The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.
The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.
The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism.
OBSOLETE. Assists in the correct assembly of ribosomes or ribosomal subunits in vivo, but is not a component of the assembled ribosome when performing its normal biological function.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a class of gene products and a biological process rather than a molecular function.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Zn2+(out) = Zn2+(in), probably powered by proton motive force. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity zinc uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Zn2+ = Zn2+, probably powered by proton motive force. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
low-affinity zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. A small disulfide-containing redox protein that serves as a general protein disulfide oxidoreductase. Interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism, based on the reversible oxidation of 2 cysteine thiol groups to a disulfide, accompanied by the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulfide and a dithiol.
This term was made obsolete because it represents gene products.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->6) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate + diphosphate.
all-trans-heptaprenyl-diphosphate synthase activity
all-trans-hexaprenyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate hexaprenyltranstransferase activity
heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase activity
heptaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase activity
heptaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity
trans-hexaprenyltranstransferase activity
The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.
The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.
ssDNA-specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity
single-stranded DNA specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity
A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water.
Catalysis of the reaction: lactose + H2O = D-glucose + D-galactose.
The directed movement of alpha-glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis.
regulation of recombination within rDNA repeats
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the DNA of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a substrate-specific process.
negative regulation of recombination within rDNA repeats
Lengthening of the distance between poles of the mitotic spindle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2) linkage.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosylphosphate group from one compound to another.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall mannoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
cell wall mannoprotein biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenine + H2O = hypoxanthine + NH3.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an acyl group, any group formally derived by removal of the hydroxyl group from the acid function of a carboxylic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the attachment site of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP) as part of the process of fatty acid biosynthesis.
Note that this term was moved from transporter to binding because we decided that ACP is not a true transporter, but instead tethers the growing entity that is acted on to make the fatty acid, so binding is the more correct parent. July 2012.
ACP phosphopantetheine attachment site binding involved in fatty acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very long chain fatty acid metabolic process
very-long-chain fatty acid metabolic process
very long-chain fatty acid metabolic process
OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete).
This term was made obsolete because it describes a gene product and it contains component information.
plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter
The directed, low-affinity movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
The process of directing proteins towards the Golgi; usually uses signals contained within the protein.
OBSOLETE. The reduction of the ascorbate free radical to a stable form.
This term was made obsolete because it is defined as a function term and is in the process ontology.
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
The fusion of an autophagic vacuole with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-tRNA(1) + aminoacyl-tRNA(2) = tRNA(1) + peptidylaminoacyl-tRNA(2).
peptidyl-tRNA:aminoacyl-tRNA N-peptidyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with transfer RNA.
The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the intermediate compounds involved in the urea cycle, a cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea.
This term was made obsolete because it is a grouping term that is not useful, but has caused true path violations.
urea cycle intermediate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
ribosomal subunit export from cell nucleus
ribosomal subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
ribosomal large subunit export from cell nucleus
ribosomal large subunit export out of nucleus
ribosomal large subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
50S ribosomal subunit export from nucleus
60S ribosomal subunit export from nucleus
ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
ribosomal small subunit export from cell nucleus
ribosomal small subunit export out of nucleus
ribosomal small subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
30S ribosomal subunit export from nucleus
40S ribosomal subunit export from nucleus
ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus
A protein complex assembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the association of a cargo protein, a carrier protein such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer, and a nucleoporin located at the periphery of the nuclear pore complex.
protein docking during protein import into nucleus
protein docking during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
protein docking during protein-nucleus import
protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, docking
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
protein import into cell nucleus, translocation
protein translocation during protein import into nucleus
protein translocation during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
protein translocation during protein-nucleus import
protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, translocation
Note that 'vectorial' is used in the definition in the mathematical and physical sense of pertaining to 'a quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space relative to another. Note that 'translocation' is sometimes used in the literature to refer to the entire process of protein import into the nucleus, but in GO refers specifically to the step in which a cargo-carrier protein complex moves through the nuclear pore complex.
protein import into nucleus, translocation
A protein complex disassembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the dissociation of the cargo protein and the carrier (such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer) from each other and from the nuclear pore complex.
protein import into cell nucleus, substrate release
protein substrate release during protein import into nucleus
protein substrate release during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
protein substrate release during protein-nucleus import
protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, substrate release
protein-nucleus import, substrate release
protein import into nucleus, substrate release
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group.
Catalysis of the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ornithine is 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid.
histidine/arginine/lysine/ornithine porter activity
L-ornithine transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
This term was made obsolete because it has been superseded by more accurate terms to represent the biological processes occurring, and it is not clear that this term represents a useful entity.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release
A microtubule-based process that occurs only during M phase of the cell cycle.
A largely uncharacterized process involving the release of duplicated spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane. Duplicated SPBs are connected by a bridge structure that may be severed in order to release the SPBs from one another. Following liberation, SPBs diffuse through the nuclear membrane until they are across from each other. SPB separation must take place in order for a bipolar mitotic spindle to assemble.
A cell cycle regulatory process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the timing and integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint encompasses detection of an event or biological quality, signal transduction, and effector processes that delay or stop cell cycle progression in response to a defect.
A cell cycle checkpoint that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.
A cell cycle checkpoint that regulates progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. A DNA damage checkpoint may blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slow the rate at which S phase proceeds.
DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest
A cell cycle checkpoint observed when aspects of polarity control are defective, which maintains coordination between the process of cellular shaping and the nuclear events of the cell cycle. For example, in budding yeast cell-cycle delay or arrest is induced when aspects of bud formation are defective.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1 phase occurring as part of the mitotic cell cycle. G1 phase is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (mitosis in a mitotic cell cycle) and the beginning of DNA synthesis. A mitotic cell cycle is one which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells.
Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G1/S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of transcription involved in G1/S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
G1/S-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter of G1/S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription involved in G1/S phase of mitotic cell cycle
S phase occurring as part of the mitotic cell cycle. S phase is the part of the cell cycle during which DNA synthesis takes place. A mitotic cell cycle is one which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells.
G2 phase occurring as part of the mitotic cell cycle. G2 phase is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation (mitosis in a mitotic cell cycle). A mitotic cell cycle is one which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells.
Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. The molecular event responsible for this transition is the activation of the major cell cycle cyclin-dependent kinase (e.g. Cdc2 in S. pombe, CDC28 in S. cerevisiae, Cdk1 in human).
M phase occurring as part of the mitotic cell cycle. M phase is the part of the cell cycle during which nuclear division takes place. A mitotic cell cycle is one which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells.
Prophase occurring as part of mitosis. Prophase is the part of nuclear division in which, canonically, chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell. Mitosis is the cell cycle process in which, canonically, the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
Metaphase occurring as part of mitosis. Metaphase is the part of nuclear division in which, canonically, chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell. Mitosis is the cell cycle process in which, canonically, the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
Anaphase occurring as part of mitosis. Anaphase is the part of nuclear division in which sister chromatids (or chromosomes) separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle. Mitosis is the cell cycle process in which, canonically, the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through anaphase A, the part of mitotic anaphase in which the kinetochore microtubules shorten as chromosomes move toward the spindle poles.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through anaphase B, the part of mitotic anaphase in which the polar microtubules elongate and the two poles of the spindle move farther apart.
Telophase occurring as part of mitosis. Telophase is the part of nuclear division that, canonically, begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. Mitosis is the cell cycle process in which, canonically, the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
This term was made obsolete because it was not defined and the string name implied two separate processes.
Catalysis of the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
S-adenosylmethionine transporter activity
S-adenosyl methionine transporter activity
S-adenosylmethionine transmembrane transporter activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulphur amino acids contain sulfur in the form of cystine, methionine or their derivatives.
sulphur amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
sulfur amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of S-methylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other.
S-methylmethionine transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
L-methionine secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.
sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by an oxidoreductase, acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
sulphate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulphate reduction by an oxidoreductase, acting on sulphur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
succinate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
succinate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-glutamine = D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide + L-glutamate + 2 H(+).
glutamine amidotransferase:cyclase activity
imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase activity
imidazoleglycerol phosphate synthase activity
imidazole-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity
imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity
OBSOLETE. A stable complex of proteins that carry out the DNA damage recognition and incision reactions characteristic of nucleotide excision repair (NER), such as DNA damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at sites flanking damaged DNA; includes TFIIH subunits and additional polypeptides; may form in the absence of DNA damage.
This term was made obsolete because 'repairosome' has fallen out of use in the literature, and the large complex described in the definition has not been confirmed to exist. The term has also confused annotators.
Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair.
Note that process information is included in the term and definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex.
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and endodeoxynuclease activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad1p, Rad10p, and Rad14p; in human the subunits are ERCC4/XPF, ERCC1 and XPA, respectively.
Note that process and function information are included in the term and definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex.
nucleotide-excision repair factor 1 complex
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses damaged DNA binding activity. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad4p and Rad23p.
nucleotide-excision repair factor 2 complex
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses endodeoxynuclease and DNA helicase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad2p and the core TFIIH-Ssl2p complex (Core TFIIH is composed of Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p, and Tfb4p. Note that Ssl2p is also called Rad25p).
nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and DNA-dependent ATPase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad7p and Rad16p.
nucleotide-excision repair factor 4 complex
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during G1 phase of cell cycle
G1-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription involved in G1 phase of mitotic cell cycle
A cell cycle process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
S-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription involved in S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
S-phase-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription involved in S phase of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G2 phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
G2-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II during G2-phase of mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription involved in G2-phase of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G2/M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
G2/M-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during G2/M-phase of mitotic cell cycle
regulation of transcription involved in G2/M-phase of mitotic cell cycle
A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity.
Note that this term represents a location, not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function of this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'histone deacetylase activity ; GO:0004407'.
A transcription factor complex that acts at promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I transcription factor complex
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol-1-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
glycerol 3-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
glycerol-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
down regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
down-regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
downregulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
inhibition of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity.
Note that this term represents a location, not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function of this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'histone acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0004402'.
A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains Spt8 (in budding yeast) or a homolog thereof; additional polypeptides include Spt group, consisting of Spt7, Spt3, and Spt20/Ada5, which interact with the TATA-binding protein (TBP); the Ada group, consisting of Ada1, Ada2, Ada3, Ada4/Gcn5, and Ada5/Spt20, which is functionally linked to the nucleosomal HAT activity; Tra1, an ATM/PI-3 kinase-related protein that targets DNA-bound activators for recruitment to promoters; the TBP-associated factor (TAF) proteins, consisting of Taf5, Taf6, Taf9, Taf10, and Taf12, which mediate nucleosomal HAT activity and are thought to help recruit the basal transcription machinery.
A large multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and is involved in regulation of transcription. The composition is similar to that of the SAGA complex, but includes fewer Spt and Ada proteins, and more TAFs.
PCAF histone acetylase-associated complex
See also the cellular component term 'SAGA complex ; GO:0000124'.
A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIB contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and two Pol III-specific proteins, B'' and BRF.
A heterotrimeric transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIC contains three conserved subunits that associate with the proximal Pol III promoter element, and additional subunits that associate with sequence elements downstream of the promoter and are more diverged among species. It also functions as a boundary element to partition genome content into distinct domains outside Pol III promoter regions.
The reversible, calcium-dependent non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms.
The portion of the budding yeast plasma membrane where a daughter cell will emerge. The yeast marks this spot with bud-site selection proteins before bud emergence occurs. Actin is polarized to this spot just prior to and during bud emergence.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
establishment of spindle orientation involved in mitotic cell cycle
establishment of spindle orientation during mitosis
establishment of mitotic spindle orientation
Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites; in Saccharomyces the polarisome includes Bni1p, Spa2p, Pea2p, and Bud6p.
A cell cycle checkpoint that detects septin defects and responds by inhibiting the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, correct formation of a functional septin cytoskeleton permits the cell to switch to isotropic bud growth and the onset of mitotic chromosome segregation. In the presence of septin defects, the mitotic CDK is inhibited and both the switch to isotropic bud growth and the onset of mitotic chromosome segregation is delayed.
A large, multiprotein complex with alpha-(1->6)-mannosyltransferase activity, located in the cis Golgi membrane; adds mannan to N-linked glycans on proteins.
The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER.
The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H(+).
1-acyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase activity
1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase activity
palmitoyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase activity
palmitoyl-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase activity
palmitoyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase activity
acylglycerone-phosphate reductase activity
A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck in mitotic cells that divide by budding in preparation for completing cytokinesis. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A ring-shaped structure that forms at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. In S. cerevisiae, this structure forms at the time of bud emergence and the septins show a high rate of exchange.
A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP).
Assembly of an actin cortical patch, a discrete actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane of fungal cells.
A protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a glucose group from UDP-glucose to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein.
Catalysis of the identification and base-pairing of homologous sequences between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA.
Note that this term represents activities that do not break or form phosphodiester bonds, and is therefore not a parent of 'site-specific recombinase activity ; GO:0009009'.
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.
A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the nucleus.
A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the cytoplasm.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The term 'RNA editing' (GO:0016547) was merged into 'RNA modification' (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing. Parallel changes were made for substrate (e.g. tRNA, rRNA, etc.) specific child terms of 'RNA editing'.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a histidine residue in response to detection of an extracellular signal such as a chemical ligand or change in environment, to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The two-component sensor is a histidine kinase that autophosphorylates a histidine residue in its active site. The phosphate is then transferred to an aspartate residue in a downstream response regulator, to trigger a response.
Responds to a phosphorelay sensor to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The activity of the response regulator is regulated by transfer of a phosphate from a histidine residue in the sensor, to an aspartate residue in the response regulator. Many but not all response regulators act as transcriptional regulators to elicit a response.
two-component response regulator activity
phosphorelay response regulator activity
A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. The catalytic and scaffolding subunits form the core enzyme, and the holoenzyme also includes the regulatory subunit.
A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins.
A MAPK cascade involved in signal transduction in response to change in osmotic conditions.
MAPKKK cascade during osmolarity sensing
MAPKKK cascade involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
MAPKKK cascade involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathway
MAPK cascade involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.
aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, anthranilate pathway
A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade
MAPK cascades lie downstream of many cell surface receptors and cooperate in transmitting various extracellular signals to the nucleus. One way by which the specificity of each cascade is regulated is through the existence of several distinct components in each tier of the different cascades. The cascades are typically named according to the component in the MAPK tier.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity during osmolarity sensing
activation of MAPKKK activity during osmolarity sensing
activation of MAPKKK activity involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
osmolarity sensing, activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity
osmolarity sensing, activation of MAPKKK activity
activation of MAPKKK activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
activation of MAP kinase kinase activity during osmolarity sensing
activation of MAPKK activity during osmolarity sensing
activation of MAPKK activity involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
osmolarity sensing, activation of MAP kinase kinase activity
osmolarity sensing, activation of MAPKK activity
activation of MAPKK activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase activity during osmolarity sensing.
activation of MAPK activity during osmolarity sensing
activation of MAPK activity involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
osmolarity sensing, activation of MAPK activity
activation of MAPK activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of sphingolipid long chain bases.
Catalysis of the site-specific cleavage of RNA by a catalytic RNA-mediated mechanism; substrates include the A3 site in the ITS1 of pre-rRNA.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family, and cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication.
ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing complex
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing.
inactivation of MAPK activity during osmolarity sensing
inactivation of MAPK activity involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
osmolarity sensing, inactivation of MAPK
osmolarity sensing, termination of MAPK activity
termination of MAPK activity during osmolarity sensing
inactivation of MAPK activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
OBSOLETE. Downregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces.
This term was made obsolete because it is a gene product specific term.
inactivation of MAPK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.
Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases found in the nucleus.
eukaryotic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex
nuclear exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex
Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases found in the cytoplasm.
cytoplasmic exosome (ribonuclease complex)
cytoplasmic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex
prokaryotic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex
exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex
Note that this term should not be confused with 'exosome' used in the context of vesicles released from multivesicular bodies.
Catalysis of the dimethylation two adjacent A residues in the loop closing the 3'-terminal stem of the 18S rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.
S-adenosylmethionine-6-N', N'-adenosyl(rRNA) dimethyltransferase activity
rRNA (adenine-N6,N6-)-dimethyltransferase activity
This term was made obsolete because more specific children exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA sequences encoding ribosomal RNA.
Repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated
mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated decay
nuclear mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase.
positive regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity
activation of MAPKKK activity during sporulation
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKKK.
activation of MAP kinase kinase activity
activation of MAPKK activity during sporulation
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK.
activation of MAPK activity during sporulation
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase.
The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus upon activation.
Note that 'translocation' is sometimes used in the literature to refer to the entire process of protein import into the nucleus, but in GO refers specifically to the step in which a cargo-carrier protein complex moves through the nuclear pore complex.
OBSOLETE. MAPKKK cascade involved in transduction of signal promoting pseudohyphal or invasive growth.
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAPKKK activity in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth.
activation of MAPKKK (pseudohyphal growth)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of a MAP kinase kinase in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth.
activation of MAPKK (pseudohyphal growth)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth.
activation of MAPK (pseudohyphal growth)
OBSOLETE. Downregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth.
inactivation of MAPK (pseudohyphal growth)
OBSOLETE. Movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus in the context of regulating pseudohyphal or invasive growth.
nuclear translocation of MAPK (pseudohyphal growth)
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
MAPKKK cascade involved in cell wall biogenesis
MAPK cascade involved in cell wall biogenesis
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity during cell wall biogenesis
activation of MAPKKK activity involved in cell wall integrity
cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity
cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAPKKK activity
activation of MAPKKK activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
activation of MAP kinase kinase activity during cell wall biogenesis
activation of MAPKK activity involved in cell wall integrity
cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAP kinase kinase activity
cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAPKK activity
activation of MAPKK activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
activation of MAPK activity involved in cell wall integrity
cell wall biogenesis, activation of MAPK activity
activation of MAPK activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
cell wall biogenesis, inactivation of MAPK activity
cell wall biogenesis, termination of MAPK activity
inactivation of MAPK activity involved in cell wall integrity
termination of MAPK activity during cell wall biogenesis
inactivation of MAPK activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus that occurs in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
MAPK import into nucleus involved in cell wall integrity
cell wall biogenesis, MAPK import into nucleus
cell wall biogenesis, nuclear translocation of MAPK
nuclear translocation of MAPK involved in cell wall biogenesis
nuclear translocation of MAPK involved in cell wall integrity
MAPK import into nucleus involved in cell wall biogenesis
OBSOLETE. MAPKKK cascade involved in transduction of signal promoting sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930).
MAPKKK cascade during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAPKKK activity in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930).
activation of MAPKKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of a MAP kinase kinase in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930).
activation of MAPKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930).
activation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Downregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930).
inactivation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus in the context of sporulation. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4930).
nuclear translocation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces)
The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus during osmolarity sensing.
MAPK import into nucleus during osmolarity sensing
MAPK import into nucleus involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
nuclear translocation of MAPK during osmolarity sensing
osmolarity sensing, MAPK import into nucleus
nuclear translocation of MAPK involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
nuclear translocation of MAPK involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
osmolarity sensing, nuclear translocation of MAPK
MAPK import into nucleus involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pyrophosphatase activity
OBSOLETE. Covalent addition of polyubiquitin to another protein, targeting the tagged protein for destruction.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process and a molecular function.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
meiotic spindle organization and biogenesis
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
transfer ribonucleate intron endoribonuclease activity
A protein complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA]:NAD+ phosphotransferase activity
2'-phospho-tRNA:NAD+ phosphotransferase activity
Progression from M phase to G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing secondary structure elements such as four-way junctions, bubbles, loops, Y-form DNA, or double-strand/single-strand junctions.
This term was made obsolete because more specific terms were created.
The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.
vacuolar hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V0 domain
Note that this domain often consists of five subunits, although in some mammalian tissues it may have an additional subunit.
vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain
The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.
vacuolar hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V1 domain
Note that this domain generally consists of eight subunits.
vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain
The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V0 domain
plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain
The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V1 domain
plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
N-linked-glycopeptide-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine amidohydrolase activity
N-oligosaccharide glycopeptidase activity
peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.
6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol acetylhydrolase activity
N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol acetylhydrolase activity
N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase activity
acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:3.1.1.69.
N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase activity
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Catalysis of the transfer of oxaloacetate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
oxaloacetate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
A chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the nucleus during mitosis.
This term was made obsolete because it is based on a temporal division of the cell cycle.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cytoplasm during mitosis.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the nucleus during interphase.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cytoplasm during interphase.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + ethanolamine phosphate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylethanolamine phosphate.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:ethanolamine-phosphate N-methyltransferase activity
phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase activity
phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through prometaphase, the stage following prophase in mitosis (in higher eukaryotes) during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which chromosomes first become visible.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the second stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which each chromosome pairs with its homolog; the two become aligned and crossing over may occur.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the third stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the fourth stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the final stage of prophase I in meiosis; the transition to meiotic metaphase I.
A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the U1 snRNP with the 5' splice site of an unspliced intron in an RNA transcript.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
assembly of spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4/U6.U5
assembly of spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4atac/U6atac.U5
spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4/U6.U5 assembly
spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4atac/U6atac.U5 assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
ergosterol:NADP+ delta24(241)-oxidoreductase activity
sterol Delta(24(28))-methylene reductase activity
sterol delta-24(28) methylene reductase activity
sterol delta24(28)-methylene reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction which results in unsaturation at C-7 in the B ring of sterols.
delta-8-delta-7 sterol isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the formation of the C-22(23) double bond in the sterol side chain. An example reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity
(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, lanosterol-forming)
2,3-epoxysqualene lanosterol cyclase activity
2,3-epoxysqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity
2,3-epoxysqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity
2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity
lanosterol 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase activity
oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase activity
oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase activity
oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase activity
squalene 2,3-epoxide:lanosterol cyclase activity
squalene-2,3-oxide-lanosterol cyclase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
3beta-hydroxy-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-ene-4alpha-carboxylate:NAD(P)+ 3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
3beta-hydroxy-4alpha-methylcholestenecarboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
3beta-hydroxy-4beta-methylcholestenecarboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
3beta-hydroxy-4beta-methylcholestenoate dehydrogenase activity
C-3 sterol dehydrogenase (C-4 decarboxylase) activity
sterol 4alpha-carboxylic decarboxylase activity
sterol-4-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
sterol-4alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Note that zymosterol is cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol.
C-3 sterol dehydrogenase (C-4 sterol decarboxylase) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H(+).
3beta-hydroxy-steroid:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H(+) + O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nitrile + H2O = a carboxylate + NH3. Acts on a wide range of aromatic nitriles including (indole-3-yl)-acetonitrile and some aliphatic nitriles, and on the corresponding acid amides.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (isoleucine or valine)(out) + Na+(out) = (isoleucine or valine)(in) + Na+(in).
This term was made obsolete because it represents a multifunctional gene product.
isoleucine/valine:sodium symporter activity
OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide) within a cell.
This term was made obsolete because it contains component and function information.
intracellular nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + H(+)(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out). Found in vacuoles of eukaryotes and in bacteria.
hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out). Found in vacuoles of eukaryotes and in bacteria.
sodium-translocating V-type ATPase activity
A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell.
OBSOLETE. Subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase that contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a molecular function.
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, alpha-subunit
OBSOLETE. Subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase; associates tightly with the gamma subunit.
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, beta-subunit
OBSOLETE. Smallest subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase; associates tightly with the beta subunit.
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, gamma-subunit
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.
OBSOLETE: A generic term for parts of cells prepared by disruptive biochemical techniques.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a cell fractionation experimental result and not a bona fide cellular component.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a peroxisomal targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome.
Enables the energy independent passage of toxins, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane towards the outside of the cell. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages.
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core.
mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk
The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F1 sector
proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1)
See also the cellular component term 'mitochondrial inner membrane ; GO:0005743'.
mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1)
All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins.
mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cytochrome c-L-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cytochrome c-L-lysine N6-methyltransferase activity
cytochrome c (lysine) methyltransferase activity
cytochrome c-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
cytochrome c-specific protein methylase III activity
cytochrome c-specific protein-lysine methyltransferase activity
[cytochrome c]-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through M phase, the part of the cell cycle comprising nuclear division.
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
The specification of the site where a daughter cell will form, in organisms that reproduce by budding. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity
Note that this term was split from 'bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity (sensu Saccharomyces) ; GO:0007115' (a sibling term, 'establishment of cell polarity (sensu Saccharomyces) ; GO:0000283', was created but has since been merged with 'establishment of cell polarity' ; GO:0030010).
This term was made obsolete because it is an organism specific term. The entire branch of the ontology was reorganized to be more generally applicable.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase activity
phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase activity
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
L-alanine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
NAD-dependent alanine dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked alanine dehydrogenase activity
NADH-dependent alanine dehydrogenase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
mRNA breakdown, deadenylation-dependent decay
mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent
mRNA catabolic process, deadenylylation-dependent
mRNA catabolism, deadenylation-dependent
mRNA catabolism, deadenylylation-dependent
mRNA degradation, deadenylation-dependent decay
nuclear mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay
Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening
Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.
deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear mRNA
deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.
nuclear mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fragment of RNA, such as excised introns or sequences removed from ribosomal RNA during processing.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.99.13.
A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.
mRNA breakdown, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay
mRNA degradation, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay
nuclear mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay
Catalysis of the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of the membrane to the other.
adenine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of spermine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to spermidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of spermine from one side of the membrane to the other. Spermine is a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.
spermine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.
polyphosphate polyphosphohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE: Integral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; require detergents, such as Triton X-100, to be released from membranes.
integral to membrane of membrane fraction
OBSOLETE: Peripheral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; can be extracted from membrane fraction with high concentrations of salt or high pH.
peripheral to membrane of membrane fraction
The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi.
retrograde (vesicle recycling within Golgi) transport
retrograde transport, vesicle recycling within Golgi
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
response to reactive oxygen intermediate
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
Loosely bound to one or the other surface of the vacuolar membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are heterodimeric enzymes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner.
cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex
Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the cytoplasm.
cytoplasmic cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
ATP:nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine triphosphate-nicotinamide mononucleotide transadenylase activity
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
diphosphopyridine nucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose-1-diphosphate:xanthine phospho-D-ribosyltransferase activity
XMP:diphosphate 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
xanthosine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
The larger of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).
The smaller of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome.
A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.
The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome.
The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).
The directed movement of sulfite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfite ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
sulfite transmembrane transporter activity
The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by cells that were in a quiescent or other non-dividing state.
The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by pheromone-arrested cells that have not mated. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest
A vacuole that functions primarily in the storage of materials, including nutrients, pigments, waste products, and small molecules.
A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.
A vacuole that has both lytic and storage functions. The fungal vacuole is a large, membrane-bounded organelle that functions as a reservoir for the storage of small molecules (including polyphosphate, amino acids, several divalent cations (e.g. calcium), other ions, and other small molecules) as well as being the primary compartment for degradation. It is an acidic compartment, containing an ensemble of acid hydrolases. At least in S. cerevisiae, there are indications that the morphology of the vacuole is variable and correlated with the cell cycle, with logarithmically growing cells having a multilobed, reticulated vacuole, while stationary phase cells contain a single large structure.
vacuole, cell cycle-correlated morphology
A closed structure that is completely surrounded by a unit membrane, contains liquid, and retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
vacuole, cell cycle-independent morphology
A storage vacuole that contains a lytic vacuole; identified in plants.
A membrane-bounded compartment containing crystals of phytic acid and proteins characteristic of a lytic vacuole, found within a storage vacuole.
lytic vacuole within protein storage vacuole
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
lumen of vacuole with cell cycle-correlated morphology
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
membrane of vacuole with cell cycle-correlated morphology
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
lumen of vacuole with cell cycle-independent morphology
A specialized vacuole of eukaryotic cells, especially Protozoa, that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores. Its function is probably osmoregulatory.
Provision of the template used by reverse transcriptase to synthesize the G-rich strand of telomeric DNA.
Note that this term describes the activity of an RNA gene product that interacts with other nucleic acid molecules via base pairing; it should not be used to annotate proteins.
template for synthesis of G-rich strand of telomere DNA activity
The minimal catalytic core of telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase activity
3-hydroxyanthranilate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase activity
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase activity
3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
negative regulation of DNA transposition
negative regulation of transposition, DNA-mediated
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
positive regulation of DNA transposition
positive regulation of transposition, DNA-mediated
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition, the process of transposing (moving to a different location) a segment of a chromosome or a piece of a DNA molecule.
regulation of transposition, DNA-mediated
The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the trimethylguanosine (m(3)(2,2,7)-GTP) group located at the 5' end of some RNA molecules. Such trimethylated cap structures, generally produced by posttranscriptional modification of a 7-methylguanosine cap, are often found on snRNAs and snoRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II, but have also be found on snRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. They have also been found on a subset of the mRNA population in some species, e.g. C. elegans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hypermethylated cap structure consisting of 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) followed by four methylated nucleotides (cap 4): 7-methylguanosine-ppp-N6, N6, 2'-O-trimethyladenosine-p-2'-O-methyladenosine-p-2'-O-methylcytosine-p-N3, 2'-O-dimethyluridine Such caps are known to be found at the 5' ends of SL RNAs of trypanosomatid protozoa.
A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-A is generated from the PEP-B form during chloroplast maturation to generate a complex composed of at least thirteen polypeptides that is not sensitive to the antibiotic rifampicin, like its precursor form the PEP-B complex.
plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex A
A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-B is distinguished from PEP-A by its sensitivity to the antibiotic rifampicin. PEP-B is found in both etioplasts and chloroplasts, but is the predominate form in etioplasts. It forms the core of the PEP-A form; the conversion from PEP-B to PEP-A occurs during chloroplast maturation.
plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex B
The eubacterial DNA-directed RNA polymerase is a multisubunit complex with a core composed of the essential subunits beta-prime, beta, and two copies of alpha and a fifth nonessential subunit called omega. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition and specificity.
cytosolic DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex
The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans.
The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
U12-type nuclear mRNA branch site recognition
U2-type nuclear mRNA branch site recognition
Note that this step represents the formation of the B complex (yeast) or the A complex (mammalian).
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
formation of catalytic spliceosome for first transesterification step
U12-type catalytic spliceosome formation for first transesterification step
U2-type catalytic spliceosome formation for first transesterification step
catalytic spliceosome assembly for first transesterification step
Note that this step represents the formation of the A2-2 complex (yeast) or the C1 complex (mammalian).
generation of catalytic spliceosome for first transesterification step
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
formation of catalytic spliceosome for second transesterification step
formation of catalytic U12-type spliceosome for second transesterification step
formation of catalytic U2-type spliceosome for second transesterification step
catalytic spliceosome assembly for second transesterification step
lariat formation, 5'-splice site cleavage
Note that this step represents formation of the A2-3 complex (yeast) or the C2 complex (mammalian).
generation of catalytic spliceosome for second transesterification step
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the SL RNA and the pre-mRNA to be joined, as well as all the spliceosomal snRNPs involved in trans leader splicing. Formation of the trans leader spliceosome brings together the quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and the complex of the U2 snRNP with the splice site of the pre-mRNA.
trans assembly of spliced leader-containing precatalytic spliceosome
trans assembly of SL-containing precatalytic spliceosome
Formation of a quadruple snRNP complex composed of the spliced leader (SL) RNA along with the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Interactions that may facilitate this include a duplex between the SL and U6 RNAs and interactions between the U5 RNA and the exon sequence at the 5' splice site within the SL RNA.
Note that this step is analogous to 5' splice site selection in cis-splicing.
formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
cis assembly of U12-type pre-catalytic spliceosome
cis assembly of U2-type pre-catalytic spliceosome
Note that this step represents formation of the A2-1 complex (yeast) or the B1 complex (mammals).
cis assembly of pre-catalytic spliceosome
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the first transesterification reaction of U2-type spliceosomal mRNA splicing. The intron branch site adenosine is the nucleophile attacking the 5' splice site, resulting in cleavage at this position. In cis splicing, this is the step that forms a lariat structure of the intron RNA, which is still joined to the 3' exon. The catalytic site is thought to be formed by U6 and/or U2 snRNA, and/or associated proteins.
This term was made obsolete because the activities used in the U2- and U12-type complexes are the same. The cellular component ontology should (and does) represent the two different complexes, but the molecular function ontology should not.
first U2-type spliceosomal transesterification activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the first transesterification reaction of U12-type spliceosomal mRNA splicing. The intron branch site adenosine is the nucleophile attacking the 5' splice site, resulting in cleavage at this position. In cis splicing, this is the step that forms a lariat structure of the intron RNA, which is still joined to the 3' exon. The catalytic site is thought to be formed by U6atac snRNA and/or U2atac snRNA, and/or associated proteins.
first U12-type spliceosomal transesterification activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the second transesterification reaction of U2-type spliceosomal mRNA splicing. Ligation of the two exons occurs via a transesterification reaction where the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the 5' exon is the nucleophile attacking the 3' splice site. Non-expressed sequences are now detached from the exons. In cis splicing, the intron is in a lariat structure. The catalytic site is thought to be formed by U6 and/or U2 snRNAs and/or associated proteins.
second U2-type spliceosomal transesterification activity
The joining together of exons from two different primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
nuclear mRNA trans splicing, via spliceosome
nuclear mRNA trans splicing, via U2-type spliceosome
The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs from two different genes, each of which also produces mRNA(s) via cis-splicing.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the second transesterification reaction of U12-type spliceosomal mRNA splicing. Ligation of the two exons occurs via a transesterification reaction where the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the 5' exon is the nucleophile attacking the 3' splice site. Non-expressed sequences are now detached from the exons. In cis splicing, the intron is in a lariat structure. The catalytic site is thought to be formed by U6 and/or U2 snRNAs and/or associated proteins.
second U12-type spliceosomal transesterification activity
The splicing of Group I introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group I introns and involved in determining the locations of the splice sites (there do not appear to be consensus splice site sequences) as well as having a role in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions, generally with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a linear piece (though it may subsequently circularize).
Note that Group I introns are known to be found in a number of places: rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA in organelles of fungi, plants, and protists; tRNA and mRNA of bacteria and bacteriophage; rRNA of protists and fungi; and occasionally in mRNA of animal mitochondria (e.g. sea anemone).
The splicing of Group II introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group II introns and containing splice site consensus sequences, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions (mechanistically similar to those for splicing of nuclear mRNAs) initiated by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat.
Note that Group II introns are known to be found in a number of places: rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA in organelles of fungi, plants, and protists; and mRNA of bacteria.
The splicing of Group III introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group III introns, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions begun by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. Though very similar in structure and mechanism to Group II introns, Group III introns are smaller and more streamlined and the splice site consensus sequences are not as well conserved.
Note that Group III introns are known to be found in mRNA of plastids of euglenoid protists.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
RNA splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism
Note that nuclear mRNA, Group I, Group II, and Group III introns are all spliced by a series of two transesterification reactions that occur within the RNA itself, or between two RNAs in trans splicing. Some of these require one or more proteins to stabilize the catalytic conformation, while others are autocatalytic. Note that tRNA introns are spliced by a different catalytic mechanism.
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile.
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with guanosine as nucleophile
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile
The RNA metabolic process that joins two exons, each of which has free ends that were generated by endonucleolytic cleavages, by a ligation reaction.
Note that this is not a part of spliceosomal RNA splicing.
RNA processing that begins when the tertiary structure of a tRNA type intron is recognized, and ends when the endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA at both the 5' and 3' splice sites occurs.
tRNA-type intron splice site recognition and cleavage
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.
alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
Note that this process most commonly occurs in cis, selecting or skipping exons from the same primary transcript, but it has also been observed to occur in trans at low frequency, at least in some mammals.
alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.
regulation of alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
Catalysis of the first transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. The intron branch site adenosine is the nucleophile attacking the 5' splice site, resulting in cleavage at this position. In cis splicing, this is the step that forms a lariat structure of the intron RNA, while it is still joined to the 3' exon.
first spliceosomal transesterification activity
Catalysis of the second transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. Ligation of the two exons occurs via a transesterification reaction where the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the 5' exon is the nucleophile attacking the 3' splice site. Non-expressed sequences are now detached from the exons. In cis splicing, the intron is in a lariat structure.
second spliceosomal transesterification activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
U12-type spliceosome conformational change to release U4atac and U11
U2-type spliceosome conformational change to release U4 and U1
Note that this step represents formation of the A1 complex (yeast) or the B2 complex (mammalian).
spliceosome conformational change to release U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11)
Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.
U12-type nuclear mRNA 3'-splice site recognition
U2-type nuclear mRNA 3'-splice site recognition
Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation.
spliceosomal conformational changes to generate catalytic conformation
Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
Note that while typically associated with tRNA splicing, this mechanism of splicing is known to be used for some non-tRNA substrates, e.g. HAC1 (YFL031W) in S. cerevisiae and an intron in the 23S rRNA of the Archaeal species Desulfurococcus mobilis.
RNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
U12-type nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition
U12-type nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition
U2-type nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition
U2-type nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition
spliceosomal commitment complex biosynthesis
spliceosomal commitment complex formation
Note that this step represents formation of the Commitment Complex (CC, in yeast) or the E complex (mammalian).
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
nuclear mRNA splicing via U12-type spliceosome
nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
Note that although the many U12-type introns have the sequence AT-AC at the intron termini, some introns with these terminal sequences are spliced by the U2-type spliceosome. The distinguishing characteristics are sequences near the 5' splice site and the branch point sequences of the intron. Note that although the majority of U2-type introns have the sequence GU-AG at the intron termini, some introns with these terminal sequences are spliced by the U12-type spliceosome. The distinguishing characteristics are sequences near the 5' splice site and the branch point sequences of the intron.
Any of a series of septin structures that are localized in the bud neck of a budding fungal cell during the cell cycle.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing the open form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The open form of a four-way junction can be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing the crossed form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The crossed form of a four-way junction cannot be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over, and instead contains a single crossover between two of the strands.
crossed form four-way junction DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with segment of DNA shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing a loop. A loop occurs when DNA contains a large insertion or deletion that causes a region of unpaired single-stranded DNA to loop out, while the rest of the DNA is in a paired double-stranded configuration.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that contains double-stranded DNA flanked by a region of single-stranded DNA.
double-strand/single-strand DNA junction binding
A punctate structure localized in the vicinity of the vacuole that is required for the formation of autophagosomes.
A protein complex proposed to be involved in transcription as well as promoting telomere uncapping and telomere elongation. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Bud32p, Kae1p, Gon7p, Cgi121p, and Pcc1p.
Endopeptidase-like Kinase Chromatin-associated protein complex
Kinase, putative Endopeptidase and Other Proteins of Small size protein complex
Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.
regulation of transcription by galactose
Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription.
down regulation of transcription by galactose
down-regulation of transcription by galactose
downregulation of transcription by galactose
inhibition of transcription by galactose
negative regulation of transcription by galactose
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
up regulation of transcription by galactose
up-regulation of transcription by galactose
upregulation of transcription by galactose
activation of transcription by galactose
stimulation of transcription by galactose
positive regulation of transcription by galactose
The modification of a histone by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.
