear gene and expressed primarily in leaves, is responsible for the reassimilation of the ammonia generated by photorespiration.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex.
Stabilizes the interaction between PsaC and the PSI core, assists the docking of the ferredoxin to PSI and interacts with ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stalks, apical meristems, immature ears, endosperm, pericarp and tassel spikelets.
Belongs to the queuosine salvage protein family.
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Interacts with CRS2 and RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns, CRS2 and CAF1.
Required for the splicing of group IIB introns in chloroplasts. Forms splicing particles with CRS2. Interacts with RNA and confers intron specificity of the splicing particles.
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family.
Regulator of biological processes that recruits a histone deacetylase to control gene transcription. May play a role in the entry into mitosis, negatively regulating the cell proliferation. Formation of stable complexes with geminiviridae replication-associated proteins may create a cellular environment which favors viral DNA replication (By similarity).
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class III subfamily.
Neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS20 family.
Belongs to the phosphoribulokinase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate. The enzyme from chilling-resistant plants discriminates against non-fluid palmitic acid and selects oleic acid whereas the enzyme from sensitive plants accepts both fatty acids.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL43 family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. FabH family.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the DDOST 48 kDa subunit family.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Required for vacuole biogenesis and vacuole enlargment in dividing and expanding cells. Involved in the docking or fusion of prevacuolar vesicles.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
By nitrate in roots. Expressed in roots with a circadian rhythm showing an increase at the end of the night period, a peak during the first part of the light period and then a decrease.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in anthers and silks.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. UDP-galactose:UMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.11) subfamily.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding.
Component of the F(0) channel, it forms part of the peripheral stalk, linking F(1) to F(0).
F(1)F(0) ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton or sodium gradient. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, F(1) - the catalytic core - and F(0) - the membrane proton channel. F(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). F(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(10-14). The alpha and beta chains form an alternating ring which encloses part of the gamma chain. F(1) is attached to F(0) by a central stalk formed by the gamma and epsilon chains, while a peripheral stalk is formed by the delta, b and b' chains.
In plastids the F-type ATPase is also known as CF(1)CF(0).
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family. MtnA subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P).
Belongs to the GRAS family. DELLA subfamily.
The DELLA motif is required for its GA-induced degradation.
Transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
2 of the reaction center chlorophylls (ChlD1 and ChlD2) are entirely coordinated by water.
Belongs to the reaction center PufL/M/PsbA/D family.
C-terminally processed by CTPA; processing is essential to allow assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex and thus photosynthetic growth.
Herbicides such as atrazine, BNT, diuron or ioxynil bind in the Q(B) binding site and block subsequent electron transfer.
PSII is subject to light-induced damage, in particular to D1. Damaged protein is degraded by Deg1 and FtsH proteases and replaced. In maize mesophyll cells D1 degradation is less extensive in grana (stacked) vs stroma (unstacked) lamellae, in part due to exclusion of FtsH from the grana. D1 degradation is faster in bundle sheath cells.
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbA) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. D1 provides most of the ligands for the Mn4-Ca-O5 cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Tyr-161 forms a radical intermediate that is referred to as redox-active TyrZ, YZ or Y-Z.
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate (By similarity). Involved in transcription regulation (Probable). Has G-quadruplex (G4) DNA-binding activity, which is independent of its nucleotide-binding and kinase activity. Binds folded G4 with low nanomolar affinity and corresponding unfolded G-rich DNA more weakly. Stabilizes folded G4s regardless of whether they are prefolded or not (PubMed:25679041).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bTHX family.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for the accumulation of photosystem I (PSI). Functions as PSI biogenesis factor. Cooperates with PYG7 to promote the stable assembly of PSI in the thylakoid membrane. May target primarily the PsaC subunit. Does not seem to be required for the expression of chloroplast genes encoding PSI subunits.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine). Catalysis occurs through a double-displacement mechanism. The nucleophile active site attacks the C1' of nucleotide 34 to detach the guanine base from the RNA, forming a covalent enzyme-RNA intermediate. The proton acceptor active site deprotonates the incoming queuine, allowing a nucleophilic attack on the C1' of the ribose to form the product.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and an accessory subunit.
Belongs to the protoporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen oxidase family. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase subfamily.
Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Plant sucrose synthase subfamily.
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex.
In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
The sequence shown is that of allele ADH1-F.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 14 family.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Belongs to the NADH dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Regulates also the sphingolipid metabolism.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) family.
Aminocarboxypropyltransferase that catalyzes the aminocarboxypropyl transfer on pseudouridine in 18S rRNA. It constitutes the last step in biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi).
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. TSR3 family.
May serve as docking site to facilitate the association of other proteins to the plasma membrane.
High-conductance voltage-dependent solute channel with a slight selectivity for cations transporting triosephosphates, dicarboxylic acids, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), sugars, and positively or negatively charged amino acids.
Homooligomers form large rather nonselective pores in plastidial outer membranes.
Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. MiaB subfamily.
Belongs to the exonuclease superfamily. TREX family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Belongs to the VEFS (VRN2-EMF2-FIS2-SU(Z)12) family.
Acetyltransferase enzyme. Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation.
Probable UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide (GPH) cation symporter transporter (TC 2.A.2.4) family.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngB GTPase family.
Ubiquitin ligase protein which is a component of the N-end rule pathway. Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit; can use either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes non-canonical purine nucleotides such as inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) or xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Belongs to the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthase family.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC6 subfamily.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo12/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic60 family.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEMT/PEM2 methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the second two steps of the methylation pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, the SAM-dependent methylation of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME) to phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME) and of PDME to phosphatidylcholine (PC).
Belongs to the purine-cytosine permease (2.A.39) family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 20 family.
Can be acetylated to form H2BK6ac and H2BK33ac.
Monoubiquitinated to form H2BK143ub1; may give a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-27; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-133.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein beta subunit family.
Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
In higher plants aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. Involved in the biosynthesis of auxin from (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde. Can also use indole-3-aldehyde and benzaldehyde as substrate.
Inhibited by 2-mercaptoethanol, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and iodoacetate.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in mesocotyl, leaves and coleoptile. Accumulates in apical region of maize coleoptiles (at protein level).
Strong expression in female inflorescences (ears), but also weak expression in male inflorescences (tassels). At early stages of the development of the female spiklet, expressed in all organ primordia but later restricted to the ovule and the developing silk. At very late stages of development, expression becomes restricted to parts of the silk.
Interconverts GlcNAc-6-P and GlcNAc-1-P.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.
O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway.
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
Substrate recognition and binding subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two nickel ions.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Urease alpha subunit family.
Predominantly expressed in tissues enriched for shoot meristems and young lateral organ primordia. First expressed in lateral domains of shoot meristems. It is then expressed in the margins of young lateral organ primordia. Not expressed in roots, seedling leaves or fully expanded coleoptiles. Also expressed in vegetative shoot apices (five leaf primordia and the SAM) and in the male inflorescence. Expressed at high level in the female inflorescence.
Probable transcription factor required to initiate organ founder cells in a lateral domain of shoot meristems. Involved in leaf formation.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous in non-permissive genetic background (cv. Wisconsin 22) or albino seedlings in permissive background (cv. B73).
Highly expressed in shoots and leaves. Detected in roots, embryos and endosperm.
Plays a role in synthesis, processing and/or stability of 23S rRNA. Required for embryogenesis. May be involved in RPL23 transcript levels regulation in non-photosynthetic plastids.
Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92.
May play a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dsDNA virus mRNA guanylyltransferase family.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
DNA primase is the polymerase that synthesizes small RNA primers for the Okazaki fragments made during discontinuous DNA replication.
Belongs to the geranylgeranyl reductase family. ChlP subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the CcmH/CycL/Ccl2/NrfF family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Erg6/SMT family.
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of several aminoaldehydes (PubMed:21740525). Catalyzes the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (PubMed:21740525). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-(trimethylamino)butanal to 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate (PubMed:21740525).
Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of several aminoaldehydes (PubMed:23408433). Metabolizes and detoxifies aldehyde products of polyamine degradation to non-toxic amino acids (Probable). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-aminobutanal and 3-aminopropanal to 4-aminobutanoate and beta-alanine, respectively (PubMed:23408433). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-(trimethylamino)butanal and 4-guanidinobutanal to 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate and 4-guanidinobutanoate, respectively (PubMed:23408433). Catalyzes the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (PubMed:23408433).
Belongs to the MurCDEF family. MurE subfamily.
Component of the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP) complex.
Pale yellow-green leaf phenotype. Reduced levels of plastid ribosomes and defects in plastid mRNA metabolism.
Required for the activity of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and full expression of genes transcribed by PEP (PubMed:24246379). Required for the proper build-up and formation of the PEP-complex (PubMed:25599833).
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Biotin synthase family.
Binds 1 [2Fe-2S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and 1 arginine.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Belongs to the Cold-regulated 413 protein family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Introduction of a cis double bond between carbons of the acyl chain.
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid biosynthesis from carotenoids. Not active on the all-trans isomers of violaxanthin and neoxanthin. Contributes probably to abscisic acid synthesis for the induction of seed dormancy.
The N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix (81-100) is essential, but not sufficient, for the thylakoid membrane targeting.
Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunits D/I family.
Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX.
Redox regulation; active in reducing conditions, inactive in oxidizing conditions.
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD, AND CHLH.
Actin binding is enhanced by calcium Ca(2+).
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG. Has a high affinity for poly-proline.
Causes an allergic reaction in human (Probable). Dimerization considerably increases the IgE-mediated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia cells (PubMed:27586352).
Expressed in vegetative tissues. Present in shoots, roots and coleoptiles. Also detected in endosperm and pollen.
Multimer (PubMed:27586352). Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio (By similarity).
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase required for the biosynthesis of delta-4-unsaturated sphingolipids and derivatives.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Belongs to the homoserine dehydrogenase family.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
Adaptor protein complexes are heterotetramers composed of two large adaptins (beta-type subunit and alpha-type or delta-type or epsilon-type or gamma-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Inositol phosphate kinase with a broad substrate specificity.
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3.
Required for proper homologous chromosome pairing and efficient cross-over and intragenic recombination during meiosis.
Cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the direct activation pathway. Phosphoribohydrolase that converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate. Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants. May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf. Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation.
Belongs to the NDH complex subunit M family.
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits. Component of the NDH subcomplex A, at least composed of ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK, ndhL, ndhM, ndhN and ndhO.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
P5CS plays a key role in proline biosynthesis, leading to osmoregulation in plants.
Belongs to the nitrite and sulfite reductase 4Fe-4S domain family.
DNA-binding protein that binds to both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA without significant sequence specificity to reversibly repress the transcriptional activity of chloroplast nucleoids by promoting DNA compaction and possibly regulate DNA replication.
Essential protein with sulfite reductase activity required in assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway during both primary and secondary metabolism and thus involved in development and growth.
A longer mRNA that is not produced by splicing has been shown to be transcribed in barley and maize. It is not known if this mRNA is translated.
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetD subfamily.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, petD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are petG, petL, petM and petN. The complex functions as a dimer (By similarity).
Pale yellow green leaf phenotype. Reduced levels of plastid ribosomes and defects in plastid mRNA metabolism.
Required for the activity of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and full expression of genes transcribed by PEP.
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. In the eIF-3 complex, eif3d specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Involved in trafficking and recycling of synaptic vesicles.
Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Non-catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by replacing a protein's C-terminal GPI attachment signal peptide with a pre-assembled GPI. During this transamidation reaction, the GPI transamidase forms a carbonyl intermediate with the substrate protein.
Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory protein when they emerge from the ribosomes and transfers them to TRAM (translocating chain-associating membrane protein).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes.
Has a two domain structure: the G-domain binds GTP; the M-domain binds the 7S RNA in presence of SRP19 and also binds the signal sequence.
Signal recognition particle consists of a 7S RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the GPI transamidase complex. May be involved in the recognition of either the GPI attachment signal or the lipid portion of GPI.