The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
down regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
down-regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
downregulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
inhibition of histone H3-K36 methylation
negative regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
up regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
up-regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
upregulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
activation of histone H3-K36 methylation
stimulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
positive regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation
A protein complex proposed to be involved in replication-independent nucleosome assembly, by promoting histone deposition onto DNA. For example, in Saccharomyces, the complex contains Hir1p, Hir2p, Hir3p, and Hpc2p.
RNA polymerase IV is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol IV is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. The largest and second-largest subunits of Pol IV are the catalytic subunits and share similarity with the corresponding subunits of other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase V, while the largest subunit is found only in RNAP IV complex.
RNA polymerase V is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol V is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase IVa, while the largest subunit is found only in the IVa complex and contains an extended C-terminal domain (CTD) that includes multiple repeats of a 16 amino-acid consensus sequence as well as other sequences. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagic vacuole, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered.
The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
Degradation of a mitochondrion by macroautophagy.
Degradation of a mitochondrion by microautophagy.
Degradation of a peroxisome by macropexophagy.
Degradation of a peroxisome by micropexophagy.
An RNA polymerase complex containing polypeptides encoded by the plastid genome. Plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerases resemble eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. Some forms contain multiple additional subunits. An additional sigma factor subunit is required for promoter recognition.
plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex
A protein complex that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites
carbon catabolite regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
Any process involving glucose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose
Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose
Any process involving carbon catabolites that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites
carbon catabolite activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by carbon catabolites
carbon catabolite repression of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the general transcription factor TFIIH. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p. In humans, it is composed of ERCC2, p62, p55, p44, p34.
core TFIIH complex portion of holo TFIIH complex
The 5 subunit core of TFIIH that has tightly associated subunits and is found in both the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH and in the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad3, Tfb1, Tfb2, Ssl1, Tfb4. In humans, it is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34.
The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 (NEF3). In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p, and Tfb4p. In humans, it is composed of ERCC2, p62, p55, p44, p34.
core TFIIH complex portion of NEF3 complex
A complex which is part of both the general transcription factor TFIIH and the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. It is composed of the tightly associated 5 subunit core TFIIH subcomplex plus one additional, more loosely associated subunit. The subunits are well conserved from yeast to humans. In S. cerevisiae, the 5-subunit core is composed of Rad3, Tfb1, Tfb2, Ssl1, Tfb4 and the loosely associated subunit is Ssl2p (also called Rad25). In humans, the 5 subunit core is composed of ERCC2, p62, p55, p44, p34 and the loosely associated subunit is XPB.
The SSL2-core TFIIH complex when it is part of the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 (NEF3). It is composed of the tightly associated 5 subunit core TFIIH subcomplex plus one additional, less tighly associated subunit. The subunits are well conserved from yeast to humans. In S. cerevisiae, the 5-subunit core is composed of Rad3, Tfb1, Tfb2, Ssl1, Tfb4 and the loosely associated subunit is Ssl2p (also called Rad25). In humans, the 5 subunit core is composed of ERCC2, p62, p55, p44, p34 and the loosely associated subunit is XPB.
SSL2-core TFIIH complex portion of NEF3 complex
The SSL2-core TFIIH complex when it is part of the general transcription factor TFIIH. It is composed of the tightly associated five subunit core TFIIH subcomplex plus one additional, less tighly associated subunit. The subunits are well conserved from yeast to humans. In S. cerevisiae, the 5-subunit core is composed of Rad3, Tfb1, Tfb2, Ssl1, Tfb4 and the loosely associated subunit is Ssl2p (also called Rad25). In humans, the 5 subunit core is composed of ERCC2, p62, p55, p44, p34 and the loosely associated subunit is XPB.
SSL2-core TFIIH complex portion of holo TFIIH complex
A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. In humans, it consists of MIS12, DSN1, NSL1 and PMF1.
The THO complex when it is part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp1, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
THO complex part of transcription export complex
The THO complex when it is acting as a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp1, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleavage in ITS1 to separate SSU-rRNA from 5.8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
cleavage in ITS2 of tricistronic rRNA transcript to separate 5.8S and LSU rRNAs (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
cleavage in ITS2 between 5.8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. For example, primary ribosomal RNA transcripts containing three genes, in this order, are produced in E. coli and other prokaryotic species. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 5S)
Endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-rRNAs originally produced as a bicistronic rRNA transcript that contains the SSU-rRNA and the LSU-rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with two genes in this order are produced in Archaeal species.
cleavage of bicistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
The addition of a methyl group to the 2'-oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis.
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis using a snoRNA guide that targets the position of methylation.
snoRNA guided rRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation
The addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis where the methylase specifies the site that becomes methylated without using a guide RNA.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis using a snoRNA guide that targets the position of pseudouridylation.
snoRNA guided rRNA pseudouridine synthesis
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine during ribosome biogenesis where the enzyme specifies the site that becomes pseudouridylated without using a guide RNA.
enzyme-directed rRNA pseudouridine synthesis
Dimethylation of the N6 amino groups of two consecutive adenosine residues near the 3'-end of the SSU rRNA. This process has been conserved from bacteria to eukaryotes.
dimethylation involved in SSU-rRNA maturation
Endonucleolytic cleavage to separate a pre-SSU-rRNA from a pre-LSU-rRNA originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleavage between SSU-rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 5S)
Endonucleolytic cleavage to separate a pre-LSU-rRNA from a pre-5S rRNA originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleavage between LSU-rRNA and 5S rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 5S)
Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule in the process to generate a mature rRNA molecule.
exonucleolytic trimming during rRNA processing
exonucleolytic trimming involved in rRNA processing
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule.
Endonucleolytic cleavage at the 3'-end of the SSU-rRNA from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA.
endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of SSU-rRNA from (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage within Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) upstream of the 5.8S rRNA derived from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. In S. cerevisiae, this endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS1 initiates the maturation of the LSU and the 5.8S rRNAs.
endonucleolytic cleavage in ITS1 upstream of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 5'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
exonucleolytic trimming to generate mature 5'-end of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 3'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
exonucleolytic trimming to generate mature 3'-end of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in generating the mature 3'-end of an LSU-rRNA derived from a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
generation of mature 3'-end of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any phosphodiester bond hydrolysis involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 3'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. In S. cerevisiae, endonucleolytic cleavage within the 3'-ETS of the pre-RNA, which may occur cotranscriptionally, is the first step in rRNA processing, and initiates a cascade of subsequent processing and modification events.
endonucleolytic cleavage in 3'-ETS of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (5'-ETS) and the 5' end of the SSU-rRNA of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA.
endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 5'-end of SSU-rRNA from (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8 S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of LSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8 S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of SSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 2S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 2S rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 4.5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 4.5S rRNA molecule.
Cleavage within ITS2 to generate the mature 5'-end of an LSU-rRNA derived from a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
generation of mature 5'-end of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any endonucleolytic cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. Some endonucleolytic cleavages produce the mature end, while others are a step in the process of generating the mature end from the pre-rRNA.
endonucleolytic cleavage during rRNA processing
endonucleolytic cleavage involved in rRNA processing
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae.
endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-ETS of the pre-RNA is conserved as one of the early steps of rRNA processing in all eukaryotes, but the specific position of cleavage is variable.
endonucleolytic cleavage in 5'-ETS of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of 5S rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with four genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of D. melanogaster as well as in those of other dipteran species.
endonucleolytic cleavage of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
cleavage between SSU-rRNA and 5.8S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the LSU-rRNA and the 2S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
cleavage between 2S rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5.8S rRNA and the 2S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
cleavage between 5.8S rRNA and 2S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 8.8S rRNA, the 2S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of LSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of SSU-rRNA from tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box H/ACA snoRNA to form a box H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
box H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box C/D snoRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box H/ACA snoRNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target nucleic acid molecule.
Note that with respect to annotation, "base pairing" and its child terms are intended to be used to annotate the activity of gene products composed of nucleic acid, presumably RNA, to interact with other nucleic acid molecules via base pairing. Internal base pairing with itself is considered part of the secondary structure of the molecule and is not within the scope of GO function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target DNA molecule.
Note that with respect to annotation, "base pairing" and its child terms are intended to be used to annotate the activity of gene products composed of nucleic acid, presumably RNA, to interact with DNA molecules via base pairing. Internal base pairing with itself is considered part of the secondary structure of the molecule and is not within the scope of GO function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ribonucleic acid (RNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target RNA molecule.
Note that with respect to annotation, "base pairing with RNA" and its child terms are intended to be used to annotate the activity of gene products composed of nucleic acid, presumably RNA, to interact with other RNA molecules via base pairing. Internal base pairing with itself is considered part of the secondary structure of the molecule and is not within the scope of GO function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target mRNA molecule.
A complex required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I. In yeast the complex consists of Rrrn5p, Rrn9p, Rrn10p, histones H3 and H4, and Uaf30p.
RNA polymerase I upstream activation factor complex
RNA polymerase I upstream activating factor complex
The non-sexual aggregation of cells mediated by protein (flocculin)-carbohydrate interaction present in the cell wall. This process is pH- and calcium-dependent and reversible. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
flocculation via cell wall protein-carbohydrate interaction
A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation. This complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.
OBSOLETE. A multisubunit complex that recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the core complex in an ATP dependent manner. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Bacteria (Bacteria, ncbi_taxonomy_id:2).
This term was made obsolete because there is no ubiquitin in bacteria and they do not have proteasome regulatory particles. Instead they have proteasome-activating nucleotidase.
proteasome regulatory particle (sensu Bacteria)
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast.
GPI-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase complex
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GPI-anchor transamidase complex ; GO:0042765', which represents a distinct complex with a different catalytic activity.
glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.
Catalysis of the removal of single bases present in mismatches by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the removal of purines present in mismatches, especially opposite oxidized purines, by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic (AP) site.
A/G-specific adenine DNA glycosylase activity
purine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
oxidized pyrimidine base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity
pyrimidine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity
Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906'.
oxidized pyrimidine nucleobase lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the removal of pyrimidine dimers by removing the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer and leaves an apurinic (AP) site. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
pyrimidine dimer DNA N-glycosylase activity
The first division of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, occurring in the constitutive absence of chiasmata.
The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs. This takes place during meiosis.
meiotic DNA double-strand break processing
During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.
The cell cycle process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination. These joint molecules contain Holliday junctions on either side of heteroduplex DNA.
A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules. Correction of the mismatch can result in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles following meiosis.
During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.
homologous chromosome separation at meiosis I
resolution of meiotic joint molecules as recombinants
meiotic homologous chromosome separation
resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates
During meiosis, the formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules.
The cell cycle process in which the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The identification of lesions in DNA, such as pyrimidine-dimers, intrastrand cross-links, and bulky adducts. The wide range of substrate specificity suggests the repair complex recognizes distortions in the DNA helix.
pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage recognition
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage recognition
The identification of lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex as well as a small subset of lesions not recognized by the general nucleotide-excision repair pathway.
transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage recognition
The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage.
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA duplex unwinding
The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage.
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage removal
The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers by directly reversing the damage to restore the original pyrimidines.
The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
Note that the repair of pyrimidine dimers by nucleotide excision repair involves the same gene products that are involved in general nucleotide excision repair. Consider also annotating to other children of the biological process term 'nucleotide-excision repair ; GO:0006289'.
pyrimidine dimer repair by nucleotide-excision repair
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
(R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase activity
1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase activity
1-amino-2-propanol oxidoreductase activity
D-1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase activity
D-1-amino-2-propanol:NAD(2) oxidoreductase activity
Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.
telomerase-independent telomere maintenance
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA.
A DNA repair process in which that does not require the exchange of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the centromere-proximal end of a broken chromosome searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template, and progresses to the end of the chromosome.
double-strand break repair via break-induced replication
The site-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA at the mating-type locus which initiates the conversion of one mating-type allele to another.
gene conversion at mating-type locus, DNA double-strand break formation
The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
The rejection of the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules.
The identification and annealing of complementary base pairs in single-strand DNA.
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template during gene conversion at the mating-type locus.
gene conversion at mating-type locus, DNA repair synthesis
The removal of nonhomologous sequences at the broken 3' single-strand DNA end before DNA repair synthesis can occur.
During DSBR via single-strand annealing, the removal of nonhomologous sequences at the broken 3' single-strand DNA end before DNA repair synthesis can occur.
double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing, removal of nonhomologous ends
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
OBSOLETE. Facilitates the base-pairing of complementary single-stranded DNA.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a process and not an activity.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus.
The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
During sexual reproduction, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. This occurs after cytogamy.
karyogamy during conjugation with cellular fusion
karyogamy involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
The net movement of nuclei towards one another as a prelude to karyogamy in organisms undergoing conjugation with cellular fusion.
nuclear migration during conjugation with cellular fusion
nuclear migration involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
During sexual reproduction, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. This occurs after the mutual exchange of nuclei.
karyogamy involved in conjugation without cellular fusion
karyogamy involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
The net movement of nuclei towards one another, leading to the bilateral transfer of genetic material in organisms undergoing conjugation without cellular fusion.
nuclear migration involved in conjugation without cellular fusion
nuclear exchange during conjugation without cellular fusion
nuclear migration involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
The union or introduction of genetic information from compatible mating types that results in a genetically different individual. Conjugation requires direct cellular contact between the organisms.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the mutual exchange and union of only genetic information between compatible mating types. Conjugation without cellular fusion requires direct cellular contact between the organisms without plasma membrane fusion. The organisms involved in conjugation without cellular fusion separate after nuclear exchange.
conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus that contributes to the process of conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
response to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion
response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
The cell cycle regulatory process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) as a result of a pheromone stimulus. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
cell-cell adhesion during conjugation with cellular fusion
agglutination involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation cellular fusion.
cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
adaptation of signalling pathway by response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
desensitization to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion
adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion
adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in creating a single cell from complementary mating types. The localized remodeling and dissolution of external protective structures allow the fusion of the plasma membranes and cytoplasmic mixing. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus during the process of conjugation without cellular fusion.
response to pheromone involved in conjugation without cellular fusion
response to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion.
signal transduction involved in conjugation without cellular fusion
signal transduction involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
During conjugation without cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions.
agglutination involved in conjugation without cellular fusion
agglutination involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion.
cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion
cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
In organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.
desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion
adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion
adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange
During conjugation without cellular fusion, the process that results in pairing complementary mating types. Localized morphological, cytological, and cytoskeletal changes connect the mating types without cytoplasmic mixing.
The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information in response to a pheromone. It involves direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells; some or all of the chromosome(s) of one cell ('male') is then transferred into the other cell ('female'); unidirectional conjugation occurs between cells of different mating types.
pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
OBSOLETE. The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo unidirectional conjugation.
This term was made obsolete because unidirectional conjugation occurs only in prokaryotes, which do not undergo morphogenetic changes associated with conjugation. In short, the process described by this term does not occur.
cell morphogenesis involved in unidirectional conjugation
OBSOLETE. The change in form (cell shape and size) that contributes to sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation.
cellular morphogenesis during pheromone-induced unidirectional
cellular morphogenesis involved in pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus that contributes to the process of pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation.
response to pheromone during pheromone-induced unidirectional
response to pheromone involved in pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
In organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation, the process involved in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that acts to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.
desensitization to pheromone during pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
negative adaptation of signalling pathway by response to pheromone involved in pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
adaptation to pheromone during pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
negative adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types.
cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by one or more rounds of nuclear division without cytokinesis.
syncytium formation by mitosis without cell division
syncytium formation by mitosis without cytokinesis
The directed movement of a peptide pheromone out of a cell by a secretion or export pathway used solely for the export of peptide pheromones.
The aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions prior to the formation of irreversible cellular contacts during conjugation.
The activity of binding to and activating specific cell surface receptors, thereby inducing a behavioral or physiological response(s) from a responding organism or cell that leads to the transfer or union of genetic material between organisms or cells. The mating pheromone can either be retained on the cell surface or secreted.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine methyltransferase activity
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine methyltransferase activity
phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine methyltransferase activity
phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase I
phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
Stimulates the hydrolysis and exchange of adenyl nucleotides by other proteins.
adenyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete cellular component term 'centromere ; GO:0005698'. Use with caution because this term refers to a specific region of the chromosome and not a protein complex.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
Note that the kinetochore overlaps the centromeric DNA, but centromeric DNA is not part of the kinetochore.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of a condensed chromosome and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of a condensed chromosome in the nucleus and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
condensed nuclear chromosome kinetochore
The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
condensed chromosome, pericentric region
condensed chromosome, centromeric region
The region of a condensed chromosome in the nucleus that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
condensed nuclear chromosome, centric region
condensed nuclear chromosome, centromere
condensed nuclear chromosome, pericentric region
condensed nuclear chromosome, centromeric region
The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete cellular component term 'telomere ; GO:0005696'. Use with caution because this term refers to a specific region of the chromosome and not a protein complex.
A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete cellular component term 'telomere ; GO:0005696'. Use with caution because this term refers to a specific protein complex and not a region of the chromosome.
A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.
The terminal region of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA in the cytoplasm into higher order structures.
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA in the nucleus into higher order structures.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the cytoplasm.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus.
A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin.
A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.
Note that this term can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes an 'open mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure that remains in the nucleus.
Note that this term and its children can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes a 'closed mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis and for gene products that localize to a meiotic chromosome.
A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
The core heterodimer of a condensin complex, a multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
A cohesin complex required for cohesion between sister chromatids that remain in the nucleus.
Note that this term and its children should be used to annotate gene products found in cohesin complexes in organisms that undergo closed mitosis (i.e. where the nuclear envelope does not break down, as in fungi). For organisms in which the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis, the parent should be used.
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in the condensation of chromosomes that remain in the nucleus.
A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.
A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements.
A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex that spans the regions between the lateral elements and connects them.
A chromosome involved in sex determination.
The sex chromosome present in females of species in which the female is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the Z chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The W chromosome is absent from the cells of males and present in one copy in the somatic cells of females.
The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males.
The sex chromosome present in males of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the X chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The Y chromosome is absent from the cells of females and present in one copy in the somatic cells of males.
The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the female is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the Z chromosome are present in each somatic cell of males and one copy is present in females.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome.
origin of replication recognition complex
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the cytoplasm.
cytoplasmic origin of replication recognition complex
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
diacylglycerol pyrophosphate phosphatase activity
The enzyme entry for EC 3.1.3.81 states that this is a bifunctional enzyme (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC3/1/3/81.html). However, reaction details are only provided for the cumulative enzymatic activity, therefore this term has not been split into two.
diacylglycerol diphosphate phosphatase activity
A heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with replication origins, where it is required for the initiation of DNA replication, and with replication forks.
A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits.
An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.
Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport
An endosomal sorting complex required for transport and functions downstream of ESCRT I complex. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and is required for the membrane recruitment of ESCRT III complex and binds to ubiquitinated cargoes.
An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. Consists of two soluble subcomplexes of highly charged coiled-coil proteins and is required for sorting and/or concentration of multivesicular body (MVB) cargoes.
A multiprotein complex in yeast consisting of Ctf19p, Okp1p, Mcm21p, and Ame1p. This complex bridges the subunits that are in contact with centromeric DNA and the subunits bound to microtubules during kinetochore assembly.
A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore of a chromosome in the nucleus. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. Nuclear localization arises in some organisms because the nuclear envelope is not broken down during mitosis. In S. cerevisiae, it consists of at least four proteins: Mtw1p, Nnf1p, Nsl1p, and Dsn1.
Mtw1p Including Nnf1p-Nsl1p-Dsn1p complex
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolism
regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
regulation of arginine metabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with inositol hexakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
inositol polyphosphate multikinase activity
inositol trisphosphate 6-kinase activity
ATP:1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 6-phosphotransferase activity
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 6-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.
1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate 3-kinase activity
inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate 3-kinase activity
inositol tetrakisphosphate 3-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.
1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate 6-kinase activity
inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 6-kinase activity
inositol tetrakisphosphate 6-kinase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the phosphorylation of inositol phosphates which possess diphosphate bonds.
This term was made obsolete because it is incorrectly defined; 'inositol pyrophosphate' is a inositol derivative to which one (or more) pyrophosphate moieties are attached. 'Inositol pyrophosphate synthase' refers to a class of enzymes that catalyze various different reactions that result in the formation of an IP, so one cannot formulate a general reaction for them.
inositol pyrophosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate is unknown.
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) is unknown.
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate = ADP + bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configurations of the diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) and bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate (bis-PP-IP4) are unknown.
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 4-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,5,6)pentakisphosphate.
inositol hexakisphosphate 4-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate.
inositol hexakisphosphate 6-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate.
ATP:1D-myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate 5-phosphotransferase activity
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 4,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,6)tetrakisphosphate.
diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate 4-kinase activity
inositol heptakisphosphate 4-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 5,6-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,4)tetrakisphosphate.
inositol heptakisphosphate 6-kinase activity
A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the ER.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal and membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates membranes proteins with misfolded cytosolic domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Ssm4p/Doa10p.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.
Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide via direct binding (through a selective and non-covalent interaction) to nucleic acid.
translation repressor activity, nucleic acid binding
Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide but does not bind directly to nucleic acid.
translation repressor activity, non-nucleic acid binding
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell during the vegetative growth phase. The vegetative growth phase is the growth phase during which single celled organisms reproduce by budding or other asexual methods.
cell morphogenesis during vegetative growth phase
cellular morphogenesis during vegetative growth
regulation of cell morphogenesis during vegetative growth phase
regulation of cell shape during vegetative growth phase
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation
The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.
fruiting body formation involved in asexual reproduction
imperfect stage fruiting body development
sporocarp development involved in asexual reproduction
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate + 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione = 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine + phosphate.
6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfonate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = sulfite + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + CO2.
sulfonate/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + taurine = aminoacetaldehyde + CO(2) + succinate + sulfite.
2-aminoethanesulfonate dioxygenase activity
alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase activity
taurine, 2-oxoglutarate:O2 oxidoreductase (sulfite-forming)
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fruiting body organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruiting body is a spore bearing structure. In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life cycle being characterized by vegetative mycelial growth. The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp. A significant range of different shapes and morphologies is found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi.
fruiting body development involved in sexual reproduction
fruiting body formation involved in sexual reproduction
sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components, and occurs after division of the nucleus.
Note that most eukaryotic gene products involved in canonical cytokinesis during the cell cycle can be annotated to 'cell cycle cytokinesis ; GO:0033205' or its descendants. See also 'cell division ; GO:0051301'. Note that cytokinesis excludes nuclear division; in prokaryotes, there is little difference between cytokinesis and cell division.
The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a parent cell where a structure forms in the cytoplasm and grows until reaching the plasma membrane, thereby completely separating the cytoplasms of adjacent progeny cells. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
actomyosin apparatus assembly involved in cytokinesis
cytokinesis, formation of actomyosin apparatus
formation of actomyosin apparatus involved in cytokinesis
assembly of actomyosin apparatus involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the preprophase band, a dense band of microtubules that marks the position in the cell where cytokinesis will occur in cells that perform cytokinesis by cell plate formation.
The formation of a structure composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis in cells that perform cytokinesis by cell plate formation. The structure usually contains antiparallel microtubules and membrane (often visible as vesicles).
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
cytokinesis, actomyosin contractile ring formation
cytokinesis, actomyosin ring biosynthesis
cytokinesis, actomyosin contractile ring assembly
The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
cytokinesis, contractile ring contraction
contractile ring contraction involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
cytokinesis, actomyosin ring contraction
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a barrier septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The process of marking the site where a barrier septum will form.
selection of site for barrier cell septum biosynthesis
selection of site for barrier cell septum formation
selection of site for barrier septum formation
The process of assembly, maturation, and growth of the cell plate to the cell periphery in cells that divide by cell plate formation; often involves deposition of cell wall material in and around the phragmoplast.
The process of physically separating progeny cells during cytokinesis; this may involve enzymatic digestion of septum or cell wall components.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex.
Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.
A microtubule organizing center formed by a band of gamma-tubulin that is recruited to a circumferential band of F-actin at the midpoint of a cell and which nucleates microtubules from the cell division site at the end of mitosis.
equatorial microtubule organising centre
equatorial microtubule organizing center
A centrosome-localized multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins assembled into a ring structure that is thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. Gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the core repeating units of the ring.
gamma-tubulin large complex, centrosomal
A centrosomal complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules, at least two conserved non-tubulin proteins that multimerize along with additional non-tubulin proteins in animal cells into larger functional complexes. Gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex. An example of this structure is found in Mus musculus.
gamma-tubulin small complex, centrosomal
A complex composed of two gamma-tubulin molecules and conserved non-tubulin proteins located in the spindle pole body and isolated by fractionation from cells. The complex, approximately 6S-9S, is analogous to the small complex in animal cells but contains fewer subunits, and is not thought to multimerize into larger functional units, like complexes in those organisms. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
gamma-tubulin small complex, spindle pole body
A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. mRNA processing and binding proteins are localized to these foci.
A cell septum whose formation is independent of nuclear division.
A septum or cross wall which does not entirely span the space between two portions of cell wall and may contain a specialized central pore structure. A porous septum allows the movement of organelles and/or cytoplasm between compartments.
A septum which spans a cell and does not allow exchange of organelles or cytoplasm between compartments.
A cell septum that forms following nuclear division.
A septum, or cross-wall, between two portions of a cell or hypha; contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; pore is covered on each side of the septum by a septal pore cap (parenthosome).
A quatrefoil tethering complex required for retrograde traffic from the early endosome back to the late Golgi and biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles.
Golgi associated retrograde protein complex
The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; in mammals the CREST antigens (CENP proteins) are found in this layer; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome.
inner kinetochore of condensed chromosome
The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.
outer kinetochore of condensed chromosome
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome.
inner kinetochore of condensed nuclear chromosome
condensed nuclear chromosome inner kinetochore
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.
outer kinetochore of condensed nuclear chromosome
condensed nuclear chromosome outer kinetochore
A complex of the retrotransposon RNA genome, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and associated molecules required for reproduction and integration of the retrotransposon into the host genome; the main structural molecule of the nucleocapsid is often a gag protein homolog.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target rRNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target snRNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with transfer ribonucleic acid (mRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target tRNA molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
amino acid catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
amino acid catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of aromatic amino acids to produce aromatic alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanol, 4-hydroxyphenylethanol, or tryptophol, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
aromatic amino acid family catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of branched chain amino acids to produce branched chain alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When a branched chain family amino acid, leucine, isoleucine, or valine, is used as the substrate, 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylbutanol, or 2-methylpropanol, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
branched chain family amino acid catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway
branched-chain amino acid catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of branched chain amino acids to produce branched chain alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When methionine is used as the substrate, 3-methylthiopropanol is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
methionine catabolic process to 3-methylthiopropanol
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanoate, 4-hydroxyphenylethanoate, or 2-(Indol-3-yl)-ethanoate, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
aromatic amino acid family catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When a branched chain family amino acid, leucine, isoleucine, or valine, is used as the substrate, 3-methylbutanoate, 2-methylbutanoate, or 2-methylpropanoate, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
branched chain family amino acid catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway
branched-chain amino acid catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When methionine is used as the substrate, 3-methylthiopropanoate is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
methionine catabolic process to 3-methylthiopropanoate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols or carboxylic acids containing one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives, sometimes referred to as fusel acids, may be produced instead of alcohols.
amino acid catabolic process via Ehrlich pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
negative regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
positive regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process
The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an rRNA molecule.
An RNA exon ligation process that rejoins two exons of a pre-tRNA which has had the intron removed.
A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from exogenous ATP. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in vertebrate species.
tRNA exon ligation utilizing ATP as source of linkage phosphate
A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from exogenous GTP. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae where the ligation reaction also produces a 2'-phosphate at the splice junction which is subsequently removed as part of the ligation process.
tRNA exon ligation utilizing GTP as source of linkage phosphate
A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from the 2',3' cyclic phosphate at the 3'-end of the 5'-exon. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in wheat, Chlamydomonas, and vertebrate species including humans.
tRNA exon ligation utilizing 2',3' cyclic phosphate of 5'-exon as source of linkage phosphate
The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery. In S. cerevisiae, this process involves cis-acting DNA sequences such as the TATA box and upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements, trans-acting transcriptional activators, and also the 3'-UTR of the transcript.
transcription-dependent tethering of RNA polymerase II gene DNA at nuclear periphery
The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery even after transcription has been repressed.
posttranscriptional tethering of RNA polymerase II gene DNA at nuclear periphery
A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates a DNA-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
The word "promoter" is used variously in the literature to describe the core promoter specifically or the entire proximal regulatory region (excluding any distal enhancers) including both the core promoter and the upstream region where activating transcription factors such as Gal4 in S. cerevisiae or catabolite activator protein (CAP) in E. coli bind. To minimize ambiguity in the use of the word "promoter" in GO, we have chosen the phrase "transcription regulatory region" in order to refer to all of the regulatory regions. Regulatory regions in the DNA which control initiation may include the "core promoter" where the basal transcription machinery binds, the "core promoter proximal region" where regulatory factors other than the basal machinery bind, and "enhancer" regions which are typically more distal from the core promoter. There are also additional regulatory regions, in both the DNA and the RNA transcript, which regulate elongation or termination of transcription. ANNOTATION NOTE: Regarding annotation to "transcription regulatory region DNA binding" (GO:0044212) and any of its is_a children, note that annotation to these terms specifies DNA binding only without any statement about transcription factor activity. To make an annotation about a function of transcription factor activity, consider "sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity" (GO:0003700) or its is_a children which have has_part relationships to the appropriate kind of "transcription regulatory region DNA binding".
transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II upstream activating sequence (UAS) sequence-specific DNA binding
Note that the phrase "upstream activating sequence", or UAS is often used in S. cerevisiae literature to refer to regulatory sequences that occur in the region upstream and proximal to the core promoter. In contrast, in bacteria such as E. coli, the phrase "upstream activating sequence", or UAS is a synonym for "enhancer".
RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase II basal transcription machinery.
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) distal enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of some promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter.
Note that distal enhancers of the type found in mammalian cells are not known to occur in either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Schizosaccharomyces pombe. While some S. cerevisiae literature does refer to sequences distal to the initiation site, these distal sites do not seem to function independently of position or orientation as mammalian distal enhancers do and are not considered to be enhancers.
RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core promoter, the region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the Pol II basal transcription machinery, in order to modulate transcription by Pol II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or operon by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
eubacterial-type RNA polymerase regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in a bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter, the region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the basal transcription machinery, in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
eubacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
eubacterial-type RNA polymerase regulatory transcription factor sequence-specific DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules), in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
protein binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
core RNA polymerase binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex, typically composed of twelve subunits, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
core RNA polymerase II binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. The transcribed region might be contain a single gene or a cistron containing multiple genes.
polymerase III regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase III core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex, typically composed of seventeen subunits, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
core RNA polymerase III binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA-dependent core RNA polymerase to form a holoenzyme complex and also, while present in the holoenzyme, interacting with promoter sequences in order to confer sequence specific recognition of promoter DNA sequence motifs.
core DNA-dependent RNA polymerase binding promoter specificity activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of the core promoter for the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a type 1 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is the first step of transcription. Type 1 promoters require TFIIIA for promoter recognition, which then recruits TFIIIC. TFIIIC in turn recruits TFIIIB, which recruits Pol III to the promoter.
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the bacterial-type RNA polymerase core enzyme, typically consisting of two alpha, one beta, one beta prime, and one omega subunit.
eubacterial-type RNA polymerase core enzyme binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core enzyme binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit mitochondrial RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
mitochondrial single-subunit type RNA polymerase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.
RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence motif in an RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter in order to recruit the Pol III recruiting factor TFIIIB to the promoter.
RNA polymerase III promoter sequence-specific DNA binding TFIIIB recruiting transcription factor activity
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence motif in a type 1 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter in order to recruit the Pol III recruiting factor TFIIIB to the promoter. For type 1 Pol III promoters, this requires both TFIIIA and TFIIIC.
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding TFIIIB recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.
RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
RNA polymerase III transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence motif in a type 2 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter in order to recruit TFIIIB to the promoter. For type 2 Pol III promoters, this requires TFIIIC activity.
type 2 RNA polymerase III promoter recognition
RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding TFIIIB recruiting transcription factor activity
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (RNAP III), originating at a type 2 RNAP III promoter. Type 2 RNAP III promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.
transcription from RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence and recruiting another transcription factor to the DNA in order to modulate transcription. The recruited factor may bind DNA directly, or may be colocalized via protein-protein interactions.
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and recruiting RNA polymerase to the DNA in order to form the preinitiation complex (PIC).
sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by RNA polymerase II. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
RNA polymerase II regulatory region DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by RNA polymerase I. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
RNA polymerase I regulatory region DNA binding
The synthesis of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at a type 2 RNA polymerase III promoter.
snoRNA transcription from a type 2 RNA polymerase III promoter
The synthesis of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.
snoRNA transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase III. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
RNA polymerase III regulatory region DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene or operon by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
eubacterial-type RNA polymerase regulatory region DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase regulatory region DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Binding may occur as a high affinity and sequence specific interaction or as a lower affinity interaction observed once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase regulatory region DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by a plastid RNA polymerase. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
plastid RNA polymerase regulatory region DNA binding
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a type 1 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is the first step of transcription.
RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a type 2 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is the first step of transcription. Type 2 promoters require TFIIIC for promoter recognition, which then recruits TFIIIB, which in turn which recruits Pol III to the promoter.
RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
A transcription initiation process on a type 1 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) that results in RNA synthesis by Pol III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter
A transcription initiation process on a type 2 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) that results in RNA synthesis by Pol III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter
A transcription initiation process on a type 3 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) that results in RNA synthesis by Pol III. A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase III.
RNA polymerase III transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex, typically composed of seventeen subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way, Once recruited to an RNA polymerase III promoter by one or more other transcription factors, binds to DNA, recruits RNA polymerase III and facilitates the transition from the closed to the open complex.
RNA polymerase III recruiting transcription factor activity
TFIIIB-type transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex, typically composed of seventeen subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Once recruited to an RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter by TFIIIA-type and TFIIIC-type factors, binds to DNA, recruits RNA polymerase III and facilitates the transition from the closed to the open complex.
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter polymerase recruiting transcription factor activity
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter TFIIIB-type transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex, typically composed of seventeen subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Once recruited to an RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter by a TFIIIC-type factor, binds to DNA, recruits RNA polymerase III and facilitates the transition from the closed to the open complex.
RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter polymerase recruiting transcription factor activity
RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter TFIIIB-type transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex, typically composed of seventeen subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Once recruited to an RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter by SNAP-type and TFIIIC-type factors, binds to DNA, recruits RNA polymerase III and facilitates the transition from the closed to the open complex.
RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter polymerase recruiting transcription factor activity
RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter TFIIIB-type transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.
RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.
RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter DNA binding
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence motif in a type 3 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter in order to recruit TFIIIB to the promoter. For type 3 Pol III promoters, this requires SNAPc activity.
type 3 RNA polymerase III promoter recognition
RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter TFIIIB recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase III. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase III transcription factor activity
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (RNAP III), originating at a type 3 RNAP III promoter. A type 3 RNAP III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.
transcription from RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter
A transcription initiation process on a hybrid type RNA polymerase III (Pol III) that results in RNA synthesis by Pol III (Pol III). A hybrid Pol III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a hybrid promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A hybrid Pol III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.
RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter DNA binding
Once recruited to an RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter by sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors, direct DNA binding, or a combination of both, binds to DNA, recruits RNA polymerase III and facilitates the transition from the closed to the open complex.
RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter TFIIIB recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a hybrid type promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A hybrid Pol III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.
RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex, typically composed of seventeen subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Once recruited to an RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter, binds to DNA, recruits RNA polymerase III and facilitates the transition from the closed to the open complex.
RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter TFIIIB-type transcription factor activity
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at a hybrid type RNA polymerase III (RNAP III) promoter. A hybrid RNAP III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.
transcription from a RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a hybrid type RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is the first step of transcription. Hybrid type promoters contain both gene-internal and upstream elements. An example of a hybrid promoter is the U6 snRNA gene.
RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase IV core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase found in plants and involved in siRNA production.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase V core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase found in plants and involved in production of noncoding transcripts at target loci for silencing.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
single-subunit type RNA polymerase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit plastid RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
plastid single-subunit type RNA polymerase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the bacterial-type plastid PEP RNA polymerase core enzyme, typically consisting of two alpha, one beta, one beta prime, and one double prime subunit.
plastid PEP RNA polymerase core enzyme binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a plastid PEP core RNA polymerase to form a holoenzyme complex and also, while present in the holoenzyme, interacting with promoter sequences in order to confer sequence specific recognition of plastid PEP core promoter DNA sequence motifs.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase III specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase IV specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase IV promoter
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase V specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase V promoter
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase IV (Pol III), originating at a Pol IV-specific promoter.
transcription from RNA polymerase IV promoter
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase V (Pol III), originating at a Pol V-specific promoter.
transcription from RNA polymerase V promoter
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a bacterial-type specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a plastid PEP-A RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a plastid PEP-B RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a single subunit type RNA polymerase specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
single subunit type RNA polymerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a single subunit type mitochondrial RNA polymerase specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
mitochondrial single subunit type RNA polymerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a single subunit type plastid RNA polymerase specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
plastid single subunit type RNA polymerase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleic acid region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA region within the transcript that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon.
transcription regulatory region RNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
RNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA or RNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity
Binds to RNA, typically within the nascent RNA transcript, to promote readthrough of a transcription termination site and thus extending the length of the RNA transcript produced. Examples of antitermination factors which bind the nascent RNA include the lambda N protein and the HIV-1 tat protein.
RNA binding transcription antitermination factor activity
Binds to DNA, typically within region of the promoter and transcribed region, to promote readthrough of a transcription termination site and thus extending the length of the RNA transcript produced. Examples of antitermination factors which bind DNA include the lambda Q protein.
DNA binding transcription antitermination factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to promote assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in preinitiation complex assembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core promoter, the region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the Pol II basal transcription machinery, in order to promote assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
sequence-specific core promoter binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in preinitiation complex assembly
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in preinitiation complex assembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by nitrogen catabolites
nitrogen catabolite regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by nitrogen catabolites
nitrogen catabolite activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by nitrogen catabolites
nitrogen catabolite repression of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase I transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
RNA polymerase I transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
RNA polymerase II basal transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIID class in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with DNA as well.
TFIID-class binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIA class in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with DNA as well.
TFIIA-class binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIB class in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with DNA as well.
TFIIB-class binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIE class in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with DNA as well.
TFIIE-class binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIF class in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with DNA as well.
TFIIF-class binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIH class in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with DNA as well.