Belongs to the thiamine pyrophosphokinase family.
EF-1 is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Probably plays a role in anchoring the complex to other cellular components.
Belongs to the anaerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family. HemW subfamily.
Expressed from 4 to 20 days after pollination.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks.
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
May have a structural role to stabilize the lipid body during desiccation of the seed by preventing coalescence of the oil. Probably interacts with both lipid and phospholipid moieties of lipid bodies. May also provide recognition signals for specific lipase anchorage in lipolysis during seedling growth.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family.
Probable membrane-associated metalloprotease that may be involved in chloroplast development.
Involved in unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Catalyzes the dehydration of short chain beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs and long chain saturated and unsaturated beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs.
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Relaxes both positive and negative superturns and exhibits a strong decatenase activity.
Homodimer. Heterotetramer of two TOP6A and two TOP6B subunits.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-I family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-7 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism.
Component of the volatile terpenes biosynthesis pathways (PubMed:30187155). Dihydroxylated sesquiterpenoid synthase that generates dually hydroxylated products directly from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate, primarily eudesmane-2,11-diol, along with two closely related structural isomers (PubMed:29570233).
Induced by fungal pathogen infection (e.g. F.verticillioide).
Allosterically activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Clade 'Long' sub-subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase.
Tetramer of two alpha (regulatory) and two beta (catalytic) chains.
Interacts with the 40S ribosomal subunit.
The SUI1 domain may be involved in RNA binding.
Catalyzes the last step of tRNA splicing, the transfer of the splice junction 2'-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD to produce ADP-ribose 1''-2'' cyclic phosphate.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. Class II DHOase subfamily.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Acts on both subgroup IIA and subgroup IIB introns. The substrates of the subgroup II also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2. Binds both single-stranded and double-stranded RNA non-specifically, but lacks endonuclease activity. Required for plastid ribosome biogenesis.
Interacts with RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein particles that contain CAF1 and/or CAF2.
Pale green, albino, and albino stunted seedling phenotypes. Lack of plastid ribosomes.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 15 family.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two divalent metal cations.
Probably involved in the RNA silencing pathway and required for the generation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
Expressed in vegetative shoot tips consisting of leaf primordia and the bases of immature leaves, the shoot apical meristem, and unexpanded stem tissue. Strongly expressed in tissues enriched in dividing cells: ear primordia and embryos.
Is required for spatial control cell division during leaf development. Through an association with microtubules, acts both for the positioning of cytoskeletal arrays that establish planes of cell division during prophase and for spatial guidance of expanding phragmoplasts toward preestablished cortical division sites (CDS) during cytokinesis.
Mutant tan1 displays a shorter stature with smaller, more erect leaves than normal. Moreover, mutant leaves have a distinctly roughened, crepe-papery texture compared to the smooth surface of a normal leaf.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling.
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. CASD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Belongs to the TFIIE beta subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins.
Belongs to the non-repetitive/WGA-negative nucleoporin family.
Interacts with HSP90 in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS6 family.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin U/P subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphosulfolactate synthase family.
Belongs to the chloroplast-specific ribosomal protein cS23 family.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Expressed during the late stages of seed ripening, in mature seeds and during germination.
Involved in the degradation of the storage protein zein. May play a role in proteolysis during emergencies.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex, which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Homodimer (PubMed:21976020). Interacts with Cmu1 of the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis (PubMed:21976020).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 77 family.
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. BSU subfamily.
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP).
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Expressed at the same levels in roots and shoots.
Glucosyltransferase involved in the last step of benzoxazinoid glucoside biosynthesis. Catalyzes the glucosylation of hydroxamic acids utilizing UDP-glucose as glucose doner, reducing the toxicity of these natural insecticides for storage. Can use DIMBOA and DIBOA as substrates, HMBOA (2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one) and HBOA (2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one) with a lower efficiency, but not indole acetic acid or quercitin.
Highly expressed in young seedlings up to 4 days after imbibition.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively (By similarity). Seems to contribute to the inhibition of germination during stress (By similarity).
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (Ref.4, PubMed:16331971). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine, spermidine and their acetyl derivatives (Ref.4, PubMed:16331971). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable).
Induced by light (at protein level) (PubMed:12586904). Down-regulated by auxin (at protein level) (PubMed:12586904).
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU).
Involved in a reduction step in the biosynthesis of the plant steroid, brassinolide.
Chloroplast-localized elongation factor EF-G involved in protein synthesis in plastids. Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII), required for its stability and/or assembly. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
Participates in efficiency of electron transfer from plastocyanin to P700 (or cytochrome c553 in algae and cyanobacteria). This plastocyanin-docking protein contributes to the specific association of plastocyanin to PSI.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ECO subfamily.
Belongs to the ADP/ATP translocase tlc family.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant CITRX-type subfamily.
Required for the activity of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and full expression of genes transcribed by PEP (PubMed:24246379, PubMed:25599833). Required for the proper build-up and formation of the PEP-complex. Binds single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA, but not double-stranded (ds) DNA (PubMed:25599833).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. TRM7 subfamily.
Methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at positions 32 and 34 of the tRNA anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs.
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.2) family.
Involved in cellular auxin homeostasis by regulating auxin metabolism. Regulates intracellular auxin accumulation at the endoplasmic reticulum and thus auxin availability for nuclear auxin signaling.
Expressed in axillary inflorescence primordia, immature internodes below these primordia, and immature husk surrounding these primordia.
TB1 is a major QTL of the evolution from the teosinte to the maize morphology.
Transcription factor. Involved in apical dominance. Represses the growth of axillary organs (e.g. lateral branches), but enables the formation of female inflorescences. Regulates the number and length of axillary branches.
May be involved in the transport of sterols.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Expressed in ear primordia, vegetative apex and young leaf tissues. Barely detected in expanded leaf tissues and not expressed in roots.
Fasciation. Flattened and wider ears with irregular rows of seeds. Thicker rachis of tassels and increased floral organ numbers.
Receptor-like protein that regulates shoot meristem proliferation. Based on additive and synergistic phenotypes of double mutants, it is probable that unlike CLV1 and CLV2 in A.thaliana, FAE2 and TD1 do not function exclusively in a single pathway.
Belongs to the choline monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the first step of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine synthesis.
Belongs to the ROX family. NO66 subfamily.
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase.
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
ABC transporter that may affect phytic acid transport and compartmentalization. May function directly or indirectly in removing phytic acid from the cytosol or in vesicle trafficking. Required for phytic acid accumulation in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stalks, tassels, silks, developing seeds and developing embryos.
Strong reduction in seed phytic acid, and strong increase of inorganic phosphate and myo-inositol levels in seeds.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Heterooctamer of 4 alpha and 4 beta chains.
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and nucleotide specificity is provided by the beta subunit.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Probably involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex).
Ribosomal protein S27a is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.
Ribosomal protein S27a is part of the 40S ribosomal subunit.
Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there is one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either L40 or S27A) or to an ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
By a musk indanone elicitor that mimics herbivory. By caterpillar S.littoralis oral secretions, in combination with wounding (PubMed:27662898). By corn leaf aphid feeding (PubMed:26378100).
Involved in sesquiterpene (C15), diterpene (C20) and monoterpene (C10) biosynthesis. Has sesquiterpene synthase activity, converting farnesyl diphosphate to nerolidol, the precursor of the volatile C11-homoterpene (E)-3,8-dimethyl-1,4,7-nonatriene (DMNT). Has diterpene synthase activity, converting geranylgeranyl diphosphate to (E,E)-geranyllinalool, the precursor of the volatile C16-homoterpene (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca 1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT). Has monoterpene synthase activity, converting geranyl diphosphate into linalool. Forms only the S-isomers of the three tertiary terpene alcohols.
Expressed in the elongating region of young roots, and in root vascular tissues and epidermis.
Induced by wounding and ethylene treatments.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family.
Belongs to the CDI family. ICK/KRP subfamily.
May promote appropriate targeting of ribosome-nascent polypeptide complexes.
Mutant rescue experiments indicate the existence of a second tryptophan synthase alpha gene whose product might be involved in tryptophan biosynthesis while BX1 might be restricted to free indol production.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains for the tryptophan synthase activity. Homodimer of alpha chains for the indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase activity.
The alpha subunit is responsible for the aldol cleavage of indoleglycerol phosphate to indole and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. In bacteria, tryptophan synthase alpha (TSA) activity is almost completely dependent on formation of an active alpha2beta2 complex with tryptophan synthase beta (TSB), and indole is usually not released during tryptophan synthesis. In maize, the TSA homolog BX1 catalyzes the formation of free indole from indole-3-glycerol phosphate, independently of TSB.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The SRP complex interacts with the signal sequence in nascent secretory and membrane proteins and directs them to the membrane of the ER.
P0 forms a pentameric complex by interaction with dimers of P1 and P2.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Mediates the side-chain deamidation of N-terminal glutamine residues to glutamate, an important step in N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. Conversion of the resulting N-terminal glutamine to glutamate renders the protein susceptible to arginylation, polyubiquitination and degradation as specified by the N-end rule. Does not act on substrates with internal or C-terminal glutamine and does not act on non-glutamine residues in any position.
Binds preferentially double-stranded telomeric repeats 5'-TTTAGGG-3', but can also bind to the single G-rich and C-rich telomeric strand.
Substrate-binding subunit of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex. Binds unprenylated Rab proteins.
Plays a role in alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs, possibly by contributing to the selection of non-consensus donor sites.
Expressed in leaves, leaf primordia, immature ears, immature tassels, whole ovules, silk and husk leaves. Found on the adaxial side of organs.
In embryo sac, detected as early as the one-nucleus stage. In older embryo sacs, highest expression in antipodal cells.
Might be partially redundant with the IAL genes.
Promotes the switch from proliferation to differentiation in the embryo sac. Negative regulator of cell proliferation in the adaxial side of leaves. Regulates the formation of a symmetric lamina and the establishment of venation. Interacts directly with RS2 (rough sheath 2) to repress some knox homeobox genes.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (By similarity).
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the class II aldolase/RraA-like family.
Catalyzes the aldol cleavage of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate (HMG) into 2 molecules of pyruvate. Also contains a secondary oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase activity due to the common pyruvate enolate transition state formed following C-C bond cleavage in the retro-aldol and decarboxylation reactions.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX21/DDX50 subfamily.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor involved in ribosome biogenesis in chloroplasts. Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Required for normal development of chloroplasts.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites.
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX11/CHL1 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Argininosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Performs the first committed step in the biosynthesis of isoprene-containing compounds such as sterols and terpenoids.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Expressed in roots, developing leaves, the vegetative meristem, and suspension culture cells.
Belongs to the glutamyl-tRNA reductase family.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA).
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione.
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the HesB/IscA family. Ycf83 subfamily.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
Belongs to the threonine synthase family.
Expressed in all seedling parts. Most abundant in the coleoptile.
Is implicated in many functions such as ABA metabolism, hydrolysis of conjugated gibberellins, conversion of storage forms of cytokinins to active forms. Also acts in defense of young plant parts against pests via the production of hydroxamic acids from hydroxamic acid glucosides. Enzymatic activity is highly correlated with plant growth. The preferred substrate is DIMBOA-beta-D-glucoside. Hydrolyzes the chromogenic substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside (6BNGlc) and various artificial aryl beta-glucosides. No activity with cellobiose, arbutin, gentiobiose, linamarin or dhurrin as substrates.
Reversibly inhibited by micromolar concentrations of Hg(2+) or Ag(+), but irreversibly inhibited by alkylation in presence of urea. Competitive inhibition by p-nitrophenyl beta-D-thioglucoside (pNPTGlc), glucotetrazole, and para-hydroxy-S-mandelonitrile beta-glucoside (dhurrin).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. RsgA subfamily.
GTPase involved in pre-60S ribosomal subunit maturation.
Thiazole kinase involved in thiamine salvage pathway.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC1 subfamily.
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
U1 snRNP is composed of the 7 core Sm proteins B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins U1-70K, U1-A and U1-C. U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Unwinds duplex DNA (By similarity). Component of the meiotic recombination pathway. Seems to play a role in mediating chromosome homology search, chromosome pairing and synapsis at early stages and probably chromosome crossing-over at later stages in meiosis. Probably is involved in the repair of meiotic double strand breaks (DBSs) and in homologous recombination.
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Unwinds duplex DNA. Component of the meiotic recombination pathway. Seems to play a role in mediating chromosome homology search, chromosome pairing and synapsis at early stages and probably chromosome crossing-over at later stages in meiosis. Probably is involved in the repair of meiotic double strand breaks (DBSs) and in homologous recombination.
Highly expressed in mitotic and meiotic tissues, but low levels in differentiated tissues.
Self-associates and may interact with XRCC3 homolog.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM4 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates elongation factor 1-alpha.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Polyamine:cation symporter (PHS) (TC 2.A.3.12) family.
Involved in multiple disease resistance (MDR).
PubMed:11080288 describes GST23 and GST36 as two different members of the GST family but they seem to be allelic variants of the same gene.
The presence of Asp-179 is significantly associated with a multiple disease resistance.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. DIT1 subfamily.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase which is mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the UPRTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the uridine kinase family.
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
Belongs to the serine/threonine dehydratase family.
Belongs to the four-carbon acid sugar kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL27 family.
Belongs to the GPI inositol-deacylase family.
Involved in inositol deacylation of GPI-anchored proteins which plays important roles in the quality control and ER-associated degradation of GPI-anchored proteins.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. IF-2 subfamily.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Protects formylmethionyl-tRNA from spontaneous hydrolysis and promotes its binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits. Also involved in the hydrolysis of GTP during the formation of the 70S ribosomal complex.
Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC9 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the pyruvate, phosphate/water dikinase regulatory protein family. PDRP subfamily.
This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. SIP (TC 1.A.8.10) subfamily.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Belongs to the tRNA methyltransferase O family.
Belongs to the DODA-type extradiol aromatic ring-opening dioxygenase family.
Binds 1 thiamine pyrophosphate per subunit.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Induced in leaves by herbivory (e.g. S.littoralis).
Sesquiterpene cyclase catalyzing mainly the production of beta-farnesene and alpha-bergamotene in equal amounts from farnesyl diphosphate (PubMed:19646721, PubMed:16418295, PubMed:21607717). Mediates also the biosynthesis of minor sesquiterpene hydrocarbons including alpha-muurolene, beta-bisabolene, zingiberene, sesquiphellandrene, sesquisabinene A, germacrene D, delta-cadinene, alpha-copaene and (E)-beta-caryophyllene (PubMed:16418295, PubMed:19646721). Involved in indirect defense by producing volatile signals attracting natural enemies of herbivores (PubMed:19646721, PubMed:16418295, PubMed:21607717).
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ZNG1 subfamily.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 divalent ions per subunit. The metal ions interact primarily with the substrate. Can utilize magnesium, manganese or cobalt (in vitro).
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface and is required for correct PSII assembly and/or dimerization.
Belongs to the SOS response-associated peptidase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the long-chain O-acyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of activated sulfate.
During embryo development, expression increases from 15-21 days after pollination and decreases slightly at day 24 and this level is maintained until day 36.
During the catalytic reaction, a sulfide is transferred from Cys-222 to a reaction intermediate, generating a dehydroalanine residue.
Highest expression in developing embryos and green leaves and a very low level expression seen in endosperm, roots, etiolated shoots and immature ears.
Involved in biosynthesis of the thiamine precursor thiazole. Catalyzes the conversion of NAD and glycine to adenosine diphosphate 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid (ADT), an adenylated thiazole intermediate. The reaction includes an iron-dependent sulfide transfer from a conserved cysteine residue of the protein to a thiazole intermediate. The enzyme can only undergo a single turnover, which suggests it is a suicide enzyme. May have additional roles in adaptation to various stress conditions and in DNA damage tolerance.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase GyrB family.
Made up of two chains. The A chain is responsible for DNA breakage and rejoining; the B chain catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Subunit of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers.
Mediates 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DX) phosphorylation in the cytoplasm prior to the translocation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into plastids. Can also phosphorylate D-xylulose (Xyl). Uses preferentially ATP as cosubstrate.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Mitochondrial transporter that mediates uptake of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) into mitochondria.
Belongs to the alternative oxidase family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL27 family.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B family.
Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Interacts with PCNA. Three molecules of FEN1 bind to one PCNA trimer with each molecule binding to one PCNA monomer. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation upon DNA damage induces relocalization to the nuclear plasma.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RRP8 family.
Probable methyltransferase required to silence rDNA.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S) (By similarity).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the head domain of the 30S subunit.
Belongs to the RNA methyltransferase RsmE family.
Specifically methylates the N3 position of the uracil ring of uridine 1498 (m3U1498) in 16S rRNA. Acts on the fully assembled 30S ribosomal subunit.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic (By similarity).
This sequence does not have the Cys-Cys motif at the C-terminal as do homologous sequences from yeast species. It may be either geranylgeranylated at an alternative motif or it may be subject to farnesylation on Cys-205.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family.
High affinity uric acid-xanthine transporter in A.nidulans. Binds, but cannot transport ascorbic acid.
Inhibited by excess of xanthin, uric acid and ascorbic acid, and by 100 um N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 30 um carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily.
Component of the peroxisomal translocation machinery.
Activation of RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39) involves the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine leading to a carbamate structure.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
Part of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system that transports large folded proteins containing a characteristic twin-arginine motif in their signal peptide across the thylakoid membrane. Involved in delta pH-dependent protein transport required for chloroplast development, especially thylakoid membrane formation. TATC and TATB mediate precursor recognition, whereas TATA facilitates translocation.
Expressed in roots of young maize seedlings. Not detected in leaves of iron-sufficient plants, but accumulates in roots and leaves of iron-deficient plants.
Induced upon iron deficiency, but no effect of copper or zinc starvation.
Involved in Fe(3+) uptake. Acts as a proton-coupled symporter for phytosiderophore- and nicotianamine-chelated metals. Capable of transporting either Fe(2+)-nicotianamine or Fe(3+)-phytosiderophore. May transport iron, zinc, nickel, copper and, at a lower rate, manganese and cadmium.
Plants display leaves with yellow stripes. Iron-phytosiderophore transport is increased at low pH and inhibited by the proton uncoupler CCCP.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
According to the redox status, the Cys-113-Cys-152 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners. In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F. Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks (By similarity).
Highly expressed in tissues containing meiocytes. Expressed at much lower level in leaves and pollen-containing flowers.
Plays a central role in chromosome cohesion during meiosis I by preventing premature dissociation of cohesin complex from centromeres after prophase, when most of cohesin complex dissociates from chromosomes arms. Required for maintenance of centromeric cohesion before prophase II and correct segregation of chromatids during meiosis II. Has apparently no function in mitosis.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA5 subfamily.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
RNA-binding protein involved in the chloroplastic group II intron splicing. Binds specific group II introns and promotes their splicing. Functions in the context of a heterodimer with the ribonuclease III domain-containing protein RNC1.
In thylakoid membranes, TATC and TATB form a large receptor complex, containing about eight TATC-TATB pairs, which binds the precursor protein. Twin arginine signal peptide promotes pH-triggered docking of TATA oligomers to TATC-TATB receptor complex, inducing a conformational switch of TATA that results in activation of the translocase. TATA dissociates from TATC-TATB upon completion of translocation (By similarity).
Seedling lethality. Non-photosynthetic mutants possess near normal pigment levels but lack one or more elements of the electron transport activity in chloroplasts. Defects in protein targeting across chloroplast thylakoid membrane (PubMed:7664731).
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIIA subfamily.
Catalyzes the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine by condensation of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. This is the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
Intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease (I-CLiP) that cleaves type II membrane signal peptides in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane.
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the aspartate/glutamate racemases family.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate to form hypusine, an essential post-translational modification only found in mature eIF-5A factor.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. Nitrilase family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in chloroplasts and mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A, B and C subunits.
Belongs to the folylpolyglutamate synthase family.
Belongs to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 1 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Required for the execution of the mitotic checkpoint which monitors the process of kinetochore-spindle attachment and delays the onset of anaphase when this process is not complete. It inhibits the activity of the anaphase promoting complex by sequestering CDC20 until all chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate (By similarity).
IGPS catalyzes the conversion of PRFAR and glutamine to IGP, AICAR and glutamate. The glutaminase domain produces the ammonia necessary for the cyclase domain to produce IGP and AICAR from PRFAR. The ammonia is channeled to the active site of the cyclase domain.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HisA/HisF family.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Transaldolase is important for the balance of metabolites in the pentose-phosphate pathway.
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm.
Expressed in the node of the stem, initiating leaf founder cells, young leaf primordia, tips of axillary meristems, spikelet pair meristems of developing tassels and ears, male flower primordia, tassels, ears, silks and seeds (PubMed:24089437). Expressed in leaf sheaths, leaf pulvinus and shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:24987012).
Involved in the regulation of shoot gravitropism, and tassel and ear development through the regulation of polar auxin transport (PAT) and auxin signaling. Acts as negative regulator of basipetal PAT, but positive regulator of lateral auxin transport (PubMed:24089437). Involved in the regulation of shoot gravitropism and leaf angle through the regulation of cell development (PubMed:24987012).
Reduced shoot gravitropism and defective inflorescence development (PubMed:24089437). Reduced shoot gravitropism and increased leaf angle (PubMed:24987012).
Transiently down-regulated by auxin. Down-regulated by light.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA40 subfamily.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Belongs to the methylthioribose kinase family.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. FabI subfamily.
ADP:ATP antiporter that mediates import of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and export of ATP out to fuel the cell (By similarity). Cycles between the cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) and the matrix-open state (m-state): operates by the alternating access mechanism with a single substrate-binding site intermittently exposed to either the cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) side of the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity).
The matrix-open state (m-state) is inhibited by the membrane-permeable bongkrekic acid (BKA). The cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) is inhibited by the membrane-impermeable toxic inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR).
The transmembrane helices are not perpendicular to the plane of the membrane, but cross the membrane at an angle. At least 2 of the odd-numbered transmembrane helices exhibit a sharp kink, due to the presence of a conserved proline residue.
Key component of the F(0) channel; it plays a direct role in translocation across the membrane. A homomeric c-ring of between 10-14 subunits forms the central stalk rotor element with the F(1) delta and epsilon subunits.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit (By similarity).
Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Essential for photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis.
Catalytic subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate, the first committing step of glycolysis. Uses inorganic phosphate (PPi) as phosphoryl donor instead of ATP like common ATP-dependent phosphofructokinases (ATP-PFKs), which renders the reaction reversible, and can thus function both in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Only phosphorylated in mesophyll cells, phosphorylation increases when cells are grown under high rather than low light regimes (70 vs 900 umol photons/m-2/s).
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbA) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors. D2 is needed for assembly of a stable PSII complex.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Belongs to the diaminopimelate epimerase family.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Involved in postreplication mismatch repair. Binds specifically to DNA containing mismatched nucleotides thus providing a target for the excision repair processes characteristic of postreplication mismatch repair (By similarity).
Expressed predominantly in the shoots and roots of young maize seedlings, and to a lesser extent in the silks.
Probable receptor. Interaction with a ligand in the extracellular domain triggers the protein kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain.
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family. CrtISO subfamily.
Recognizes an AAGG motif at the MNF1-binding site.
Converts farnesyl diphosphate to the bicyclic olefins alpha-copaene, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, and to the macrocyclic sesquiterpene germacrene D (PubMed:21607717). Mediates also the biosynthesis of minor sesquiterpene hydrocarbons including delta-cadinene (PubMed:21607717). Involved in indirect defense by producing volatile signals attracting natural enemies of herbivores (PubMed:21607717).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
Acts as a negative regulator of cell number.