TFIIH-class binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
RNA polymerase II basal transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIA class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
TFIIA-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIB class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
TFIIB-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIID class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
TFIID-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIE class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
TFIIE-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIF class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
TFIIF-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIH class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
TFIIH-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.
Note that the definition of basal, or general, transcription factors has typically been done at a small number of well characterized activator-independent promoters. At an activator-dependent promoter, one or more additional factors are generally required in addition to the basal factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the basal transcription machinery for RNA polymerase II which is composed of the RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits, and the basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.
basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery binding
Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
negative regulation of exit from mitosis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acid stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription activating factor, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription.
RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription repressing factor, a protein involved in negative regulation of transcription.
RNA polymerase II repressing transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.
RNA polymerase II transcriptional co-regulator
RNA polymerase II transcriptional cofactor activity
RNA polymerase II transcription mediator activity
RNA polymerase II transcription cofactor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.
RNA polymerase II transcription co-activator activity
Note that some basal transcription factors are themselves considered to have coactivator activity, in that they mediate interactions between an activator and either RNA polymerase II itself or another basal transcription factor.
RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II repressing transcription factor and also with the RNA polymerase II basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
RNA polymerase II transcription co-repressor activity
RNA polymerase II transcription corepressor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the basal transcription machinery which is composed of a bacterial-type RNA polymerase core enzyme and a sigma factor, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
basal bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription machinery binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase holo enzyme binding
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
promoter clearance during DNA-dependent transcription
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase III, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase.
promoter clearance from RNA polymerase III promoter
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase II, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
promoter escape from RNA polymerase II promoter
promoter clearance from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
DNA-dependent transcriptional open complex formation
Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
transcriptional open complex formation at RNA polymerase II promoter
A macromolecular complex containing protein, DNA, and RNA molecules.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA-RNA complex.
protein-DNA-RNA complex subunit organisation
protein-DNA-RNA complex subunit organization
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.
The disaggregation of a protein-DNA-RNA complex into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a transcription ternary complex, composed of RNA polymerase, template DNA, and an RNA transcript, into its constituent components.
transcription protein-DNA-RNA complex disassembly
transcription ternary complex disassembly
The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase, originating at a bacterial-type promoter.
transcription from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phase of transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance generally involves dissociation of the sigma initiation factor.
promoter clearance from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
Any process involved in the assembly of bacterial-type RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
transcription initiation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
RNA elongation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
transcription elongation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase using a DNA template is completed.
transcription termination from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription PIC biosynthesis
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription PIC formation
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcriptional preinitiation complex formation
bacterial-type RNA polymerase preinitiation complex assembly
transcriptional open complex formation at bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or stability of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC). Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.
RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity involved in preinitiation complex assembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs), to facilitate the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.
TATA-binding protein binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in preinitiation complex assembly
For example, both TFIIA as well as TFIIB interact with TBP bound to DNA to stabilize formation of the preinitiation complex.
TBP-class protein binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in preinitiation complex assembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to modulate transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs), in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with DNA as well.
TATA-binding protein binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
TRF protein binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
TBP-class protein binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA by RNA polymerase II and recruiting another transcription factor to the DNA in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
sequence-specific transcription regulatory region DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, recruiting that specific transcription factor to the transcription machinery complex and thus permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription factor and recruiting it to the transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
RNA polymerase II transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription factor of the TFIIE-class in order to recruit it to the RNAP II preinitiation complex (PIC) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
TFIIE-class transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription factor of the TFIIF-class in order to recruit it to the RNAP II preinitiation complex (PIC) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
TFIIF-class transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription factor of the TFIIH-class in order to recruit it to the RNAP II preinitiation complex (PIC) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
TFIIH-class transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex, typically composed of twelve subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way in order to facilitate the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.
core RNA polymerase II recruiting transcription factor activity
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter.
bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by mitochondrial RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
sequence-specific DNA binding mitochondrial RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter for mitochondrial RNA polymerase in order to modulate transcription by mitochondrial RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a mitochondrial RNA polymerase in order to modulate transcription by mitochondrial RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a terminator for mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase termination site sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a terminator for mitochondrial RNA polymerase in order to promote transcription termination by mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase terminator site sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
Transcription termination sites can be recognized by the RNA polymerase (RNAP) itself or by another protein which interacts with the RNAP to promote transcription termination. Note that not all genes have a specific sequence that functions as a termination site; for most mRNAs transcribed by RNAP II termination is not mediated by a specific termination sequence, but is coupled to polyadenylation.
transcription termination site sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a terminator for bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
bacterial-type RNA polymerase termination site sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a termination site for bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to promote transcription termination by bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
bacterial-type RNA polymerase termination site sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is an enhancer region that helps activate transcription of a gene or operon by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Enhancers for sigma-54 holoenzymes are typically located 80 to 150 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site, although they can be further away or may be downstream of the promoter. Some transcription units dependent on sigma-70 holoenzymes may also include enhancer sequences.
bacterial-type RNA polymerase upstream activating sequence (UAS) sequence-specific DNA binding
bacterial-type RNA polymerase enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a bacterial-type enhancer region in order to activate transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. Enhancers for sigma-54 holoenzymes are typically located 80 to 150 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site. Some transcription units dependent on sigma-70 holoenzymes may also include enhancer sequences.
bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence motif in a type 1 RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoter in order to recruit the transcription factor TFIIIC to the promoter.
type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter recognition
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding TFIIIC recruiting transcription factor activity
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase III (RNAP III) transcription factor and recruiting it to the transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription by RNAP III.
RNA polymerase III transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III transcription factor of the TFIIIB class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III.
TFIIIB-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III transcription factor of the TFIIIA class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) at type 1 promoters (5S genes) by RNA polymerase III.
TFIIIA-class transcription factor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III transcription factor of the TFIIIC class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III.
TFIIIC-class transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter TFIIIB recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of an enhancer, a transcription regulatory region that is somewhat distal from the core promoter and which enhances transcription from that promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
core promoter proximal region DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
transcription termination site DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.
intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.
RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.
RNA polymerase I core element sequence-specific DNA binding
RNA polymerase I core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the upstream control element (UCE, or alternately referred to as the upstream element), a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I upstream element sequence-specific DNA binding
RNA polymerase I upstream control element sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase I (Pol I) enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter.
RNA polymerase I enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase I. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase I transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the upstream control element (UCE, or alternately referred to as the upstream element, UE), a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase I in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I upstream control element sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CORE element, a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor
RNA polymerase I CORE element sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase I (Pol I) enhancer in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
A DNA synthesis process that uses RNA as the initial template for synthesis of DNA, but which also includes an RNase activity to remove the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA heteroduplex produced by the RNA-dependent synthesis step and use of the initial DNA strand as a template for DNA synthesis.
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of RNA.
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
DNA-dependent transcriptional start site selection
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase III promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase III promoter
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
transcriptional start site selection at bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
regulation of transcriptional open complex formation at RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
regulation of transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase II promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase I transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I transcription factor binding
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex (PIC) at an polymerase I promoter for the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of rRNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) complex, typically composed of fourteen subunits, in order to modulate transcription. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
core RNA polymerase I binding transcription factor activity
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase I, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I promoter
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I promoter for the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I.
transcription elongation from RNA polymerase I promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase I at a promoter for the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript
The process in which the synthesis of an rRNA molecule from a promoter for the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.
termination of RNA polymerase I transcription from promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) transcription factor and recruiting it to the transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription by RNAP I.
RNA polymerase I transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the CORE element, a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery and also binding to an RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) transcription factor to recruit it to the transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I CORE element sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor recruiting transcription factor activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
RNA polymerase I transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on CORE promoter element DNA of the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript to form a transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from the large rRNA promoter, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of the large rRNA transcript.
RNA polymerase I transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly at the promoter for the nuclear large rRNA transcript
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well.
RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation on a DNA template.
maintenance of transcriptional fidelity during DNA-dependent transcription elongation
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
maintenance of transcriptional fidelity during DNA-dependent transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation from a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter.
maintenance of transcriptional fidelity during DNA-dependent transcription elongation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation from a RNA polymerase III promoter.
maintenance of transcriptional fidelity during DNA-dependent transcription elongation from RNA polymerase III promoter
Any mating-type specific process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of mating-type specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any mating-type specific process that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
up regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter, mating-type specific
up-regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter, mating-type specific
upregulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter, mating-type specific
activation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter, mating-type specific
stimulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter, mating-type specific
positive regulation of mating-type specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any mating-type specific process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
down regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription, mating-type specific
down-regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription, mating-type specific
downregulation of RNA polymerase II transcription, mating-type specific
inhibition of RNA polymerase II transcription, mating-type specific
negative regulation of mating-type specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to modulate transcription by an RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
This term is intended for sequence specific DNA binding transcription factors whose transcription factor activity is regulated by binding of a metal ion, e.g. copper, zinc, etc. Do not use this term for transcription factors which bind a metal ion all the time, where binding of that metal ion does not regulate the DNA binding, or some other activity, required for the gene product to act as a transcription factor.
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor that binds the core promoter proximal region in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
metal ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor, perhaps by regulating the ability to interact selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), or by regulating some other function of the transcription factor, in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
copper ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of zinc (Zn), in such a way that zinc ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor, perhaps by regulating the ability to interact selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), or by regulating some other function of the transcription factor, in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
zinc ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to modulate transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
sequence-specific distal enhancer binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
sequence-specific distal enhancer binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
The removal of histones, including histone dimers, from nucleosomes within chromatin.
The removal of a H2A-H2B histone dimer from a nucleosome within chromatin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by an RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by an RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
copper ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of zinc (Zn), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
zinc ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of metal ion, such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
metal ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of metal ion, such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
metal ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), in such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
copper ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadmium (Cd) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of cadmium (Cd), in such a way that cadmium (Cd) ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
cadmium ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription cofactor, any protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription corepressor, any protein involved in negative regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription coactivator, any protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription cofactor for RNA polymerase II, any protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with RNA polymerase II transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II transcription cofactor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator, any protein involved in positive regulation of transcription of RNA polymerase II via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription corepressor, any protein involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II transcription corepressor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription
The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs when the cell is in a non-dividing, or quiescent, state.
The chromatin modification process that occurs during the lifespan of the cell that results in changes in chromatin structure. Such changes may lead to gene dysregulation and ultimately to a loss in cell homeostasis, bringing about an aging phenotype.
progressive alteration of chromatin during cell ageing
age-dependent accumulation of genetic damage
progressive alteration of chromatin during cell aging
progressive alteration of chromatin involved in cell aging
The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs as the cell continues cycles of growth and division.
A nucleolar fragmentation process that gives rise to multiple rounded structures and that occurs in conjunction with increasing age in dividing cells.
nucleolar fragmentation during replicative ageing
nucleolar fragmentation during replicative aging
nucleolar fragmentation involved in replicative aging
A process that results in changes in chromatin structure contributing to replicative cell aging.
progressive alteration of chromatin during replicative cell ageing
progressive alteration of chromatin during replicative cell aging
progressive alteration of chromatin involved in replicative cell aging
A process that results in changes in chromatin structure contributing to chronological cell aging, occurring in non-dividing cells.
progressive alteration of chromatin during chronological cell ageing
progressive alteration of chromatin during chronological cell aging
progressive alteration of chromatin involved in chronological cell aging
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
age-dependent response to oxidative stress
Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation during replicative cell ageing
extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation during replicative cell aging
extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation involved in replicative cell aging
The process, which occurs as a dividing cell ages, leading to expression of genes that are typically not expressed due to silencing by regulatory proteins.
loss of chromatin silencing involved in replicative cell aging
loss of chromatin silencing during replicative cell ageing
negative regulation of chromatin silencing involved in replicative cell aging
Progressive reduction in length of the telomeres, the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes, that occurs as part of the cellular aging process.
Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules containing ribosomal DNA repeats in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
extrachromosomal rDNA circle accumulation during replicative cell ageing
extrachromosomal rDNA circle accumulation during replicative cell aging
extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circle accumulation during replicative cell aging
extrachromosomal rDNA circle accumulation involved in replicative cell aging
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA in dividing cells as they age.
assembly of extrachromosomal circular rDNA by homologous recombination involved in replicative cell aging
formation of extrachromosomal circular rDNA by homologous recombination during replicative cell ageing
formation of extrachromosomal circular rDNA by homologous recombination during replicative cell aging
formation of extrachromosomal circular ribosomal DNA by homologous recombination during replicative cell aging
formation of extrachromosomal circular rDNA by homologous recombination involved in replicative cell aging
Replication of rDNA following its excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age. Extrachromosomal rDNA forms a circle that contains at least one autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), which supports replication independent of chromosomal replication.
replication of extrachromosomal rDNA circles during replicative cell ageing
replication of extrachromosomal rDNA circles during replicative cell aging
replication of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles during replicative cell aging
replication of extrachromosomal rDNA circles involved in replicative cell aging
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, in dividing cells as they age.
assembly of extrachromosomal circular DNA involved in replicative cell aging
formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell ageing
formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell aging
formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA involved in replicative cell aging
Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication.
replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell ageing
replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA during replicative cell aging
replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA involved in replicative cell aging
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
age-dependent response to active oxygen species
age-dependent response to reactive oxidative species
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen intermediate
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
age-dependent response to AOS during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxidative species during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during replicative cell ageing
age-dependent response to ROI during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to ROS during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to active oxygen species during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen intermediate during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species involved in replicative cell aging
Accumulation of proteins that have undergone reactions with reactive oxygen species in aging dividing cells and exhibit modifications such as increased protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking.
accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell ageing
accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell aging
accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins involved in replicative cell aging
Chemical reaction, between proteins and reactive oxygen species, that occurs in dividing cells as they age and leads to a variety of changes in the affected proteins, including increases in protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking.
formation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell ageing
formation of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell aging
formation of oxidatively modified proteins involved in replicative cell aging
A protein localization process in which progeny cells acquire, or are barred from acquiring, proteins that have been altered by reaction with reactive oxygen species in dividing aging cells.
inheritance of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell ageing
inheritance of oxidatively modified proteins during replicative cell aging
inheritance of oxidatively modified proteins involved in replicative cell aging
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
age-dependent response to AOS during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to ROI during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to ROS during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to active oxygen species during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxidative species during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen intermediate during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during chronological cell ageing
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species involved in chronological cell aging
A process of general metabolic decline that arises in dividing cells as they age, and alters cellular metabolism to cause a decline in cell function.
age-dependent general metabolic decline during replicative cell ageing
age-dependent general metabolic decline involved in replicative cell aging
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
age-dependent response to oxidative stress during replicative cell ageing
age-dependent response to oxidative stress during replicative cell aging
age-dependent response to oxidative stress involved in replicative cell aging
A process of general metabolic decline that arises in non-dividing cells as they age, and alters cellular metabolism to cause a decline in cell function.
age-dependent general metabolic decline during chronological cell ageing
age-dependent general metabolic decline during chronological cell aging
age-dependent general metabolic decline involved in chronological cell aging
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
age-dependent response to oxidative stress during chronological cell ageing
age-dependent response to oxidative stress during chronological cell aging
age-dependent response to oxidative stress involved in chronological cell aging
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats.
assembly of extrachromosomal circular DNA
formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA
Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication.
replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA
The region where the mating projection meets the bulk of the cell, in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone.
A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates sorting of some imported proteins to the outer membrane and their assembly in the membrane; functions after import of incoming proteins by the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.
See also the cellular component term 'mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex ; GO:0005742'.
mitochondrial sorting and assembly machinery complex
Relaying of environmental signals promoting filamentous growth.
signal transduction during filamentous growth
signal transduction involved in filamentous growth
A growth pattern exhibited by budding haploid cells under certain growth conditions, in which cells retain the typical axial budding pattern of haploids, but become elongated and fail to separate after division; during growth on a solid substrate, this results in penetration of cells into the agar medium. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Note that this term should not be used to describe the invasion of host tissues by pathogenic organisms, which is described by the biological process term 'entry into host ; GO:0044409', nor should it be used to describe growth of diseased cells of an organism into the surrounding normal tissue, which is outside of the scope of GO.
invasive growth in response to glucose limitation
OBSOLETE. Growth of a pathogenic organism that results in penetration into cells or tissues of the host organism. This often (but not necessarily) includes a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue.
This term was made obsolete because more appropriate terms were created.
Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the presequence translocase complex; hydrolyzes ATP to provide the force to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.
pre-sequence translocase-associated import motor
presequence translocase-associated import motor
Catalysis of the transfer of glycerophosphodiesters from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol.
glycerophosphodiester transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of glycerophosphodiesters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol.
The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) from one side of the membrane to the other.
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chlamydospore over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A chlamydospores is a mitotic (asexual) one-celled spore, produced primarily for survival, not dispersal, originating endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell and possessing an inner secondary and often thickened cell wall. An example of this is found in Candida albicans.
The end, or tip, of a fungal hypha, where polarized growth occurs during hyphal elongation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
Note that this term does not have a 'developmental process' parent because ossification isn't necessarily developmental, can also occur as part of bone remodeling. Instead use 'ossification involved in bone maturation ; GO:0043931'.
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft.
Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitters and the storage of the synthesized molecules.
This term was made obsolete because it is an amalgamation of its two children.
neurotransmitter biosynthetic process and storage
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission.
acetylcholine breakdown in synaptic cleft
acetylcholine degradation in synaptic cleft
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins and small-molecule substrates at Asn-Xaa bonds.
Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor.
OBSOLETE. Large glycoprotein that is a calcium binding component of connective tissue microfibrils containing 34 six-cysteine (EGF-like) repeats and five eight-cysteine (TGFbeta-1 binding protein-like) repeats. Defects associated with Marfan syndrome.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide:quinone oxidoreductase activity
N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 2 activity
ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
dihydronicotinamide riboside quinone reductase activity
The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation; it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine.
Naturally occurring peptide that is an opioid (any non-alkaloid having an opiate-like effect that can be reversed by naloxone or other recognized morphine antagonist). These include Leu- and Met-enkephalin, dynorphin and neoendorphin, alpha, beta, gamma and delta endorphins formed from beta-lipotropin, various pronase-resistant peptides such as beta casamorphin, and other peptides whose opiate-like action seems to be indirect.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate.
N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulphotransferase activity
N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase activity
A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.
voltage-dependent sodium channel complex
voltage-sensitive sodium channel complex
The posttranslational conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to C-terminal alpha-amidated peptides. Occurs to over half of all peptide hormones to give bioactive peptides. This is a two step process catalyzed by a peptidyl-glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and a peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. In some organisms, this process is catalyzed by two separate enzymes, whereas in higher organisms, one polypeptide catalyzes both reactions.
Structure or material found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds each of the nine microtubule doublets, giving a 9 + 9 + 2 arrangement rather than the 9 + 2 pattern usually seen. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.
OBSOLETE. The colorless and basic protein moiety of hemoglobin and myoglobins.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels
OBSOLETE. Transfer of sulfate to a proteoglycan (a glycoprotein whose carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans) using 3'-phosphoadenyl sulfate.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a group of molecular functions.
Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.
OBSOLETE. A major structural protein of mammalian connective tissues; composed of one third glycine, and also rich in proline, alanine, and valine. Chains are cross-linked together via lysine residues.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipopolysaccharide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-21 receptor.
Combining with interleukin-21 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
An insoluble protein structure formed under the plasma membrane of cornifying epithelial cells.
Protein complex that links the outer microtubule doublet of the ciliary or flagellum axoneme with the sheath that surrounds the central pair of microtubules. Composed of a stalk that attaches to each doublet microtubule and a globular structure (spoke head) that projects toward the central pair of microtubules.
Protein complex forming part of eukaryotic flagellar apparatus.
Globular portion of the radial spoke that projects towards the central pair of microtubules.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate.
N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulphotransferase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfotransferase activity
Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with beta-amyloid peptide/protein and/or its precursor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. An example of this is found in Mus musculus.
Disruption of theca cell layer releasing follicular fluid and/or the oocyte.
Increase in size of primordial follicles including proliferation and shape changes of granulosa and/or theca cells until oocyte is surrounded by one layer of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells (primary follicle).
initiation of primordial ovarian follicle growth
Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle).
Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation.
Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity.
The menstrual cycle process that results in the formation of one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells during the various stages of oogenesis.
ovarian follicle antrum/follicular fluid biosynthesis
ovarian follicle antrum/follicular fluid formation
follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum
The process in which a subpopulation of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte acquires the specialized features of an ovarian cumulus cell.
Increase in size of the cumulus surrounding the oocyte including change in morphology due to proliferation and dispersion of cumulus cells.
Association of oocytes with supporting epithelial granulosa cells to form primordial follicles.
A periodic process in which immature ovarian follicles degenerate and are subsequently re-absorbed.
The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.
The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy.
The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that result in an increase in the mass (size) of a cell.
This term was made obsolete as part of the metabolism rearrangements, because it is redundant with other terms.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to the cytoplasm modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
detection of nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio to regulate cell growth
interpretation of nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio to regulate cell growth
regulation of cell growth by nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
regulation of cell growth by sensing of nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
regulation of cell growth by detection of nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
interpretation of external signals that regulate cell growth
regulation of cell growth by detection of exogenous stimulus
regulation of cell growth by sensing of exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by exogenous signal
regulation of growth by exogenous stimuli
regulation of growth by exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by external stimuli
regulation of growth by external stimulus
regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus
A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a protozoan is received and converted into a molecular signal.
This term was made obsolete because 'resistance' implies a phenotype rather than a biological process.
Combining with a phorbol ester and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a phorbol ester and transmitting the signal by a mechanism independent of kinase activity.
non-kinase phorbol ester receptor activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O(2) = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H(2)O.
cholesterol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (25-hydroxylating) activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.
branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
Combining with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of tyrosine kinase activity.
non-tyrosine kinase FGF receptor activity
non-tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving globosides, globotetraosylceramides, ceramides containing a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I). Globosides are the major neutral glycosphingolipid in normal kidneys and erythrocytes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).
OBSOLETE. A lectin that exhibits calcium independent binding of beta-galactoside sugars.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a class of gene products.
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.
The directed movement of medium-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
perception of bitter taste, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of bitter taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of bitter taste
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of bitter taste
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
perception of sour taste, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of sour taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of sour taste
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of sour taste
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sour taste
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
perception of sweet taste, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of sweet taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of sweet taste
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of sweet taste
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sweet taste
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
perception of salty taste, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of salty taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of salty taste
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of salty taste
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of salty taste
OBSOLETE. A G-protein coupled receptor that is structurally/functionally related to the rhodopsin receptor.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product and is named based on protein features.
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gi/o subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gi/o subunit subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase and results in a decrease in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels.
serotonin receptor activity, coupled via Gi/o
Gi/o-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gq/11 subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gq/11 subunit subsequently activates phospholipase C and results in an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels.
serotonin receptor activity, coupled via Gq/11
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.
dopamine receptor activity, coupled via Gs
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
dopamine receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go
Combining with a trace amine to initiate a change in cell activity. Trace amines are biogenic amines that are synthesized from aromatic amino acids and are substrates for monoamine oxidase, and are therefore detectable only at trace levels in mammals.
Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.
An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C followed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ signaling, and may act via additional signaling mechanisms.
This term was made obsolete because the function it represents does not exist.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product, was not defined, and is named based on protein features.
chemokine receptor-like receptor activity
Combining with gut peptide YY to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with pancreatic polypeptide PP to initiate a change in cell activity.
pancreatic polypeptide receptor activity
Combining with urotensin II to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with adrenomedullin to initiate a change in cell activity.
GPR37/endothelin B-like receptor activity
Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled nucleotide receptor activity
G-protein-coupled nucleotide receptor activity
nucleotide receptor activity, G protein coupled
nucleotide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled nucleotide receptor activity
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled adenosine receptor activity
G-protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity
adenosine receptor activity, G protein coupled
adenosine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
A1 adenosine receptor activity, G protein coupled
A1 adenosine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
A2A adenosine receptor activity, G protein coupled
A2A adenosine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
A2B adenosine receptor activity, G protein coupled
A2B adenosine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
A3 adenosine receptor activity, G protein coupled
A3 adenosine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G protein coupled A1 adenosine receptor activity
G protein coupled A2A adenosine receptor activity
G protein coupled A2B adenosine receptor activity
G protein coupled A3 adenosine receptor activity
G-protein-coupled A1 adenosine receptor activity
G-protein-coupled A2A adenosine receptor activity
G-protein-coupled A2B adenosine receptor activity
G-protein-coupled A3 adenosine receptor activity
G-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity
Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
thyrotropin releasing hormone and secretagogue-like receptors activity
Combining with ghrelin to initiate a change in cell activity.
growth hormone secretagogue receptor activity
growth hormone secretagogue-like receptor activity
Combining with a virus component and mediating entry of the virus into the cell.
Combining with lysosphingolipid or lysophosphatidic acid to initiate a change in cell activity.
lysosphingolipid and lysophosphatidic acid receptor activity
Combining with ADP and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
nociceptin/orphanin-FQ receptor activity
leucine-rich G protein receptor-like receptor activity
leucine-rich G-protein receptor-like receptor activity
This term was made obsolete because the gastropyloric receptor is a type of neuron.
G protein receptor 45-like receptor activity
G-protein receptor 45-like receptor activity
Combining with a cysteinyl leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are leukotrienes that contain a peptide group based on cysteine.
Combining with leukotriene B4, LTB4, to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotriene B4 is also known as (6Z, 8E, 10E, 14Z)-(5S, 12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraen-1-oate.
OBSOLETE. A G-protein coupled receptor that is structurally/functionally related to the secretin receptor.
A G-protein coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein receptor activity
pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating protein receptor activity
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor activity
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor activity
Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
calcitonin gene-related polypeptide receptor activity
corticotrophin-releasing factor gastric inhibitory peptide-like receptor activity
Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein chemoattractant receptor activity
G-protein chemoattractant receptor activity
G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptor activity
A G-protein coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system.
PLC activating metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
phospholipase C activating metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
PLC activating G-protein coupled glutamate receptor activity
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.
adenylyl cyclase inhibiting metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
adenylate cyclase inhibiting metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
adenylate cyclase inhibiting G-protein coupled glutamate receptor activity
A G-protein coupled receptor that is activated by trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
A G-protein coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
group III metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate receptor activity
Combining with cytokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled cytokinin receptor activity
G-protein-coupled cytokinin receptor activity
cytokinin receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled cytokinin receptor activity
A G-protein coupled peptide receptor activity that is initiated by cleavage of the N terminus of the receptor by a serine protease, resulting in the generation of a new tethered ligand that interacts with the receptor.
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.
A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures.
A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins.
A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.
The heat generation process that results in a rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection.
A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus.
An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glycano-(1->3)-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein = CMP + glycano-[(2->6)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl]-(N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:glycano-1,3-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein alpha-2,6-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
GalNAc alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase I activity
alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to anoxia ; GO:0034059'. Note that in laboratory studies, hypoxia is typically studied at O2 concentrations ranging from 0.1 - 5%.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.
Functions to increase the rate of ATP hydrolysis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.
The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.
The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation ternary complex assembly
formation of translation initiation ternary complex
A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
ATP(CTP)-tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity
ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity
CCA tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity
CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity
tRNA adenylyl(cytidylyl)transferase activity
transfer ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyl transferase activity
transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase activity
transfer-RNA nucleotidyltransferase activity
CCA-adding enzyme, tRNA adenylyltransferase, tRNA cytidylyltransferase, tRNA CCA-pyrophosphorylase activity
ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase activity
ribonucleic cytidylyltransferase activity
transfer RNA adenylyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate adenyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate adenylyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate cytidylyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleic adenylyl (cytidylyl) transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate (free or glycosidically bound) + H2O = N-acetylneuraminate + acetate.
N-acetylneuraminate acetyltransferase activity
N-acyl-O-acetylneuraminate O-acetylhydrolase activity
Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a single gene product and not a complex.
axonemal dynein intermediate light chain
cytoplasmic dynein intermediate light chain
Maintains the phosphorylation state of certain molecules by associating with them and preventing them from associating with active phosphatases, and thus inhibiting the enzyme activity without interacting with the enzyme. Often pertains to proteins belonging to dual-specificity phosphatase family but lacking critical active site residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of histamine with H2 type receptor receptors with subsequent activation of adenylate cyclase and elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP.
histamine-induced gastric acid secretion
The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of gastrin with its receptor.
The regulated release of gastric acid by parietal cells in response to acetylcholine.
acetylcholine-induced gastric acid secretion
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the mouth and the anus forms second.
The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
A process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the mesoderm.
The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm.
The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the ectoderm.
The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an ectoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an ectoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
Catalysis of the reaction: a L-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
L-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
The modification process that results in the conversion of serine, carried by a specialized tRNA(ser) (which can read a UGA anticodon), to selenocysteine.
conversion of seryl-tRNAsec to selenocys-tRNAsec
The modification process that results in the conversion of lysine, carried by a specialized lysine-accepting tRNA (possessing a CUA anticodon), to pyrrolysine (a lysine with an amide linkage to a (4R,5R)-4-substituted pyrroline-5-carboxylate).
conversion of lysyl-tRNA to pyrrolysyl-tRNA
OBSOLETE. Proteins that associate with intermediate filaments and function in the supramolecular organization of cellular intermediate filament networks.
intermediate filament associated protein
OBSOLETE. Low molecular weight (10-45 kDa) proteins that associate with intermediate filaments by lateral binding of the filaments and have the effect of creating tight macrofilament aggregates.
type I intermediate filament associated protein
OBSOLETE. High molecular weight (100-300 kDa) proteins that associate with intermediate filaments to cross-link them into loose networks.
type II intermediate filament associated protein
OBSOLETE. Proteins that associate with the ends of intermediate filaments and couple the intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane.
type III intermediate filament associated protein
A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.
Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a simple or complex lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide-1-phosphate.
ATP:ceramide 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.
2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase activity
oligo-2',5'-adenylate synthetase activity
2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity
The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.
formation of translation pre-initiation complex
translation preinitiation complex assembly
See also the cellular component terms 'eukaryotic 43S preinitiation complex ; GO:0016282', 'eukaryotic 48S initiation complex ; GO:0033290', and their children.
formation of translation preinitiation complex
Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.
formation of translation initiation complex
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-cerebroside sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:galactosylceramide 3'-sulfotransferase activity
galactocerebroside sulfotransferase activity
galactosylceramide sulphotransferase activity
glycosphingolipid sulfotransferase activity
galactosylceramide sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RRACH = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RRm6ACH; R is a purine, and H is C, A, or U.
mRNA (N6-adenosine)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-prenyl-L-cysteine + O2 + H2O = a prenal + L-cysteine + H2O2.
S-prenyl-L-cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
Orientation of hairs in the imaginal disc-derived wing along a proximal-distal axis, such that each cell of the wing produces one wing hair which points in a distal direction.
establishment of imaginal disc-derived wing hair orientation
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.
A condensed mass of compacted chromatin that represents an inactivated X chromosome.
A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.
A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oenocyte. Oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.
The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.
Establishment of the optic placode, a thickened area of densely packed ectoderm cells directly overlying the optic vesicle in the early embryo. In Drosophila, for example, the placode appears in the dorsolateral region of the head in late stage 11 embryos and is the precursor to the larval visual system.
optic lobe and Bolwig's organ precursor formation
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the larval eye in Drosophila are generated and organized. The larval eye in Drosophila is a relatively simple sensory system composed of Bolwig's organs: two clusters, each composed of 12 photoreceptor cells from which axons extend in a single fascicle to the brain.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. During embryonic stage 12 the placode starts to invaginate, forming a pouch. Cells that will form Bolwig's organ segregate from the ventral lip of this pouch, remaining in the head epidermis. The remainder of the invagination loses contact with the outer surface and becomes the optic lobe. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
optic lobe and Bolwig's organ precursor development
The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.
compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a compound eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
compound eye photoreceptor fate commitment
OBSOLETE. Development of a photoreceptor, a receptor that responds to light, in the adult Drosophila eye.
This term was made obsolete because eye photoreceptors have completed their development by the time the adult phase begins.
adult eye photoreceptor development (sensu Drosophila)
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.
The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The process in which individual somites establish identity during embryogenesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH. Acts on both 11-trans and 13-cis forms of retinal.
cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase activity
The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)but-2-enedioate carboxy-lyase (2-aminomuconate-semialdehyde-forming)
2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)but-2-enedioate carboxy-lyase activity
2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-2-enyl)but-2-enedioate carboxy-lyase activity
alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehade decarboxylase activity
alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde beta-decarboxylase activity
aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.
beta-alanine transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.
The clustering and aggregation of membrane rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes.
The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
Note that 'antigen displaying cell' in this term encompasses cell types such as follicular dendritic cells which display the unprocessed antigens of a B cell, leading to activation of the B cells and antigen uptake and processing by the B cells.
The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands.
establishment of natural killer cell polarity
The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.
An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.
The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.
Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of neutrophil levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
neutrophil programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neutrophils by apoptosis
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of B cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B lymphocytes by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B-cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of B-lymphocytes by apoptosis
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein.
Combining with prostaglandin J (PGJ(2)), a metabolite of prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.
The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division.
Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of sphingosine kinase and a subsequent increase in cellular levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).
G protein signaling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating)
G protein signalling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating)
G-protein signalling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating)
GPCR signaling pathway via activation of sphingosine kinase activity
sphingosine kinase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
sphingosine kinase-activating GPCR signaling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to S1P second messenger
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of the IgM isotype.
Combining with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
polymeric immunoglobulin receptor activity
Combining with an immunoglobulin of the IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell.
Note that some type IIb hypersensitivity responses (GO:0001795) are referred to simply as type II hypersensitivity in the earlier literature, but are mechanistically distinct from type IIa hypersensitivity.
An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.
Note that some type IIa hypersensitivity response (GO:0001794) are referred to simply as type II hypersensitivity in the earlier literature, but are mechanistically distinct from type IIb hypersensitivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
down regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
down-regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
downregulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
negative regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
up regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
up-regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
upregulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
stimulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
positive regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
down regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
down-regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
downregulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
negative regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
up regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
up-regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
upregulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
stimulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
positive regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity
An inflammatory response resulting from recognition of immune complexes via complement or Fc receptors on effector cells leading to activation of neutrophils and other leukocytes and damage to bystander tissue.
Note that the Arthus reaction is an example of type III hypersensitivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
down regulation of type III hypersensitivity
down-regulation of type III hypersensitivity
downregulation of type III hypersensitivity
negative regulation of type III hypersensitivity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
up regulation of type III hypersensitivity
up-regulation of type III hypersensitivity
upregulation of type III hypersensitivity
stimulation of type III hypersensitivity
positive regulation of type III hypersensitivity
An inflammatory response driven by T cell recognition of processed soluble or cell-associated antigens leading to cytokine release and leukocyte activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
down regulation of type IV hypersensitivity
down-regulation of type IV hypersensitivity
downregulation of type IV hypersensitivity
negative regulation of type IV hypersensitivity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
up regulation of type IV hypersensitivity
up-regulation of type IV hypersensitivity
upregulation of type IV hypersensitivity
positive regulation of type IV hypersensitivity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
down regulation of type I hypersensitivity
down-regulation of type I hypersensitivity
downregulation of type I hypersensitivity
negative regulation of type I hypersensitivity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
up regulation of type I hypersensitivity
up-regulation of type I hypersensitivity
positive regulation of type I hypersensitivity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
regulation of antibody dependent cell death
regulation of antibody dependent cell killing
regulation of antibody-dependent cell death
regulation of antibody-dependent cell killing
regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
down regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
down-regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
downregulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
negative regulation of antibody dependent cell death
negative regulation of antibody dependent cell killing
negative regulation of antibody-dependent cell death
negative regulation of antibody-dependent cell killing
inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
negative regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of antibody dependent cell death
positive regulation of antibody dependent cell killing
positive regulation of antibody-dependent cell death
positive regulation of antibody-dependent cell killing
up regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
up-regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
upregulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
activation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
stimulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
positive regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
negative regulation of cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
positive regulation of cytokine production
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
The regulated release of histamine by a cell or group of cells. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23', 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24' and 'TS5, trophectoderm; EMAP:28'.
The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology term 'TS3, compacted morula ; EMAP:9'.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14'.
The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become inner cell mass cells.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, compacted morula ; EMAP:13' and 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14'.
The morphogenesis of cells in the inner cell mass.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14' and 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24'.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19'.
The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become trophectoderm cells.
The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19', 'TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28' and 'TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39'.
An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:17', 'TS5, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:27' and 'TS6, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:36'.
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.
The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.
The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida.
See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, zona pellucida ; EMAP:22' and 'TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23'.
The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.
The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria is a central event in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process, and it is often used by researchers to monitor this type of cell death. Any event that induces apoptosis will at some point induce the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Therefore, this term should only be used to annotate gene products that are directly involved in this process.
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.
The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.
insertion of proteins into mitochondrial membranes during the induction of apoptosis
protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane during induction of apoptosis
protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in induction of apoptosis
protein insertion into mitochondrion membrane during induction of apoptosis
Note that this term is intended to cover the insertion of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax or its homologs into mitochondrial membranes which occurs as an early step in the apoptotic program.
protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway
The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material.
Note that an opsonin is a blood serum protein or fragment which when deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material acts a signal for phagocytosis to cells bearing the appropriate receptors. Not all complement components or fragments and not all antibodies have opsonic properties.
Combining with an opsonin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any component or product of the complement cascade.
Note that the complement cascade includes all of the components involved in the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin complement pathway, as well as the common components of all three pathways.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C1q component of the classical complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3a product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3b product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the iC3b product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3dg product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3d product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C4b product of the classical complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C5a product of the complement cascade.
Combining with the C1q component of the classical complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component C1q receptor activity
Combining with the iC3b product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component iC3b receptor activity
Combining with the C3dg product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component C3dg receptor activity
Combining with the C3d product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component C3d receptor activity
Combining with the C4b product of the classical complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component C4b receptor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a collectin, a member of a group of structurally related pattern recognition molecules characterized by having a carbohydrate recognition domain of the C-type lectin family at the C-terminus and a collagenous domain at the N-terminus.
Note that collectins include such proteins as mannose-binding lectins (MBL) and surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D).
Combining with a collectin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Note that collectins include such proteins as mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pentraxin, a member of a family of inflammatory proteins with a radially symmetric arrangement of five identical, noncovalently linked chains in a pentagonal array.
Note that pentraxins include such proteins as serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP).
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
Note that NK T cells are a distinct lineage of T cells expressing natural killer cell markers and having T cell receptors characterized by the usage of a restricted repertoire of variable region gene segments. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
Note that NK T cells are a distinct lineage of T cells expressing natural killer cell markers and having T cell receptors characterized by the usage of a restricted repertoire of variable region gene segments.
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.