Expressed in roots, coleoptiles, stalks and silks. Detected in leaves, apical meristems, immature ears and pericarps. Highest expression in coleoptiles and silks.
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Belongs to the glutaminase PdxT/SNO family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
Belongs to the alpha-IPM synthase/homocitrate synthase family. LeuA type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 43 family.
Participates in electron transfer between P700 and the cytochrome b6-f complex in photosystem I.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
AP-4 forms a non clathrin-associated coat on vesicles departing the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and may be involved in the targeting of proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal-lysosomal system.
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins, a medium adaptin and a small adaptin.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Malate dehydrogenase; catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
Component of ribonuclease P, a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination during meiosis.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of SPT16 and SSRP1.
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
Was originally thought to originate from pea.
Expressed in roots. Not detected in leaves, unless damaged by herbivory or infected by fungi.
Involved in the biosynthesis of the bicyclic sesquiterpene (S)-beta-macrocarpene. Can use both geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate as substrate, but not geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Produces mainly (S)-beta-macrocarpene, but also smaller amounts of beta-bisabolene and (E)-beta-farnesene when used with farnesyl diphosphate as substrate. In the presence of geranyl diphosphate, produces the acyclic monoterpenes beta-myrcene and linalool along with minor amounts of the cyclic compounds limonene, alpha-thujene, sabinene and alpha-terpinolene. May be involved in plant defense.
Tyr-522 is involved in the initial isomerization of the (E,E)-nerolidyl cation to its (Z,E)-isomer.
Up-regulated by herbivory and fungi (e.g. Fusarium spp., C.heterostrophus, F.verticillioides, R.microsporus and A.parasiticus).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of several aminoaldehydes (PubMed:23408433). Metabolizes and detoxifies aldehyde products of polyamine degradation to non-toxic amino acids (Probable). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-aminobutanal and 3-aminopropanal to 4-aminobutanoate and beta-alanine, respectively (PubMed:23408433). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-(trimethylamino)butanal and 4-guanidinobutanal to 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate and 4-guanidinobutanoate, respectively (PubMed:23408433).
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles, suggesting that it is involved in the minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly.
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks and nicked Holliday junctions. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. May be required in meiosis for the repair of meiosis-specific double strand breaks subsequent to single-end invasion (SEI).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Beta-expansin 1 extension activity grass cell wall is enhanced by dithiothreitol (DTT) and EDTA, inhibited by Cu(2+) and Hg(2+), and resistant to denaturation by methanol boiling and heat treatments.
Causes an allergic reaction in human. Causes maize pollen allergy.
Expression low before and high after pollen mitosis.
May aid fertilization by loosening the cell wall of the stigma and style, thereby facilitating penetration of the pollen tube. Acts selectively on grass cell walls, which are relatively poor in pectins and xyloglucans and rich in glucuronoarabinoxylans and (1-3),(1-4)-beta-D-glucans, when compared with cell walls of other angiosperms, including other monocots.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Belongs to the PpiC/parvulin rotamase family. PIN4 subfamily.
As part of the NSL complex it is involved in acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 on several lysine residues and therefore may be involved in the regulation of transcription.
Component of the NSL complex at least composed of MOF/KAT8, KANSL1, KANSL2, KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1/OGT, WDR5 and HCFC1.
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).
Belongs to the transketolase family. DXPS subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pantothenate the first step in CoA biosynthesis. May play a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. May facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins. May also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the homoserine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aspartokinase family.
Belongs to the fluoride exporter Fluc/FEX family.
Fluoride channel required for the rapid expulsion of cytoplasmic fluoride.
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SET2 subfamily.
During the catalytic reaction, a sulfide is transferred from Cys-220 to a reaction intermediate, generating a dehydroalanine residue.
Expressed in maturing embryos, with a maximum at 35 days after pollination. Decreases rapidly after imbibition.
Expressed in seeds, but not in leaves or roots. Highest expression in scutellum. Detected in embryo axis and endosperm.
Important as a means of generating NADPH for biosynthetic reactions.
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Component of the volatile terpenes biosynthesis pathways (PubMed:30187155). Sesquiterpene synthase that converts farnesyl diphosphate to (E)-beta-caryophyllene (PubMed:18296628). Involved in indirect defense by producing volatile signals that attract natural enemies of leaf herbivores such as Chilo partellus and root herbivores like the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera frugiperda) (PubMed:18296628, PubMed:28428873, PubMed:29151152). Deters leaf herbivores by triggering (E)-beta-caryophyllene production upon insect (stemborer C.partellus) egg deposition; (E)-beta-caryophyllene attracts the parasitic wasp Cotesia sesamiae which lays eggs on the larvae of C.partellus, which is ultimately fatal (PubMed:28428873).
Induced by Diabrotica virgifera damage in roots and Spodoptera littoralis damage in leaves (PubMed:18296628, PubMed:29151152). Accumulates upon stemborer Chilo partellus eggs deposition in some cultivars (e.g. cv. Braz1006) but less in others (e.g. cv. Delprim and cv. B73) (PubMed:28428873).
More abundant in insect resistant cultivars (e.g. cv. Mp708) than in insect sensitive cultivars (e.g. cv. Tx601).
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
Catalyzes the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2 (PubMed:25416784). Is an essential enzyme in photorespiration in plants (PubMed:18805949). Photorespiration plays a vital role in C4 photosynthesis in Z.mays and is essential for maize seedling development and maintaining low (non-toxic) levels of glycolate (PubMed:18805949).
The mutant shows deficiency in glycolate oxidase activity and is non-viable in air; leaves become necrotic within 7 days and plants die within 15 days. When the mutant cells are shifted from high CO2 to air in light, they accumulate glycolate linearly for 6 hours to levels 7-fold higher than wild type and 11-fold higher after 25 hours.
Belongs to the pantothenate synthetase family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Belongs to the chorismate synthase family.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Can also form homotetramers.
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.
Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which is involved in mRNA degradation.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape.
Protein S19 forms a complex with S13 that binds strongly to the 16S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MPBQ/MBSQ MT family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Belongs to the nitrate reductase family.
Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in plants, fungi and bacteria.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Catalyzes two activities which are involved in the cyclic version of arginine biosynthesis: the synthesis of acetylglutamate from glutamate and acetyl-CoA, and of ornithine by transacetylation between acetylornithine and glutamate.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family. Ribosome biogenesis protein NSA2 subfamily.
Component of the pre-66S ribosomal particle.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. May play a part in the quality control of pre-60S particles.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP (By similarity).
Esterase that can hydrolyze acetylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine in vitro (PubMed:15980188). Substrate preference is propionylthiocholine > acetylthiocholine (PubMed:15980188). Possesses extremely low activity against butyrylthiocholine (PubMed:15980188).
Belongs to the prenylcysteine oxidase family.
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
In plants, there are two types of TPIS, cytosolic and plastid.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
Catalyzes the production of the sugar nucleotide CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (CMP-KDO) (PubMed:10829033). CTP is the preferred nucleotide donor, and it can partially be replaced with UTP but not with ATP (PubMed:10829033). Activates KDO during the biosynthesis of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide of the primary cell wall (By similarity). RG-II is essential for the cell wall integrity of rapidly growing tissues and pollen tube growth and elongation (By similarity).
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) RG-II is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide present in the primary cell wall. RG-II consists of a linear 1,4-linked a-Dgalacturonic acid backbone with four distinct side chains, two of which contain apiosyl residues. Boric acid forms a diester with two apiosyl residues from separate RG-II molecules, thereby covalently cross-linking two RG-II molecules as a dimer.
Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S9 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Dephosphorylates 26S nuclear proteasomes, thereby decreasing their proteolytic activity. The dephosphorylation may prevent assembly of the core and regulatory particles (CP and RP) into mature 26S proteasome.
Component of TORC1 complex, which is an essential cell growth regulator that controls plant development. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy.
The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is composed of at least RAPTOR, LST8 and TOR.
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria.
3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically recognizes RNAs polyuridylated at their 3' end and mediates their degradation. Component of an exosome-independent RNA degradation pathway that mediates degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs that have been deadenylated and subsequently uridylated at their 3'.
Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. DIS3L2 subfamily.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Might form dimers or tetramers of disulfide-linked A and B chains.
The A chain is responsible for inhibiting protein synthesis through the catalytic inactivation of 60S ribosomal subunits by removing adenine from position 4,324 of 28S rRNA. The B chain binds to cell receptors and probably facilitates the entry into the cell of the A chain; B chains are also responsible for cell agglutination (lectin activity).
Belongs to the CLV3/ESR signal peptide family.
Expressed specifically in the embryo surrounding region at the micropylar end of the seed endosperm at early stages (4 to 7 days after pollination, DAP) and ever-decreasing parts of the suspensor at subsequent stages (at protein level).
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-84 enhances binding affinity of the ESR1p peptide for its receptor.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity (By similarity).
Catalyzes the conversion of divinyl chlorophyllide to monovinyl chlorophyllide. Reduces the 8-vinyl group of the tetrapyrrole to an ethyl group using NADPH as the reductant. Can use (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyllide a (DV-Chlidea) > (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyll a (DV-Chla) > (3,8-divinyl)-protochlorophyllide a (DV-Pchlidea) > (3,8-divinyl)-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (DV-MPE) > (3,8-divinyl)-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (DV-Mg-Proto) as substrates.
Catalyzes the sequential condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate with the allylic pyrophosphates, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, and then with the resultant geranylpyrophosphate to the ultimate product farnesyl pyrophosphate.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RsuA family.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
Controls the interaction of photosystem II (PSII) cores with the light-harvesting antenna.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
Albino or pale green seedlings. Seedling lethality.
Involved in the biogenesis of the plastid translation machinery by promoting the splicing of group II introns in chloroplasts. Stabilizes the chloroplast trnG pre-RNA by directly binding to a group II intron, where it protects an endonuclease-sensitive site and stimulates splicing (PubMed:18591259). Binds specific sites within group II intron trnG pre-RNA. Binds with high affinity to the 5'-UTR of the chloroplastic petA mRNA (PubMed:18669444).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Nuclear genome-encoded probable GTPase involved in ribosome biogenesis in chloroplasts. Plays a role in 16S rRNA maturation in plastids and may contribute to the assembly of the small (30S) ribosomal subunit.
Very pale yellow green leaf phenotype. Virescent leaf phenotype.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 81 family.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Monofunctional pyrimidine deaminase involved in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. Has also a reductase domain that lacks catalytically essential substrate-binding residues (By similarity).
With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class I subfamily.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (By similarity).
Widely expressed. Expressed in the embryo sac before pollination. After pollination, its expression persists, predominantly in the embryo and at lower levels in the endosperm.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Belongs to the activator 1 large subunit family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Its expression is weak in stems, higher in roots, leaves and coleoptiles, but highest in flowers.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Belongs to the phage and mitochondrial RNA polymerase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA43 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into apoproteins specifically involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity. In the CIA complex, MMS19 acts as an adapter between early-acting CIA components and a subset of cellular target iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsb subfamily.
Component of the volatile terpenes biosynthesis pathways (PubMed:30187155). Mediates the synthesis of a blend of monoterpenes. Converts mainly geranyl diphosphate to alpha-terpineol. Triggers also the biosynthesis of minor monoterpenes including limonene, gamma-terpinene, beta-myrcene, terpinolene and 4-terpineol (PubMed:18218975).
Expressed in seedling leaf sheaths and roots.
Induced by wounding in roots and leaves sheaths.
Expressed specifically in the embryo surrounding region at the micropylar end of the seed endosperm at early stages (4 to 7 days after pollination, DAP) and ever-decreasing parts of the suspensor at subsequent stages.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-85 enhances binding affinity of the ESR2Bp peptide for its receptor.
Expressed exclusively in endosperm. Found in basal endosperm transfer cells.
Regulates maternal nutrient uptake, sucrose partitioning, and seed biomass yield. Necessary and sufficient for the establishment and differentiation of the endosperm nutrient transfer cells located at the mother:seed interface. Exclusive expression of the maternal allele at the early stages of endosperm development. The maternal allele is hypomethylated. At later stages, expression becomes biallelic. Regulated by the transcription factor MRP1.
Belongs to the GTP-binding elongation factor family. LepA subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes mitochondrial protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the isochorismate synthase family.
Expression increases during seed development.
Involved in thiamine salvage by hydrolyzing the thiamine breakdown product 4-amino-5-aminomethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (amino-HMP) to 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP) (PubMed:25014715). Has a high formylamino-HMP amidohydrolase activity (PubMed:25014715). No activity with other thiamine degradation products such as thiamine mono- or diphosphate, oxothiamine, oxythiamine, thiamine disulfide, desthiothiamine or thiochrome as substrates (PubMed:25014715). Does not display thiaminase II activity, as it is unable to hydrolyze thiamine (PubMed:25014715). Is able to carry out two successive steps in the salvage of thiamine breakdown product, whereas two separate enzymes are required in Bacillus species (Probable). May also serve a damage pre-emption function by hydrolyzing products that would otherwise do harm (Probable).
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR12/YTM1 family.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase required for hydroxylation in position C-7 of the benzoxazinoids. Can use 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-D-glucoside (DIBOA-glucoside) as substrate, but not aglucone DIBOA.
5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also possess a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. Functions in DNA mismatch repair.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. EXO1 subfamily.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for the accumulation of photosystem I (PSI). Functions as PSI biogenesis factor. Cooperates with PSA3 to promote the stable assembly of PSI in the thylakoid membrane. May target primarily the PsaC subunit.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis.
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication.
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Constitutively expressed in aerial tissues, but barely observed in roots.
Induced by fungus spore (F. graminearum) inoculation and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment in leaves (PubMed:27421723). Triggered by abscisic acid (ABA) in roots (PubMed:27421723).
Sesquiterpene synthase that catalyzes the formation of a blend of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoid alcohols (PubMed:27421723). Converts farnesyl diphosphate to tau-cadinol (PubMed:27421723).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC34 subfamily.
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-39; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-150.
A C-terminal domain (245-347) is required for dimerization.
Homodimer. Interacts with AS2, WRKY1, HIRA, a probable histone chaperone, and RIK, a predicted RNA binding protein.
Transcription factor required for normal cell differentiation. Interacts directly with asymmetric leaves 2 (AS2) to repress the knox homeobox genes.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
Catalyzes cyclization of the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, to the macrocyclic uroporphyrinogen III.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
The globular domain of the protein is located near the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit, while an extended beta-hairpin is found that lines the wall of the exit tunnel in the center of the 70S ribosome.
This protein binds specifically to 23S rRNA.
Apoprotein for the two 4Fe-4S centers FA and FB of photosystem I (PSI); essential for photochemical activity. FB is the terminal electron acceptor of PSI, donating electrons to ferredoxin. The C-terminus interacts with PsaA/B/D and helps assemble the protein into the PSI complex. Required for binding of PsaD and PsaE to PSI. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Cluster 2 is most probably the spectroscopically characterized electron acceptor FA and cluster 1 is most probably FB.
The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic.
Belongs to the TrkH potassium transport family. HKT (TC 2.A.38.3) subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. LYRM9 subfamily.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Although homology to other calpains is high within the protease domain, the lack of calcium-binding sites suggests that this protein is a protease that may not be activated by calcium ions.
Autocatalytic proteolytic cleavage leading to the production of mainly cytoplasmic localized subproducts of about 85 and 120 kDa.
Essential protease involved in epiderm development. Required for aleurone cell development in the endosperm probably by maintaining and restricting the aleurone and embryonic epidermal L1 cell-layer fates as well as meristems organization. Involved in the maintenance of adaxial/abaxial axis information in developing leaves, probably by regulating cell proliferation and expansion. Does not need calcium ions to be active.
Expressed in most tissues at low levels ranging from 30 to 55 ppm. Present in all endosperm cells at transcript level, but confined to aleurones at protein level.
In endosperm, accumulates during early developmental stages and declines near maturity. In embryos, levels peak at middevelopment with highest expression in the embryonic axis. Also present in young pericarp and immature ear tip and base.
Loss of aleurone cells leading to white grains. Embryos arrest at the juvenile globoid stage and are devoid of shoot structures.
The transmembrane regions are not required for calpain activity but may play regulatory roles.
Belongs to the squalene monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis.
Albino seedlings lacking plastid ribosomes.
Single-stranded DNA and RNA binding protein that maintains plastid genome stability by preventing break-induced and short homology-dependent illegitimate recombinations. Functions in RNA metabolism and is involved in the maturation of the atpF and 23S ribosomal RNAs.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-arginine N-methyltransferase that methylates the delta-nitrogen atom of arginine residues to form N5-methylarginine (type IV) in target proteins. Monomethylates ribosomal protein L12.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the sucrose phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the final step of sucrose synthesis.
Catalyzes the final step of sucrose synthesis. Inactive with fructose 6-phosphate as substrate.
Highly expressed in the husk. Detected in leaf sheaths and leaves.
Sesquiterpene synthase involved in the production after herbivore attack of a blend of volatiles that attracts natural enemies of herbivores. Converts farnesyl diphosphate to (S)-beta-bisabolene and 7-epi-sesquithujene, along with a mixture of more than 20 other minor sesquiterpene olefins. Can also act in vitro as a monoterpene synthase, converting geranyl diphosphate to (S)-(-)-limonene, beta-myrcene and 11 other monoterpenes.
The allele found in cv. B73 encodes an active enzyme while the allele found in cv. Delprim contains a frame shift mutation (PubMed:15075399).
Up-regulated in leaf sheaths after herbivore damage.
Proteoglycan that seems to be implicated in diverse developmental roles such as differentiation, cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death.
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 4 family.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetG is required for either the stability or assembly of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
Ubiquitous with highest expression in pollen.
Has 3 domains, the N-terminal alpha-helical domain, an extended flexible linker and the C-terminal beta-sheet domain. The N-terminal alpha-helical domain stabilizes RbcL dimers and RbcL dimer-dimer interactions, facilitating RbcL(8) formation. The C-terminal beta-sheet domain probably dimerizes Raf1 (By similarity). The 2 C-terminal beta-sheet domains are swapped and pack against each other to form the dimer interface (By similarity).
Required for assembly or stability of RuBisCO. Acts at a postchaperonin step to fold and/or assemble the large subunit (LS) into RuBisCO.
Seedling lethal due to a lack of RuBisCO.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.
Belongs to the SOFL plant protein family.
This is probably a receptor for the plant hormone auxin.
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Also involved in meiotic DSB processing.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
Present in both bundle sheat and mesophyll cells of etiolated seedlings, protein levels increase in bundle sheath cells but not in mesophyll cells upon illumination.
The initiator methionine is created by RNA editing.
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Catalyzes the formation of the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch by scission of a 1,4-alpha-linked oligosaccharide from growing alpha-1,4-glucan chains and the subsequent attachment of the oligosaccharide to the alpha-1,6 position.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Attaches a formyl group to the free amino group of methionyl-tRNA(fMet). The formyl group appears to play a dual role in the initiator identity of N-formylmethionyl-tRNA by promoting its recognition by IF2 and preventing the misappropriation of this tRNA by the elongation apparatus.
Present at low levels even in etiolated seedlings, expression increases in both bundle sheat and mesophyll cells upon greening.
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Expressed in roots, coleoptiles, leaves and stalks.
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
Severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Acts as a co-chaperone for HSP90 and is required for proper folding of the myosin motor domain.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with O1 (PubMed:22892319). Interacts (via C-terminus) with OP10 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:27541862).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsc subfamily.
Induced by the fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides.
Involved in gibberellin biosynthesis (PubMed:16307364). Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the gibberellin precursor ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) (PubMed:16307364). Involved in the production of antifungal dolabralexin phytoalexins in response to biotic and abiotic stresses (PubMed:29475898). In response to fungal infection and in associtation with KSL4, is involved in the production dolabradiene, a type of antifungal phytoalexin (PubMed:29475898).
The Asp-Xaa-Asp-Asp (DXDD) motif is important for the catalytic activity through binding to Mg(2+).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Maximum expression between 18 and 28 days after pollination.
The floury-2 (fl2) mutation is associated with the synthesis of a novel 24 kDa alpha-zein storage protein and an altered protein body morphology (AC Q41896). The 24 kDa protein is expressed as a 22 kDa alpha-zein 16 with an uncleaved signal peptide, resulting in an enhanced lysine content of the grain and a soft texture of the endosperm.
May regulate transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. May enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may in turn facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex.
Kinase that phosphorylates myo-inositol to produce multiple myo-inositol monophosphates, Ins(1)P, Ins(3)P, Ins(4)P, Ins(5)P and Ins(6)P. Participates in phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Key enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-myo-inositol 1-phosphate in a NAD-dependent manner.
Component of the EKC/KEOPS complex that is required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. The complex is probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Likely plays a direct catalytic role in this reaction, but requires other protein(s) of the complex to fulfill this activity.
Component of the EKC/KEOPS complex; the whole complex dimerizes.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700).
The chloroplastic ME isoform decarboxylates malate shuttled from neighboring mesophyll cells. The CO(2) released is then refixed by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. This pathway eliminates the photorespiratory loss of CO(2) that occurs in most plants.
In higher plants aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. Involved in the biosynthesis of auxin.
Mostly expressed in coleoptiles, and, to a lower extent, in mesocotyl and roots.
Although plant and algal NBP35 proteins lack the characteristic CXXC motif in the C-terminus, thought to be required for Fe-S cluster binding, they can bind a [4Fe-4S] cluster in the C-terminus. Also, in this linage, no CFD1 partner protein homolog as found in other eukaryotes can be found.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters per homodimer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini and one labile, bridging cluster between subunits of the homodimer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Functions as Fe-S scaffold, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins. Essential for embryo development.
Homodimer and homotetramer. Predominantly homodimeric.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. IspE subfamily.
Putative receptor protein kinase. Could play a role in a differentiation signal. The CRINKLY4 (CR4) mutation affects leaf epidermis differentiation such that cell size and morphology are altered, and surface functions are compromised, allowing graft-like fusions between organs.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate, the precursor for the synthesis of GDP-mannose. GDP-mannose is an essential sugar nucleotide for the synthesis of D-mannose-containing cell wall polysaccharides (galactomannans and glucomannans), glycolipids, glycoproteins and the antioxidant L-ascorbate.
Expressed in the root growing zone at 5-6 mm from the root tip.
Homomers. May interact with PIP1-2 to form heteromers.
May help in the organization of the PsaL subunit.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Component of the molybdopterin synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. In the complex, serves as sulfur donor by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. After interaction with MOCS2B, the sulfur is then transferred to precursor Z to form molybdopterin.
Belongs to the MoaD family. MOCS2A subfamily.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Expressed in both embryo and endosperm during seed maturation.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (MOCS2A) and 2 large (MOCS2B) subunits.
Precocious germination and early seedling lethality; probably due to molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) defects, a cofactor required for abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
Has antifungal activity. Inhibits Candida albicans and Trichoderma reesei; marginal inhibition observed against Alternaria solani and Neurospora crassa.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class B subfamily.
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at the specific target site 5'-[CT]CCTTp site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone.
Belongs to the intron maturase 2 family. MatK subfamily.
Usually encoded in the trnK tRNA gene intron. Probably assists in splicing its own and other chloroplast group II introns.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stalks, immature ears, endosperm and pollen.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Regulates membrane-cell wall junctions and localized cell wall deposition. Required for establishment of the Casparian strip membrane domain (CSD) and the subsequent formation of Casparian strips, a cell wall modification of the root endodermis that determines an apoplastic barrier between the intraorganismal apoplasm and the extraorganismal apoplasm and prevents lateral diffusion (By similarity).