Note that proteins such as mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and certain serum ficolins can activate the lectin complement pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation.
regulation of complement cascade, lectin pathway
regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
down regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
down-regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
downregulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
negative regulation of complement cascade, lectin pathway
inhibition of complement activation, lectin pathway
negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
positive regulation of complement cascade, lectin pathway
up regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
up-regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
upregulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
activation of complement activation, lectin pathway
stimulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
positive regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan.
Note that this term and its child terms are intended for annotation of gene products which function to recognize (bind) the repeating structural units such as polysaccharides or peptidoglycans commonly found in microbial cell walls and virions. If such binding is coupled to signal transduction, use 'pattern recognition receptor activity ; GO:0008329' instead.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
Combining with a polysaccharide to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipoarabinomannan.
Combining with lipoarabinomannan to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a yeast is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos.
The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan 4IV-alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan 4IV-alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity
alpha1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
glucuronosylgalactosyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
glucuronyl-galactosyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.
The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
The spontaneous death by lysis of bacteria in response to environmental conditions.
The killing by an organism of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
down-regulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
downregulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
negative regulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
inhibition by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
negative regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
up regulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
up-regulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
upregulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
activation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
stimulation by symbiont of cytolysis of host cells
positive regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
activation of terminal complement complex
activation of the terminal complement cascade
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.
This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that this term and its children describe contact-dependent killing of target cells by lymphocytes and myeloid cells of the immune system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
regulation of immune cell mediated cell death
regulation of immune cell mediated cell killing
regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
down regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity
inhibition of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity
up regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
activation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
stimulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in the induction of apoptosis in the target cell. Note that both CD4 and CD8 positive T cells can mediate apoptosis of target cells, independently of their definition as 'helper' T cells or not.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
regulation of T cell mediated cell death
regulation of T cell mediated cell killing
regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of T-cell mediated cell death
regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing
regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
down regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis
negative regulation of T cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of T cell mediated cell killing
negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
inhibition of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis
positive regulation of T cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of T cell mediated cell killing
positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
up regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
activation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
stimulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a farnesylated protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.
negative regulation of receptor recycling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
positive regulation of receptor recycling
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Note that this term represents the return of B-1 B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response, as well as the proliferation and elimination of B-1 B cells in a organism required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation
regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
down regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
down-regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
downregulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of B-1 B cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-1 B cell development
negative regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
positive regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation
positive regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
up-regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
upregulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
activation of B-1 B cell differentiation
stimulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
positive regulation of B-1 B cell development
positive regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of various polypeptides into the exocyst complex.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Note that the assembly is regulated by several small GTPases of the Rab and Rho families.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.
regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
down regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
down-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
downregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
inhibition of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
upregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
activation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
stimulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
downregulation of endothelial cell proliferation
inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
upregulation of endothelial cell proliferation
activation of endothelial cell proliferation
stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized.
The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization.
The maintenance of membrane composition in a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.
The characteristic morphogenetic movements where the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (monosaccharide) residues. These also include proteoglycans.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.
OBSOLETE: The fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is enriched for plasma membranes.
Uptake of D-glucose into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.
positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
up regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
up-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
activation of neurotransmitter secretion
stimulation of neurotransmitter secretion
positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.
An instance of intramembranous ossification may also be classified as metaplastic; the former classifies based on tissue type location, and the latter based on mechanism/cell division.
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway
regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
down regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
down-regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
downregulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway
inhibition of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
positive regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway
up regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
up-regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
upregulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
activation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
stimulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule, such as GDP-galactose or UDP-galactose, to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.
alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to touch.
taxis in response to mechanical stimulus
Specific actions of a newborn or infant mammal that result in the derivation of nourishment from the breast.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
regulation of membrane attack complex assembly
regulation of membrane attack complex formation
regulation of activation of terminal complement complex
regulation of activation of the terminal complement cascade
regulation of activation of membrane attack complex
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
positive regulation of activation of MAC
positive regulation of membrane attack complex assembly
positive regulation of membrane attack complex formation
up regulation of activation of membrane attack complex
up-regulation of activation of membrane attack complex
upregulation of activation of membrane attack complex
activation of activation of membrane attack complex
positive regulation of activation of TCC
positive regulation of activation of terminal complement complex
positive regulation of activation of the terminal complement cascade
stimulation of activation of membrane attack complex
positive regulation of activation of membrane attack complex
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
down regulation of activation of membrane attack complex
down-regulation of activation of membrane attack complex
downregulation of activation of membrane attack complex
negative regulation of activation of MAC
negative regulation of membrane attack complex assembly
negative regulation of membrane attack complex formation
inhibition of activation of membrane attack complex
negative regulation of activation of TCC
negative regulation of activation of terminal complement complex
negative regulation of activation of the terminal complement cascade
negative regulation of activation of membrane attack complex
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
adenosine receptor signaling pathway, G-protein coupled
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.
blood pressure regulation by neurological process
neurological process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
neurological system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.
renal blood volume control of blood pressure
renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume
The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in large arteries and responding to the input via central nervous system control.
carotid sinus baroreceptor feedback regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
baroreceptor feedback control of blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by carotid sinus baroreceptor feedback
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
chemoreceptor regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by chemoreceptor signalling
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by chemoreceptor signaling
The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.
ischemic regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by ischemic conditions
The series of events by which the change in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.
baroreceptor detection of arterial stretch
The lowering of the number of nerve impulses from baroreceptors as a result of decreased stretch of an artery that results in an increased in sympathetic nerve impulses to peripheral blood vessels.
baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure
The increase in nerve impulses from baroreceptors as a result of increased pressure on an artery that results in an inhibition of sympathetic nerve impulses to peripheral blood vessels.
baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure
An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
vasodilation of artery involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
down regulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
down-regulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
downregulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
negative control of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
negative regulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
inhibition of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
negative regulation of cardiac contraction rate in baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
negative regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure
Any process that decreases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
decreased force of heart contraction during baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure
decreased strength of cardiac contraction during baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure
negative regulation of the force of heart contraction involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure
A process that is triggered by vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
vasoconstriction of artery involved in baroreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
positive control of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
positive regulation of cardiac contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
up regulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
up-regulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
upregulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
activation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
stimulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
positive regulation of heart contraction rate in baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
positive regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as part of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
increased force of heart contraction during baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure
increased strength of cardiac contraction during baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction during baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction involved in baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure
The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
circulatory renin-angiotensin blood pressure regulation
circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of blood pressure
circulatory renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure
control of blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin
renin-angiotensin blood pressure control
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport.
blood pressure regulation by vasopressin
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
norepinephrine-epinephrine blood pressure regulation
noradrenaline-adrenaline regulation of blood pressure
norepinephrine-epinephrine blood pressure control
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by norepinephrine-epinephrine
A process that results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to decreased blood pressure.
noradrenaline-adrenaline vasoconstriction involved in regulation of blood pressure
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction during blood pressure regulation
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction during blood pressure control
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction during control of blood pressure
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine or epinephrine in the bloodstream.
noradrenaline-adrenalin catabolic process in blood stream
norepinephrine-epinephrine catabolic process in blood stream
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
positive regulation of cardiac contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive regulation of heart contraction rate by adrenaline-noradrenaline
up regulation of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
up-regulation of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
upregulation of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
activation of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
stimulation of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
increased chronotropy by epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive control of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive regulation of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
increased force of heart contraction by adrenaline-noradrenaline
increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine
increased strength of cardiac contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine
increased inotropy by epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive regulation of heart contraction by adrenaline-noradrenaline
positive regulation of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine
The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of angiotensin into the blood stream.
angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction during blood pressure regulation
angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction during blood pressure control
angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction during control of blood pressure
angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.
renal response to blood flow during renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure
renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process in which the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys receive information about the amount of blood flowing through the arterioles and converts the information to a molecular signal.
The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.
The process that modulates the level of angiotensin in the blood by balancing the maturation of renin substrate to mature angiotensin and the catabolism of mature angiotensin.
regulation of angiotensin levels in blood
The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of renin substrate into mature angiotensin in the blood.
The regulated release of the hormone vasopressin into the blood stream by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland contributing to fast regulation of blood pressure.
secretion of vasopressin during fast control of blood pressure
secretion of vasopressin during fast regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
secretion of vasopressin involved in fast regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of angiotensin in the blood.
The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of vasopressin into the blood stream.
vasopressin mediated vasoconstriction involved in systemic arterial blood pressure control
vasoconstriction by vasopressin involved in systemic arterial blood pressure control
The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by chemoreceptor signalling
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which the molecular signal from the carotid and aortic bodies is relayed to the vasomotor center, causing it to signal an increase arterial pressure.
excitation of vasomotor center by chemoreceptor signalling
excitation of vasomotor center by chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
The process in which the molecular signal from the arterial baroreceptors is relayed to the vasomotor center causing it to signal increase arterial pressure.
excitation of vasomotor center by baroreceptor signalling
excitation of vasomotor center by baroreceptor signaling
The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.
A process that is triggered by vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
vasoconstriction of artery involved in chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process by a carbon dioxide stimulus is received and converted to a molecular signal by the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.
detection of carbon dioxide by vasomotor center
The vasoconstriction that is triggered by vasomotor excitation resulting from the detection of high carbon dioxide levels in the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.
vasoconstriction of artery involved in ischemic response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
A process that controls blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the atria.
atrial baroreceptor regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
atrial low pressure baroreceptor regulation of blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by atrial baroreceptor feedback
The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.
renin-angiotensin regulation of blood volume
renin-angiotensin control of body fluid levels
regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin
The process in which the hormone aldosterone decreases the rate of diuresis and natriuresis resulting in increased blood volume.
aldosterone mediated regulation of blood volume
renal regulation of blood volume by aldosterone
aldosterone mediated control of body fluids
regulation of blood volume by renal aldosterone
The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone.
renin-angiotensin control of aldosterone production
renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production
The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.
angiotensin mediated regulation of renal output
angiotensin-mediated regulation of renal output
angiotensin mediated control of renal output
regulation of renal output by angiotensin
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase.
The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.
The neurological process in which the brain senses excessive caloric intake.
The specific actions of an organism that are triggered by the detection of dietary excess and result in a decreased intake of food.
reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess
The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system.
A process that results in an increase in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to blood pressure change.
noradrenaline-adrenaline vasodilation involved in regulation of blood pressure
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasodilation during blood pressure regulation
vasodilation by norepinephrine-epinephrine involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.
regulation of the force of heart contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.
desensitisation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G-protein coupled receptor by addition of a phosphate group to its third intracellular loop consensus site.
inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor phosphorylation
The process that results in the uptake of a G-protein coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle.
G-protein coupled receptor internalization
The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G-protein coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.
arrestin mediated desensitisation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
arrestin mediated desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
arrestin-mediated desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway by arrestin
The process that increases the size of a blood vessel via the renin-angiotensin system.
vasodilation by angiotensin involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
renin-angiotensin regulation of blood vessel size
regulation of blood vessel size by renin-angiotensin
The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport.
down regulation of L-glutamate transport
down-regulation of L-glutamate transport
negative regulation of L-glutamate transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport.
positive regulation of L-glutamate transport
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one of the p53 family of proteins.
The extension of new blood vessels from existing capillaries into avascular tissues resulting from the proliferation of blood vessel endothelial cells.
The formation of new blood vessels as a result of the insertion and extension of lumenal tissue pillars.
The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis.
cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.
blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation during sprouting angiogenesis
blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis
The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during intussusceptive angiogenesis.
blood vessel endothelial cell migration involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis
The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a blood vessel endothelial cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis.
regulation of cell adhesion involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an opsin, any of a group of hydrophobic, integral membrane glycoproteins located primarily in the disc membrane of rods or cones, involved in photoreception.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the siderochrome pyoverdine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the siderochrome pyoverdine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderochrome pyoverdine.
The commitment of mesenchymal cells to the specific cell fate of an osteoblast. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
up regulation of neuroblast proliferation
up-regulation of neuroblast proliferation
upregulation of neuroblast proliferation
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
up regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
up-regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
upregulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
activation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
stimulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with adenine, a purine base.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cytosine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with guanine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with uracil.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thymine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
glandular epithelial cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell maturation
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-style eye development
optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somitomeric trunk muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.
The proteolytic digestion of components in the acrosomal matrix that allows for their release into the egg. The dispersal of the components allows for the inner acrosomal membrane to interact with the egg.
The fusion of the plasma membrane of the sperm with the outer acrosomal membrane.
membrane fusion involved in the acrosomal reaction
membrane fusion involved in acrosome reaction
The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the acrosomal vesicle and is located toward the sperm nucleus. This region is responsible for molecular interactions allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuses with the egg plasma membrane.
Note that this term is not a descendant of 'organelle inner membrane ; GO:0019866' because the outer acrosomal membrane is a portion of the acrosomal membrane; the latter is a single lipid bilayer.
The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.
The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the plasma membrane of the sperm. This membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane as part of the acrosome reaction.
Note that this term is not a descendant of 'organelle outer membrane ; GO:0031968' because the outer acrosomal membrane is a portion of the acrosomal membrane; the latter is a single lipid bilayer.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoate = 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.
4-hydroxybenzoate decaprenyltransferase activity
The removal of palymitoyl groups from a lipoprotein.
Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
negative regulation of neural plate formation
repression of premature neural plate formation
inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation
A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the diaphragm. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The diaphragm is a striated muscle that is necessary for the process of respiratory gaseous exchange.
A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
down regulation of receptor internalization
down-regulation of receptor internalization
downregulation of receptor internalization
negative regulation of receptor internalization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
up regulation of receptor internalization
up-regulation of receptor internalization
upregulation of receptor internalization
positive regulation of receptor internalization
Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.
Catalysis of the transfer of multiple prenyl groups from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
A complex composed of proteins required for beta adrenergic receptor activation of protein kinase A. It includes the Cav 12. subunit of L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A regulatory subunit 2(PKAR2), adenyl cyclase, beta-adrenergic receptor, G-alpha-S, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and caveolin 3 (CAV3).
caveolar macromolecular signalling complex
caveolar macromolecular signaling complex
A punctate, filamentous structure composed of Bcl10 that appears in the cytoplasm of T-cells shortly after T-cell receptor stimulation. Polkadots stands for Punctate Oligomeric Killing and Activating DOmains Transducing Signals.
Note that polkadots also contains some amount of MALT1. Interaction with MALT1 is required for formation of the polkadots.
The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
The process in which a guanine in t position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
The process in which an adenosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally converted to inosine.
tRNA wobble adenosine to inosine editing
The process in which a cytosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.
Note that podosomes can be distinguished from other F-actin-rich structures or from other matrix contacts. For example, focal adhesions and focal contacts do not display a core structure of F-actin. Unlike focal adhesions, podosome assembly does not require de novo protein synthesis. However, most of the podosome ring components are found in focal adhesions and other cell-matrix contacts. Podosomes are typically found in cells that cross tissue boundaries, recruited to the leading edge of migrating cells, and are often sites of extracellular matrix degradation.
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with four genes, in this order, are produced in the chloroplasts of vascular plants. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleavage of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5S rRNA and the 4.5S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleaveage between 4.5S rRNA and 5S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the LSU-rRNA and the 4.5S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleaveage between LSU-rRNA and 4.5S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)
Endonucleolytic cleavages between the SSU-rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. These cleavages liberate tRNAs from the polycistronic transcript as well as separating the SSU and LSU containing transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
endonucleolytic cleaveage between SSU-rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)
The removal of extra uridine residues from the 3' end of a 5S pre-rRNA generated by transcription by RNA polymerase III to generate the mature 3'-end.
generation of mature 3'-end of 5S rRNA generated by RNA polymerase III
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA,5S)
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA,5S)
The insertion of one or two non-coded nucleotides during the transcription of a mitochondrial rRNA. Such additions are known to occur in myxomycetes such as Physarum, Didymium, and Stemonitis.
cotranscriptional mitochondrial rRNA nucleotide insertion
A heterodimeric complex of BRCA2 and BRAF35 (BRCA2-associated factor 35). The BRCA2-BRAF35 complex is often associated with condensed chromatin during mitosis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-33 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-33.
Combining with interleukin-33 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.
SOCE is initiated by response to stiumlation of membrane receptors leading to the hydrolysis ofphosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) generation, and IP3-mediated calcium ion release from the endoplasmic reticulum.
A stable binary complex of a neurophilin and a plexin, together forming a functional semaphorin receptor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the amphibian larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form.
A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
Aggressive behavior involving attack on prey by a predator.
Aggressive behavior based on competition between males of the same species over access to resources such as females, dominance, status, etc. and characterized by noise, threats, and is often less injurious.
Aggressive behavior associated with attempts to flee from a threat.
Aggressive behavior induced by frustration and directed against an available target.
Aggressive behavior performed in defence of a fixed area against intruders, typically conspecifics.
Aggressive behavior of a female to protect her offspring from a threat.
Paternal aggression also exists. Serves to protect the offspring from intruders.
Aggressive behavior directed towards obtaining some goal, considered to be a learned response to a situation.
The process in which the base of cytosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the C5 position.
The process that results in the modification of the sugar of a nucleoside in tRNA at the 2'O position.
The process in which the ribose of guanosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.
wobble position guanine ribose methylation
The process in which the ribose base of the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'O position.
The process in which the ribose of cytidine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.
wobble position cytosine ribose methylation
The process in which the ribose of uridine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.
wobble position uridine ribose methylation
A stable heterodimeric complex composed of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2.
Different forms of the complex differing in type of N-glycosylation of polycystin-1 can exist (endoglycosidase sensitive and endoglycosidase resistant).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with UTP, uridine 5'-triphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.
The process in which the carbonyl of cytosine at position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally replaced by lysine.
Exclusively located at the anticodon wobble position (i.e., position 34) of eubacterial and some organellar tRNAIle2. This modification converts the codon specificity from AUG to AUA, and it also converts the aminoacylation specificity of the tRNA from methionine to isoleucine. Requires ATP.
Discrete hetero-chromatin-containing foci in interphase nuclei, which comprise clusters of centromeric DNA (as defined by gamma-satellite sequences and the abundance of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP-1).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
A structure involved in coupling stereocilia to one another in sensory hair cells There are four morphologically distinct types: tip links, horizontal top connectors, shaft connectors and ankle links. Tip links and horizontal top connectors are the only inter-stereocilia links associated with mature cochlea, whereas ankle links appear during development of the auditory hair bundle.
A stereocilia link that is formed by a fine filament running more or less vertically upward from the tip of each shorter stereocilium to attach at a higher point on its adjacent taller neighbor. Tilting the bundle puts tension on the filaments, which pull on mechanically gated ion channels in the membrane of the stereocilia.
A stereocilia coupling link that is composed of a fine filament present in developing stereocilia that couples the bases of individual stereocilia to one another. They are not present in mature stereocilia.
A complex of proteins that connect growing stereocilia in developing cochlear hair cells, composed of Vlgr1, usherin, vezatin, and whirlin.
The process in which a uridine residue at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally thiolated at the C2 position. This process involves transfer of a sulfur from cysteine to position C2 by several steps.
In E. coli, the first step of the reaction is reductive elimination of sulfur from L-cysteine by IscS cysteine desulfurase to form an enzyme-bound cysteine-persulfide intermediate. Then, five essential gene products, TusA, TusB, TusC, TusD and TusE, mediate a sulfur relay that delivers the terminal sulfur of persulfide from IscS to MnmA12. The last protein, MnmA catalyzes the transfer of the sulfur from IscS to an ATP activated U34 of the tRNA.
A complex of two proteins involved in the thiolation of U34 in glutamate, lysine, and glutamine tRNAs of eukaryotes.
cytosolic tRNA wobble base thiouridylase complex
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine pyrophosphate + H2O = hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate + phosphate + H(+).
4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine diphosphatase activity
The directed movement of a steroid hormone receptor into the nucleus.
steroid hormone receptor nuclear translocation
steroid hormone receptor import into nucleus
The directed movement of a glucocorticoid receptor into the nucleus.
glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation
glucocorticoid receptor import into nucleus
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.
Note that this reaction is catalyzed by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypochlorous acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with G-quadruplex RNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad.
The structures of RNA and DNA G quartets differ regarding sugar conformation so that a protein binding to the RNA structure might not bind to the DNA structure.
The process in which bile acids are covalently linked to taurine or glycine.
The bile acid is first activated using CoA by cholate-CoA ligase activity(GO:0047747), then conjugated to taurine or glycine by glycine N-choloyltransferase activity (GO:0047963; appears to use either glycine or taurine).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the steroid receptor RNA activator RNA (SRA). SRA enhances steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity as an RNA transcript by an indirect mechanism that does not involve SRA-steroid receptor binding.
Note: there is also evidence that the RNA itself may code a protein (solution structure of mouse steroid receptor RNA activator 1 (SRA1) protein submitted to PDB by Riken).
steroid receptor RNA activator RNA binding
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.
thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway
thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway
regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.
negative regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway
negative regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.
positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway
positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway
The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
Desmosomes link two cells together; hemidesmosomes attach one cell to the extracellular matrix.
The maintenance of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junctions found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an interspace of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the instar larva or pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
A ternary complex consisting of VRK3, VHR (Dusp3), and ERK1 (Mapk3) existing in neuronal cells, and is involved in regulation of the ERK signaling pathway.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
A heterodimeric complex having 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. The alpha subunit has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. The beta subunit possess carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.
3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex, mitochondrial
Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
The expansion of a mammary stem cell population by cell division. Mammary stem cells are a source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. These cells can give rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and can regenerate the entire organ.
A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the paranode region of an axon.
protein localisation to paranode region of axon
protein localization to paranode region of axon
The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
A conical shaped array of microtubules that completely covers the nucleus of a spermatid, thought to be involved in sperm head elongation.
A protein complex with palmitoyltransferase activity.
A homodimeric complex which transfers a palmitoyl group onto serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine.
This complex occurs primarily in bacteria.
homodimeric serine palmitoyltransferase complex
An nuclear membrane protein complex having arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in the cytoplasm, usually in response to a termination codon.
A protein complex having creatine kinase activity.
A dimeric protein complex having creatine kinase activity.
An octomeric protein complex having creatine kinase activity.
A gene-specific translational control mechanism where the small ribosomal subunit remains attached to the mRNA following termination of translation, then resumes scanning on the same mRNA molecule and initiates again at a downstream start site. Reinitiation depends on de novo recruitment of the ternary complex that is required to recognize the next AUG codon.
A protein complex having ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity.
phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase complex
In mammals, the complex consists of two non-identical catalytic subunits and two non-identical regulatory subunits.
ribose phosphate diphosphokinase complex
The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a Cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.
cap-independent translational initiation
The process where the "Cap structure" (composed of a 7- methylguanosine (m7G) group and associated cap-binding proteins) located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule, which serves as a "molecular tag" that marks the spot where the 40S ribosomal subunit is recruited and will then scan in a 5' to 3' direction until an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.
The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits via an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.
A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-1 (MAML1); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.
The orderly movement of a hepatocyte during the development of the liver. Hepatocytes emerge from the hepatic epithelium, populating the septum transversum and lateral mesenchymal areas of the hepatic lobes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of 2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine (ms2io6A), a modified nucleoside present in position 37 (adjacent to and 3' of the anticodon) of tRNAs.
In Salmonella typhimurium, 2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine (ms2io6A; also referred to as 2-methylthio cis-ribozeatin) is found in tRNA, most likely in the species that have ms2i6A in E. coli.
2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine-tRNA biosynthesis
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala).
A homodimeric protein complex having xanthine dehydrogenase activity.
The transition from a cell in the S phase to the G2 phase.
A multisubunit complex comprising the chaperonin-containing T-complex and several other components involved in mediating sperm-oocyte Interaction.
The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.
Note that this process covers somatic recombination, gene conversion, hypermutation, N-region addition, and alternate splicing processes of immune receptor diversification.
somatic diversification of immune receptors
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the DSCAM-based immune receptors of insects.
Note that this type of immune receptor may not be limited to insects.
somatic diversification of DSCAM-based immune receptors
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) of jawless fish.
Note that jawless fish refers to both lampreys (Petremyzontidae, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7746) and hagfish (Myxinidae, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7762).
somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors of jawless fish
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by cytosolic resident proteases during antigen processing and presentation.
Note that a separate term covers proteolysis by the proteasome complex (proteasomal proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation ; GO:0002497).
proteolysis by cytosolic proteases associated with antigen processing and presentation
The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
somatic recombination of antibody genes during immune response
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes during immune response
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response
Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
somatic hypermutation of antibody genes during immune response
somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes during immune response
somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response
The somatic process in which immunoglobulin genes are diversified through the mechanism of gene conversion.
The somatic process in which immunoglobulin genes are diversified through the mechanism of gene conversion following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
gene conversion of antibody genes during immune response
gene conversion of immunoglobulin genes during immune response
gene conversion of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response.
somatic diversification of antibodies during immune response
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins during immune response
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins involved in immune response
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat to that organism.
A behavioral response resulting from wounding.
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes to that organism.
behavioural defense response to nematode
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
physiological defense response to insect
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
physiological defense response to nematode
Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.
Any series of molecular signals leading to activation of the innate immune response generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface receptor.
activation of innate immune response by cell surface receptor signaling pathway
innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signalling pathway
innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface or intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR). Such receptors bind for molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens.
pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.
stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signalling pathway
stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a C-type lectin receptor capable of cellular activation.
stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway
stimulatory Ly49 family receptor signaling pathway.
stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Note that the vertebrate toll-like receptors, unlike the Drosophila Toll molecule, directly bind their ligands. The Drosophila Toll molecule requires the Sptzle factor to bind microbial ligands and then the receptor in order to initiate innate immune responses.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
up regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
upregulation of antimicrobial peptide production
activation of antimicrobial peptide production
stimulation of antimicrobial peptide production
positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.
The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of oomycetes that act to protect the cell or organism.
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
positive regulation of antiviral response by host
up regulation of antiviral response by host
up-regulation of antiviral response by host
upregulation of antiviral response by host
activation of antiviral response by host
stimulation of antiviral response by host
positive regulation of defense response to virus by host
The series of events in which a stimulus from an oomycetes is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.
immune cell chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leucocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leukocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.
immune cell chemotaxis during immune response
leucocyte chemotaxis during immune response
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in immune response
The series of events in which a stimulus generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is received and converted into a molecular signal.
detection of endoplasmic reticulum overloading
The series of events in which an unfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a misfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
response to bacteria associated molecule
response to bacterial associated molecule
response to bacterium associated molecule
response to molecule of bacterial origin
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an oomycetes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of oomycetes origin.
response to oomycetes associated molecule
response to molecule of oomycetes origin
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a parasitic plant.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a parasitic plant that act to protect an organism.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a parasitic plant is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.
wound healing involved in inflammatory response
The series of events leading to removal of necrotic debris that contribute to an inflammatory response.
clearance of damaged tissue during inflammatory response
clearance of damaged tissue involved in inflammatory response wound healing
The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared that contribute to an inflammatory response.
connective tissue replacement during inflammatory response
connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing
Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation.
An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.
organ or tissue specific immune response
Any process of the immune system that can potentially contribute to an immune response.
Any process that initiates an immune response.
A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell that occur as a result of by-products of tissue damage, including collagen, cartilage, and basement membrane. The ultimate product of the kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell initiated by the action of tissue (glandular) kallikreins on low molecular weight kininogen in response to tissue damage. Tissue kallikreins are present in glandular tissues and their fluids, such as the salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas, and kidney. The ultimate products of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell within a high endothelial venule resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
endothelial cell activation within high endothelial venule during immune response
endothelial cell activation within high endothelial venule involved in immune response
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within the mucosal tissue of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
cell activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
endothelial cell activation during immune response
endothelial cell activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
astrocyte activation during immune response
astrocyte activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
follicular dendritic cell activation during immune response
follicular dendritic cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell.
follicular dendritic cell differentiation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.
immune cell activation during inflammatory response
leukocyte activation during inflammatory response
leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation during immune response
plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which an immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature plasmacytoid dendritic cell contributing to an immune response.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response
plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
myeloid cell activation during immune response
myeloid cell activation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
basophil activation during immune response
basophil activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
myeloid dendritic cell activation during immune response
myeloid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
eosinophil activation during immune response
eosinophil activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
mast cell activation during immune response
mast cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
monocyte activation during immune response
monocyte activation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
macrophage activation during immune response
macrophage activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
microglial cell activation during immune response
microglial cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
neutrophil activation during immune response
neutrophil activation involved in immune response
The process in which an immature myeloid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature myeloid dendritic cell as part of an immune response.
myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response
myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
lymphocyte activation during immune response
lymphocyte activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
T cell activation during immune response
T lymphocyte activation during immune response
T-cell activation during immune response
T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
T cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
alpha-beta T cell activation during immune response
alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation during immune response
alpha-beta T-cell activation during immune response
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
alpha-beta T cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
NK T cell activation during immune response
NK T lymphocyte activation during immune response
NK T-cell activation during immune response
NK T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
natural killer T lymphocyte activation during immune response
natural killer T-cell activation during immune response
natural killer T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
NK T cell activation involved in immune response
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
NK T cell proliferation during immune response
NK T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
NK T-cell proliferation during immune response
NK T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
natural killer T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
natural killer T-cell proliferation during immune response
natural killer T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
NK T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
gamma-delta T cell activation during immune response
gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation during immune response
gamma-delta T-cell activation during immune response
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response
gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
T lymphocyte activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell
T-cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell
T-lymphocyte activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell
T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
T cell development involved in immune response
T cell differentiation during immune response
T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
T-cell differentiation during immune response
T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response
alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 2 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths, enhanced production of particular antibody isotypes, and pathological conditions such as allergy.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development
alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
gamma-delta T cell development involved in immune response
gamma-delta T cell differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T-cell differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
gamma-delta T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development
gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development
CD4-positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell differentiation
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
T cell proliferation during immune response
T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
T-cell proliferation during immune response
T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
alpha-beta T cell proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T-cell proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
alpha-beta T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
gamma-delta T cell proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T-cell proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
gamma-delta T cell proliferation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
B cell activation during immune response
B lymphocyte activation during immune response
B-cell activation during immune response
B-lymphocyte activation during immune response
B cell activation involved in immune response
The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
mature B cell development involved in immune response
mature B cell differentiation during immune response
mature B lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
mature B-cell differentiation during immune response
mature B-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).
germinal center B lymphocyte differentiation
germinal center B-lymphocyte differentiation
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).
marginal zone B lymphocyte differentiation
marginal zone B-lymphocyte differentiation
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.
lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell progenitor.
natural killer cell progenitor differentiation
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.
B cell proliferation during immune response
B lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
B-cell proliferation during immune response
B-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response
B cell proliferation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
NK cell activation during immune response
natural killer cell activation during immune response
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response
The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
NK cell proliferation during immune response
natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
The process in which a naive natural killer cell acquires the specialized features of an effector natural killer T cell as part of an immune response.
NK cell differentiation during immune response
natural killer cell development involved in immune response
natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.
The process leading up to expression of the pre-B cell receptor on the surface of pre-B cells, including expression of the surrogate light chain, association of the surrogate light chain with heavy chain, and expression of the complete pre-B cell receptor on the cell surface.
Expression of a single heavy chain allele during pre-B cell differentiation.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.
transitional stage B lymphocyte differentiation
transitional stage B-cell differentiation
transitional stage B-lymphocyte differentiation
transitional stage B cell differentiation
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.
transitional one stage B lymphocyte differentiation
transitional one stage B-cell differentiation
transitional one stage B-lymphocyte differentiation
transitional one stage B cell development
transitional one stage B cell differentiation
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21.
transitional two stage B lymphocyte differentiation
transitional two stage B-cell differentiation
transitional two stage B-lymphocyte differentiation
transitional two stage B cell development
transitional two stage B cell differentiation
The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.
The process in which an immature B cell becomes committed to become a B-1 B cell.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5.
The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the bone marrow.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in B cells in the bone marrow.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of central tolerance induction and B cell selection.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery.
The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen.
The process that takes place mainly in germinal center B cells in which a large number of mutations are generated in the heavy chain and light chain V-region genes and their immediately surrounding introns in order to increase antibody diversity and contribute to affinity maturation.
peripheral B lymphocyte receptor editing
peripheral B-lymphocyte receptor editing
Any process in which B cells are selected to survive based on signaling through the B cell antigen receptor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the bone marrow. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
histamine production involved in acute inflammatory response
histamine production involved in inflammatory response
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the periphery. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
peripheral B lymphocyte positive selection
peripheral B-lymphocyte positive selection
The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
serotonin production involved in acute inflammatory response
serotonin production involved in inflammatory response
Any process leading to negative selection in B cells. Mechanisms of negative selection include anergy and deletion.
A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the bone marrow.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the periphery.
peripheral B lymphocyte negative selection
peripheral B-lymphocyte negative selection
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism.
The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The expansion of a B-1 B cell by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell lineage commitment
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell lineage commitment
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell.
alpha-beta T lymphocyte lineage commitment
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell.
natural killer T lymphocyte lineage commitment
natural killer T-cell lineage commitment
natural killer T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.
gamma-delta T lymphocyte lineage commitment
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
immune cell activation during immune response
leucocyte activation during immune response
leukocyte activation during immune response
leukocyte activation involved in immune response
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cytokine production during immune response
This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules.
cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a natural killer cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell.
myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a plasmacytoid dendritic cell.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
The regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells that contributes to an immune response.
cytokine secretion during immune response
cytokine secretion involved in immune response
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cytokine that contributes to an immune response.
cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501). This term was added by GO_REF:0000022.
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin contributing to an immune response.
antibody biosynthesis during immune response
antibody biosynthetic process during immune response
immunoglobulin biosynthetic process during immune response
immunoglobulin biosynthetic process involved in immune response
The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell contributing to an immune response.
antibody secretion during immune response
immunoglobulin secretion during immune response
immunoglobulin secretion involved in immune response
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
antibody production during immune response
immunoglobulin production during immune response
immunoglobulin production involved in immune response
immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
regulation of glandular kallikrein-kinin cascade
regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
An immune response taking place in the brain or nervous system.
immune response in brain or nervous system
An immune response taking place in the liver.
An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.
Immune response taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
immune response in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules.
immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Immune response taking place in the Peyer's patch, nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine.
Tolerance induction taking place in the Peyer's patches.
The synthesis or release of platelet activating factor following a stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of platelet activating factor following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
platelet activating factor production involved in acute inflammatory response
platelet activating factor production involved in inflammatory response
The regulated release of platelet activating factor by a cell or group of cells.
The synthesis or release of lysosomal enzymes following a stimulus as part of a inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
lysosomal enzyme production involved in acute inflammatory response
production of lysosomal enzymes involved in acute inflammatory response
production of lysosomal enzymes involved in inflammatory response
lysosomal enzyme production involved in inflammatory response
Tolerance induction taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
tolerance induction in gut-associated lymphoid tissue
An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids.
immune response in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.
Tolerance induction taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).
tolerance induction in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by B cells.
B cell tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by T cells.
T cell tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
antigen transport in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
antigen sampling in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
The process of antigen sampling carried out by dendritic cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
antigen sampling by dendritic cells in MALT
antigen sampling by dendritic cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
The process of antigen samples carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
antigen sampling by M cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a Langerhans cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
A process of tolerance induction dependent on T cells which leads to immunological tolerance of a tumor.
T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
The process of antigen transcytosis carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Transcytosis is the process of the directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side. M cells are specialized epithelia cells with a microfold structure that are adept at moving antigens from the gut lumen to antigen presenting cells in the MALT.
antigen transport by M cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
antigen transcytosis by M cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
A process of tolerance induction which leads to immunological tolerance of a tumor.
The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other.
immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells
The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.
immunoglobulin transcytosis mediated by pIgR
immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
The process of transporting IgG immunoglobulin, via transcytosis using the FcRn (also known as the neonatal Fc receptor; gene name FCGRT), from apical surface of an epithelial cell to the basolateral surface or vice versa depending on the location. This process is used for uptake of IgG from the milk in the gut in rodents, for transplacental transport of IgG from mother to embryo in humans, and for maintenance of a steady-state distribution of IgG across epithelial boundaries in general in adult mammals.
IgG antibody transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by FcRn immunoglobulin receptor
IgG immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by neonatal immunoglobulin receptor
IgG immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by FcRn immunoglobulin receptor
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to the B cell receptor.
B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen
B-cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen
B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen
B cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen
An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell.
The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in induction of apoptosis in the target cell.
T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
The directed killing of a tumor cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
NK cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis.
B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis
B-cell antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis
B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis
B cell antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis
An immune response taking place in the urogenital tract. The urogenital tract.
An immune response mediated by a natural killer cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.
natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
An immune response mediated by a T cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.
Note that this term includes tolerogenic responses to tumor cells mediated by responding T cells.
T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
Tolerance induction taking place in the urogenital tract.
The synthesis and release of immunoglobulin in the mucosal tissue.
immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal tissues.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family.
peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a cell capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response.
activation of immune response by cell surface receptor signaling pathway
immune response-activating cell surface receptor signalling pathway
immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.
immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signalling pathway
complement receptor mediated signalling pathway
complement receptor mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signalling pathway
Fc-receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway
Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway
The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic.
An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.
immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signalling pathway involved in phagocytosis
phagocytosis triggered by activation of immune response cell surface activating receptor
immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis
A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution.
The process of immune complex clearance by erythrocytes.
immune complex clearance by red blood cells
immune complex clearance by erythrocytes
The process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.
immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages
An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.
inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual.
chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
production of cellular mediator of immune response
production of molecular mediator of immune response
The regulated release of histamine by a cell or group of cells as part of an inflammatory response.
histamine secretion involved in acute inflammatory response
histamine secretion involved in inflammatory response
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells as part of an inflammatory response.
serotonin secretion involved in acute inflammatory response
serotonin release involved in inflammatory response
serotonin secretion involved in inflammatory response
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
myeloid leucocyte immune effector process
myeloid leukocyte immune effector process
An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.
The process in which a B cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
B-cell antigen processing and presentation
B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
B cell antigen processing and presentation
Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
peripheral B lymphocyte tolerance induction
peripheral B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
The process of replacing receptors on B cells, in which RAG gene expression allows continued light-chain gene rearrangement and expression of a new light change which combines with the previous heavy chain to form a new receptor.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in peripheral B cells.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of peripheral tolerance induction and B cell selection.
An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
circulating antibody mediated immune response
circulating immunoglobulin mediated immune response
humoral immune response mediated by circulating antibody
humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
T-cell antigen processing and presentation
T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
T cell antigen processing and presentation
Tolerance induction of T cells in the periphery, in this case, any location in the body other than the thymus.
peripheral T lymphocyte tolerance induction
peripheral T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) incorporating leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Examples of this process are found in jawless fish, including the lampreys (Petromyzontidae) and hagfishes (Myxinidae).
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of VLR built from LRR domains
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of variable lymphocyte receptors built from leucine-rich repeat domains
adaptive immune response in jawless fish
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from leucine-rich repeat domains
An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation.
immune response-dependent tolerance induction
tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Tolerance induction in response to nonself antigens.
Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the central lymphoid organs.
central tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the periphery.
peripheral tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.
Tolerance induction to self antigens in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.
peripheral tolerance induction to self antigen
The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation.
The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a plasmacytoid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a monocyte expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
monocyte antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a macrophage expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
macrophage antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a non-professional antigen presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all cell types but dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.
antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
TAP-dependent antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I
TAP-dependent exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I, TAP-dependent
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
TAP-independent antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I
TAP-independent exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I, TAP-independent
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-independent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
TAP-dependent antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
TAP-dependent exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
TAP-independent antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
TAP-independent exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib, TAP-independent
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-independent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I via ER pathway
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
TAP-dependent antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway
TAP-dependent endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I via ER pathway
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
TAP-independent antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway
TAP-independent endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I via ER pathway
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in an endolysosome. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I via endolysosomal pathway
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via endolysosomal pathway
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class Ib molecule in the ER. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
TAP-dependent antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway
TAP-dependent endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
TAP-independent antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway
TAP-independent endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-independent
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-independent
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II
The binding of a peptide antigen to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
peptide antigen assembly with MHC class Ib protein complex
The binding of a lipid antigen to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 gene family.
lipid antigen assembly with MHC class Ib protein complex
The directed movement of a lipid antigen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by the proteasome complex contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
proteasomal proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by ER resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
ER proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
endoplasmic reticulum proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
proteolysis within ER associated with antigen processing and presentation
proteolysis within endoplasmic reticulum associated with antigen processing and presentation
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by endosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
endosomal proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
proteolysis within endosome associated with antigen processing and presentation
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by lysosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
lysosomal proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
proteolysis within lysosome associated with antigen processing and presentation
The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex.
peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex
The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
peptide antigen assembly with MHC class I protein complex
The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.
peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation of via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a polysaccharide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
The binding of a polysaccharide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.
polysaccharide assembly with MHC class II protein complex
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.
Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs: the thymus and bone marrow.
Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs directed at self antigens.
central tolerance induction to self antigen
Tolerance induction of B cells in the bone marrow.
central B lymphocyte tolerance induction
central B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
Receptor editing occurring in B cells in the bone marrow.
Tolerance induction of T cells in the thymus.
central T lymphocyte tolerance induction
central T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
Tolerance induction directed at self antigens.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells.
Any process contributing to anergy in B cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
The apoptotic death of B cells which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.
The movement of a lymphocyte to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus.
lymphocyte chemotaxis across high endothelial venule
Tolerance induction of natural killer cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
immune cell migration during immune response
immune cell trafficking during immune response
leucocyte migration during immune response
leucocyte trafficking during immune response
leukocyte trafficking during immune response
leukocyte migration involved in immune response
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
immune cell migration during inflammatory response
immune cell trafficking during inflammatory response
leucocyte migration during inflammatory response
leucocyte trafficking during inflammatory response
leukocyte migration during inflammatory response
leukocyte trafficking during inflammatory response
leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response
An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.
An acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimuli such as heat or physical trauma.
acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure contributing to an acute inflammatory response.
vasodilation during acute inflammatory response
vasodilation involved in acute inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid contributing to an acute inflammatory response.
regulation of vascular permeability during acute inflammatory response
regulation of vascular permeability involved in acute inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein.
blood pressure regulation during acute phase response
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure during acute phase response
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure involved in acute-phase response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein.
regulation of cardiac contraction during acute phase response
regulation of heart contraction during acute phase response
regulation of heart contraction involved in acute-phase response
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
production of molecular mediator involved in acute inflammatory response
production of cellular mediator of acute inflammation
production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response
The regulated release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell or group of cells as part of an inflammatory response.
secretion of lysosomal enzymes involved in acute inflammatory response
secretion of lysosomal enzymes involved in inflammatory response
lysosomal enzyme secretion involved in acute inflammatory response
lysosomal enzyme secretion involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response
cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
The regulated release of platelet activating factor by a cell or group of cells as part of an inflammatory response.
platelet activating factor secretion involved in acute inflammatory response
platelet activating factor secretion involved in inflammatory response
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
oxidative burst during acute inflammatory response
production of reactive oxygen species during acute inflammatory response
respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response
respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
nitric oxide production involved in acute inflammatory response
production of nitric oxide involved in acute inflammatory response
production of nitric oxide involved in inflammatory response
nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in acute inflammatory response
production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in acute inflammatory response
production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in inflammatory response
arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
prostaglandin production involved in acute inflammatory response
prostaglandin production involved in inflammatory response
The synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
leukotriene production involved in acute inflammatory response
leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
Any process activating plasma proteins by proteolysis as part of an acute inflammatory response.
activation of plasma proteins involved in acute inflammatory response
Any process that activates Factor XII (Hageman factor). Factor XII is a protein synthesized by the liver that circulates in an inactive form until it encounters collagen or basement membrane or activated platelets (as occurs at the site of endothelial injury). Factor XII then undergoes a conformational change (becoming factor XIIa), exposing an active serine center that can subsequently cleave protein substrates and activate a variety of mediator systems. Factor XII is a participant in the clotting cascade as well as the kinin cascade.
Any process that initiates the clotting cascade of blood coagulation, a cascade of plasma enzymes that is triggered following damage to blood vessels, leading to formation of a clot.
activation of blood coagulation via clotting cascade
Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.
A chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus such as heat or physical trauma.
chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
down regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
down-regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
downregulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
negative regulation of glandular kallikrein-kinin cascade
inhibition of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
negative regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
positive regulation of glandular kallikrein-kinin cascade
up regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
up-regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
upregulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
activation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
stimulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
positive regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
down regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
down-regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
downregulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
inhibition of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
negative regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
up regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
up-regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
upregulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
activation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
stimulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
positive regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade
The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
The regulated release of serotonin by a mast cell or group of mast cells.
The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells.
The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets.
The regulated release of histamine by a platelet or group of platelets.
The regulated release of serotonin by a basophil or group of basophils.
The regulated release of histamine by a basophil or group of basophils.
An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.
type I hypersensitivity mediated by mast cells
An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.
type I hypersensitivity mediated by basophils
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a basophil.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a basophil.
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through alternate splicing.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via alternate splicing
The generation of alternate transcripts of immunoglobulin genes through alternate splicing of exons.
alternate splicing of immunoglobulin genes
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through gene conversion.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via gene conversion
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation
The process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the FREP-based immune receptors of snails.
Note that this type of immune receptor has been found in snails (Pulmonata, ncbi_axonomy_id:6519), but may also be seen in other species.
somatic diversification of FREP-based immune receptors
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of T cell receptor genes.
somatic diversification of T cell receptor genes
The addition of variable numbers of random nucleotides by terminal deoxytransferase in the N regions of heavy chain immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes. N regions are found at the V-D, D-D, V-J, and D-J recombinational junctions, depending on the immune receptor gene.
somatic diversification of immune receptors by N region addition
The addition of variable numbers of random nucleotides by terminal deoxytransferase in the N regions of heavy chain immunoglobulin genes. N regions are found at the V-D and D-J recombinational junctions.
somatic diversification of antibody genes by N region addition
somatic diversification of immunoglobulin genes by N region addition
The addition of variable numbers of random nucleotides by terminal deoxytransferase in the N regions of T cell receptor genes. N regions are found at the V-D, D-D, V-J, and D-J recombinational junctions, depending on the T cell receptor gene.
somatic diversification of TCR genes by N region addition
somatic diversification of T cell receptor genes by N region addition
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis.
Note that platelets are the non-nucleated mammalian functional equivalent of the nucleated thrombocytes of non-mammalian vertebrates and are sometimes also referred to as thrombocytes. Platelet formation in mammals is covered by the biological_process term platelet formation ; GO:0030220.
The movement of a basophil in response to an external stimulus.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation
activation of antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
positive regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
negative regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
positive regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
positive regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
negative regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
positive regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
activation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
negative regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
positive regulation of peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
regulation of lipid antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
negative regulation of lipid antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
positive regulation of lipid antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
activation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
regulation of polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
positive regulation of polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
activation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
activation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
activation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of B-cell antigen processing and presentation
regulation of B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B-cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of B cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of B-cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
up regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of T cell antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation
up regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
activation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
down regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
down-regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
downregulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
inhibition of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
negative regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
up regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
up-regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
upregulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
activation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
stimulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
positive regulation of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
negative regulation of granuloma formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
positive regulation of granuloma formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
down regulation of germinal center formation
down-regulation of germinal center formation
downregulation of germinal center formation
negative regulation of germinal center formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
up regulation of germinal center formation
up-regulation of germinal center formation
upregulation of germinal center formation
stimulation of germinal center formation
positive regulation of germinal center formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
down regulation of immunoglobulin production
down-regulation of immunoglobulin production
downregulation of immunoglobulin production
negative regulation of immunoglobulin production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
up regulation of immunoglobulin production
up-regulation of immunoglobulin production
upregulation of immunoglobulin production
stimulation of immunoglobulin production
positive regulation of immunoglobulin production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
down regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
downregulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
inhibition of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
up regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
upregulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
activation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
stimulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
negative regulation of tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
positive regulation of tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
regulation of central tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
down regulation of central tolerance induction
down-regulation of central tolerance induction
downregulation of central tolerance induction
inhibition of central tolerance induction
negative regulation of central tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
up regulation of central tolerance induction
up-regulation of central tolerance induction
upregulation of central tolerance induction
activation of central tolerance induction
stimulation of central tolerance induction
positive regulation of central tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
down regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
down-regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
downregulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
inhibition of tolerance induction to self antigen
negative regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
up regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
up-regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
upregulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
activation of tolerance induction to self antigen
stimulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
positive regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction
regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
down regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
down-regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
downregulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
negative regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction
inhibition of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
negative regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
positive regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction
up regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
up-regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
upregulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
activation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
stimulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
positive regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
down regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
down-regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
downregulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
inhibition of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
negative regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
up regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
up-regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
upregulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
activation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
stimulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
positive regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
down regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
down-regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
downregulation of peripheral tolerance induction
inhibition of peripheral tolerance induction
negative regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
up regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
up-regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
upregulation of peripheral tolerance induction
activation of peripheral tolerance induction
stimulation of peripheral tolerance induction
positive regulation of peripheral tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of B-cell tolerance induction
regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of B cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of B cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of B cell tolerance induction
downregulation of B cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction
negative regulation of B-cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
inhibition of B cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of B cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction
positive regulation of B-cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction
up regulation of B cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of B cell tolerance induction
upregulation of B cell tolerance induction
activation of B cell tolerance induction
stimulation of B cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of B cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of T-cell tolerance induction
regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
regulation of T cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of T cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of T cell tolerance induction
downregulation of T cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction
negative regulation of T-cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
inhibition of T cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of T cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction
positive regulation of T-cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction
up regulation of T cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of T cell tolerance induction
upregulation of T cell tolerance induction
activation of T cell tolerance induction
stimulation of T cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte anergy
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte anergy
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
negative regulation of B lymphocyte anergy
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte anergy
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
down regulation of acute inflammatory response
down-regulation of acute inflammatory response
downregulation of acute inflammatory response
inhibition of acute inflammatory response
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
up regulation of acute inflammatory response
up-regulation of acute inflammatory response
upregulation of acute inflammatory response
activation of acute inflammatory response
stimulation of acute inflammatory response
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
regulation of chronic inflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
down regulation of chronic inflammatory response
down-regulation of chronic inflammatory response
downregulation of chronic inflammatory response
inhibition of chronic inflammatory response
negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
up regulation of chronic inflammatory response
up-regulation of chronic inflammatory response
upregulation of chronic inflammatory response
activation of chronic inflammatory response
stimulation of chronic inflammatory response
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
respiratory burst involved in defense response
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming a pro-T cell.
The process in which T cell receptor genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as T cell receptor gene segments.
somatic recombination of TCR gene segments
somatic recombination of T cell receptor gene segments
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
down regulation of immune system process
down-regulation of immune system process
negative regulation of immune system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
positive regulation of immune system process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
negative regulation of immune cell migration
negative regulation of leucocyte migration
negative regulation of leukocyte migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
positive regulation of immune cell migration
positive regulation of leucocyte migration
positive regulation of leukocyte migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of immune cell chemotaxis
negative regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis
negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
positive regulation of immune cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis
positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
down regulation of cellular extravasation
down-regulation of cellular extravasation
downregulation of cellular extravasation
negative regulation of cellular extravasation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
positive regulation of cellular extravasation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
negative regulation of immune cell activation
negative regulation of leucocyte activation
negative regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
positive regulation of immune cell activation
positive regulation of leucocyte activation
positive regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
down regulation of immune effector process
down-regulation of immune effector process
downregulation of immune effector process
negative regulation of immune effector process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
up regulation of immune effector process
up-regulation of immune effector process
positive regulation of immune effector process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
down regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
down-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
downregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
inhibition of production of molecular mediator of immune response
negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
up regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
up-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
upregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
activation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
stimulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
positive regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
activation of leukocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
activation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of T cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of T cell mediated immunity
downregulation of T cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of T-cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of T-cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of T cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of T cell mediated immunity
upregulation of T cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of B cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of B cell mediated immunity
downregulation of B cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of B-cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of B cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of B-cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of B cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of B cell mediated immunity
upregulation of B cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
regulation of natural killer cell activity
regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
downregulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of NK cell mediated immunity
inhibition of natural killer cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of natural killer cell activity
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of NK cell mediated immunity
up regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
upregulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
activation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
stimulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of natural killer cell activity
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
regulation of cytokine production during immune response
regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
down-regulation of cytokine production during immune response
down regulation of cytokine production during immune response
downregulation of cytokine production during immune response
inhibition of cytokine production during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine production during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
activation of cytokine production during immune response
stimulation of cytokine production during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine production during immune response
up regulation of cytokine production during immune response
up-regulation of cytokine production during immune response
upregulation of cytokine production during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
regulation of B lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of B-cell cytokine production
regulation of B-lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of B cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
down regulation of B cell cytokine production
down-regulation of B cell cytokine production
downregulation of B cell cytokine production
negative regulation of B lymphocyte cytokine production
negative regulation of B-cell cytokine production
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte cytokine production
inhibition of B cell cytokine production
negative regulation of B cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte cytokine production
positive regulation of B-cell cytokine production
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte cytokine production
up regulation of B cell cytokine production
up-regulation of B cell cytokine production
upregulation of B cell cytokine production
activation of B cell cytokine production
stimulation of B cell cytokine production
positive regulation of B cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of T-cell cytokine production
regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
down regulation of T cell cytokine production
down-regulation of T cell cytokine production
downregulation of T cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
negative regulation of T-cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
inhibition of T cell cytokine production
negative regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production
positive regulation of T-cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production
up regulation of T cell cytokine production
up-regulation of T cell cytokine production
upregulation of T cell cytokine production
activation of T cell cytokine production
stimulation of T cell cytokine production
positive regulation of T cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
regulation of NK cell cytokine production
regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
down regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
down-regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
downregulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
negative regulation of NK cell cytokine production
inhibition of natural killer cell cytokine production
negative regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of NK cell cytokine production
up regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
up-regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
upregulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
activation of natural killer cell cytokine production
stimulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
down regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
down-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
downregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
inhibition of dendritic cell cytokine production
negative regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
up regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
up-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
upregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
activation of dendritic cell cytokine production
stimulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
positive regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
inhibition of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
activation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
stimulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
down regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
down-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
downregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
inhibition of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
up regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
up-regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
upregulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
stimulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
positive regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
inhibition of cytokine secretion during immune response
down regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
down-regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
downregulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
activation of cytokine secretion during immune response
stimulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
up regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
up-regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
upregulation of cytokine secretion during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis that contributes to an immune response.
regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
inhibition of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
down regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
down-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
downregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
activation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
stimulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
up regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
up-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
upregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process during immune response
positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to a cell surface receptor.
antigen processing and presentation initiated by receptor mediated uptake of antigen
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis.
antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via phagocytosis.
antigen processing and presentation following phagocytosis
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR).
antigen processing and presentation initiated by PAMP receptor mediated uptake of antigen
antigen processing and presentation initiated by PRR mediated uptake of antigen
antigen processing and presentation initiated by pattern recognition receptor mediated uptake of antigen
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by phagocytosis of antigen bound directly or indirectly to a cell surface toll-like receptor (TLR).
antigen processing and presentation initiated by TLR mediated phagocytosis of antigen
antigen processing and presentation initiated by toll-like receptor mediated phagocytosis of antigen
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via macropinocytosis.
antigen processing and presentation following macropinocytosis
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen receptor-mediated endocytosis.
antigen processing and presentation following receptor mediated endocytosis
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). Such receptors bind molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens.
cell surface PAMP receptor signaling pathway
cell surface pathogen receptor signaling pathway
cell surface pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway
cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm. Such receptors bind molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens.
cytoplasmic PAMP receptor signaling pathway
cytoplasmic pathogen receptor signaling pathway
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located within the membrane of an intracellular vesicle such as an endosome or lysosome. Such receptors bind molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens.
intracellular vesicle PAMP receptor signaling pathway
intracellular vesicle PRR signaling pathway
intracellular vesicle pathogen receptor signaling pathway
intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway
intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an immune response.
immune response-activating signal transduction
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response.
innate immune response-activating signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
up regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
up-regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
upregulation of antimicrobial humoral response
activation of antimicrobial humoral response
stimulation of antimicrobial humoral response
positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
downregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
inhibition of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
upregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
activation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
stimulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.
immune response-regulating signalling pathway
immune response-regulating signaling pathway
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response.
immune response-inhibiting signal transduction
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an innate immune response.
innate immune response-inhibiting signal transduction
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response.
immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signalling pathway
immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response.
immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
natural killer cell inhibitory signalling pathway
killer cell inhibitory receptor signaling pathway
Ly49 inhibitory receptor signaling pathway
natural killer cell inhibitory signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a T cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
T lymphocyte inhibitory signaling pathway
T-lymphocyte inhibitory signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signalling pathway
inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an inhibitory C-type lectin receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
inhibitory C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway
inhibitory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a B cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
B lymphocyte inhibitory signaling pathwayBT-lymphocyte inhibitory signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
Fc receptor mediated inhibitory signalling pathway
Fc-receptor mediated inhibitory signaling pathway
Fc receptor mediated inhibitory signaling pathway
The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
The regulated release of an antimicrobial peptide from a cell or group of cells. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antimicrobial peptide. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
The synthesis or release of an antibacterial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of an antibacterial peptide from a cell or group of cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide.
antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
The synthesis or release of an antifungal peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of an antifungal peptide from a cell or group of cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antifungal peptide.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
down regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
down-regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
downregulation of antimicrobial peptide production
inhibition of antimicrobial peptide production
negative regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
regulation of antibacterial peptide production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
down regulation of antibacterial peptide production
down-regulation of antibacterial peptide production
downregulation of antibacterial peptide production
inhibition of antibacterial peptide production
negative regulation of antibacterial peptide production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
regulation of antifungal peptide production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
down regulation of antifungal peptide production
down-regulation of antifungal peptide production
downregulation of antifungal peptide production
inhibition of antifungal peptide production
negative regulation of antifungal peptide production
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
negative regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
positive regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
down regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
down-regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
downregulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
inhibition of antimicrobial peptide secretion
negative regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
up regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
upregulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
activation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
stimulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
regulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
down regulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
down-regulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
downregulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
inhibition of antibacterial peptide secretion
negative regulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
up regulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
up-regulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
upregulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
activation of antibacterial peptide secretion
stimulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
positive regulation of antibacterial peptide secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
regulation of antifungal peptide secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
down regulation of antifungal peptide secretion
down-regulation of antifungal peptide secretion
downregulation of antifungal peptide secretion
inhibition of antifungal peptide secretion
negative regulation of antifungal peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
up regulation of antifungal peptide secretion
up-regulation of antifungal peptide secretion
upregulation of antifungal peptide secretion
activation of antifungal peptide secretion
stimulation of antifungal peptide secretion
positive regulation of antifungal peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
up regulation of antibacterial peptide production
up-regulation of antibacterial peptide production
upregulation of antibacterial peptide production
activation of antibacterial peptide production
stimulation of antibacterial peptide production
positive regulation of antibacterial peptide production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
up regulation of antifungal peptide production
up-regulation of antifungal peptide production
upregulation of antifungal peptide production
activation of antifungal peptide production
stimulation of antifungal peptide production
positive regulation of antifungal peptide production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
down regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
downregulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
inhibition of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
up regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
upregulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
activation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
stimulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
down regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
downregulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
inhibition of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
down regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
downregulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
inhibition of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
down regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
down-regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
downregulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
inhibition of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
negative regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
down regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
down-regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
downregulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
inhibition of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
negative regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
A physiological defense response which occurs intracellularly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
down regulation of adaptive immune response
down-regulation of adaptive immune response
downregulation of adaptive immune response
negative regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
up regulation of adaptive immune response
up-regulation of adaptive immune response
upregulation of adaptive immune response
positive regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
down regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
down-regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
downregulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
inhibition of T-helper 1 type immune response
negative regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
up regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
up-regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
upregulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
activation of T-helper 1 type immune response
stimulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
positive regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
down regulation of type 2 immune response
down-regulation of type 2 immune response
downregulation of type 2 immune response
negative regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response
negative regulation of Th2 immune response
negative regulation of type 2 immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
positive regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response
positive regulation of Th2 immune response
positive regulation of type 2 immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
down regulation of response to biotic stimulus
down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
downregulation of response to biotic stimulus
inhibition of response to biotic stimulus
negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
up regulation of response to biotic stimulus
up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
upregulation of response to biotic stimulus
activation of response to biotic stimulus
stimulation of response to biotic stimulus
positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
down regulation of response to tumor cell
down-regulation of response to tumor cell
downregulation of response to tumor cell
negative regulation of response to tumour cell
negative regulation of response to tumor cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
positive regulation of response to tumour cell
positive regulation of response to tumor cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
regulation of immune response to tumour cell
regulation of immune response to tumor cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
down regulation of immune response to tumor cell
down-regulation of immune response to tumor cell
downregulation of immune response to tumor cell
negative regulation of immune response to tumour cell
inhibition of immune response to tumor cell
negative regulation of immune response to tumor cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
positive regulation of immune response to tumour cell
up regulation of immune response to tumor cell
up-regulation of immune response to tumor cell
upregulation of immune response to tumor cell
activation of immune response to tumor cell
stimulation of immune response to tumor cell
positive regulation of immune response to tumor cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumour cell
regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell
regulation of T-cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell
regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
down regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
down-regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
downregulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
negative regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumour cell
negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell
negative regulation of T-cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell
inhibition of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
negative regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumour cell
positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell
positive regulation of T-cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell
up regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
up-regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
upregulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
activation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
stimulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
regulation of tolerance induction to tumour cell
regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
down regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
down-regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
downregulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
negative regulation of tolerance induction to tumour cell
inhibition of tolerance induction to tumor cell
negative regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
positive regulation of tolerance induction to tumour cell
up regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
up-regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
upregulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
activation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
stimulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
positive regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
regulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
down regulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
down-regulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
downregulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
inhibition of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
negative regulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
up regulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
up-regulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
upregulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
activation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
stimulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
downregulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
inhibition of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
up regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
upregulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
activation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
stimulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
down regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
down-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
downregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
inhibition of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
up regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
up-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
upregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
activation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
stimulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
down regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
downregulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
inhibition of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
up regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
upregulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
activation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
stimulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
down regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
downregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
inhibition of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
up regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
upregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
activation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
stimulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
down regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
down-regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
downregulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
inhibition of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
up regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
up-regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
upregulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
activation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
stimulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
down regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
down-regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
downregulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
inhibition of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
up regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
up-regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
upregulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
activation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
stimulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
negative regulation of B lymphocyte deletion
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte deletion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte deletion
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte deletion
Any process contributing to anergy in T cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
regulation of NK cell tolerance induction
regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
downregulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of NK cell tolerance induction
inhibition of natural killer cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of NK cell tolerance induction
up regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
upregulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
activation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
stimulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of natural killer cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
down regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
down-regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
downregulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
inhibition of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
up regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
up-regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
upregulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
activation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
stimulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
down regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
down-regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
downregulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
inhibition of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
up regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
up-regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
upregulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
activation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
stimulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
down regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
down-regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
downregulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
inhibition of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
up regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
up-regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
upregulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
activation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
stimulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
activation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
down regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
down-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
downregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
inhibition of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
negative regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
up regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
up-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
upregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
activation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
stimulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
positive regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
down regulation of type II hypersensitivity
down-regulation of type II hypersensitivity
downregulation of type II hypersensitivity
negative regulation of type II hypersensitivity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
up regulation of type II hypersensitivity
up-regulation of type II hypersensitivity
upregulation of type II hypersensitivity
positive regulation of type II hypersensitivity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
regulation of central B cell tolerance induction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
down regulation of central B cell tolerance induction
down-regulation of central B cell tolerance induction
downregulation of central B cell tolerance induction
inhibition of central B cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of central B cell tolerance induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
up regulation of central B cell tolerance induction
up-regulation of central B cell tolerance induction
upregulation of central B cell tolerance induction
activation of central B cell tolerance induction
stimulation of central B cell tolerance induction
positive regulation of central B cell tolerance induction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
down regulation of central B cell deletion
down-regulation of central B cell deletion
downregulation of central B cell deletion
negative regulation of central B cell deletion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
up regulation of central B cell deletion
up-regulation of central B cell deletion
positive regulation of central B cell deletion
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
mature B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
mature B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
mature B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
mature B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B lymphocytes by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B-cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of mature B-lymphocytes by apoptosis
programmed cell death, mature B lymphocytes
programmed cell death, mature B-lymphocytes
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of B cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of B cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
down-regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
downregulation of mature B cell apoptosis
negative regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
negative regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
up regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
up-regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
positive regulation of mature B cell apoptosis
positive regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
regulation of peripheral B cell deletion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
down regulation of peripheral B cell deletion
down-regulation of peripheral B cell deletion
downregulation of peripheral B cell deletion
inhibition of peripheral B cell deletion
negative regulation of peripheral B cell deletion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
up regulation of peripheral B cell deletion
up-regulation of peripheral B cell deletion
upregulation of peripheral B cell deletion
activation of peripheral B cell deletion
stimulation of peripheral B cell deletion
positive regulation of peripheral B cell deletion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
positive regulation of lymphocyte anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
down regulation of central B cell anergy
down-regulation of central B cell anergy
negative regulation of central B cell anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
positive regulation of central B cell anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
down regulation of peripheral B cell anergy
down-regulation of peripheral B cell anergy
downregulation of peripheral B cell anergy
negative regulation of peripheral B cell anergy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
up regulation of peripheral B cell anergy
up-regulation of peripheral B cell anergy
upregulation of peripheral B cell anergy
positive regulation of peripheral B cell anergy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
down regulation of humoral immune response
down-regulation of humoral immune response
downregulation of humoral immune response
negative regulation of humoral immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
up regulation of humoral immune response
up-regulation of humoral immune response
positive regulation of humoral immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
down regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
down-regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
downregulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
inhibition of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
up regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
up-regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
upregulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
activation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
stimulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
The process whereby a wobble base uridine residue in a tRNA is modified to 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine.
tRNA wobble base 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of archaeosine, a an archaea-specific modified base found at position 15 in the in the D-loop of certain archaeal tRNAs.
Archaeosine (7-formamidino-7-deazaguanosine) is a structural variant of the hypermodified nucleoside 7-deazaguanosine. The biosynthesis pathway starts with archaeosine tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (ArcTGT) which catalyzes the exchange of guanine at position 15 in the D-loop of archaeal tRNAs with a free 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine.
A highly stable complex composed of the ATAC complex and the mediator complex (also called TRAP or MED). MECO binds and regulates the transcription of a subset of non-coding RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.
Ischemia always results in hypoxia; however, hypoxia can occur without ischemia .
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move.
The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(37) in tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + C2-methyladenine(37) in a tRNA.
tRNA (adenine-C2-)-methyltransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptide hormone bradykinin.
The processes whereby a uridine residue in a tRNA is converted to 4-thiouridine. Typically 4-thiouridine is found at position 8, in many transfer RNAs.
In E. coli, two genes are involved, nuvA (aka Thi) and NuvC (aka iscS) . NuvA converts the trNA into an unidentified intermediate in an ATP dependent manner. NucC catalyzes the second step, transferring the sulfur from cysteine to he unidentified intermediate. NuvC also participate sin thiamine synthesis.
The process whereby a guanosine residue in a tRNA is methylated on the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose moiety.
The process whereby a guanine in tRNA is methylated at position N1 of the guanine.
The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N2 position of guanine.
The multiplication or reproduction of synoviocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A synoviocyte is a fibroblast-like cell found in synovial tissues.
The process whereby a guanine residue in a transfer RNA is methylated twice at the N2 position.
The process whereby a uridine in a transfer RNA is converted to dihydrouridine.
Dihydrouridine is found in numerous positions within loop I, the so called dihydrouridine loop, of many transfer RNAs. Most often found at positions 16 and 17, but also sometimes at positions 20, 20a, and 20b.
A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.
A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 13 (CDK13). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.
The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 5 of the cytosine.
The cellular process that creates a physical entity or change in state, i.e. a signal, that originates in one cell and is used to transfer information to another cell. This process begins with the initial formation of the signal and ends with the mature form and placement of the signal.
generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signalling
generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signaling
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
The ovulation cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the fused antrum stage of oogenesis.
follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum during fused antrum stage
follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum involved in fused antrum stage
The menstrual cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the antral spaces stage of oogenesis.
follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum during distinct antral spaces stage
follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum involved in distinct antral spaces stage
The menstrual cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the scattered antral spaces stage of oogenesis.
follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum during scattered antral spaces stage
follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum involved in scattered antral spaces stage
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
developmental process involved in reproduction
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.
A process in which force is generated within voluntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the voluntary skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and it is under voluntary control. Voluntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is under conscious control.
A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Involuntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is not under conscious control.
A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system is responsible for fluid volume regulation and detoxification in an organism.
A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A system process carried out by the organs and tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.
respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system
The flow of lymph through the body of an animal.
A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.
The neurological process in which nerve impulses arising in the aorta or the carotid sinuses travel to the medulla and reach the nucleus of tractus solaris.
central nervous system control of baroreceptor feedback
The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
detection of reduced oxygen by chemoreceptor signalling
detection of reduced oxygen by chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
detection of increased carbon dioxide by chemoreceptor signalling
detection of increased carbon dioxide by chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
detection of pH by chemoreceptor signalling
detection of pH by chemoreceptor signaling
The series of events by which an increase in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.
baroreceptor detection of increased arterial stretch
The series of events by which a decrease in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.
baroreceptor detection of decreased arterial stretch
The neural regulation of blood pressure in which baroreceptors sense the amount of stretch occurring in vessels and respond to the input via central nervous system control.
baroreceptor regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by baroreceptor feedback
The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the aorta and responding to the input via central nervous system control.
aortic arch baroreceptor control of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by aortic arch baroreceptor feedback
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
carotid body chemoreceptor regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
carotid body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
aortic body chemoreceptor regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
aortic body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies.
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling
The series of events in which a hydrogen ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a carbon dioxide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies.
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body.
detection of increased carbon dioxide by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of increased carbon dioxide by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body.
detection of increased carbon dioxide by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of increased carbon dioxide by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body.
detection of pH by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of pH by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body.
detection of pH by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of pH by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body.
detection of reduced oxygen by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of reduced oxygen by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body.
detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling
detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which the molecular signal from an aortic body is relayed to the vasomotor center, causing it to signal an increase arterial pressure.
excitation of vasomotor center by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling
excitation of vasomotor center by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling
The process in which the molecular signal from a carotid body is relayed to the vasomotor center, causing it to signal an increase arterial pressure.
excitation of vasomotor center by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling
excitation of vasomotor center by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling
A process that is triggered by carotid body-vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
vasoconstriction of artery during carotid body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
vasoconstriction of artery involved in carotid body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
A process that is triggered by aortic body-vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
vasoconstriction of artery during aortic body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
vasoconstriction of artery involved in aortic body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
blood pressure regulation mediated by a chemical signal
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of forces within the circulatory system.
blood pressure regulation by physical factors
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by physical factors
The intrinsic circulatory process resulting from stress relaxation that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. Stress relaxation is the adaptation of vessels to a new size as a result of changes in pressure in storage areas such as veins, the liver, the spleen, and the lungs.
blood pressure regulation by stress relaxation
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by stress relaxation
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the catecholamine signaling molecule epinephrine.
regulation of blood pressure by adrenaline
blood pressure regulation by epinephrine
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by epinephrine
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the catecholamine signaling molecule norepinephrine.
regulation of blood pressure by noradrenaline
blood pressure regulation by norepinephrine
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by norepinephrine
The intrinsic circulatory process resulting from capillary fluid shift that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. Capillary fluid shift is the movement of fluid across the capillary membrane between the blood and the interstitial fluid compartment.
blood pressure regulation by capillary fluid shift
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by capillary fluid shift
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule atrial natriuretic peptide.
blood pressure regulation by atrial natriuretic peptide
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by atrial natriuretic peptide
The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst.
Any process in which an organism modulates its blood pressure at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
circadian regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
Any process in which an organism modulates its heart rate at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
circadian regulation of heart contraction rate
The process in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates blood pressure at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
master pacemaker clock regulation of blood pressure
circadian regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
The process in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates heart rate at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
master pacemaker clock regulation of heart rate
circadian regulation of heart contraction rate by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
circadian regulation of heart rate by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction
The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction by chemical signal
regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal
The process in which the hormones modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
hormonal regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction
hormonal regulation of the force of heart contraction
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
adrenaline regulation of the strength of heart muscle contraction
increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine
positive regulation of heart contraction by adrenaline
positive regulation of heart contraction by epinephrine
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine
The process in which acetylcholine released from vagus nerve endings binds to muscarinic receptors and decreases the force of heart muscle contraction.
decreased force of heart contraction by acetylcholine
negative regulation of the force of heart contraction by acetylcholine
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
increased force of heart contraction by norepinephrine
noradrenaline regulation of the strength of heart muscle contraction
increased force of heart contraction by adrenaline
positive regulation of heart contraction by norepinephrine
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by norepinephrine
The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
chemical signal regulation of heart rate
chemical signal regulation of heart contraction rate
regulation of heart rate by chemical signal
The process in which acetylcholine released from vagus nerve endings binds to muscarinic receptors on the pacemaker cells and decreases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
negative regulation of heart contraction rate by acetylcholine
negative regulation of heart rate by acetylcholine
The process in which the hormones modulates the rate of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
regulation of the rate of heart contraction by hormone
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
adrenaline regulation of the rate of heart muscle contraction
positive regulation of heart contraction rate by epinephrine
positive regulation of heart rate by adrenaline
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
noradrenaline regulation of the rate of heart muscle contraction
positive regulation of heart contraction rate by norepinephrine
positive regulation of heart rate by norepinephrine
The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system contributing to different values of blood pressure oscillating with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
circadian regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by acetylcholine signaling. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter.
blood pressure regulation by acetylcholine
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by acetylcholine
The process in which acetylcholine signaling causes vasodilation, resulting in a change in blood pressure.
vasodilation by acetylcholine involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by a neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by neurotransmitter
Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renal control of peripheral vascular resistence
renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by control of peripheral vascular resistence
renal control of peripheral vascular resistance involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the rate of diuresis. Diuresis is the process of renal water excretion.
This term was made obsolete because its definition was inaccurate.
The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system.
renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system
renal vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
OBSOLETE. Any process that reduces the rate of diuresis. Diuresis is the process of renal water excretion.
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natriuresis, the process of renal sodium excretion.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natriuresis.
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of natriuresis, the process of renal sodium excretion.
The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
blood pressure regulation by renin-angiotensin
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin
OBSOLETE. Any process in which angiotensin directly increases the rate of natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney.
angiotensin mediated positive regulation of renal output
angiotensin-mediated positive regulation of renal output
This term was made obsolete because the term is misleading.
positive regulation of renal output by angiotensin
The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney.
angiotensin mediated negative regulation of renal output
angiotensin-mediated negative regulation of renal output
negative regulation of renal output by angiotensin
The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.
positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.
negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the kidney modulate the force with which blood passes through the renal circulatory system. The process begins when renin cleaves angiotensinogen.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by local renal renin-angiotensin
The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine released from the nerve endings
increased force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine
increased force of heart contraction by neuronal adrenaline
positive regulation of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine in the bloodstream
increased force of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline
positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline
positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream.
increased force of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline-noradrenaline
increased force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine
increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine in the blood stream
positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline-noradrenaline
positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine released from the nerve endings.
increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine released from the nerve endings
increased force of heart contraction by neuronal adrenaline-noradrenaline
increased force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine-norepinephrine
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine-norepinephrine
Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.
The process in which renal water excretion is decreased.
negative regulation of renal water excretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein.
The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis).
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the kidney.
The directed movement of water (H2O) by the kidney.
The process in which blood volume is regulated due to a change in the rate of glomerular filtration. This is accomplished by a feedback mechanism that senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Any process which increases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
positive regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction by chemical signal
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal
The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin
The process in which epinephrine-norepinephrine modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
regulation of blood pressure by circulating adrenaline-noradrenaline
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory epinephrine-norepinephrine
OBSOLETE. Any process mediated by angiotensin that increases the rate of diuresis.
angiotensin-mediated positive regulation of diuresis
positive regulation of diuresis by angiotensin
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of diuresis. Diuresis is the process of renal water excretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
positive regulation of glomerular filtration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
negative regulation of glomerular filtration
The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of glomerular filtration in the kidney. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
angiotensin-mediated regulation of glomerular filtration
regulation of glomerular filtration by angiotensin
negative regulation of glomerular filtration by angiotensin
OBSOLETE. The process in which angiotensin increases the rate of natriuresis indirectly via diuresis. Natriuresis is the process of renal sodium excretion.
angiotensin-mediated positive regulation of natriuresis
positive regulation of natriuresis by angiotensin
Any process which decreases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
negative regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction by chemical signal
negative regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
increased force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine
increased force of heart contraction by circulating noradrenaline
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine
The process in which the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
increased force of heart contraction by neuronal norepinephrine
increased force of heart contraction by neuronal noradrenaline
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal norepinephrine
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
positive regulation of heart rate by circulating adrenaline
positive regulation of heart rate by circulating epinephrine
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal adrenaline
positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal epinephrine
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal noradrenaline
positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal norepinephrine
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
positive regulation of heart rate by circulating noradrenaline
positive regulation of heart rate by circulating norepinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasoconstriction by epinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasoconstriction by norepinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating noradrenaline
regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating norepinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of norepinephrine released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal noradrenaline
regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal norepinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of epinephrine released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal adrenaline
regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal epinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream.
regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating adrenaline
regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating epinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasodilation by adrenaline
regulation of vasodilation by epinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasodilation by noradrenaline
regulation of vasodilation by norepinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream.
regulation of vasodilation by circulating adrenaline
regulation of vasodilation by circulating epinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of epinephrine released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasodilation by neuronal adrenaline
regulation of vasodilation by neuronal epinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
regulation of vasodilation by circulating noradrenaline
regulation of vasodilation by circulating norepinephrine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of norepinephrine released by nerve endings.
regulation of vasodilation by neuronal noradrenaline
regulation of vasodilation by neuronal norepinephrine
The series of events by which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cilium on a cell and converted to a molecular signal contributing to left/right asymmetry.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop.