Pale green leaf phenotype. Seedling lethality.
Required for the translation of the chloroplast petA and petD mRNAs. Required for the processing of the petD mRNA from a polycistronic precursor (PubMed:8039510). Binds with high affinity to the 5'-UTR of the chloroplastic petA transcript (PubMed:18669444). Activates psaC and petA translation by binding their 5'-UTRs (PubMed:16141451, PubMed:23735295).
Belongs to the zeta carotene desaturase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of zeta-carotene to lycopene via the intermediary of neurosporene. It carries out two consecutive desaturations (introduction of double bonds) at positions C-7 and C-7'.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix. Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import.
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetB subfamily.
Binds 2 heme groups. One heme group is bound covalently by a single cysteine link, the other one non-covalently.
Heme 1 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm, and heme 2 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm.
Belongs to the PEP-utilizing enzyme family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of the hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) moiety of thiamine from aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) in a radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent reaction.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
Methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of methyl anthranilate in response to stresses. Utilizes anthranilic acid as substrate. Produces exclusively the O-methyl ester.
Slightly up-regulated by herbivory and jasmonic acid, but not by salicylic acid.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Belongs to the GTP-binding elongation factor family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, numerous small proteins, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Phosphorylated in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells, phosphorylation increases when cells are grown under high rather than low light regimes (70 vs 900 umol photons/m-2/s). Double phosphorylation in bundle sheath cells is only seen when cells are grown under high light regimes.
Phosphorylation is a light-dependent reaction catalyzed by a membrane-bound kinase; phosphorylation occurs on Thr residue(s) in the N-terminus of the protein.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-34; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-146.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31.3) family.
Component of the volatile terpenes biosynthesis pathways (PubMed:30187155). Converts mainly geranyllinalool to trimethyltridecatetraene (TMTT) (PubMed:27662898).
Strongly induced in response to herbivory-mediated wounding.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group. Cleaves zeatin, isopentenyladenine, isopentenyladenosine, zeatin riboside and cis-zeatin, but not dihydrozeatin, kinetin and benzylaminopurine.
Expressed in immature kernels and unpollinated cobs. Weakly expressed in kernels harvested two weeks after anthesis.
Glycosylated; with approximately 10 hexose residues per site.
Highly expressed in leaf sheat pulvinus (PubMed:21687735). Expressed in shoot apical meristem and leaves (PubMed:21687735).
Involved in the regulation of leaf growth angle (PubMed:21687735). Promotes horizontal shoot growth (PubMed:21687735).
By wounding (PubMed:16941210). Triggered by MYB69 to repress lignin biosynthesis (PubMed:35640133).
Mainly expressed in the aerial parts and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Transcription factor that regulates negatively the expression of caffeic acid O-methyl-transferase genes (COMTs) and of other genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, thus preventing lignification.
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding promotes the protein association with membranes. A lower affinity toward calcium can be anticipated for PLD alpha due to the absence of two potential calcium ligands.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond. Plays an important role in various cellular processes.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Probable UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides (By similarity). Was initially shown to possess an autoglycosylating activity which is dependent on the presence of UDP-glucose and manganese (Ref.4, PubMed:8832094, PubMed:9620435).
Reversibly glycosylated by UDP-glucose, UDP-xylose and UDP-galactose.
The conserved DXD motif is involved in enzyme activity.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Involved in the CpXpG methylation and in gene silencing.
May help in the organization of the PsaE and PsaF subunits.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH2 subfamily.
Belongs to the disproportionating enzyme family.
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Belongs to the small hydrophilic plant seed protein family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family.
Involved in production of the antifungal phytoalexin zealexin A1 (PubMed:26471326). The enzyme sequentially oxidizes(S)-beta-macrocarpene via alcohol and aldehyde intermediates to form zealexin A1, a maize phytoalexin that provides biochemical protection against fungal infection (PubMed:26471326).
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. HSP26 family.
By N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-CBSU).
It appears in the roots within 30 min of induction, maximum levels are reached by 6 hours, and remains constant for 2 days. In leaves it is seen 9 hours after induction, and reaches maximum levels after 24 hours.
Leaves and roots. It is more strongly induced in the leaves relative to the roots.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 3 family.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Acts on subgroup IIB introns. The substrates of the subgroup IIB also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2, with a simultaneous binding of CFM3 and CAF1 or CAF2 (PubMed:18799595). May influence the biogenesis of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit (By similarity).
Interacts with RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein particles that contain CAF1 and/or CAF2, and RNC1.
Belongs to the carboxylate-amine ligase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase type 2 subfamily.
Homodimer or monomer when oxidized or reduced, respectively.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I20 (potato type II proteinase inhibitor) family.
During endosperm development, expressed in kernels from 10 to 30 days after pollination (at protein level).
In maize kernels, mutations in SU1 result in, increased sucrose concentration, decreased concentration of amylopectin, the branched component of starch, and accumulation of the highly branched glucopolysaccharide phytoglycogen.
Isoamylase starch-debranching enzyme involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in endosperm (PubMed:7773016, PubMed:9625695). Functions by removing excess branches or improper branches that interfere with the formation of double helices of the cluster chains of amylopectin and crystallization of starch (PubMed:9625695).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair. Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents.
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Chloroplast chaperone required for RuBisCo complex biogenesis and translational regulation of the RuBisCo large subunit (RbcL) (PubMed:10330470, PubMed:12239405). Stabilizes an end-state assembly intermediate of eight RbcL subunits until the small subunits (RBCSs) become available to produce a complete stable RuBisCo complex containing eight small and eight large subunits (By similarity). Involved in the differentiation of bundle sheath cells, especially chloroplast structure (PubMed:12239405).
Expressed in shoot tissues, in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells.
Interacts with the RuBisCo large subunit (RbcL) assembled as an intermediate complex made of eight RbcL and eight BSD2 subunits.
Mu-active bsd2-m1 mutants are specifically disrupted C4 differentiation in bundle sheath cells with reduced levels of bundle sheath cell-specific photosynthetic enzymes and aberrant bundle sheath chloroplast structure and altered RuBisCo complex formation (PubMed:12239405). Ectopic accumulation of RuBisCo large subunit (RbcL) in mesophyll cells (PubMed:12239405). Reduced accumulation in Mu-inactivated bsd2-m1 mutants exhibiting slightly pale green and grainy leaves (due to the random presence of altered bundle sheath cell chloroplasts) associated with the loss of RuBisCo complex formation, but accumulation of chloroplast-encoded RbcL transcripts associated with polysomes in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells (PubMed:10330470). RbcL transcription is abnormally similar in both dark-grown and light-shifted seedlings (PubMed:10330470).
Relatively abundant in etiolated, light-shifted, and young (plastochron 1 to 5) leaves.
Adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs.
Bifunctional glycosyltransferase that can produce both C- and O-glycosidated flavonoids. Converts 2-hydroxynaringenin to isovitexin. Converts eriodictyol to orientin and isoorientin. Converts naringenin and eriodictyol to naringenin 7-O-glucoside and eriodictyol 7-O-glucoside, respectively.
Expressed in radicles, hypocotyls and juvenile leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Expressed in leaves, leaf primordia, immature ears, immature tassels, whole ovules, silk and husk leaves.
Might be partially redundant with the LBD6/AS2/IG1 gene.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
Belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily. USB1 family.
Phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end processing. Acts as an exoribonuclease (RNase) responsible for trimming the poly(U) tract of the last nucleotides in the pre-U6 snRNA molecule, leading to the formation of mature U6 snRNA.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain (By similarity).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which specifically catalyzes the second step in ufmylation. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme. E1 activates RUB1/NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a RUB1-ECR1 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers RUB1 to the catalytic cysteine of RCE1.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface.
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Expression most important during germination, it decreases during development.
Part of the 50S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Interacts with IOJAP.
Homodimer. Interacts with RNA, specifically with atpF intron. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIA introns and CRS1.
Required for the splicing of group IIA introns in chloroplasts, and especially for atpF, by regulating the intron folding. Forms splicing particles with RNA. Also involved in chloroplast protein translation.
Belongs to the UPL family. K-HECT subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Activity is regulated by phosphorylation and moderated by concentration of metabolites and light.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate (PubMed:1840396). Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants (PubMed:1840396). May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf (PubMed:1840396). Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation (PubMed:1840396).
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of glutathione and glutathione conjugates.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated MOCS2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family.
According to PubMed:2303027, C1-I allele might be alternatively spliced, giving rise to a much smaller protein.
C1-1162 and C1-1170 alleles are identical to the wild-type sequence. The C1-I allele is a dominant negative mutant which inhibits pigment formation.
Controls the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Regulates the expression of at least 3 structural genes: chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol reductase and flavonol O(3) glucosyltransferase. C1 acts as a trans-acting factor.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, tassels, ears and embryos. Expressed in meristems and zones of cell enlargement: tips of primary and lateral roots, leaf primordia, and male and female inflorescence meristems. Highly expressed in the root epidermis and endodermis, parenchyma cells surrounding mature xylem vessels in the root and the stem, phloem companion cells and a ring of cells around the phloem strand in the stem and the leaf sheath, and the basal endosperm transfer cells in developing kernels.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. May support the rapid influx of water into vacuoles during cell expansion, permit osmotic equilibration between the cytosol and the vacuolar content and rapid transcellular water flow through living cells. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+).
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
Expressed predominantly in endosperm but is also found at low levels in all tissues examined, including mature and germinated pollen.
Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor involved in the biogenesis of photosystem I (PSI). Required for the accumulation of PSI during plant development. Does not seem to be required for the translation of mRNAs of the PSI subunits.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
Tetramer of either four A chains (GAPDH 2) or two A and two B chains (GAPDH 1).
Binds 5 molecules of zinc. May have a role in Zn(2+) homeostasis during embryogenesis (By similarity).
In the hcf60 mutation the Activator tag is inserted 17 base pars upstream of the initiation codon. This mutation is seedling lethal, due to plastid ribosome insufficiency. However under non-light stressed conditions photosynthesis and oxygen evolution can occur.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds specifically to the 5'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA.
Found in all the tissues examined with higher expression found in tissues of the root.
Plays a role in the flow of nitrogen into nitrogenous organic compounds.
Belongs to the reverse transcriptase family. Telomerase subfamily.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. It elongates telomeres. It is a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme.
Non-functional sesquiterpene synthase having less than 1% of the activity found in cv. Delprim.
The allele found in cv. B73 encodes an inactive enzyme while the two alleles found in cv. Delprim encode an active (TPS5A) and an inactive (TPS5B) enzyme (PubMed:15075399).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-5 (PP-T) subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL31 family.
Methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of methyl anthranilate in response to stresses. Utilizes anthranilic acid as substrate. Produces exclusively the O-methyl ester. Can also use benzoic acid as substrate. Low activity with salicylic acid.
Up-regulated by herbivory and jasmonic acid, but not by salicylic acid.
Belongs to the glutamate synthase family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.
The helical domain is required for self-activation.
Bifunctional enzyme. Involved in de novo dTMP biosynthesis. Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Can play two different roles depending on the source of dihydrofolate: de novo synthesis of tetrahydrofolate or recycling of the dihydrofolate released as one of the end products of the TS catalyzed reaction. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, DNA precursor synthesis, and for the conversion of dUMP to dTMP.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngA (Der) GTPase family.
Belongs to the RuBisCO small chain family.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large and 8 small subunits.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site. Although the small subunit is not catalytic it is essential for maximal activity.
Additional long branches in tassels and abnormal long branches at their bases in ears. Abnormal identity of axillary meristems.
Expressed in axillary inflorescence meristems.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose. Is specific for trehalose 6-phosphate. Does not possess activity toward glucose, sucrose or fructose 6-phosphates. Regulates inflorescence branching. Required to establish the correct identity and determinacy of axillary meristems in both male and female inflorescences. May act through a sugar signal that moves into axillary meristems. Acts upstream of RA1. May have a transcriptional regulatory function.