The close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to heart induction.
BMP signalling pathway involved in heart induction
BMP signaling pathway involved in heart induction
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells that contributes to heart induction.
mesodermal-endodermal cell signalling involved in heart induction
mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling involved in heart induction
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells that contributes to heart induction.
endodermal-mesodermal cell signalling involved in heart induction
endodermal-mesodermal cell signaling involved in heart induction
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to heart induction.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in heart induction
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in heart induction
Any canonical Wnt receptor signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.
negative regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification by Wnt receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of heart induction by canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of heart induction by canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.
Notch signalling pathway involved in heart induction
Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).
The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.
determination of left/right asymmetry in lateral mesoderm
OBSOLETE. The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry determination.
TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
TGF-beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
TGFbeta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway involved in lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry determination
transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
This term was made obsolete because it describes involvement of the nodal signaling pathway in lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry. Nodal proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, but are distinct from TGF-beta proteins themselves. TGF-beta proteins are not currently known to regulate left/right asymmetry in the lateral mesoderm.
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.
embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding
The morphogenetic process in which the heart cone is displaced to the left with respect to the vector of the anterior-posterior axis.
The characteristic movement of a cell from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube towards the heart and that contributes to heart formation.
neural crest cell migration involved in heart formation
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.
The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.
The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation.
morphogenesis of an epithelial fold involved in embryonic heart tube formation
Creation of the central hole of the embryonic heart tube by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the determination of left/right symmetry.
BMP signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
BMP signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right symmetry
BMP signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right symmetry
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that contributes to the determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.
BMP signaling pathway involved in lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry determination
BMP signalling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
BMP signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities,and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
cardiac impulse conducting system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bundle of His over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bundle of His is part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the atrioventricular bundle. These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
atrioventricular bundle cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle.
cardiac Purkinje fiber cell differentiation
The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized.
The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.
The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the sinoatrial valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventriculo bulbo valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the mitral valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the tricuspid valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the aortic valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the pulmonary valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the valve of the coronary sinus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the coronary sinus valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the sinoatrial valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the tricuspid valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the ventriculo bulbo valve is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the aortic valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the coronary sinus valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mitral valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pulmonary valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinoatrial valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the tricuspid valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ventriculo bulbo valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.
epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation
A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of a cardiac valve.
endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in valve formation
endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation
A transition where an endocardial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the heart septum.
endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart chamber septation
A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the shaping of the coronary vasculature.
epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in coronary vasculature morphogenesis
A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will give rise to the cardiac skeleton.
endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in cardiac skeleton development
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart.
The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
left ventricular myocardium morphogenesis
left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
right ventricle myocardium morphogenesis
right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the compact cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular compact myocardium are generated and organized.
left ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular trabecular myocardium are generated and organized.
left ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular compact myocardium are generated and organized.
right ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular myocardium are generated and organized.
right ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
atrial cardiac muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bulbus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber.
The process in which the bulbus arteriosus is generated and organized. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic cardiac chamber.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the bulbus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic chamber of the heart.
The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The morphogenic growth in which the chambers of the heart expand in size, contributing to their shaping.
The morphogenetic growth in which the left ventricle grows expanding its external boundary.
circumferential growth involved in left ventricle morphogenesis
The morphogenic growth in which the right ventricle grows along a radial axis.
radial growth involved in right ventricle morphogenesis
The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
cardiac muscle tissue growth involved in heart morphogenesis
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell during the embryonic period, that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
embryonic cardiac muscle physiological hypertrophy
embryonic cardiac muscle cell growth involved in heart morphogenesis
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell during the postembryonic period that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
post-embryonic cardiac muscle cell growth involved in heart morphogenesis
The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract.
cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial precursor cell. A endocardial precursor cell is a cell that has been committed to a endocardial cell fate, but will undergo further cell divisions rather than terminally differentiate.
endocardial precursor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of a myocardial precursor cell.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of a myocardial precursor cell.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of an endocardial precursor cell.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in endocardial precursor cell differentiation
The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the head and laterally to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The orderly movement of a myocardial progenitor cell toward the midline to form the heart field. Cardiac muscle progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into myocardial cells of the heart.
myocardial progenitor cell midline convergence
cardiac muscle progenitor cell migration to the midline involved in heart field formation
The orderly movement of an endocardial progenitor cell toward the midline to form the heart field. Cardiac muscle progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into endocardial cells of the heart.
endocardial progenitor cell migration to the midline involved in heart field formation
The multiplication or reproduction of cardioblasts, resulting in the expansion of the population in the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the primary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
regulation of FHF cardioblast proliferation
regulation of first heart field cardioblast proliferation
regulation of first heart field cardiac proliferation
regulation of primary heart field cardioblast proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).
regulation of SHF cardioblast proliferation
regulation of second heart field cardioblast proliferation
regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a target cell resulting in an increase in the frequency, or rate of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of second heart field cardioblast proliferation
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of second heart field cardioblast cell proliferation
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast cell proliferation
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast cell proliferation
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
BMP signaling pathway involved in regulation of second heart field cardioblast proliferation
BMP signalling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
BMP signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Notch signalling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
Notch signaling pathway involved in regulation of second heart field cardioblast proliferation
Notch signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
hedgehog signaling pathway involved in regulation of second heart field cardioblast proliferation
hh signaling pathway involved in regulation of second heart field cardioblast proliferation
smoothened receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of second heart field cardioblast proliferation
smoothened receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
smoothened receptor signalling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
smoothened signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation
The cell-cell adhesion process of mesenchymal cardiac cushion cells that contributes to the process of cushion shaping.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
apoptosis involved in heart valve morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in heart valve morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
apoptosis involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
apoptosis involved in heart morphogenesis
apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis
The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventricular septum intermedium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
ventricular septum intermedium development
The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the septum secundum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the atrial septum intermedium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process in which a ventricular septum intermedium is generated and organized.
ventricular septum intermedium morphogenesis
The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum primum is generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum secundum is generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum intermedium is generated and organized.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell give rise to a cell that is part of a heart valve.
The reorganization or renovation of heart tissue that contributes to the maturation of the connection between an atrium and a ventricle.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells that contributes to the reorganization of tissue resulting in the maturation of the atrial ventricular junction.
cell proliferation involved in atrio-ventricular junction remodeling
cell proliferation involved in atrioventricular junction remodeling
cell proliferation involved in atrial ventricular junction remodeling
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the reorganization of tissue resulting in the maturation of the atrial ventricular junction.
apoptosis involved in atrio-ventricular junction remodeling
apoptosis involved in atrioventricular junction remodeling
apoptosis involved in atrial ventricular junction remodeling
apoptotic process involved in atrial ventricular junction remodeling
The morphogenetic process in which the aorta inserts between the atrioventricular valves, contributing to the shaping of the heart.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
muscle hypertrophy in response to stress
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.
physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the process of heart jogging.
transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway involved in heart jogging
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway involved in heart jogging
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the process of heart jogging.
BMP signalling pathway involved in heart jogging
BMP signaling pathway involved in heart jogging
The morphogenetic process in which the myocardium bends along a linear axis and contributes to the process of heart jogging.
myocardial epithelial involution involved in heart jogging
The orderly movement of a cell of the myocardium from one site to another that will contribute to heart jogging.
cell migration involved in heart jogging
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in heart development
Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in heart development
regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in heart development
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell differentiation
The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment.
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an myocardial progenitor cell that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.
myocardial progenitor epithelial polarization
establishment of myocardial progenitor cell apical/basal polarity
The attachment of cardiac progenitor cells to one another that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.
The orderly movement of a cell toward the midline that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
cell migration to the midline involved in heart development
The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline that contributes to the initial appearance of the heart rudiment.
cardioblast migration to the midline involved in heart rudiment formation
The inward folding of myocardial tissue derived from the right half of the heart rudiment that will form the future ventral part of the heart tube.
Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased by the chemicals epinephrine and norepinephrine.
positive regulation of blood pressure by epinephrine-norepinephrine
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic PP cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic A cell and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The commitment of a cell to a type B pancreatic cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic D cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic D cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic PP cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic PP cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
negative regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.
The delamination process that results in the shedding of a corneocyte from the surface of the epidermis.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
metanephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.
The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.
The coordinated movement of a mesenchymal proepicardial cell to the surface of the developing heart.
proepicardium cell migration involved in pericardium morphogenesis
The orderly movement of a cell that have undergone an epithelial to mesenchymal transition from the epicardium into the myocardium.
epicardium-derived cell migration to the myocardium
A transition where an epicardial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. The epicardium is a part of the pericardium.
epicardial cell to mesenchymal cell transition
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
cardiac endothelial cell differentiation
The process in which an epicardial cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
epicardium-derived cardiac endothelial cell differentiation
The progression of the pulmonary myocardium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium of an epithelial cell. This movement is usually coordinated between many epithelial cells, and serves to move fluid.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium of an inner ear epithelial cell, resulting the aggregation of otolith seed particles.
cilium movement involved in otolith formation
Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.
norepinephrine secreting neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
norepinephrine secreting neuron development
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron.
norepinephrine secreting neuron fate commitment
The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem.
noradrenergic neuron differentiation involved in brainstem development
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem.
noradrenergic neuron fate commitment involved in brainstem development
Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell that contributes to the directed self propelled movement of a cell.
lamellipodium assembly involved in ameboidal cell migration
Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell that contributes to the directed self-propelled movement of a mesendodermal cell.
lamellipodium assembly involved in mesendodermal cell migration
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.
establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of an ameboid cell.
cell-matrix adhesion involved in ameboidal cell migration
The attachment of one ameboid cell to another that contributes to the establishment of cell polarity that is part of the directed movement of one of the cells.
cell-cell adhesion involved in ameboidal cell migration
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of a mesendodermal cell.
cell-matrix adhesion involved in mesendodermal cell migration
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of a mesendodermal cell.
establishment of cell polarity involved in mesendodermal cell migration
The attachment of mesendodermal cells to each other that contributes to the establishment of cell polarity that is part of the directed movement of the cells of the mesendoderm.
cell-cell adhesion involved in mesendodermal cell migration
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in mesendodermal cell migration
The process of creating dynamin polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin monomers. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.
dynamin polymerization involved in membrane fission
The process of creating dynamin polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.
dynamin polymerization involved in mitochondrial fission
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of membrane fission.
regulation of dynamin polymerization involved in membrane fission
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
S1P-activated G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
S1P-stimulated signal transduction pathway
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) can act both as an extracellular ligand for cell surface G-protein coupled receptors, and as an intracellular second messenger. GO:0003376 describes a pathway where S1P acts as an extracellular ligand. Where S1P acts within the cell to transmit a signal, consider instead 'intracellular signal transduction ; GO:0035556' or 'G-protein signaling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating) ; GO:0001789'.
sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway
A sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of apoptosis.
regulation of apoptosis by sphingolipid signaling pathway
regulation of apoptosis by sphingolipid signalling pathway
regulation of apoptosis by sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway
A sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the inflammatory response.
regulation of inflammatory response by sphingolipid signaling pathway
regulation of inflammatory response by sphingolipid signalling pathway
regulation of inflammatory response by sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in gastrulation
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation.
epithelial cell morphogenesis involved in gastrulation
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.
The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.
The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell, contributing to the process of gastrulation.
apical constriction involved in gastrulation
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of an amphid sensory organ over time, from its formation to the mature state.
cell-cell signalling involved in amphid sensory organ development
cell-cell signaling involved in amphid sensory organ development
The progression of the amphid sensory organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that contributes to the progression of the amphid sensory gland.
neuron differentiation involved in amphid sensory organ development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, that contributes to the development of the amphid sensory organ.
neuron development involved in amphid sensory organ development
The progression of a neuronal projection over time by the attachment of a part of the cell to an anchor and the subsequent migration of the cell body away from the anchor point.
The progression of a dendrite over time by the attachment of a part of the neuron to an anchor and the subsequent migration of the cell body away from the anchor point.
dendrite development by retrograde extension
The progression of an amphid sensory organ's neuronal dendrite over time by the attachment of a part of the cell to an anchor and the subsequent migration of the cell body away from the anchor point.
amphid sensory organ dendrite retrograde extension
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix that contributes to the process of retrograde extension.
cell adhesion involved in retrograde extension
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension.
neuron migration involved in retrograde extension
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite.
cell adhesion involved in dendrite retrograde extension
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite.
neuron migration involved in dendrite retrograde extension
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite in a neuron of the amphid sensory organ.
cell adhesion involved in amphid sensory organ dendrite retrograde extension
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite of a neuron in the amphid sensory organ.
neuron migration involved in amphid sensory organ dendrite retrograde extension
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the amphid sensory organ.
glial cell differentiation involved in amphid sensory organ development
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cytoneme are shaped. A cytoneme is a long, thin and polarized actin-based cytoplasmic extension that projects from a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The developmental growth that results in the lengthening of the optic vesicle in the posterior direction.
The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.
The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.
optic cup formation involved in camera-type eye development
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of the optic cup. This process pertains to the physical shaping of the rudimentary structure.
A 90 degree-rotation of the optic cup resulting in its alignment with the anterior-posterior body axis.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye.
cell motility involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell that contributes to the shaping of a camera-type eye.
establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized.
chondrocyte morphogenesis involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time.
The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte differentiation
The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the columnar cartilage along the axis of a long bone that contributes to bone growth.
growth plate cartilage axis determination
growth plate cartilage axis specification
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.
The process resulting in the oriented physical partitioning and separation of a chondrocytes in the growth plate.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division
The cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization that results in the directional division of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte polarization
establishment of cell polarity involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures and contributes to oriented chondrocyte division in the growth plate.
establishment of mitotic spindle orientation involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the polarization of cytoskeletal structures in a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte. This process results in the oriented division of the cell.
cytoskeleton polarization involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the polarization of cytoskeletal structures in a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte. This process results in the oriented division of the cell.
regulation of cytoskeleton polarization involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division by planar cell polarity pathway
regulation of cytoskeleton polarization involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division
The orderly movement of a chondrocyte from one site to another that contributes to the shaping of growth plate cartilage in an endochondral bone.
chondrocyte intercalation involved in growth plate cartilage morphogenesis
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte in the growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte morphogenesis
The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte hypertrophy
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth
The progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time from after its fate commitment to the mature cell.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the shaping of the chondrocyte over time.
cell growth involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte morphogenesis
The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.
chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time.
BMP signalling pathway involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
BMP signaling pathway involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that contributes to the progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time.
hedgehog signaling pathway involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
hh signaling pathway involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
smoothened signalling pathway involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
smoothened signaling pathway involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix and contributes to the shaping of the growth plate cartilage of an endochondral bone.
regulation of cell adhesion involved in growth plate cartilage morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication that contributes to the shaping of the growth plate cartilage.
regulation of cell communication involved in growth plate cartilage morphogenesis
OBSOLETE. A controlled vocabulary that can be applied to all organisms even as knowledge of gene and protein roles in cells is accumulating and changing. GO provides three structured networks of defined terms to describe gene product attributes.
Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
Note that this term was deleted from GO and was restored to the ontology in Feb 2003 to ensure that the ID is not reused.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid.
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA helix.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oligo(A) and oligo(T) tracts of DNA (AT DNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA in a bent conformation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
nuclear membrane vesicle binding to chromatin
This term was made obsolete because it represents two functions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA.
This term was made obsolete because it includes a process term.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a true molecular function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded telomere-associated DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA in the Z form, i.e. a left-handed helix in which the phosphate backbone zigzags.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any P-element, a class of Drosophila transposon responsible for hybrid dysgenesis.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with a plasmid, an extrachromosomal genetic element usually characterized as a covalently continuous double stranded DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microorganisms.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to component information.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA in a random coil configuration.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with satellite DNA, the many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short basic repeating unit; many have a base composition or other property different from the genome average that allows them to be separated from the bulk (main band) genomic DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded DNA.
Note that this term is restricted to those cases where the binding is to a single-stranded DNA molecule, not to one of the stands of double-stranded DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
OBSOLETE. Functions to initiate or regulate RNA polymerase I transcription.
This term was obsoleted because it is essentially identical to a Process term (specifically the Biological Process term which has been selected as a term to consider for reannotation), i.e. it is defined only in terms of the process it acts in and it does NOT convey any information about the molecular nature of the function or whether the function is based on binding DNA, on interacting with other proteins, or some other mechanism. To transfer all annotations without review, the BP term indicated is considered to be equivalent and thus the only appropriate destination for all annotations. To reannotate to a MF term, you will probably need to revisit the original literature or other primary data because this "MF" term was not defined in terms of mechanism of action and there are multiple possibilities in the revised MF structure. In reannotation, please also consider descendent terms of the suggested MF terms as a more specific term may be more appropriate than the MF terms indicated. Please be aware that you may wish to request a new term if the mechanism of action of this gene product is not yet represented or if you are annotating for an RNAP different than one for which there is a specific suggested term. Also note that if there is no information about how the gene product acts, it may be appropriate to annotate to the root term for molecular_function.
RNA polymerase I transcription factor activity
OBSOLETE. Functions to initiate or regulate RNA polymerase II transcription.
RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
OBSOLETE. Functions to enable the transcription of specific, or specific sets, of genes by RNA polymerase II.
This term was obsoleted because "general/nonspecific/basal" transcription vs "specific" transcription were determined not to be separable, distinct process. Thus, terms trying to distinguish "general/nonspecific/basal" transcription from "specific" transcription were removed from both the Molecular Function and the Biological Process ontologies. In addition, this Molecular Function term was defined only in terms of the process it acts in and it does NOT convey any information about the molecular nature of the function or whether the function is based on binding DNA, on interacting with other proteins, or some other mechanism. To transfer all annotations without review, the BP term indicated is considered to be equivalent and thus the only appropriate destination for all annotations. To reannotate to a MF term, you will probably need to revisit the original literature or other primary data because this "MF" term was not defined in terms of mechanism of action and there are multiple possibilities in the revised MF structure. In reannotation, please also consider descendent terms of the suggested MF terms as a more specific term may be more appropriate than the MF terms indicated. Also note that if there is no information about how the gene product acts, it may be appropriate to annotate to the root term for molecular_function.
specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
sequence-specific distal enhancer binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
OBSOLETE. Functions to enable the transcription of specific, or specific sets, of genes by RNA polymerase II in response to a ligand.
This term was made obsolete because it does not convey any information about the molecular nature of the function or whether the function is based on binding DNA, on interacting with other proteins, or some other mechanism.
ligand-regulated transcription factor activity
Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.
Some steroid hormone receptors reside in the plasma membrane and signal through second messengers or other intracellular signal transduction pathways. For steroid hormone receptors that act in the nucleus to regulate transcription, consider also annotating to the terms: ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0038049' or ligand-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038049'.
Combining with retinoic acid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Retinoic acid is one of the forms of vitamin A.
OBSOLETE. Functions to initiate or regulate RNA polymerase III transcription.
RNA polymerase III transcription factor activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that modulates the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule following transcription initiation.
transcription elongation factor activity
transcriptional elongation regulator activity
transcription elongation regulator activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a regulatory transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repressing transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressive transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription.
transcriptional termination factor activity
transcription termination factor activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription by RNA polymerase I.
Pol I transcription termination factor activity
RNA polymerase I transcription termination factor activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Pol II transcription termination factor activity
RNA polymerase II transcription termination factor activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription by RNA polymerase III.
Pol III transcription termination factor activity
RNA polymerase III transcription termination factor activity
This term was made obsolete because sequestering is a process rather than a function.
transcription factor binding, cytoplasmic sequestering
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.
Catalysis of the extension of the 3' end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. Cannot initiate a chain de novo; uses the RNA subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex as its template.
telomeric template RNA reverse transcriptase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a RNA helix.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a double-stranded RNA molecule.
double-stranded RNA specific editase activity
double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded RNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 3' untranslated region of an mRNA molecule.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with the 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.
This term was made obsolete because the functional distinction for cap binding is the structure of the cap, not the type of RNA it is attached to.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with the cap structure at the 5' end of a small nuclear RNA molecule.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a cellular component rather than a molecular function.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.
Note that this term may be used to annotate ribosomal RNAs as well as ribosomal proteins.
Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
Involved in catalyzing the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a single molecular function.
OBSOLETE. Assists in the correct non-covalent assembly of polypeptide-containing structures in vivo, but is not a component of these assembled structures when they are performing their normal biological function.
This term was made obsolete because, as defined, it represents a class of gene products rather than a molecular function. The term string is also ambiguous, having connotations of involvement in transport processes.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0).
peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerase activity
peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase activity
FK506-sensitive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase
cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity
juglone-sensitive cis-trans proline isomerase activity
juglone-sensitive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
OBSOLETE. Assists in the correct, non-covalent assembly of glycoproteins in vivo, but is not a component of the assembled structures when performing its normal biological function. Utilizes a lectin site as a means to associate with the unfolded glycoproteins.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a class of gene products and a biological process rather than a molecular function.
glycoprotein-specific chaperone activity
OBSOLETE. Assists in chromatin assembly by chaperoning histones on to replicating DNA, but is not a component of the assembled nucleosome when performing its normal biological function.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP involved in maintaining an unfolded polypeptide structure before folding or to entry into mitochondria and chloroplasts.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a class of gene products, and its definition incorporates process information.
OBSOLETE. Co-chaperones are proteins that bind to chaperones and this complex then folds misfolded proteins. Co-chaperones by themselves do not possess chaperone activity.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a class of gene products rather than a molecular function.
OBSOLETE. Co-chaperonins are proteins that bind to chaperones and this complex then folds misfolded proteins. Co-chaperonins by themselves do not possess chaperone activity.
OBSOLETE. Any of a group of specific proteins that are synthesized by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells after they have been exposed to a temperature that is higher than normal. Other stresses, e.g. free radical damage, have a similar effect. Many members of the hsp family are not induced but are present in all cells. They are characterized by their role as molecular chaperones.
Catalysis of movement along a polymeric molecule such as a microfilament or microtubule, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate.
This term was made obsolete because it includes cellular component information.
This term was made obsolete because it includes anatomy information.
Catalysis of movement along a microtubule, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP).
Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'microtubule binding ; GO:0008017'.
This term was made obsolete because the dynactin complex is not a motor as such, but does regulate the dynein motor complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with two actin filaments to anchor them together.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a combination of molecular functions.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a biological process.
This term was made obsolete because it describes two biological processes.
barbed-end actin capping/severing activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric actin, also known as G-actin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament along its length.
This term was made obsolete because sequestering is a process, not an activity.
This term was made obsolete because it does not make sense.
This term was made obsolete because it contains both component and function information.
This term was made obsolete because the term belongs in the process ontology.
regulation of actin thin filament length activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that plays a role in the defense/immune response of an organism against infection and disease.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to involvement in a biological process.
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the growth of, or directly kills, microbial cells.
This term was made obsolete because it describes involvement in a process and not a function.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins.
mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase activity
peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the growth of, or directly kills, bacterial cells.
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the growth of, or directly kills, bacterial cells, but which is only expressed in males.
male-specific antibacterial peptide activity
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the growth of, or directly kills, fungal cells.
OBSOLETE. A protein involved in an antiviral response.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of one Arg-Ile bond in factor X to form factor Xa, and on factor IX to form factor IXa beta.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of the Arg-Ile bond in factor X to form factor Xa.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Arg-Thr and then Arg-Ile bonds in prothrombin to form thrombin, and on factor VII, which it converts to a two-chain form (factor VIIa).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of Arg-Ala and Arg-Val bonds in factor IX to form factor IXa.
plasma thromboplastin antecedent activity
activated plasma thromboplastin antecedent
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of Arg-Ile bonds in factor VII to form factor VIIa and factor XI to form factor XIa.
activated beta blood-coagulation factor XII
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of Arg-Xaa and Lys-Xaa bonds, including Lys-Arg and Arg-Ser bonds in (human) kininogen to release bradykinin.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the degradation of blood coagulation factors Va and VIIIa.
activated blood coagulation factor XIV activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Arg-Gly; activates fibrinogen to fibrin and releases fibrinopeptide A and B.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links.
R-glutaminyl-peptide:amine gamma-glutamyl transferase activity
glutaminylpeptide gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase
protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Any of a set of activities involved in the complement cascade.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of Arg-Ser bond in complement component C3 alpha-chain to yield C3a and C3b, and Arg bond in complement component C5 alpha-chain to yield C5a and C5b.
alternative complement pathway C3(C5) convertase activity
complement C 3(C 5) convertase (amplification)
complement component C3/C5 convertase (alternative) activity
cobra venom factor-dependent C3 convertase
(CVF)-dependent glycine-rich-beta-glucoprotein
alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of Arg-Ser bond in complement component C3 alpha-chain to form C3a and C3b, and Arg bond in complement component C5 alpha-chain to form C5a and C5b.
classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of Lys(or Arg)-Ile bond in complement subcomponent C1s to form the active form of C1s (EC:3.4.21.42).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of component C4 to C4a and C4b (Arg-Ala bond), and component C2 to C2a and C2b (Lys-Lys or Arg-Lys bond).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of component factor B (Arg-Lys) when in complex with C3b or with cobra venom factor (CVF).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the inactivation of complement subcomponents C3b, iC3b and C4b by proteolytic cleavage.
complement component C3b inactivator activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product, and because describing something as an 'antigen' means that an organism can produce antibodies to it, which says nothing about the gene product activity.
major histocompatibility complex antigen
class I major histocompatibility complex antigen
class II major histocompatibility complex antigen
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-glucose-6-phosphate = UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose-6-phosphate.
UDP-glucose-glucose-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-glucosephosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:D-glucose-6-phosphate 1-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-glucose-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:D-glucose-6-phosphate 1-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphate synthase (UDP-forming)
phosphotrehalose-uridine diphosphate transglucosylase activity
trehalose 6-phosphate synthetase activity
trehalose phosphate-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase activity
trehalosephosphate-UDP glucosyl transferase activity
trehalosephosphate-UDP glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction involving an alpha-ketoacid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 3-(2-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + H(+) + UDP.
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity
N-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyl:alpha-1,3-D-mannoside-beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyl:alpha-3-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity
alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactoside alpha-2,8-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
CMP-NeuAc:LM1 alpha-(2->8)-sialyltranferase activity
CMP-NeuAc:LM1(alpha-2,8) sialyltranferase activity
alpha-N-acetylneuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase activity
ganglioside GD3 synthetase sialyltransferase activity
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-ganglioside GM3
alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)]-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R.
O-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:O-glycosyl-glycoprotein (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to N-acetyl-D-galactosamine of beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R) beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
beta(6)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
beta6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
core 2 acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-mucin beta-(1,6)-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-mucin beta-(1->6)-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + 4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III activity
N-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
beta-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
beta-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-glycopeptide beta-4-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-glycopeptide beta4-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III
beta-1,4-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.
UDP-D-xylose:glycoprotein (D-xylose to the 3,6-disubstituted mannose of 4-N-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine) 2-beta-D-xylosyltransferase activity
UDP-D-xylose:glycoprotein (D-xylose to the 3,6-disubstituted mannose of N4-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine) 2-beta-D-xylosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose--glycoprotein galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
beta-N-acetyl-beta-(1,4)-galactosyltransferase activity
beta-N-acetyl-beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
glycoprotein 4-beta-galactosyl-transferase activity
glycoprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
glycoprotein beta-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransferase activity
thyroid glycoprotein beta-galactosyltransferase
beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl dopamine + H2O = dopamine + beta-alanine.
N-beta-alanyl-dopamine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the synthesis of beta-alanyl-dopamine from the precursor dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine).
N-beta-alanyl dopamine synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-carotene + O(2) = 2 retinal.
beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity
beta-carotene:oxygen 15,15'-oxidoreductase (bond-cleaving)
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.13.11.21.
beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine alpha-2,6-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:beta-D-galactoside alpha-2,3-N-acetylneuraminyl-transferase activity
beta-galactoside (CMP) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine + H2O = beta-alanine + CO2 + NH3.
N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 5-alpha-cholest-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 24-methylene-5-alpha-cholest-8-en-3-beta-ol.
S-adenosyl-4-methionine:sterol Delta(24)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-4-methionine:sterol delta24-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Delta(24(23))-sterol methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Delta24(23)-sterol methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:zymosterol 24-C-methyltransferase activity
delta(24)-sterol C-methyltransferase activity
delta(24)-sterol methyltransferase activity
delta24-sterol methyltransferase activity
zymosterol-24-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid = 5-oxoproline + L-amino acid.
(5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino-acid 5-glutamyltransferase (cyclizing)
gamma-L-glutamylcyclotransferase activity
gamma-glutamyl-amino acid cyclotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid = peptide + 5-L-glutamyl-amino acid.
(5-L-glutamyl)-peptide:amino-acid 5-glutamyltransferase activity
L-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity
gamma-glutamyl peptidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.
1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
1-acylglycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase activity
1-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase activity
lysophosphatidate acyltransferase activity
lysophosphatidic acid-acyltransferase activity
1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NAD+ + H2O = L-glutamate + NADH + H(+).
1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
L-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity
1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n) = UDP + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n+1).
(1,3)-beta-glucan (callose) synthase activity
1,3-beta-D-glucan-UDP glucosyltransferase activity
1,3-beta-glucan-uridine diphosphoglucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-1,3-beta-D-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-1,3-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:(1,3)beta-glucan synthase activity
UDP-glucose:1,3-beta-D-glucan 3-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-1,3-beta-D-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:1,3-beta-D-glucan 3-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-1,3-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan chain to a primary hydroxyl group in a similar glucan chain.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-(1,4-alpha-D-glucano)-transferase activity
1,4-glucan-6-(1,4-glucano)-transferase activity
alpha-1,4-glucan:alpha-1,4-glucan-6-glycosyltransferase activity
alpha-glucan-branching glycosyltransferase activity
amylo-(1,4 to 1,6)transglucosidase activity
amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglycosylase activity
1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD(P)+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NAD(P)H + H(+).
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol.
acyl coenzyme A-monoglyceride acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
acylglycerol palmitoyltransferase activity
monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity
2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetate.
1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetohydrolase activity
1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetylhydrolase activity
2-acetyl-1-alkylglycerophosphocholine esterase activity
alkylacetyl-GPC:acetylhydrolase activity
LDL-associated phospholipase A(2) activity
platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity
1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine + ATP = (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate + AMP + 2 H(+).
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase activity
6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin diphosphokinase activity
6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase activity
7,8-dihydro-6-hydroxymethylpterin diphosphokinase activity
7,8-dihydro-6-hydroxymethylpterin pyrophosphokinase activity
7,8-dihydroxymethylpterin-pyrophosphokinase activity
ATP:2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine 6'-diphosphotransferase activity
H2-pteridine-CH2OH pyrophosphokinase activity
hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase activity
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-erythrose 4-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate + phosphate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphoheptonate aldolase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphoheptonate aldolase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase activity
3-deoxy-D-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase activity
3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptolosonate-7-phosphate synthetase activity
3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthetase activity
7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate D-erythrose-4-phosphate lyase (pyruvate-phosphorylating) activity
7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate D-erythrose-4-phosphate lyase (pyruvate-phosphorylating) activity
D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-phosphorylating) activity
deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthetase activity
phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxyheptanoate aldolase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxyheptonic aldolase activity
phospho-2-oxo-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:D-erythrose-4-phosphate C-(1-carboxyvinyl)transferase (phosphate-hydrolysing, 2-carboxy-2-oxoethyl-forming)
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.2.15.
3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate + H2O = 2-deoxy-D-glucose + phosphate.
2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine = UDP + 1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine.
UDP-galactose-ceramide galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosyl-transferase activity
UDPgalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosyl-transferase activity
UDPgalactose:2-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity
2-hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + acetyl-CoA + H(2)O = (2S)-2-isopropylmalate + CoA + H(+).
3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate-lyase (CoA-acetylating) activity
acetyl-CoA:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming)
alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase activity
alpha-isopropylmalic synthetase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.12.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + acceptor = 2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor.
2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
2-methylbutanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
2-methylbutanoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid + NAD+ = a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid + NADH + H(+).
3beta-hydroxy-delta5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase
3-beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase activity
3-beta-hydroxy-D5-steroid dehydrogenase activity
3beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase activity
3beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase activity
3beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase activity
3beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid oxidoreductase activity
3beta-hydroxy-delta5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase activity
3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase activity
3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
5-ene-3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
steroid-delta5-3beta-ol dehydrogenase activity
3-beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-dehydroquinate = 3-dehydroshikimate + H(2)O.
3-dehydroquinate hydro-lyase (3-dehydroshikimate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate = 3-dehydroquinate + phosphate.
3-deoxy-arabino-heptulonate-7-phosphate phosphate-lyase (cyclizing)
3-deoxy-arabino-heptulonate-7-phosphate phosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3-dehydroquinate-forming)
3-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate phosphate-lyase (cyclizing)
5-dehydroquinic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H(+).
L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity
L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
beta-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity
beta-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
beta-hydroxybutyrylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
See also 'long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0016509'.
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate + NAD(+) = acetoacetate + H(+) + NADH.
D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity
3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = crotonoyl-CoA + H(2)O.
(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase (crotonoyl-CoA-forming)
(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase activity
D-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydratase activity
D-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase activity
3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate.
3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA hydrolase activity
3-hydroxy-isobutyryl CoA hydrolase activity
3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-isopropylmalate = 2-isopropylmaleate + H2O.
(2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate hydro-lyase (2-isopropylmaleate-forming)
(2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate hydro-lyase activity
alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase activity
beta-isopropylmalate dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate + NAD+ = 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + NADH + H+.
(2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity
threo-Ds-3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity
3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoamide + CO2.
2-oxoisovalerate (lipoate) dehydrogenase activity
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) activity
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating)
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:lipoamide oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating) activity
alpha-keto-alpha-methylvalerate dehydrogenase activity
alpha-ketoisocaproate dehydrogenase activity
alpha-ketoisocaproic dehydrogenase activity
alpha-ketoisocaproic-alpha-keto-alpha-methylvaleric dehydrogenase activity
alpha-ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase activity
alpha-oxoisocaproate dehydrogenase activity
dehydrogenase, 2-oxoisovalerate (lipoate) activity
branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity
branched-chain (-2-oxoacid) dehydrogenase (BCD) activity
branched-chain 2-keto acid dehydrogenase activity
branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity
branched-chain alpha-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity
branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity
branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase activity
dehydrogenase, branched chain alpha-keto acid activity
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate = tetrahydrofolate + 2-dehydropantoate.
5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate:alpha-ketoisovalerate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
alpha-ketoisovalerate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
dehydropantoate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
oxopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid + reduced acceptor.
3-keto-delta4-steroid-5alpha-reductase activity
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase activity
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid delta4-dehydrogenase activity
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid:(acceptor) delta4-oxidoreductase activity
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid:acceptor delta4-oxidoreductase activity
4-ene-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-oxidoreductase activity
delta4-3-keto steroid 5alpha-reductase activity
delta4-3-ketosteroid5alpha-oxidoreductase activity
steroid delta4-5alpha-reductase activity
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphoshikimate + phosphoenolpyruvate = 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate + phosphate.
3-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase activity
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase activity
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + amino group acceptor = succinate semialdehyde + amino acid.
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity
4-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase activity
gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase activity
gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransaminase activity
gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase activity
gamma-aminobutyric transaminase activity
glutamate-succinic semialdehyde transaminase activity
beta-alanine--oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
beta-alanine-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O2 = homogentisate + CO2.
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase activity
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase activity
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase activity
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase activity
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid hydroxylase activity
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-nitrophenyl phosphate + H2O = 4-nitrophenol + phosphate.
4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + H(+) + succinyl-CoA = 5-aminolevulinate + CO(2) + CoA.
5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity
alpha-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity
delta-aminolevulinate synthetase activity
delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity
delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity
delta-aminolevulinic synthetase activity
succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate + L-homocysteine = L-methionine + tetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate.
5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
cobalamin-independent methionine synthase activity
methionine synthase (cobalamin-independent) activity
methyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamate:homocysteine methyltransferase activity
methyltransferase, tetrahydropteroylglutamate-homocysteine transmethylase activity
tetrahydropteroylglutamate-homocysteine transmethylase activity
tetrahydropteroyltriglutamate methyltransferase activity
5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose-6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase activity
ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
nucleotide triphosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP = beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (phosphorylating)
ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 2-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate 2-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate = 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + H(+) + triphosphate.
2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1S,2R)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate lyase activity
2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1S,2R)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydroxypteridine triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming)
6-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase activity
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine + H2O = L-arginine + ADP-ribose.
ADP-ribose-L-arginine cleavage enzyme activity
ADP-ribose-L-arginine cleaving enzyme activity
N(omega)-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity
nomega-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity
omega-protein-N-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity
protein ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity
protein-nomega-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H2O = IMP + NH3.
adenosine 5-monophosphate deaminase activity
adenosine 5-phosphate aminohydrolase activity
adenosine monophosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + ATP = phosphate + P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate.
adenine triphosphate adenylyltransferase activity
bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate phosphorylase (NDP-forming) activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1),P(4)-tetraphosphate phosphorylase activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate alphabeta-phosphorylase (ADP-forming)
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate phosphorylase activity
diadenosinetetraphosphate alpha-beta-phosphorylase activity
diadenosinetetraphosphate alphabeta-phosphorylase activity
dinucleoside oligophosphate alphabeta-phosphorylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ADP + H(+) + oxaloacetate + phosphate = ATP + citrate + CoA.