Expressed in kernels, leaves and shoots but not in roots.
Interacts with the shrunken (SHR) 26 bp feedback control element.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
May be involved in the CpXpG methylation and in gene silencing.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites (By similarity).
Altered meristem development. Altered developmental gene expression in meristem and non-meristem tissues of the embryo. Altered pattern of aleurone differentiation in the abgerminal side of the endosperm.
Involved in the regulation of meristem development and seed maturation processes. Mediates regulation of embryonic regulatory genes and genes controlling abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and turnover in developing seeds. May be required for the synthesis of small signaling molecules that integrates meristem and embryo formation in seeds.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagic vesicle formation.
Expressed in stems, at higher levels in roots, and hardly detectable in leaves.
May play an important role in maintaining the flux of carbon towards starch formation in endosperm. May also be involved in a sugar-sensing pathway.
Only detected at and after 15 days after pollination and remains at moderate level.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. FDH subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. Involved in the cell stress response.
Catalyzes the conversion of caffeic acid to ferulic acid and of 5-hydroxyferulic acid to sinapic acid (By similarity). The resulting products may subsequently be converted to the corresponding alcohols that are incorporated into lignins (PubMed:16941210). Can use the flavone tricetin (5,7,3',4',5'-pentahydroxyflavone) as the preferred substrate and give rise to its 3',5'-dimethyl derivative, tricin (3',5'-dimethoxy-5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone), as the major product, and selgin to a lower extent (Ref.3). Tricin exhibits potential benefits for human health including relaxant effect on smooth muscle of intestinal tissues, antioxidant effect, antihistaminic activity, and growth inhibition of human malignant breast tumor cells and colon cancer cells (Ref.3). Can also use luteolin, quercetin and 5-hydroxyferulic acid (5HF) as substrates (Ref.3).
Confined to the vascular tissues of organs undergoing lignification such as stems and roots.
Induced transiently by wounding in vascular tissues, before being repressed by MYB31 and MYB42.
Involved in translation and accumulation of chloroplast ATP synthase subunits. Interacts with the 5'-UTR of the chloroplast bicistronic atpB and atpE mRNA and activates its translation by facilitating ribosome association with the mRNA (PubMed:22708543). Required for accumulation and activity of the chloroplast ATP synthase. Enhances atpA translation and is required for accumulation of specific processed atpF and psaJ transcripts (PubMed:22708543, PubMed:23735295). Required for the stabilization of bicistronic rpl16 and rpl14 mRNAs (PubMed:23735295).
Belongs to the SIS family. PHI subfamily.
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Highly expressed in developing tassels and at lower levels in roots, shoots, ears and embryos. Expressed in the root growing zone at 5-6 mm from the root tip. Expressed in xylem parenchyma.
Interacts with PIP2-1 to form heteromers.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Active as heteromers with PIP1-1, PIP2-1, PIP2-4 or PIP2-5, but not as homomers.
Core component of at least two putative endosomal tethering complexes, the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex and the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex.
Involved in regulating membrane fusion at the tonoplast and the prevacuolar compartment.
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP.
Allosterically inhibited by tyrosine and phenylalanine. Activated by tryptophan.
May play a role in chloroplast biogenesis.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. BUD32 family.
Found mainly in the cortical tissues of seedling roots, and in the root tip.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Oxidation of leucoanthocyanidins into anthocyanidins.
Catalyzes the S-methylmethionine (SMM) biosynthesis from adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoMet) and methionine. SMM biosynthesis (by MMT1) and degradation (by HMT-1, HMT-2 and HMT-3) constitute the SMM cycle in plants, which is probably required to achieve short term control of AdoMet level. Also able to catalyze the selenium-methylmethionine (SeMM) from AdoMet and selenium-methionine (SeMet). May play a role in phoem sulfur transport; such function is however not essential.
Plays a fundamental role in building the proper chromosome structure at the beginning of meiosis in male meiocytes. Required for the transition from leptotene to zygotene in meiocytes. Required for homologous chromosome pairing, and initiation and progression of meiotic recombination. Regulates meiocyte cytoskeleton organization.
Sterile phenotype due to male meiosis arrested at leptotene.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Acetolactate synthase is the target enzyme for sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides.
Expressed in leaves and roots, and at lower levels in embryos and endosperm.
Isomerase involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Catalyzes the cis- to trans-conversion of the 15-cis-bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB, XPD, TFB1/GTF2H1, GTF2H2/P44, TFB4/GTF2H3, TFB2/GTF2H4 and TFB5/GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CYCH1/cyclin H1, CDKD and MAT1/At4g30820 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. SerC subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stalks, immature ears and silks.
Seedling lethality after the development of three to four leaves. Non-photosynthetic mutants possess near normal pigment levels but lack one or more elements of the electron transport activity in chloroplasts. Defects in protein targeting across chloroplast thylakoid membrane (PubMed:7664731).
Catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration. This is a prerequisite for the S-specific NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase to allow the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX.
Belongs to the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase family.
Plant MTHFRs strongly prefer NADH over NADPH. Not inhibited by methionine or S-adenosylmethionine.
The probable reversibility of the MTHFR reaction in plants suggests that they can metabolize the methyl group of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to serine, sugars and starch.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Sodium-phosphate symporter which plays a fundamental housekeeping role in phosphate transport.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL34 family.
Converts zeaxanthin into antheraxanthin and subsequently violaxanthin.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). May act by forming a heterodimer with NCS6/CTU1 that ligates sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat DDB2/WDR76 family.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class A subfamily.
Key enzyme involved in DNA replication and DNA repair. Involved in Okazaki fragments processing by cleaving long flaps that escape FEN1: flaps that are longer than 27 nucleotides are coated by replication protein A complex (RPA), leading to recruit DNA2 which cleaves the flap until it is too short to bind RPA and becomes a substrate for FEN1. Also involved in 5'-end resection of DNA during double-strand break (DSB) repair by mediating the cleavage of 5'-ssDNA.
Expressed in roots, leaves, immature ears and silks. Detected preferentially in silks.
Belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family. Tig subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
Belongs to the NhaD Na(+)/H(+) (TC 2.A.62) antiporter family.
Predominantly expressed in tissues enriched for shoot meristems and young lateral organ primordia. First expressed in lateral domains of shoot meristems. It is then expressed in the margins of young lateral organ primordia. Not expressed in roots, seedling leaves or fully expanded coleoptiles. Also expressed in vegetative shoot apices (five leaf primordia and the SAM) and in the male inflorescence. Expressed at low level in the female inflorescence.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen-III to yield coproporphyrinogen-III.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
Mostly in green tissues and lesser in non-photosynthetic tissues.
Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family.
Converts phytoene into zeta-carotene via the intermediary of phytofluene by the symmetrical introduction of two double bonds at the C-11 and C-11' positions of phytoene with a concomitant isomerization of two neighboring double bonds at the C9 and C9' positions from trans to cis.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3 homolog.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3/UBA4 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3/UBA4 homolog.
Specifically methylates the cytosine at position 967 (m5C967) of 16S rRNA.
Catalyzes the reversible reaction in which hydroxymethyl group from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is transferred onto alpha-ketoisovalerate to form ketopantoate.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Expressed in roots, coleoptiles, leaves, stalks, apical meristems, immature ears, embryos, endosperm, pericarp, silks and tassel spikelets. Not detected in pollen.
Fasciation. Flattened and wider ears with irregular rows of seeds. Thicker rachis of tassels and increased floral organ numbers. Reduced vegetative growth.
Highly expressed in the apex of the vegetative seedlings. Lower expression in young leaves, ears and tassels, embryos and roots. Not expressed in the shoot meristem itself. Detected in the three outermost layers of the inflorescence meristem, and on its flanks at positions of prospective spikelet pair meristems. Not confined to meristematic cells but also detected in primordia of glumes, lemmas and stamens.
Receptor-like kinase protein that regulates meristem size during inflorescence and flower development. Promotes vegetative meristem growth and restricts inflorescence and floral meristem growth. Based on additive and synergistic phenotypes of double mutants, it is probable that unlike CLV1 and CLV2 in A.thaliana, TD1 and FAE2 do not function exclusively in a single pathway. However, KN-1 and TD1 do function in a linear pathway to maintain vegetative meristem homeostasis, but they may interact with different partners during development.
Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-phytyl-1,4-beta-naphthoquinol to phylloquinol.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase GyrA/ParC subunit family.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
Plays an important role in control of proteasome function. Inhibits the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20S proteasome. Also inhibits the activation of the proteasome by the proteasome regulatory proteins PA700 and PA28.
Multimer. Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and several low-molecular weight protein subunits. The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c. The Rieske protein is a catalytic core subunit containing a [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur cluster. It cycles between 2 conformational states during catalysis to transfer electrons from the quinol bound in the Q(0) site in cytochrome b to cytochrome c1.
Belongs to the biotin--protein ligase family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Putative RNA polymerase II subunit B1 C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase involved in RNA polymerase II transcription regulation.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
Putative transcriptional activator. Control tissue-specific synthesis of anthocyanin pigments in various parts of the maize plant.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(9-12).
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The catalytic sites are hosted primarily by the beta subunits.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Binds unmodified and methylated histone H3.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Involved in the detoxification of certain herbicides.
Expressed in the stem and leaves, lower levels are seen in the pollen and endosperm.
Homodimer or heterodimer of GST-I and GST-IV (=GST-II).
Specifically expressed in roots, in the exodermis, endodermis and xylem parenchyma. Polar localization to the external periclinal side of epidermal cells in root apices.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+). May play a role in water uptake from the root surface. Active as homomers. Increased activity when heteromerization with PIP1-2.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. TrmE GTPase family.
Seems to be required for the assembly of the photosystem I complex.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Involved in the detoxification of certain herbicides. Most active with substrates possessing a chloroacetamide structure. Trans-cinnamic acid and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene are not effective substrates. May play an important role in the benoxacor-mediated protection of maize from metolachlor injury.
Transcription activator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in developing leaves (PubMed:26036253). Component of a network formed by the microRNA396 (miRNA396), the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function and the transition between cell division and cell expansion in growing leaves (PubMed:26036253).
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a, b, b' and c.
Only phosphorylated in mesophyll cells, and only when cells are grown under high rather than low light regimes (70 vs 900 umol photons/m-2/s).
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The alpha chain is a regulatory subunit.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has also ATPase activity.
Expressed both in roots and aerial parts.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. NadB subfamily.
Catalyzes the oxidation of L-aspartate to iminoaspartate.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome.
Belongs to the CND2 H2 (condensin-2 subunit 2) family.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase eukaryotic type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL2 subfamily.
By a musk indanone elicitor that mimics herbivory (PubMed:27662898). By corn leaf aphid feeding (PubMed:26378100).
Does not produce any detectable product when tested in vitro.
Catalyzes the conversion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin.
Specifically expressed in kernel starting from 6 days after pollination.
Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating acyl moiety at the 2 position.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
In the presence of magnesium, the product spectrum is shifted toward an increased production of (S)-beta-bisabolene and a decreased production of (S)-beta-macrocarpene.
Impaired biosynthesis of dimethylnonatriene (DMNT), but abnormal accumulation of (E)-nerolidol (PubMed:27662898). Reduced levels of trimethyltridecatetraene (TMTT) (PubMed:27662898).
Involved in the biosynthesis of homoterpenes, attractants of herbivores parasitoids and predators (e.g. predatory mites and parasitoid wasps) (By similarity). Component of the volatile terpenes biosynthesis pathways (PubMed:30187155). Converts mainly nerolidol to dimethylnonatriene (DMNT) and, to a lower extent, geranyllinalool to trimethyltridecatetraene (TMTT) (PubMed:27662898).
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Involved in calcium binding and microtubule stabilization.