ATP:citrate oxaloacetate-lyase ((pro-S)-CH(2)COO(-)->acetyl-CoA) (ATP- dephosphorylating) activity
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate acetyltransferase (isomerizing; ADP- phosphorylating) activity
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate acetyltransferase (isomerizing; ADP-phosphorylating)
adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase activity
ATP:citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-S)-CH2COO-rightacetyl-CoA] (ATP-dephosphorylating)
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [(pro-S)-carboxymethyl-forming, ADP-phosphorylating]
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.8.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + diphosphate = ATP + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase activity
adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
phosphoribosyl ATP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphorylase activity
phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphorylase activity
phosphoribosyl-ATP:pyrophosphate-phosphoribosyl phosphotransferase activity
phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase activity
phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of a carboxyl group at the C-terminal of a protein.
C-terminal protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity
protein C-terminal carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + CDP-diacylglycerol = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + CMP + H(+).
CDP diglyceride-inositol phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol:myo-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol:myo-inositol-3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diglyceride-inositol transferase activity
CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase activity
CDPdiacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine 5'-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:myo-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphodiglyceride-inositol phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphoglyceride-inositol phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphoglyceride-inositol transferase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + L-serine = CMP + O-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine.
CDP-diacylglycerol-L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol:L-serine 3-O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diglyceride-L-serine phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diglyceride:serine phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diglycerine-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDPdiacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDPdiglyceride-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine 5'-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDPdiglyceride):L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine 5'-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphoglyceride-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UTP + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + CTP.
cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthetase activity
cytidine triphosphate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
D-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + O(2) = dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + H(2)O(2) + H(+).
D-arabinono-1,4-lactone:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA containing cytosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity
cytosine-specific DNA methyltransferase activity
deoxyribonucleic (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity
deoxyribonucleic acid (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity
site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (cytosine-specific) activity
methylphosphotriester-DNA methyltransferase activity
restriction-modification system activity
Note that EC:2.1.1.73 was deleted from EC as the reaction is performed by DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.37).
DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and primer.
DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) activity
deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) activity
deoxyribonucleic acid duplicase activity
gamma DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity
OBSOLETE. A nuclear protein that associates as a trimer and then interacts with delta DNA polymerase and epsilon DNA polymerase, acting as an auxiliary factor for DNA replication and DNA repair.
This term was made obsolete because describing something as an 'antigen' means that an organism can produce antibodies to it, which says nothing about the gene product activity.
Catalysis of the synthesis of a short RNA primer on a DNA template, providing a free 3'-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases. Catalyzed by a DNA-directed RNA polymerase that forms a complex with alpha DNA polymerase.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase activity
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase activity
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) activity
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase activity
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) activity
DNA-directed RNA polymerase III activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1).
This term was made obsolete because it represents the specific complex represented by the cellular component term 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase I complex ; GO:0005736'.
This term was made obsolete because it represents the specific complex represented by the cellular component term 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex ; GO:0005665'.
This term was made obsolete because it represents the specific complex represented by the cellular component term 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase III complex ; GO:0005666'.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclobutadipyrimidine (in DNA) = 2 pyrimidine residues (in DNA). This reaction represents the reactivation of irradiated DNA by light.
DNA cyclobutane dipyrimidine photolyase activity
deoxyribocyclobutadipyrimidine pyrimidine-lyase activity
deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase activity
deoxyribonucleate pyrimidine dimer lyase (photosensitive)
deoxyribonucleic cyclobutane dipyrimidine photolyase activity
dipyrimidine photolyase (photosensitive)
deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA with alkylated base + H2O = DNA with abasic site + alkylated base. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar to remove an alkylated base, leaving an apyrimidinic or apurinic site.
alkylated-DNA glycohydrolase (releasing methyladenine and methylguanine)
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase II activity
deoxyribonucleate 3-methyladenine glycosidase II
Catalysis of the cleavage of the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA by a beta-elimination reaction, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate.
AP site-DNA 5'-phosphomonoester-lyase activity
DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) 5'-phosphomonoester-lyase activity
deoxyribonuclease (apurinic or apyrimidinic) activity
endodeoxyribonuclease (apurinic or apyrimidinic) activity
Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease activity
DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA (containing 6-O-methylguanine) + (protein)-L-cysteine = DNA (without 6-O-methylguanine) + protein S-methyl-L-cysteine.
6-O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity
DNA-6-O-methylguanine:[protein]-L-cysteine S-methyltransferase activity
DNA-6-O-methylguanine:protein-L-cysteine S-methyltransferase activity
O-6-methylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase activity
methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine S-methyltransferase activity
methylated-DNA-[protein]-cysteine S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another. This reaction requires an energy source such as ATP or NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deoxyribonucleotide(n) + deoxyribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + deoxyribonucleotide(n+m).
poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming)
polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase (ATP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + deoxyribonucleotide(n) + deoxyribonucleotide(m) = AMP + nicotinamide nucleotide + deoxyribonucleotide(n+m).
Polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase (NAD(+)) activity
poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming, NMN-forming)
polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase (NAD+) activity
polynucleotide ligase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
polynucleotide synthetase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).
deoxynucleotidyl terminal transferase activity
deoxyribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase activity
deoxyribonucleic nucleotidyltransferase activity
nucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase activity
terminal deoxynucleotide transferase activity
terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity
terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the repair of a photoproduct resulting from ultraviolet irradiation of two adjacent pyrimidine residues in DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct (in DNA) = 2 pyrimidine residues (in DNA). Catalyzes the reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA.
Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA.
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle.
Note that a further distinction, between type IA and type IB topoisomerases, is based on sequence or structural similarity between gene products that possess type I catalytic activity.
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + FMN = diphosphate + FAD.
adenosine triphosphate-riboflavin mononucleotide transadenylase activity
adenosine triphosphate-riboflavine mononucleotide transadenylase activity
flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase activity
riboflavin adenine dinucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
riboflavin mononucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
riboflavine adenine dinucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + NADP(+) + NH(4)(+) = GMP + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
NADPH2:guanosine-5'-phosphate oxidoreductase (deaminating)
NADPH:GMP oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
NADPH:guanosine-5'-phosphate oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
guanosine 5'-monophosphate oxidoreductase activity
guanosine 5'-monophosphate reductase activity
guanosine 5'-phosphate reductase activity
guanosine monophosphate reductase activity
inosine-5'-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (aminating)
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.6.8.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + GMP.
Xanthosine-5'-phosphate--ammonia ligase activity
xanthosine 5'-monophosphate aminase activity
xanthosine-5'-phosphate-ammonia ligase activity
xanthosine-5'-phosphate:ammonia ligase (AMP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + xanthosine 5'-phosphate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + L-glutamate.
GMP synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
guanosine 5'-monophosphate synthetase activity
guanosine monophosphate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)
guanylate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)
xanthosine 5'-phosphate amidotransferase activity
xanthosine-5'-phosphate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
Catalysis of the formation of the linkage between a protein and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The reaction probably occurs by subjecting a peptide bond to nucleophilic attack by the amino group of ethanolamine-GPI, transferring the protein from a signal peptide to the GPI anchor.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, acting on GTP, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase activity
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, elongation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, initiation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, termination
signal-recognition-particle GTPase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. Small monomeric enzymes with a molecular mass of 21 kDa that are distantly related to the alpha-subunit of heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase. They are involved in cell-growth regulation (RAS subfamily), membrane vesicle traffic and uncoating (RAB and ARF subfamilies), nuclear protein import (RAN subfamily) and organization of the cytoskeleton (Rho and Rac subfamilies).
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product and contains cellular component information.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes, where GTP and GDP alternate in binding. Includes stimulatory and inhibitory G-proteins such as Gs, Gi, Go and Golf, targeting adenylate cyclase and/or potassium ion and calcium ion channels; Gq stimulating phospholipase C; transducin activating cGMP phosphodiesterase; gustducin activating cAMP phosphodiesterase.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a cellular component.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. Any member of the Rho subfamily of the RAS superfamily of monomeric GTPases. Proteins in the Rho subfamily are involved in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = formate + 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate.
dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthase activity
guanosine triphosphate 8-deformylase activity
guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 3 H(2)O = 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + diphosphate + formate + 3 H(+).
GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (diphosphate-forming)
guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase II
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out).
proton-transporting two-sector ATPase activity
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a bifunctional gene product.
hydrogen-transporting two-sector ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + H2O = 5-formamido-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+.
inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase activity
inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity
inosine monophosphate oxidoreductase activity
inosine-5'-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-iditol + NAD+ = L-sorbose + NADH + H+.
L-iditol (sorbitol) dehydrogenase activity
NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase activity
Note that enzymes with this activity also act on D-glucitol (giving D-fructose) and other closely related sugar alcohols.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate.
glycosaminoglycan alpha-L-iduronohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
L-serine ammonia-lyase (pyruvate-forming) activity
L-serine hydro-lyase (deaminating) activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.3.1.13.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate = N-acetyl-5-glutamyl phosphate + NADPH + H+.
N-acetyl-L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde:NADP oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
N-acetyl-L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
N-acetyl-glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
N-acetylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
N-acetylglutamic gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
reductase, acetyl-gamma-glutamyl phosphate
N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate.
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate 4-sulfohydrolase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfohydrolase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulphatase activity
acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose + H2O = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + glycoprotein phospho-D-mannose.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphodiester acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase activity
alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphodiester N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphodiesterase activity
glycoprotein-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphohydrolase activity
lysosomal alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP + N-acetyllactosamine.
N-acetylglucosamine (beta-1,4)galactosyltransferase activity
N-acetylglucosamine beta-(1,4)-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose N-acetylglucosamine beta-4-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 4-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosaminide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose-N-acetylglucosamine beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 4-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta-1,4)galactosyltransferase activity
beta-(1,4)-galactosyltransferase activity
beta-N-acetylglucosaminide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + (N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide.
UDP acetylgalactosamine-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:1-O-[O-(N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminosyl)-(2->3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-ceramide 1,4-beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine GM3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
beta-1,4N-aetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
ganglioside GM3 acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-ganglioside GM3 acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-hematoside acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H(2)O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+).
4-N-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine amidohydrolase activity
N-aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity
N4-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine amidohydrolase activity
aspartylglucosylamine deaspartylase activity
aspartylglycosylamine amidohydrolase activity
beta-aspartylglucosylamine amidohydrolase activity
N4-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide = 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxy-D-ribulos-1-ylimino)methylamino]-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.
1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide ketol-isomerase activity
N-(5'-phospho-D-ribosylformimino)-5-amino-1-(5''-phosphoribosyl)-4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase activity
N-(phosphoribosylformimino) aminophosphoribosylimidazolecarboxamide isomerase activity
phosphoribosylformimino-5-aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide isomerase activity
phosphoribosylformiminoaminophosphoribosylimidazolecarboxamide isomerase activity
1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor.
ADP-ribosyltransferase (polymerizing) activity
NAD+:poly(adenine-diphosphate-D-ribosyl)-acceptor ADP-D-ribosyl-transferase activity
poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NAD(+) = ADP + 2 H(+) + NADP(+).
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (phosphorylating)
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+ + L-glutamate.
NAD synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
NAD(+) synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
deamido-NAD+:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
desamidonicotinamide adenine dinucleotide amidotransferase activity
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase (glutamine) activity
NAD+ synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase activity
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide nucleosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + acceptor = NAD+ + reduced acceptor.
beta-NADH dehydrogenase dinucleotide activity
dihydrocodehydrogenase I dehydrogenase activity
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity
reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activity
NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + a quinone = NAD(P)+ + a hydroquinone.
NAD(P)H: menadione oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H(2) dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor)oxidoreductase activity
dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate, quinone) activity
flavoprotein NAD(P)H-quinone reductase activity
reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) dehydrogenase activity
viologen accepting pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-arginine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine.
NAD(+):L-arginine ADP-D-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD(P)+-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD(P)+:L-arginine ADP-D-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD(P)+:protein-L-arginine ADP-D-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD(P)-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD+:L-arginine ADP-D-ribosyltransferase activity
peptidyl-arginine ADP-ribosylation activity
protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD(P)+-protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+, driving the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other. In the course of the reaction (left to right) one H atom is transferred from inside the cell to outside. The reaction is B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to both NAD+ and NADP+.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase
nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase activity
pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activity
NAD(P) transhydrogenase (B-specific) activity
non-energy-linked transhydrogenase activity
NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (B-specific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + n oxidized hemoprotein = NADP+ + n reduced hemoprotein.
NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase activity
NADPH-cytochrome p-450 reductase activity
NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase activity
NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase activity
NADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase activity
NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase activity
NADPH--cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase activity
NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase activity
NADPH--cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
NADPH--ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
NADPH--ferrihemoprotein reductase activity
NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase activity
cytochrome c reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH, NADPH-dependent) activity
dihydroxynicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase activity
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase activity
reductase, cytochrome c (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) activity
aldehyde reductase (NADPH-dependent) activity
ferrihemoprotein P-450 reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + quinone acceptor = NADP+ + hydroquinone.
NADPH:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase activity
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase activity
triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + quinone = NADP+ + semiquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: O-acetyl-L-homoserine + methanethiol = L-methionine + acetate.
L-methionine anabolism, direct, from O-acetyl-L-homoserine
L-methionine biosynthetic process, direct, from O-acetyl-L-homoserine
L-methionine formation, direct, from O-acetyl-L-homoserine
L-methionine synthesis, direct, from O-acetyl-L-homoserine
O-acetyl-L-homoserine acetate-lyase (adding methanethiol) activity
O-acetyl-L-homoserine sulfhydrolase activity
O-acetyl-L-homoserine:methanethiol 3-amino-3-carboxypropyltransferase activity
O-acetylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase activity
O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrolase activity
methionine biosynthetic process, direct, from O-acetyl-L-homoserine
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.2.99.10.
O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O-succinyl-L-homoserine + L-cysteine = cystathionine + succinate.
O-succinyl-L-homoserine (thiol)-lyase activity
O-succinyl-L-homoserine succinate-lyase (adding cysteine) activity
O-succinyl-L-homoserine succinate-lyase activity
O-succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase activity
O-succinylhomoserine synthetase activity
O4-succinyl-L-homoserine:L-cysteine S-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate = AMP + diphosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate.
RNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase activity
RNA-3'-phosphate:RNA ligase (cyclizing, AMP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time.
DNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) activity
RNA-dependent deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase activity
deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) activity
RNA-directed DNA polymerase, group II intron encoded
RNA-directed DNA polymerase, transposon encoded
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time; cannot initiate a chain de novo.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a function distinct from its parent term 'RNA-directed DNA polymerase'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); uses an RNA template.
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) activity
RNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase activity
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed)
ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase activity
ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ribonucleotide(n) + ribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + ribonucleotide(n+m).
poly(ribonucleotide):poly(ribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming)
polyribonucleotide synthase (ATP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide.
(S)-2-hydroxy-acid:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
UDP acetylglucosamine epimerase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 4-epimerase activity
uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine-4-epimerase activity
uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine-4-epimerase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine epimerase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol.
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase activity
UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase activity
UDP-acetylglucosamine-dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase activity
UDP-acetylglucosamine-dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase activity
dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lysosomal-enzyme D-mannose = UMP + lysosomal-enzyme N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose.
N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphotransferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
lysosomal enzyme precursor acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine.
acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase activity
UDP-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase activity
UTP:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UTP:N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine phosphorylase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose = UDP-galactose.
uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase activity
uridine diphosphate glucose 4-epimerase activity
uridine diphospho-galactose-4-epimerase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + 2 NAD(+) + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 3 H(+) + 2 NADH + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.
Catalysis of the addition of UDP-glucose on to asparagine-linked (N-linked) oligosaccharides of the form Man7-9GlcNAc2 on incorrectly folded glycoproteins.
UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-D-glucose.
UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UTP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity
uridine diphosphate-D-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity
uridine-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity
UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 pyruvate = 2-acetolactate + CO2.
acetolactate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating) activity
alpha-acetohydroxy acid synthetase activity
alpha-acetohydroxyacid synthase activity
pyruvate:pyruvate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.18.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity
beta-acetoacetyl coenzyme A thiolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H(2)O = acetate + CoA + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + acetyl-CoA.
short chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activity
short-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA.
acetoacetyl-CoA beta-ketothiolase activity
acyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase activity
beta-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase activity
beta-ketoadipyl coenzyme A thiolase activity
long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + malonyl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-L-glutamate = ADP + N-acetyl-L-glutamate-5-phosphate.
ATP:N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-phosphotransferase activity
N-acetylglutamate 5-phosphotransferase activity
N-acetylglutamate phosphokinase activity
N-acetylglutamic 5-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine = N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate.
acetylornithine aminotransferase activity
succinylornithine aminotransferase activity
2-N-acetyl-L-ornithine:2-oxoglutarate 5-aminotransferase activity
N(2)-acetylornithine 5-transaminase activity
N-acetylornithine aminotransferase activity
N-acetylornithine-delta-transaminase activity
N2-acetyl-L-ornithine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
N2-acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase activity
N2-acetylornithine 5-transaminase activity
acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase activity
acetylornithine delta-transaminase activity
N2-acetyl-L-ornithine:2-oxoglutarate 5-aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.
acid nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase activity
acid phosphomonoester hydrolase activity
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)
Catalysis of the reactions: citrate = cis-aconitate + H2O, and cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate. This reaction is the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate via the labile, enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate. Water is removed from one part of the citrate molecule and added back to a different atom to form isocitrate.
citrate(isocitrate) hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming)
citrate(isocitrate) hydro-lyase activity
This is a process composed of two reactions represented by the terms 'GO:0052632 : citrate hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming) activity' and 'GO:0052633 : isocitrate hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming) activity'.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor.
acyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase activity
acyl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase activity
fatty acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
long-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a long-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acids have chain lengths of C13 to C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.
acyl-CoA:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl phosphate + H2O = a carboxylate + phosphate.
1,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + diphosphate = adenine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
AMP-pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
AMP:diphosphate phospho-D-ribosyltransferase activity
adenine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate transferase activity
adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenosine = ADP + AMP.
ATP:adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of the DNA helix.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of an RNA helix.
plasma membrane cation-transporting ATPase
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: heavy metal ion(in) + ATP + H2O = heavy metal ion(out) + ADP + phosphate.
This term was made obsolete because 'heavy metal' is an ambiguous grouping term which has no set meaning (see Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 793-807, 2002, for more information).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu2+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Cu2+(out).
copper-translocating P-type ATPase activity
This term was made obsolete because ABC transporters are a protein family rather than a functional grouping.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity
Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other (phospolipid 'flippase' activity), driven by the hydrolysis of ATP.
ATP phosphohydrolase (phospholipid-flipping)
phospholipid translocating ATPase activity
phospholipid-transporting ATPase activity
phospholipid-translocating ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenosine + L-homocysteine.
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase activity
S-adenosylhomocysteine synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H(+) = S-adenosylmethioninamine + CO(2).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activity
S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity
adenosyl methionine decarboxylase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase [(5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl)-methylsulfonium-salt-forming]
adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 7,8-diaminononanoate + S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate.
7,8-diamino-pelargonic acid aminotransferase activity
7,8-diaminonanoate transaminase activity
7,8-diaminononanoate aminotransferase activity
7,8-diaminononanoate transaminase activity
7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase activity
7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid aminotransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:8-amino-7-oxononanoate aminotransferase activity
adenosyl methionine-8-amino-7-oxononanoate transaminase activity
adenosylmethionine--8-amino-7-oxononanoate aminotransferase activity
adenosylmethionine-8-amino-7-oxononanoate aminotransferase activity
adenosylmethionine-8-amino-7-oxononanoate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) activity
ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3',5'-cyclic-AMP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + AMP = 2 ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP = fumarate + AMP.
6-N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase activity
N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase activity
N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase (fumarate-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + GTP + IMP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + 3 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenylylsulfate = ADP + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate.
5'-phosphoadenosine sulfate kinase activity
ATP:adenylyl-sulfate 3'-phosphotransferase activity
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase activity
adenosine phosphosulfate kinase activity
adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate 3'-phosphotransferase activity
adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-3'-phosphokinase activity
adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate 3'-phosphotransferase activity
adenylylsulfate kinase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-alanine = L-glutamate + pyruvate.
L-alanine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
alanine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
glutamic acid-pyruvic acid transaminase activity
glutamic-pyruvic aminotransferase activity
pyruvate-alanine aminotransferase activity
pyruvate-glutamate transaminase activity
L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.
NAD-specific aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+; can proceed in the absence of a metal ion.
alcohol dehydrogenase activity, metal ion-independent
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of zinc.
alcohol dehydrogenase activity, zinc-dependent
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of iron.
alcohol dehydrogenase activity, iron-dependent
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an alcohol = CoA + an acetyl ester.
acetyl-CoA:alcohol O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + an alcohol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an alkyl sulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:alcohol sulfotransferase activity
3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity
3beta-hydroxy steroid sulfotransferase activity
3beta-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity
5alpha-androstenol sulfotransferase activity
alcohol/hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase activity
delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid sulfokinase activity
hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-chloroallyl aldehyde + H2O = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 3-chloroacrylic acid.
3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+.
CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent 4-hydroxynonenal dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
m-methylbenzaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H+.
aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde or a ketone + NADPH + H+.
NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose = beta-D-glucose. Also acts on L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, maltose and lactose.
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum)
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum)
Catalysis of the reaction: allantoate + H(2)O = (S)-ureidoglycolate + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: allantoin + H2O = allantoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + 3 H(+) + urea-1-carboxylate = 2 CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
urea-1-carboxylate amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a monocarboxylic acid amide + H2O = a monocarboxylate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-glutamate + CoA + H(+).
acetylglutamate acetylglutamate synthetase activity
acetyl-CoA:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NADP+ + H2O = L-2-aminoadipate + NADPH + H+.
2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
2-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
L-2-aminoadipate-6-semialdehyde:NAD(P)+ 6-oxidoreductase
L-alpha-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde oxidoreductase activity
L-alpha-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde:NAD oxidoreductase activity
L-alpha-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase activity
alpha-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + L-glutamate + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + L-glutamine + H(2)O.
5'-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
5-phosphoribosylamine:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase (glutamate-amidating)
5-phosphororibosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
alpha-5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
glutamine 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
glutamine phosphoribosyldiphosphate amidotransferase activity
glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
glutamine ribosylpyrophosphate 5-phosphate amidotransferase activity
phosphoribose pyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase activity
phosphoribosyldiphosphate 5-amidotransferase activity
phosphoribosylpyrophosphate glutamyl amidotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.
N-substituted aminoacyl transfer RNA hydrolase activity
aminoacyl-tRNA aminoacylhydrolase activity
aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = a carboxylate + an L-amino acid.
N-acyl-L-amino-acid amidohydrolase activity
alpha-N-acylaminoacid hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-tetrahydrofolate + S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NH3 + dihydrolipoylprotein.
S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein:(6S)-tetrahydrofolate aminomethyltransferase (ammonia-forming) activity
protein-8-S-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine:tetrahydrofolate aminomethyltransferase (ammonia-forming) activity
protein-S8-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine:tetrahydrofolate aminomethyltransferase (ammonia-forming) activity
tetrahydrofolate aminomethyltransferase activity
glycine-cleavage system T-protein activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + anthranilate.
N-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-anthranilate:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
anthranilate 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
anthranilate phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
anthranilate-PP-ribose-P phosphoribosyltransferase activity
phosphoribosyl-anthranilate diphosphorylase activity
phosphoribosyl-anthranilate pyrophosphorylase activity
phosphoribosylanthranilate pyrophosphorylase activity
phosphoribosylanthranilate transferase activity
anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate + L-glutamine = anthranilate + pyruvate + L-glutamate.
chorismate pyruvate-lyase (amino-accepting) activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 2 H2O = AMP + 2 phosphate.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product which can catalyze two reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-(5S)-5-hydroperoxycosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate.
arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase activity
arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O(2) = (5Z,8Z,10E,12S,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate.
arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-ornithine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + ATP = N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:L-arginine N-phosphotransferase activity
adenosine 5'-triphosphate-arginine phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate.
L-citrulline:L-aspartate ligase (AMP-forming)
argininosuccinic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-(L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine.
2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)
2-(omega-N-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)
N-(L-argininosuccinate) arginine-lyase activity
omega-N-(L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-arginyl-protein.
L-arginyl-tRNA:protein arginyltransferase activity
arginyl-tRNA protein transferase activity
arginyl-tRNA--protein transferase activity
arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase activity
arginyl-transfer ribonucleate-protein aminoacyltransferase activity
arginyl-transfer ribonucleate-protein transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan = tryptamine + CO2.
5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity
aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity
aromatic-L-amino-acid carboxy-lyase (tryptamine-forming)
aromatic-L-amino-acid carboxy-lyase activity
hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity
aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an aralkylamine = CoA + an N-acetylaralkylamine.
acetyl-CoA:2-arylethylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an arylamine = CoA + an N-acetylarylamine.
2-naphthylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
4-aminobiphenyl N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl CoA-arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
beta-naphthylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
indoleamine N-acetyltransferase activity
p-aminosalicylate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = formate + L-kynurenine.
aryl-formylamine amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an aryl sulfate.
1-naphthol phenol sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:phenol sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: aryl dialkyl phosphate + H2O = dialkyl phosphate + an aryl alcohol.
aryltriphosphate dialkylphosphohydrolase activity
organophosphorus acid anhydrase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phenol sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate.
L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
asparagine synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
asparagine synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase activity
asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + H2O = L-aspartate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2.
L-aspartate 1-carboxy-lyase (beta-alanine-forming)
L-aspartate alpha-decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.
2-oxoglutarate-glutamate aminotransferase activity
L-aspartate-2-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
L-aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
L-aspartate-2-oxoglutarate-transaminase activity
L-aspartate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
aspartate alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
aspartate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity
glutamate-oxalacetate aminotransferase activity
glutamic--aspartic transaminase activity
glutamic--oxaloacetic transaminase activity
glutamic-aspartic aminotransferase activity
glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity
oxaloacetate-aspartate aminotransferase activity
L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + carbamoyl phosphate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + H(+) + phosphate.
aspartic acid transcarbamoylase activity
carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine.
L-aspartate:ammonia ligase (AMP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + ATP = 4-phospho-L-aspartate + ADP + H(+).
ATP:L-aspartate 4-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NADP(+) + phosphate = 4-phospho-L-aspartate + H(+) + NADPH.
L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde:NADP oxidoreductase (phosporylating)
aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
aspartic beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NAD(P)+ = biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H+.
bilirubin:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein + CO2 = ADP + phosphate + carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein.
biotin carboxylase (component of acetyl CoA carboxylase) activity
biotin-carboxyl-carrier-protein:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dethiobiotin + S(2-) = 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + biotin + H(+).
dethiobiotin:sulfur sulfurtransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)).
biotin-acetyl-CoA carboxylase synthetase
acetyl CoA holocarboxylase synthetase activity
acetyl coenzyme A holocarboxylase synthetase activity
acetyl-CoA carboxylase biotin holoenzyme synthetase activity
biotin--[acetyl-CoA carboxylase] synthetase activity
biotin-acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase synthetase activity
biotin-acetyl-CoA-carboxylase ligase activity
biotin:apo-acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) ligase (AMP-forming)
biotin-[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)).
biotin-methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase synthetase
beta-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A holocarboxylase synthetase activity
biotin--[methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase] synthetase activity
biotin-beta-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase synthetase activity
biotin-methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase ligase activity
biotin:apo-3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) ligase (AMP-forming)
biotin-[methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase) = AMP + diphosphate + (methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase).
biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase synthetase
biotin--[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] ligase activity
biotin--[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] synthetase activity
biotin--[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase] synthetase activity
biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] ligase activity
biotin-methylmalonyl coenzyme A carboxyltransferase synthetase activity
biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase ligase activity
biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase ligase activity
biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase synthetase activity
biotin-transcarboxylase synthetase activity
biotin:apomethylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxyltransferase ligase (AMP-forming)
biotin:apomethylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase ligase (AMP-forming)
methylmalonyl coenzyme A holotranscarboxylase synthetase activity
biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase] ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)).
biotin-[propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolyzing)] synthetase activity
biotin-propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase synthetase activity
biotin-propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing) ligase activity
biotin-propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing) synthetase activity
biotin:apo-propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) ligase (AMP-forming)
propionyl coenzyme A holocarboxylase synthetase activity
propionyl-CoA holocarboxylase synthetase activity
biotin-[propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolyzing)] ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate + H2O = NTP + NMP. Acts on bis(5'-guanosyl)-, bis(5'-xanthosyl)-, bis(5'-adenosyl)- and bis(5'-uridyl)-tetraphosphate.
1-P,4-P-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activity
P1,P4-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1),P(4)-tetraphosphate asymmetrical hydrolase activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate asymmetrical hydrolase activity
diadenosine P1,P4-tetraphosphatase activity
dinucleosidetetraphosphatase (asymmetrical) activity
bis(5'-adenosyl)-tetraphosphatase activity
bis(5'-guanosyl)-tetraphosphatase activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate hydrolase
diadenosinetetraphosphatase (asymmetrical) activity
diguanosinetetraphosphatase (asymmetrical) activity
bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (asymmetrical) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate = 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase activity
2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthase activity
3-phospho-D-glycerate 1,2-phosphomutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + H(2)O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate.
2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate 2-phosphohydrolase activity
bisphosphoglycerate 2-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a branched-chain amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + a 2-oxocarboxylate derived from the branched-chain amino acid.
L-branched chain amino acid aminotransferase activity
branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase activity
branched-chain amino acid-glutamate transaminase activity
branched-chain aminotransferase activity
branched-chain-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
glutamate-branched-chain amino acid transaminase activity
branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: butanoyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein = 2-butenoyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein.
butanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase activity
butanoyl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase activity
butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
short-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase activity
short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
unsaturated acyl coenzyme A reductase activity
short-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of a reaction that results in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate.
This term was made obsolete because it is a grouping term based on name, rather than on function.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ATP + CO(2) + H(2)O + NH(4)(+) = 2 ADP + carbamoyl phosphate + 5 H(+) + phosphate.
carbamoyl phosphate synthase (ammonia) activity
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (ammonia) activity
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I activity
carbamoylphosphate synthetase (ammonia) activity
carbon-dioxide:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)
carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ATP + L-glutamine + CO2 + H2O = 2 ADP + phosphate + glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate.
carbamoyl phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) activity
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing) activity
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
carbamoylphosphate synthetase II activity
carbamyl phosphate synthetase (glutamine) activity
carbon-dioxide::L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating) activity
glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase activity
glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity
hydrogen-carbonate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating) activity
carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O.
carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: R-CHOH-R' + NADP+ = R-CO-R' + NADPH + H+.
NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase activity
NADPH2-dependent carbonyl reductase activity
nonspecific NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase activity
secondary-alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + carnitine = (R)-O-acetylcarnitine + CoA.
acetyl-CoA-carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity
carnitine acetyl coenzyme A transferase activity
carnitine-acetyl-CoA transferase activity
carnitine O-acetyltransferase I activity
carnitine O-acetyltransferase II activity
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine.
L-carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity
outer malonyl-CoA inhibitable carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity
palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity
CPT I (outer membrane carnitine palmitoyl transferase)
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.
hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 catechol + O2 = 2 1,2-benzoquinone + 2 H2O.
1,2-benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
GO:0004097 describes oxidation of catechols (i.e., o-diphenols) to the corresponding o-quinones. For monooxygenation of monophenols, consider instead the term 'monophenol monooxygenase activity ; GO:0004503'.
Catalysis of the reaction: a cerebroside 3-sulfate + H2O = a cerebroside + sulfate.
cerebroside-3-sulfate 3-sulfohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chitin + H2O = chitosan + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n) = UDP + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n+1).
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:chitin 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase activity
chitin-UDP N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase activity
chitin-uridine diphosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + choline = acetylcholine + CoA.
acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + choline = ADP + choline phosphate + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion.
choline esterase II (unspecific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + choline phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-choline.
CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase activity
choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphocholine pyrophosphorylase activity
phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity
phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase activity
phosphorylcholine:CTP cytidylyltransferase activity
choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = prephenate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate = chorismate + phosphate.
5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase (chorismate-forming)
5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase activity
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate phospholyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA, where the acetyl group is added to the si-face of oxaloacetate; acetyl-CoA thus provides the two carbon atoms of the pro-S carboxymethyl group.
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase ((pro-3S)-CH(2)COO(-)->acetyl-CoA) activity
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase ((pro-3S)-CH2COO-rightacetyl-CoA)
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating activity
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming]
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COOrightacetyl-CoA]
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.7.
Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 H(+) + O(2) = 2 CO(2) + 2 H(2)O + protoporphyrinogen IX.
coproporphyrinogen:oxygen oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 11-deoxycorticosterone = 20-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-al.
11-deoxycorticosterone aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
11-deoxycorticosterone ketol-isomerase activity
corticosteroid side-chain-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + creatine = N-phosphocreatine + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:creatine phosphotransferase activity
adenosine triphosphate-creatine transphosphorylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside phosphate.
cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 2'-phosphate.
2',3'-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase
2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase
cyclic 2',3'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase
2',3'-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity
2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase activity
2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity
2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase activity
cyclic 2',3'-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase activity
nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate 2'-nucleotidohydrolase activity
2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate.
3', 5'-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity
3',5' cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase activity
3',5'-cyclonucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
3': 5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cyclic CMP) activity
3':5'-cyclic nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase activity
cyclic 3',5'-mononucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
cyclic 3',5-nucleotide monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity
cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
cytidine 3':5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cyclic CMP) activity
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate diesterase activity
nucleoside-3',5-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity
3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = adenosine 5'-phosphate.
3',5' cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity
3',5'-cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity
3',5'-cyclic-AMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase activity
cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity
cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is regulated by calmodulin.
calmodulin-dependent cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is increased in the presence of cGMP.
cGMP-stimulated cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is decreased in the presence of cGMP.
cGMP-inhibited cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside phosphate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of bonds in a cyclic nucleotide.
photoreceptor cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cystathionine + H2O = L-homocysteine + NH3 + pyruvate.
L-cystathionine L-homocysteine-lyase (deaminating)
L-cystathionine L-homocysteine-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming)
cystathionine L-homocysteine-lyase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + L-homocysteine = cystathionine + H2O.
L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine)
L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine; L-cystathionine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH4+.
L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating)
L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming)
homoserine deaminase-cystathionase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O3-acetyl-L-serine + hydrogen sulfide = L-cysteine + acetate.
3-O-acetyl-L-serine:hydrogen-sulfide 2-amino-2-carboxyethyltransferase activity
O(3)-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulfide) activity
O-acetyl-L-serine sulfhydrylase activity
O-acetyl-L-serine sulfohydrolase activity
O3-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulfide)
O3-acetyl-L-serine:hydrogen-sulfide 2-amino-2-carboxyethyltransferase activity
Note that this function was formerly 4.2.99.8.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) + selenophosphate = L-selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) + H2O + phosphate.
L-selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) synthase activity
L-selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sel) synthase activity
L-selenocysteinyl-tRNASec synthase activity
L-selenocysteinyl-tRNASel synthase activity
L-seryl-tRNA(Ser) selenium transferase activity
cysteinyl-tRNA(Sec)-selenium transferase activity
cysteinyl-tRNA(Sel)-selenium transferase activity
cysteinyl-tRNA(Ser) selenium transferase activity
cysteinyl-tRNASec-selenium transferase activity
cysteinyl-tRNASel-selenium transferase activity
selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Ser) synthase activity
selenophosphate:L-seryl-tRNASec selenium transferase activity
L-seryl-tRNASec selenium transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cytidine + H2O = uridine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)CMP = ADP + (d)CDP.
deoxycytidine monophosphokinase activity
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5).
NADH-ferricytochrome b5 oxidoreductase activity
NADH:ferricytochrome-b5 oxidoreductase activity
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytochrome b5 reductase activity
reduced nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide-cytochrome b5 reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) activity
The reduction of O2 to water is accompanied by the extrusion of four protons from the intramitochondrial compartment.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ferrocytochrome c + hydrogen peroxide = 2 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.
cytochrome c-H2O oxidoreductase activity
ferrocytochrome-c:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cytosine + H2O = uracil + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCMP + H2O = dUMP + NH3.
deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase activity
deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate aminohydrolase activity
deoxycytidine-5'-phosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of branch points in branched glycogen polymers.
Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glycosyltransferase activity
debranching enzyme maltodextrin glycosyltransferase activity
oligo-1,4-1,4-glucantransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin. Limit dextrin is the highly branched core that remains after exhaustive treatment of glycogen with glycogen phosphorylase. It is formed because these enzymes cannot hydrolyze the (1->6) glycosidic linkages present.
glycogen phosphorylase-limit dextrin alpha-1,6-glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyadenosine + ATP = ADP + dAMP + 2 H(+).
ATP:deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
purine-deoxyribonucleoside kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + deoxycytidine = NDP + CMP.
NTP:deoxycytidine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
arabinofuranosylcytosine kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyguanosine + ATP = ADP + dGMP + 2 H(+).
(dihydroxypropoxymethyl)guanine kinase activity
ATP:deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
NTP-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde.
2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate acetaldehyde-lyase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-forming)
2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate acetaldehyde-lyase activity
2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase activity
deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-dephospho-CoA + ATP = ADP + CoA + 2 H(+).
ATP:dephospho-CoA 3'-phosphotransferase activity
dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-diaminononanoate + ATP + CO(2) = ADP + dethiobiotin + 4 H(+) + phosphate.
7,8-diaminononanoate:carbon-dioxide cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.
1-alkyl-2-acetyl-m-glycerol:CDPcholine choline phosphotransferase activity
1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
CDP-choline diglyceride phosphotransferase activity
CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
alkylacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase activity
alkylacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
cytidine diphosphocholine glyceride transferase activity
cytidine diphosphorylcholine diglyceride transferase activity
diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase activity
phosphocholine diacylglyceroltransferase activity
phosphorylcholine--glyceride transferase activity
sn-1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 1,2-diacylglycerol = NDP + 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphate.
1,2-diacylglycerol kinase (phosphorylating)
arachidonoyl-specific diacylglycerol kinase activity
ATP:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:diacylglycerol phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.