More abundant in apices and young leaf primordia than in fully expanded leaf tissues.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity).
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
Involved in the synthesis of tocopherols (vitamin E), which presumably protect photosynthetic complexes from oxidative stress (Probable). Catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ) to gamma-tocopherol (PubMed:12913173).
Present in all green tissues, both in bundle sheath and in mesophyll cells.
In embryonic organs and at low levels in vegetative organs.
May not function as an oxygen storage or transport protein, but might act as an oxygen sensor or play a role in electron transfer, possibly to a bound oxygen molecule.
Expressed in 5 to 8 days after pollination endosperm and does not change significantly during later developmental stages.
Interacts with RPD3I, RBAP1, the Arabidopsis cyclin CYCD3-1, the mastrevirus replication-associated protein A (RepA) and the begomovirus replication-associated protein (Rep).
The C-terminal domain (743-867) is required for binding of RPD3I and RBAP1.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit to the ER.
Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family.
Interacts with CRS2 and RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns, CRS2 and CAF2.
Required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in mitochondrial tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. Probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance.
Belongs to the TFIID complex together with the TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Binds DNA as monomer.
General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding multiprotein factor TFIID. Binding of TFIID to the TATA box is the initial transcriptional step of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), playing a role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the CpcT/CpeT biliprotein lyase family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Plays a role in U6 snRNP assembly and function. Binds to the 3' end of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC7 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-37; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-147.
Expressed in the embryo of 15 day after pollination. Expressed in kernels at earlier stages but at very low levels. Expression in the embryo peaks at 15 days after pollination and then declines. No expression is detected from endosperm and vegetative tissues.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3 and participates in phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds. Phosphorylates Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 at position 1 to form Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5. This reaction is thought to have regulatory importance, since Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is an inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, while Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is not. Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4)P3 on O-5 and O-6 to form Ins(1,3,4,6)P4, an essential molecule in the hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pathway. Also able to phosphorylate Ins(3,5,6)P3 but not Ins(1,4,5)P3, Ins(2,4,5)P3, Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 nor Ins(1,3,5,6)P4. Has higher specific activity on Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 than Ins(1,3,4)P3 and Ins(3,5,6)P3. Can also could use Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 as a substrate.
Plants display reduced phytic acid content in seeds.
Because cv. Delprim is a hybrid line, AAMT1 and AAMT1I are likely alleles of one single locus. However, AAMT1I showed no enzymatic activity with all tested substrates (PubMed:20519632).
Male and female sterility. During meiosis, synapsis is uncoupled from recombination and pairing in the mutant gametes.
Required for accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis. Required for pairing to occur between homologous chromosomes. Acts in early recombination steps and ensures pairing fidelity and proper repair of meiotic DNA double-strand-breaks (PubMed:14704428, PubMed:19918061). Regulates recombination and pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase by controlling transport of RAD50 from cytoplasm to the nucleus. May affect pairing of the gene-rich fraction of the genome rather than preventing pairing between repetitive DNA elements (PubMed:19918061).
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
Expressed in expanding leaves, embryos, ear primordia, and roots. Very low expression in mature leaf tissue.
Promotes multiple, actin-dependent cell polarization events in the developing leaf epidermis. Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex.
Expressed below the shoot tip down the flanks of shoot apex in an alternating pattern. Not expressed in root tips, leaves or immature ears (female inflorescences).
Plants almost double the number of leaves, and plant height are reduced to about the half that of the wild-type. Internode number is increased and their elongation is significantly reduced. The terminal tassel (terminal male inflorescence) is replaced by an ear-like (female-like) inflorescence.
Probable RNA-binding protein. Involved in the regulation of leaf initiation rate and shoot development. Seems to act more predominantly in the early stages of the leaf development, rather than in the later phase.
Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions.
Promotes chloroplast protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes.
Belongs to the ketol-acid reductoisomerase family.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH1 subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2.
Belongs to the isocitrate lyase/PEP mutase superfamily. Isocitrate lyase family.
Involved in storage lipid mobilization during the growth of higher plant seedling.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Protein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Plays a role in RNA processing and termination.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 85 family.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor involved in ribosome biogenesis in chloroplasts. Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Is required for rRNA maturation in plastids and may contribute to the assembly of the large (50S) ribosomal subunit. Required for normal development of chloroplasts.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the DHPS family.
A derivative of OCSBF-1 that contains only the 76 N-terminal amino acids is still able to bind to the ocs element.
May contribute to developmentally specific patterns of gene expression. Binds specifically to ocs elements which are transcriptional enhancer found in the promoters of several plant genes. OCSBF-1 is able to bind to a site within each half of the ocs element as well as to animal AP-1 and CREB sites.
Roots and shoots of young plants, and basal portion of leaves.
May be involved in proton extrusion. Indirectly promotes efficient inorganic carbon uptake into chloroplasts.
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a, b, b' and c (By similarity).
Inceptin is a proteolytic fragment produced by insect larvae that previously ingested the protein. This peptide mediate plant perception of herbivory through the induction of volatile, phenylpropanoid and protease inhibitor defenses such as ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid for example.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The gamma chain is believed to be important in regulating ATPase activity and the flow of protons through the CF(0) complex.
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Component of the 30S ribosomal translation pre-initiation complex which assembles on the 30S ribosome in the order IF-2 and IF-3, IF-1 and N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet); mRNA recruitment can occur at any time during PIC assembly.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Stabilizes the binding of IF-2 and IF-3 on the 30S subunit to which N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) subsequently binds. Helps modulate mRNA selection, yielding the 30S pre-initiation complex (PIC). Upon addition of the 50S ribosomal subunit IF-1, IF-2 and IF-3 are released leaving the mature 70S translation initiation complex.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Divalent metal cations. Probably Zn(2+).
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
This b-type cytochrome is tightly associated with the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
With its partner (PsbF) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
Binds 16S rRNA, required for the assembly of 30S particles.
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Belongs to the bifunctional nuclease family.
Bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities. Involved in basal defense response. Participates in abscisic acid-derived callose deposition following infection by a necrotrophic pathogen.
Bifunctional enzyme. Involved in de novo dTMP biosynthesis. Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Can play two different roles depending on the source of dihydrofolate: de novo synthesis of tetrahydrofolate or recycling of the dihydrofolate released as one of the end products of the TS catalyzed reaction. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, DNA precursor synthesis, and for the conversion of dUMP to dTMP (By similarity).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
Expressed throughout embryo development, with a slight decrease during endosperm development, and fades out during aleurone development.
Mostly expressed in roots and coleoptiles, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, pollen and developing seeds.
Repressed in O(2) deprivated (hypoxia/anoxia) conditions.
By salt and osmotic stress. Expressed in roots with a circadian rhythm showing an increase at the end of the night period, a peak during the first part of the light period and then a decrease.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Catalytic subunit of a heterodimeric structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA.
Forms a heterodimer with a member of the SLX4 family.
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. mRNA cap 0 methyltransferase family.
Two-heme-containing cytochrome. Catalyzes ascorbate-dependent trans-membrane electron transfer by utilizing a concerted H(+)/e(-) transfer mechanism (By similarity).
Expressed in leaves, stalks and tassel spikelets. Detected in roots, apical meristems and immature ears, but not in pollen. In leaves, not detected in the cell division zone, expressed at low levels in the cell expansion and transition zones and at high levels in the mature or fully grown tissue.
Highly expressed in ovules before fertilization, but turned off upon fertilization and not expressed in developing embryos or endosperm. Expression climbs again as the embryos mature.
May act as a negative regulator of cell number.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
Heterotetramer consisting of two non-identical subunits: a beta subunit and a large alpha subunit.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL54 family.
Key component of the proton channel; it plays a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Expressed almost exclusively in bundle-sheath.
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions. Occupies a key position both for transferring the photoreducing power to Fd-NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR), hence the formation of NADPH, and for mediating the cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (PSI).
Belongs to the CND2 (condensin subunit 2) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes.
Reaches a maximum 2 weeks after flowering and then decreases gradually.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SETD6 subfamily.
Chloroplast NADP-MDH is activated upon illumination. In order to be enzymatically active, disulfide bridges on the protein must be reduced by thioredoxin which receives electrons from ferredoxin and the electron transport system of photosynthesis.
The chloroplastic, NADP-dependent form is essential for the photosynthesis C4 cycle, which allows plants to circumvent the problem of photorespiration. In C4 plants, NADP-MDH activity acts to convert oxaloacetate to malate in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells for transport to the bundle sheath cells.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. FANCM sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways. Most active in the sink tissues where it is responsible for the breakdown of the arriving sucrose.
Possible role could be the docking of the LHC I antenna complex to the core complex.
Expressed in a dome of cells at the tip of the meristem that extends into the adaxial side of the initiating primordium. During the later stages of leaf development, expression becomes restricted to the margin and vasculature.
Required for the biogenesis of miRNAs and trans-acting siRNAs and essential for the specification of adaxial/abaxial organ polarity. May be involved in natural virus resistance (By similarity).
Binds 1 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) per subunit.
Catalyzes the reduction of a 3''-keto intermediate during the biosynthesis of 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) from L-Met. Involved in the formation of phytosiderophores (MAs) belonging to the mugineic acid family and required to acquire iron.
Up-regulated under iron-deficient conditions in root tissues.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CK2 subfamily.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. The alpha chain contains the catalytic site.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains (possible).
In the presence of other necessary color factors, this glycosylation reaction allows the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. UreG subfamily.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
Expressed in roots, at higher levels in stems, and hardly detectable in leaves.
High expression 7 days after pollination (DAP), gradually declines after 15 DAP and becomes undetectable by 29 DAP.
May play an important role in maintaining the flux of carbon towards starch formation. May also be involved in a sugar-sensing pathway.
Accumulates preferentially in the roots and is located predominantly in the region of the endodermis, low levels are seen in the leaves, stems and other shoot organs.
May be involved in the O-methylation of suberin phenylpropanoid precursors.
Belongs to the cytochrome c family. PetJ subfamily.
Constitutively interacts with CASP4; required for the localization of procaspase 4 to the ER.
Critical mediator, in cooperation with CASP4, of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced apoptosis. Required or the activation of CASP4 following endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins.
May play a role in photosystem I and II biogenesis.
Originally thought to be a component of PSII; based on experiments in Synechocystis, N.tabacum and barley, and its absence from PSII in T.elongatus and T.vulcanus, this is probably not true.
Beta-glucosidase acting poorly on artificial aryl beta-glucosides. Has no activity toward the chromogenic substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside (6BNGlc).
Expressed in leaves only starting at day 6 after germination.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for the accumulation of photosystem I (PSI) during plant development. May form a complex with PSAG and mediate thiol transactions in the thylakoid lumen that are important for the assembly of PSI. Possesses protein-disulfide reductase activity in vitro.
Dwarf phenotype due to gibberellin-deficient mutant, displaying reduced internode lengths, foreshortened broad leaves, and unbranched tassel.
Involved in giberellin biosynthesis (Probable) (PubMed:16307364). Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the gibberellin precursor ent-copalyl diphosphate (Probable) (PubMed:16307364).
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Binds A/T-rich DNA (e.g. present in the storage gamma-zein gene promoter) with a highly dynamic distribution into the nucleus (PubMed:19781672, PubMed:10864924). Probably involved in endosperm development, during cells shift from a mitotic cycle to endoreduplication leading to massive synthesis of storage proteins (zeins) and starch (PubMed:10864924).
Confers resistance to nickel NiSO(4) when expressed in yeast (e.g. S.cerevisiae) by counterbalancing nickel impact on cell cycle associated with an increased chromatin condensation.
Phosphorylated by CDK, this phosphorylation prevents DNA-binding (PubMed:19781672, PubMed:10864924). Motility is increased when hypophosphorylated (PubMed:10864924).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. gTMT family.
Belongs to the histidinol dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the sequential NAD-dependent oxidations of L-histidinol to L-histidinaldehyde and then to L-histidine.
With its partner (PsbE) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.