1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
palmitoyl-CoA-sn-1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity
diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an alkane-alpha,omega-diamine = CoA + an N-acetyldiamine.
acetyl-CoA:alkane-alpha,omega-diamine N-acetyltransferase activity
spermidine N1-acetyltransferase activity
spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-coenzyme A-1,4-diaminobutane N-acetyltransferase activity
putrescine (diamine)-acetylating enzyme activity
spermidine N(1)-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
dihydrofolate reductase:thymidylate synthase activity
pteridine reductase:dihydrofolate reductase activity
thymidylate synthetase-dihydrofolate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + dihydrolipoamide = CoA + S-acyldihydrolipoamide, where the acyl group is a branched chain.
dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase activity
dihydrolipoamide branched chain acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD+ = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + H+.
lipoamide oxidoreductase (NADH) activity
protein-6-N-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
protein-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
E3 component of alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes activity
glycine-cleavage system L-protein activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + dihydrolipoamide = CoA + S-succinyldihydrolipoamide.
dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase activity
dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase activity
dihydrolipolyl transsuccinylase activity
enzyme-dihydrolipoyllysine:succinyl-CoA S-succinyltransferase activity
lipoate succinyltransferase (Escherichia coli) activity
succinyl-CoA:dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase activity
succinyl-CoA:dihydrolipoate S-succinyltransferase activity
succinyl-CoA:enzyme-6-N-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-succinyltransferase activity
succinyl-CoA:enzyme-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-succinyltransferase activity
dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine = 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine + glycolaldehyde.
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine glycolaldehyde-lyase (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-forming)
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine glycolaldehyde-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + H(2)O = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + H(+).
(S)-dihydroorotate amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + A = AH(2) + orotate.
(S)-dihydroorotate:quinone oxidoreductase activity
dihydoorotic acid dehydrogenase activity
dihydroorotate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydropterin + H2O = 7,8-dihydrolumazine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 7,8-dihydropteridine + O2 = a pterin + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine = NADPH + H+ + 6,7-dihydropteridine.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine:NAD(P)H+ oxidoreductase activity
6,7-dihydropteridine:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H(2):6,7-dihydropteridine oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H2:6,7-dihydropteridine oxidoreductase activity
NADH-dihydropteridine reductase activity
NADPH-dihydropteridine reductase activity
NADPH-specific dihydropteridine reductase activity
dihydropteridine (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) reductase activity
dihydropteridine reductase (NADH) activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.99.7.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate + 4-aminobenzoate = diphosphate + dihydropteroate.
(2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase activity
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase activity
7,8-dihydropteroic acid synthetase activity
dihydropteroate diphosphorylase activity
dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate.
5,6-dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + O(2) = H(2)O(2) + orotate.
(S)-dihydroorotate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
4,5-L-dihydroorotate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
This term represents a deleted EC activity and is scheduled for obsoletion.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+ = uracil + NADH + H+.
5,6-dihydrouracil:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O.
2,3-dihydroxy-acid hydro-lyase (3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate-forming)
2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate dehydratase activity
alpha,beta-dihydroxyacid dehydratase activity
alpha,beta-dihydroxyisovalerate dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate.
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthetase activity
DMAPP:IPP-dimethylallyltransferase activity
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate dimethylallyltranstransferase activity
geranyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity
trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity
Note that this is the first step in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. The second step is 'geranyltranstransferase activity ; GO:0004337'. Consider also annotating to the biological process term 'farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process ; GO:0045337'.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from N-nitrosodimethylamine.
N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase activity
dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ATP = ADP + CO(2) + H(+) + isopentenyl diphosphate + phosphate.
5-pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase activity
ATP:(R)-5-diphosphomevalonate carboxy-lyase (adding ATP; isopentenyl-diphosphate-forming)
ATP:(R)-5-diphosphomevalonate carboxy-lyase (dehydrating)
mevalonate 5-diphosphate decarboxylase activity
mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase activity
mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase activity
mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase activity
pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase activity
pyrophosphomevalonic acid decarboxylase activity
diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl)-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-(methylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-(3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl)-L-histidine methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:elongation factor 2 methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-cis-dodecenoyl-CoA = 2-trans-dodecenoyl-CoA.
delta3-cis-delta2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase
delta(3),Delta(2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase activity
delta(3)-cis-Delta(2)-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase activity
delta3,Delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activity
dodecenoyl-CoA (3Z)-(2E)-isomerase activity
dodecenoyl-CoA delta3-cis-delta2-trans-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UDP + dolichyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl phosphate.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
dolichyl phosphate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-dolichol phosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopachrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate.
L-dopachrome keto-enol isomerase activity
L-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase activity
dopachrome Delta(7),Delta(2)-isomerase activity
dopachrome delta7,Delta2-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + dolichol = CDP + dolichyl phosphate.
CTP:dolichol O-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl phosphate D-mannose + protein = dolichyl phosphate + O-D-mannosylprotein.
dolichol phosphomannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate-D-mannose:protein O-D-mannosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein O-mannosyltransferase activity
protein O-D-mannosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dUTP + H2O = dUMP + diphosphate.
desoxyuridine 5'-triphosphatase activity
desoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a multistep reaction.
This term was made obsolete because it represents two molecular functions.
ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl/UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: Ecdysone + palmitoyl-CoA = CoA + ecdysone palmitate.
acyl-CoA:ecdysone acyltransferase activity
fatty acyl-CoA:ecdysone acyltransferase activity
palmitoyl-CoA:ecdysone palmitoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ETF + ubiquinone = ETF + ubiquinol.
electron transfer flavoprotein Q oxidoreductase activity
electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase activity
electron transfer flavoprotein reductase activity
electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
electron-transferring-flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from in a polypeptide chain.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal amino acid, Xaa-Xbb-, in which Xaa is preferably Leu, but may be other amino acids including Pro although not Arg or Lys, and Xbb may be Pro.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal amino acid, Xaa-Xbb- from a peptide, amide or arylamide. Xaa is preferably Ala, but may be most amino acids including Pro (slow action). When a terminal hydrophobic residue is followed by a prolyl residue, the two may be released as an intact Xaa-Pro dipeptide.
alanine-specific aminopeptidase activity
membrane alanine aminopeptidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal or penultimate peptide bond at the C-terminal end of a peptide or polypeptide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of C-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-amino acid + H2O = peptide + L-amino acid. Little or no action with -Asp, -Glu, -Arg, -Lys or -Pro.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysine (or peptidyl-L-arginine) + H2O = peptide + L-lysine (or L-arginine). Function is activated by Co2+ and inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and other chelating agents.
peptidyl-L-lysine(-L-arginine) hydrolase
cobalt-stimulated chromaffin granule carboxypeptidase activity
enkephalin precursor carboxypeptidase activity
enkephalin-precursor endopeptidase activity
insulin granule-associated carboxypeptidase activity
membrane-bound carboxypeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysine (or peptidyl-L-arginine) + H2O = peptide + L-lysine (or L-arginine). Release of a C-terminal basic amino acid, preferentially lysine; inactivates bradykinin and anaphylatoxins in blood plasma.
lysine (arginine) carboxypeptidase activity
lysine(arginine) carboxypeptidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of a C-terminal amino acid with a broad specificity.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential release of a C-terminal arginine or lysine residue. Function is inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and sensitive to thiol-blocking reagents.
saccharomyces cerevisiae KEX1 gene product
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a Pro-Xaa bond by a serine-type peptidase mechanism to release a C-terminal amino acid.
aminoacylproline carboxypeptidase activity
lysosomal Pro-Xaa carboxypeptidase activity
peptidylprolylamino acid carboxypeptidase activity
lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase activity
serine-type Pro-X carboxypeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of the Glu-Tyr bond to release the C-terminal tyrosine residue from the native tyrosinated tubulin. Inactive on Z-Glu-Tyr.
tubulin-tyrosine carboxypeptidase activity
tubulinyl-tyrosine carboxypeptidase activity
tubulinyltyrosine carboxypeptidase activity
tyrosinotubulin carboxypeptidase activity
tyrosyltubulin carboxypeptidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selected cleavage of the Leu6-Lys7 bond in the pheromone alpha-mating factor.
extracellular 'barrier' protein activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Specificity similar to, but narrower than, that of pepsin A. Does not cleave the Gln4-His5 bond in the B chain of insulin.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Similar to cathepsin D, but slightly broader specificity.
cathepsin D-like acid proteinase activity
cathepsin E-like acid proteinase activity
erythrocyte membrane aspartic proteinase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Preferential cleavage: hydrophobic, preferably aromatic, residues in P1 and P1' positions. Cleaves Phe1-Val2, Gln4-His5, Glu13-Ala14, Ala14-Leu15, Leu15-Tyr16, Tyr16-Leu17, Gly23-Phe24, Phe24-Phe25 and Phe25-Tyr26 bonds in the B chain of insulin.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of Leu-Xaa bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the degradation of gelatin; little activity on hemoglobin. Specificity on B chain of insulin more restricted than pepsin A; does not cleave Phe1-Val2, Gln4-His5 or Gly23-Phe24.
saccharomyces aspartic proteinase activity
saccharomyces cerevisiae aspartic proteinase A
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium.
calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity
This term was made obsolete because it includes biological process information.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of interleukin 1-beta by specific cleavage of Asp116-Ala117 and Asp27-Gly28 bonds in precursor. Enzymes with this function can also hydrolyze the terminal bond in the small-molecule substrate, Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-NHMec.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage at the terminal bond of the motif: Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Asp-Xaa. Enzymes with this function are members of the peptidase family C14 and they appear to function in the inactivation of proteins involved in cellular repair and homeostasis during the effector stage of apoptosis.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds with a broad specificity. Preferentially cleaves the terminal bond of -Arg-Arg-Xaa motifs in small molecule substrates (thus differing from cathepsin L). In addition to being an endopeptidase, shows peptidyl-dipeptidase activity, liberating C-terminal dipeptides.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal dipeptide, Xaa-Xbb from Xaa-Xbb-Xcc, except when Xaa is Arg or Lys, or Xbb or Xcc is Pro.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, acting as an aminopeptidase (notably, cleaving Arg-Xaa bonds) as well as an endopeptidase.
N-benzoylarginine-beta-naphthylamide hydrolase activity
benzoylarginine-naphthylamide (BANA) hydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Has a broad proteolytic activity. With small-molecule substrates and inhibitors, the major determinant of specificity is P2, which is preferably Leu, Met > Phe, and not Arg.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Specificity close to that of papain. As compared to cathepsin B, cathepsin L exhibits higher activity towards protein substrates, but has little activity on Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec, and no peptidyl-dipeptidase activity.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Similar to cathepsin L, but with much less activity on the terminal bond of Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec, and more activity on the terminal bond of Z-Val-Val-Arg-Xaa compounds.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: pyroglutamyl-peptide + H2O = pyroglutamate + peptide.
L-pyroglutamyl peptide hydrolase activity
L-pyrrolidonecarboxylate peptidase activity
pyrrolidone-carboxylate peptidase activity
pyrrolidonecarboxylyl peptidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ubiquitin C-terminal thiolester + H2O = ubiquitin + a thiol. Hydrolysis of esters, including those formed between thiols such as dithiothreitol or glutathione and the C-terminal glycine residue of the polypeptide ubiquitin, and AMP-ubiquitin.
ubiquitin carboxy-terminal esterase activity
ubiquitin-C-terminal-thioester hydrolase activity
ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase activity
Note that this term is distinguished from 'ubiquitin-specific protease activity ; GO:0004843' in that it specifically refers to hydrolysis of thiolester bonds, but encompasses the removal of any substrate attached to ubiquitin via a thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-Gly-Xaa + H2O = peptidyl-Gly + Xaa.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of gelatin type I and collagen types IV, V, VII, X. Cleaves the collagen-like sequence Pro-Gln-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gln at the Gly-Ile bond.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of gelatin types I and V and collagen types IV and V.
95 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of a N-terminal glutamate (and to a lesser extent aspartate) from a peptide.
Ca2+-activated glutamate aminopeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. No action on proteins.
insulin-degrading neutral proteinase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of one bond in native collagen. Cleavage of the triple helix of collagen at about three-quarters of the length of the molecule from the N-terminus, at Gly775-Ile776 in the alpha-1(I) chain. Cleaves synthetic substrates and alpha-macroglobulins at bonds where P1' is a hydrophobic residue.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of soluble and insoluble elastin. Specific cleavages are also produced at Ala14-Leu15 and Tyr16-Leu17 in the B chain of insulin.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of Ala14-Leu15 and Tyr16-Leu17 in B chain of insulin. No action on collagen types I, II, IV and V. Cleaves gelatin chain alpha-2(I) > alpha-1(I).
putative (or punctuated) metalloproteinase-1 activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of dipeptides.
glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored renal dipeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues.
N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of N-terminal amino acids, preferentially methionine, from peptides and arylamides.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of N-terminal transit peptides from precursor proteins imported into the mitochondrion, typically with Arg in position P2.
mitochondrial protein precursor-processing proteinase activity
alpha-mitochondrial processing peptidase
processing enhancing peptidase (for one of two subunits)
mitochondrial processing peptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal octapeptide as second stage of processing of some proteins imported in the mitochondrion.
mitochondrial intermediate precursor-processing proteinase activity
mitochondrial intermediate peptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the maturation of mitochondrial precursor proteins delivered to the intermembrane space.
mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues in insulin, casein, hemoglobin, and a number of other proteins and polypeptides.
kidney-brush-border neutral endopeptidase
kidney-brush-border neutral proteinase activity
CALLA (common acute lymphoblastic leukemia-associated) antigens
common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen
common acute lymphoblastic leukemia-associated antigens
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, Xaa-Xbb from oligopeptide-Xaa-Xbb, when Xaa is not Pro, and Xbb is neither Asp nor Glu. Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity
endothelial cell peptidyl dipeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of Pro-Phe and Ala-Ala bonds.
saccharomyces cerevisiae proteinase yscD
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage where P1', P2' and P3' are hydrophobic residues.
OBSOLETE. Was not defined before being made obsolete.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal amino acid, preferably a neutral or hydrophobic one, from a polypeptide. Aminoacyl-arylamides are poor substrates.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of Xaa-Pro dipeptides; also acts on aminoacyl-hydroxyproline analogs. No action on Pro-Pro.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of the Leu-Leu bond in synthetic tetradecapeptide renin substrate, producing angiotensin I, but not active on natural angiotensinogen. Also hydrolyzes BZ-Arg-para-nitroanilide.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: acylaminoacyl-peptide + H2O = acylamino acid + peptide.
N-formylmethionine (fMet) aminopeptidase activity
acylamino-acid-releasing enzyme activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Specificity similar to chymotrypsin C.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity, and of BZ-Arg-OET > Ac-Tyr-OET. Does not hydrolyze peptide amides.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Tyr-Xaa > Trp-Xaa > Phe-Xaa > Leu-Xaa.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal dipeptide, by the hydrolysis of the Xbb-Xcc bond in Xaa-Xbb-Xcc, preferentially when Xbb is Pro, provided Xcc is neither Pro nor hydroxyproline.
Xaa-Pro-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity
Xaa-Pro-dipeptidylaminopeptidase activity
amino acyl-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity
glycylprolyl dipeptidylaminopeptidase activity
post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV activity
postproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of Lys6-Ile7 bond in trypsinogen.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of mature proteins from their proproteins by cleavage of the terminal bond of Arg-Xaa-Yaa-Arg-Z motifs where Xaa can be any amino acid and Yaa is Arg or Lys. Releases albumin, complement component C3 and von Willebrand factor from their respective precursors.
paired basic amino acid residue cleaving enzyme activity
paired basic amino acid converting enzyme
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins, including fibronectin, type IV collagen and nucleolin. Preferential cleavage: Arg-Xaa > Lys-Xaa > Phe-Xaa in small molecule substrates.
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte proteinase 1 activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Asp-Xaa > Asn-Xaa > Met-Xaa, Ser-Xaa.
cytotoxic t-lymphocyte proteinase 2 activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Leu-Xaa, Met-Xaa and Phe-Xaa. Hydrolyzes elastin.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Lys-Xaa > Arg-Xaa; higher selectivity than trypsin. Converts fibrin into soluble products.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Arg-Xaa > Lys-Xaa.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of protein hormones, neuropeptides and renin from their precursors, generally by cleavage of -Lys-Arg-Xaa at the Arg-Xaa bond.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of protein hormones and neuropeptides from their precursors, generally by cleavage of -Lys-Arg-Xaa at the Arg-Xaa bond.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of Pro-Xaa > Ala-Xaa in oligopeptides.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of the Arg-Xaa bond in Lys-Arg-Xaa and Arg-Arg-Xaa to process Yeast alpha-factor pheromone and killer toxin precursors.
prohormone-processing proteinase activity
Kex2-like precursor protein processing endoprotease
prohormone-processing endoprotease activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in P1. Hydrolyzes peptide amides.
bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase activity
bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase bioprase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Arg-Xaa bonds in small molecule substrates. Highly selective action to release kallidin (lysyl-bradykinin) from kininogen involves hydrolysis of Met-Xaa or Leu-Xaa. The rat enzyme is unusual in liberating bradykinin directly from autologous kininogens by cleavage at two Arg-Xaa bonds.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide at neutral pH.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Arg-Xaa, Lys-Xaa.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage at peptide bonds with very broad specificity.
This term was made obsolete because it mentions a component term in the text string.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = trans-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O.
(3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydro-lyase activity
short chain enoyl coenzyme A hydratase activity
short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an epoxide + H2O = a glycol.
Catalysis of the reaction: estradiol-17-beta + NADP+ = estrone + NADPH + H+.
17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase activity
17beta,20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
estradiol-17beta:NAD(P)+ 17-oxidoreductase activity
estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + estrone = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estrone 3-sulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate-estrone 3-sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:estrone 3-sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:oestrone sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphoethanolamine.
ATP:ethanolamine O-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + ethanolamine phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine.
phosphorylethanolamine transferase activity
CTP-phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase activity
ethanolamine phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase activity
ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.
CDP-ethanolamine:1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity
CDPethanolamine diglyceride phosphotransferase activity
diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity
phosphorylethanolamine-glyceride transferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-, alpha-(2->6)-, alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid and synthetic substrates.
N-acylneuraminate glycohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate(n) + H2O = polyphosphate(n-1) + phosphate.
acid phosphoanhydride phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + presqualene diphosphate.
farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase activity
presqualene-diphosphate synthase activity
Note that the two reactions performed by EC:2.5.1.21 are represented in GO by 'farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase activity ; GO:0004310' and 'squalene synthase activity ; GO:0051996'.
farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase activity
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity
trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate farnesyltranstransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADPH + 2n H+ = long-chain fatty acid + n+1 CoA + n CO2 + 2n NADP+.
acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolysing)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein].
[acyl-carrier protein] S-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl coenzyme A-acyl-carrier-protein transacylase activity
acetyl-CoA:acyl-carrier-protein S-acetyltransferase activity
acyl-carrier-protein S-acetyltransferase activity
acyl-carrier-protein acetyltransferase activity
acyl-carrier-proteinacetyltransferase activity
[acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein].
[acyl-carrier protein] S-malonyltransferase activity
acyl carrier protein malonyltransferase activity
acyl carrier proteinmalonyltransferase activity
acyl-carrier-protein S-malonyltransferase activity
malonyl coenzyme A-acyl carrier protein transacylase activity
malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase activity
malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase activity
malonyl-CoA:acyl-carrier-protein S-malonyltransferase activity
[acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + [acyl-carrier protein].
3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase activity
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase activity
3-oxoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein:malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating)
acyl-malonyl acyl carrier protein-condensing enzyme activity
acyl-malonyl(acyl-carrier-protein)-condensing enzyme activity
beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase activity
beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase I
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+.
(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-acyl-carrier-protein:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
3-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein reductase activity
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase activity
3-oxoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein reductase activity
NADPH-specific 3-oxoacyl-acylcarrier proteinreductase activity
beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase activity
beta-ketoacyl thioester reductase activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier protein(ACP) reductase activity
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2-hexadecenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
(3R)-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydro-lyase activity
(3R)-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-acyl-carrier-protein hydro-lyase (hexadec-2-enoyl-acyl-carrier protein-forming)
(3R)-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-acyl-carrier-protein hydro-lyase activity
3-hydroxypalmitoyl-ACP dehydratase activity
3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase activity
3-hydroxypalmitoyl-acyl-carrier-protein dehydratase activity
D-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
D-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-acyl-carrier-protein dehydratase activity
beta-hydroxypalmitoyl thioester dehydratase activity
beta-hydroxypalmitoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydrase activity
beta-hydroxypalmityl-ACP dehydrase activity
3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH + H+.
NADH-enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase activity
NADH-specific enoyl-ACP reductase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein:NAD+ oxidoreductase
enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase (NADH) activity
enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein reductase (NADH)
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+.
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein:NADP+ oxidoreductase (B-specific)
enoyl acyl-carrier-protein reductase activity
enoyl-ACP reductase (NADPH, B-specific) activity
enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specific) activity
enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein reductase (NADPH, B-specific)
enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein reductase (NADPH2, B-specific)
reductase, enoyl-acyl carrier protein (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + oleate.
oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] hydrolase activity
oleoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase activity
oleoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADH + 2n NADPH + 4n H+ = a long-chain acyl-CoA + n CoA + n CO2 + 2n NAD+ + 2n NADP+.
acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl- reducing)
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O.
ferroxidase, iron II:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
iron(II): oxygen oxidoreductase activity
multicopper ferroxidase iron transport mediator activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NADP+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADPH + H+.
NADPH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase activity
ferredoxin-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized) reductase activity
ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-adrenodoxin reductase activity
Note that this term specifically refers to the reaction proceeding in the direction shown; it should therefore be used to annotate gene products that catalyze the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin or adrenodoxin; also consider annotating to the molecular function term 'NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase activity ; GO:0015039'.
Catalysis of the reaction: protoheme = Fe(2+) + protoporphyrin IX.
protoheme ferro-lyase (protoporphyrin-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n+1).
N(10)-formyltetrahydropteroyldiglutamate synthetase activity
N10-formyltetrahydropteroyldiglutamate synthetase activity
folate polyglutamate synthetase activity
folylpoly(gamma-glutamate) synthase activity
folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthase activity
folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase-dihydrofolate synthetase activity
formyltetrahydropteroyldiglutamate synthetase activity
tetrahydrofolate:L-glutamate gamma-ligase (ADP-forming) activity
tetrahydrofolyl-[gamma-Glu]n:L-glutamate gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)
tetrahydropteroyl-[gamma-polyglutamate]:L-glutamate gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)
tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate synthase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: formaldehyde + glutathione + NAD+ = S-formylglutathione + NADH + H+.
This term was made obsolete because it was derived from an EC entry (1.2.1.1) that has since been split into two entries.
formaldehyde dehydrogenase (glutathione) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: formamide + H(2)O = formate + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + formate + tetrahydrofolate = ADP + phosphate + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity
formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity
formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose-6-phosphate + phosphate.
D-fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphohydrolase activity
beta-D-fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphohydrolase activity
fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming)
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase activity
fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity
fructose 1-monophosphate aldolase activity
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate triosephosphate-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate = fumarate + H(2)O.
(S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H(2)O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+).
4-fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + ATP = alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:D-galactose 1-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:D-galactose-1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-galactose + N-acylsphingosine.
D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine galactohydrolase activity
galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activity
galactocerebroside galactosidase activity
galactocerebroside-beta-D-galactosidase activity
galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + diphosphate.
farnesyl diphosphate synthetase activity
farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity
farnesylpyrophosphate synthetase activity
geranyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate geranyltranstransferase activity
Note that this is the second step in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. The first step is 'dimethylallyltransferase activity ; GO:0004161'. Consider also annotating to the biological process term 'farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process ; GO:0045337'.
Catalysis of the successive hydrolysis of beta-D-glucose units from the non-reducing ends of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, releasing alpha-glucose.
exo-beta-(1->3)-glucanohydrolase activity
glucan exo-1,3-beta-glucosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal (1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues successively from non-reducing ends of the chains with release of beta-D-glucose.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase activity
gamma-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase activity
Note that this term is not a child of 'alpha-glucosidase activity ; GO:0004558', because in the reaction represented by GO:0004339 results in the release of beta-D-glucose, whereas in GO:0004558 alpha-D-glucose is released.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.
ATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = D-gluconate.
D-glucono-1,5-lactone lactonohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H(2)O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH(4)(+).
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)
aminodeoxyglucosephosphate isomerase activity
glucosamine phosphate deaminase activity
glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:5.3.1.10.
glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + CoA + H(+).
D-glucosamine-6-P N-acetyltransferase activity
N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activity
acetyl-CoA:D-glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
aminodeoxyglucosephosphate acetyltransferase activity
glucosamine 6-phosphate acetylase activity
glucosamine-6-phosphate acetylase activity
glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
phosphoglucosamine transacetylase activity
glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + acceptor = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + reduced acceptor.
glucose dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity
glucose dehydrogenase (Aspergillus) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+.
D-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
NADP-dependent glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NADP-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP) activity
glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase activity
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate. D-glucopyranose is also known as D-glucose 6-phosphate.
D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
glucose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.
D-glucose-6-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-glucose + N-acylsphingosine.
D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase activity
glucosphingosine glucosylhydrolase activity
glucosylsphingosine beta-D-glucosidase activity
glucosylsphingosine beta-glucosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + ADP + H(+).
ATP-L-glutamate 5-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:L-glutamate 5-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:gamma-L-glutamate phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP(+) + phosphate = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + H(+) + NADPH.
L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
beta-glutamylphosphate reductase activity
gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase activity
gamma-glutamylphosphate reductase activity
glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
glutamate-gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
glutamyl-gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2.
L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase activity
L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase (4-aminobutanoate-forming)
L-glutamate alpha-decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+.
L-glutamate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent glutamic dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked glutamic dehydrogenase activity
NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-specific glutamic dehydrogenase activity
NADH-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+.
L-glutamate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
glutamate biosynthesis, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
glutamate biosynthetic process, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADPH + H+.
L-glutamate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity
dehydrogenase, glutamate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate))
glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NADP(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + L-glutamine + H(+) + NADPH. This is a two-step reaction: (a) L-glutamate + NH3 = L-glutamine + H2O, (b) L-glutamate + NADP+ + H2O = NH3 + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + H+.
L-glutamate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (transaminating)
L-glutamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, NADPH oxidizing activity
NADPH-dependent glutamate synthase activity
glutamate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) synthase activity
glutamine amide-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (oxidoreductase, NADP) activity
glutamine-ketoglutaric aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + NH(4)(+) = L-glutamine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + L-glutamate + ATP = L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming) activity
gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine synthetase activity
gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity
gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine + L-glutamate = N-acetyl-L-glutamate + L-ornithine.
N-acetyl-L-glutamate synthetase activity
2-N-acetyl-L-ornithine:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity
N2-acetyl-L-ornithine:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity
acetylglutamate-acetylornithine transacetylase activity
acetylglutamic-acetylornithine transacetylase activity
acetylornithine glutamate acetyltransferase activity
alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate.
D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase activity
L-glutamine-D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase activity
L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)
glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase activity
glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (isomerizing) activity
glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase (glutamine-forming) activity
glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activity
hexosephosphate aminotransferase activity
glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glutaryl-CoA + acceptor = crotonoyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced acceptor.
glutaryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
glutaryl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
glutaryl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+.
NADPH:oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase activity
glutathione-disulphide reductase activity
glutathione:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.4.2.
glutathione-disulfide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ATP + glycine = ADP + glutathione + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: R-X + glutathione = H-X + R-S-glutathione. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrile or halide group.
S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase activity
glutathione S-alkyl transferase activity
glutathione S-aralkyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NADH + H+.
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NADH-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD)
glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase activity
phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
3-glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity
ACP:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase activity
alpha-glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity
glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
glycerol phosphate acyltransferase activity
glycerol phosphate transacylase activity
glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity
sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NAD+ = glycerone phosphate + NADH + H+.
L-alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity
L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity
L-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity
L-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity
hydroglycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
NADH-dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase activity
glycerol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol.
FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
flavin-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase activity
Note that enzymes classified as EC:1.1.5.3 have several activities. They should be annotated with the terms GO:0004368, GO:0052590 and GO:0052591.
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + O(2) = glycerone phosphate + H(2)O(2).
L-alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase activity
L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase activity
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerol = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:glycerol-3-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerone = ADP + glycerone phosphate + 2 H(+).
ATP:glycerone phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + L-serine.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:glycogen 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:glycogen 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: glycine + lipoylprotein = S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + carbon dioxide (CO2), followed by S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + (6S)-tetrahydrofolate = dihydrolipoylprotein + (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + ammonia. Made up of two components, aminomethyltransferase and glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating).
This term was made obsolete because it represents a process rather than a function.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + lipoylprotein = S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + CO2.
glycine-cleavage complex P-protein activity
glycine:H-protein-lipoyllysine oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-amino-methylating)
glycine:lipoylprotein oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-aminomethylating)
glycine cleavage system P-protein activity
glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.
glycolipid mannosyl transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP-alpha-D-mannose = an alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP + 2 H+. This reaction is the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.
GDP-D-mannose:D-Man-alpha-(1->3)-[D-Man-alpha-(1->6)]-D-Man-beta-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-beta-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose-oligosaccharide-lipid mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:glycolipid 1,2-alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
glycolipid 2-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose-oligosaccharide-lipid mannosyltransferase activity
oligosaccharide-lipid mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-Man:Man3GlcNAc2-PP-Dol alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + GDP-alpha-D-mannose = alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + GDP + H+. This reaction is the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.
GDP-D-mannose:D-Man-beta-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-beta-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol 3-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:glycolipid 1,3-alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
glycolipid 3-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose-oligosaccharide-lipid II mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose-oligosaccharide-lipid mannosyltransferase II
GDP-Man:Man1GlcNAc2-PP-Dol alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycyl-peptide = CoA + N-tetradecanoylglycyl-peptide.
myristoyl-CoA-protein N-myristoyltransferase activity
myristoyl-coenzyme A:protein N-myristoyl transferase activity
peptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase activity
tetradecanoyl-CoA:glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase activity
glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.
UDP-GalNAc:Fucalpha1->2Galalpha1->3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:alpha-L-fucosyl-1,2-D-galactose 3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose 3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
blood-group substance A-dependent acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
blood-group substance alpha-acetyltransferase activity
fucosylgalactose acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
fucosylgalactose alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
fucosylglycoprotein alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
histo-blood group A glycosyltransferase (Fucalpha1->2Galalpha1->3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase)
histo-blood group A acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
histo-blood group A transferase activity
glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.
UDP-galactose:alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactoside 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->2)-D-galactoside 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:O-alpha-L-fucosyl(1,2)D-galactose alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:O-alpha-L-fucosyl(1->2)D-galactose alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactoside 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->2)-D-galactoside 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
fucosylglycoprotein 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
histo-blood substance B-dependent galactosyltransferase activity
[blood group substance] alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
blood-group substance B-dependent galactosyltransferase activity
blood-group substance beta-dependent galactosyltransferase activity
histo-blood group B transferase activity
histo-blood substance beta-dependent galactosyltransferase activity
fucosylgalactoside 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + H2O = GMP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP = 3',5'-cyclic GMP + diphosphate.
GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) activity
GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3',5'-cyclic-GMP-forming) activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP, associated with the cell membrane.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product and not a function.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
Note that most helicases catalyze processive duplex unwinding.
Catalysis of the reaction: heme + 3 donor-H2 + 3 O2 = biliverdin + Fe2+ + CO + 3 acceptor + 3 H2O.
heme,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (alpha-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfate; results in 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid residues in heparan sulfate.
heparan-sulfate 2-O-sulphotransferase activity
heparin-sulphate 2-sulphotransferase activity
heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoate.
3,4-dihydroxy-5-hexaprenylbenzoate methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxylate O-methyltransferase activity
dihydroxyhexaprenylbenzoate methyltransferase activity
hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate.
ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase activity
hexokinase type IV (glucokinase) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine = urocanate + NH3.
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine = histamine + CO2.
L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidinol + NAD+ = L-histidine + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidinol-phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + L-glutamate.
L-histidinol phosphate aminotransferase activity
L-histidinol-phosphate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
glutamic-imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase activity
histidine:imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase activity
histidinol phosphate aminotransferase activity
histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase activity
imidazole acetol-phosphate transaminase activity
imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase activity
imidazolylacetolphosphate aminotransferase activity
imidazolylacetolphosphate transaminase activity
histidinol-phosphate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidinol phosphate + H(2)O = L-histidinol + phosphate.
L-histidinol phosphate phosphatase activity
L-histidinol-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
histidinol phosphate phosphatase activity
histidinolphosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone.
acetyl-CoA:histone acetyltransferase activity
histone lysine acetyltransferase activity
H2A/H2B histone acetyltransferase activity
H3/H4 histone acetyltransferase activity
H4/H2 histone acetyltransferase activity
nucleosome-histone acetyltransferase activity
Note that the term 'histone lysine acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0046971' was merged into this term because only lysine residues are ever acetylated in histones, and so the term was redundant.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.
Catalysis of the reaction: holocytochrome c = apocytochrome c + heme.
holocytochrome-c apocytochrome-c-lyase (heme-forming)
holocytochrome-c apocytochrome-c-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-homoisocitrate = cis-homoaconitate + H(2)O.
2-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate hydro-lyase activity
(1R,2S)-1-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate hydro-lyase [(Z)-but-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate-forming]
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + acetyl-CoA + H(2)O = CoA + H(+) + homocitrate.
2-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2-oxoglutarate-lyase (CoA- acetylating) activity
2-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2-oxoglutarate-lyase (CoA-acetylating)
acetyl-CoA:2-oxoglutarate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl forming)
acetyl-coenzyme A:2-ketoglutarate C-acetyl transferase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.21.
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisate + O(2) = 4-maleylacetoacetate + H(+).
homogentisate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + NADP+ = L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + ATP = O-phospho-L-homoserine + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:L-homoserine O-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-homoserine + CoA.
L-homoserine O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:L-homoserine O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + H2O = glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate.
S-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione hydrolase activity
S-2-hydroxylacylglutathione hydrolase activity
acetoacetylglutathione hydrolase activity
hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole + ATP = 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole + ADP + 2 H(+).
4-methyl-5-(beta-hydroxyethyl)thiazole kinase activity
ATP:4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole 2-phosphotransferase activity
hydroxyethylthiazole kinase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + 4 porphobilinogen = hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH(4)(+).
(4-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-(carboxymethyl)pyrrol-2-yl)methyltransferase (hydrolyzing) activity
(4-[2-carboxyethyl]-3-[carboxymethyl]pyrrol-2-yl)methyltransferase (hydrolysing)
porphobilinogen ammonia-lyase (polymerizing)
porphobilinogen:(4-[2-carboxyethyl]-3-[carboxymethyl]pyrrol-2-yl)methyltransferase (hydrolysing)
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.3.1.8.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA.
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetate-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming)
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetate-lyase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate-CoA lyase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA cleaving enzyme
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A-cleaving enzyme
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP(+) = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H(+) + 2 NADPH.
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA + H(2)O = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + CoA + H(+).
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA-lyase (CoA-acetylating)
(s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA-lyase (CoA- acetylating) activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthetase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthetase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase activity
acetoacetyl coenzyme A transacetase activity
acetyl-CoA:acetoacetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming)
beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme alpha-condensing enzyme activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A-condensing enzyme
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.5.
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + diphosphate = hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
guanine-hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
IMP:diphosphate phospho-D-ribosyltransferase activity
inosine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase activity
6-hydroxypurine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
6-mercaptopurine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
purine-6-thiol phosphoribosyltransferase activity
hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the L-iduronate 2-sulfate units of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin.
2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase activity
L-iduronate 2-sulfate sulfatase activity
L-iduronate-2-sulfate 2-sulfohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + H(2)O.
D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate hydro-lyase activity
imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydratase activity
D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate hydro-lyase [3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl-phosphate-forming]
imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate = 1-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate + CO2 + H2O.
1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose-5-phosphate carboxy-lyase (cyclizing)
indole-3-glycerophosphate synthase activity
indoleglycerol phosphate synthase activity
indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase activity
1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose-5-phosphate carboxy-lyase [cyclizing; 1-C-(3-indolyl)-glycerol-3-phosphate-forming]
indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + H(2)O = H(+) + 2 phosphate.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the phosphorylation of myo-inositol (1,2,3,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol) or a phosphatidylinositol.
inositol/phosphatidylinositol kinase activity
This term was made obsolete because it is a grouping term representing two quite different sets of entities, hexose sugars and glycerophospholipids.
inositol or phosphatidylinositol kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
phosphatidylinositol kinase (phosphorylating) activity
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphotransferase activity
type II phosphatidylinositol kinase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
OBSOLETE. A class I PI3K activated by tyrosine phosphorylation events.
This term was made obsolete because it is not a valid molecular function.
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase, class IA
OBSOLETE. A class I PI3K activated via heterotrimeric G-proteins.
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase, class IB
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H(2)O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(+).
monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase activity
triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase activity
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase activity
1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase activity
phosphoinositide phospholipase C activity
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate + diacylglycerol.
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol diacyl-sn-glycerol-lyase (1D-myo-inositol-1,2-cyclic-phosphate-forming)
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol diacylglycerol-lyase (1,2-cyclic-phosphate-forming)
1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol inositolphosphohydrolase (cyclic-phosphate-forming)
1-phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:3.1.4.10.
phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the removal of a phosphate group from phosphorylated myo-inositol (1,2,3,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol) or a phosphatidylinositol.
inositol/phosphatidylinositol phosphatase activity
inositol or phosphatidylinositol phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
D-myo-inositol-1,3-bisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
inositol 1,3-bisphosphate phosphatase activity
inositol-1,3-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity
inositol-1,4,-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity
inositol-polyphosphate 3-phosphatase activity
phosphatidyl-3-phosphate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
Note that this function includes EC:3.1.3.65.
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphatase activity
phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphatase activity
triphosphoinositide phosphatase activity
triphosphoinositide phosphomonoesterase activity
phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphatase activity
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.
inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase activity
1D-myo-inositol-1,4-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase activity
inositol-polyphosphate 1-phosphatase activity
inositol-1,4-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,3-bisphosphate + H2O = D-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate + phosphate.
inositol-1,4,-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = D-myo-inositol 3-monophosphate + phosphate.
inositol-1,4,-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase
OBSOLETE. The removal of a phosphate group from the carbon-1 position of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.
This term was made obsolete because the existence of this function has not been established.
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 1-phosphatase
Catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
L-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-monoesterase activity
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate phosphatase activity
inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase activity
D-myo-inositol(1,4,5)/(1,3,4,5)-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 5-phosphatase activity
inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase activity
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate/1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphohydrolase activity
D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
InsP(3)/Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) 5-phosphatase activity
InsP3/Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 5-phosphatase activity
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
type II inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
inositol triphosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase activity
inositol trisphosphate phosphomonoesterase activity
type I inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase activity
type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
Note that this is a compound function and should be replaced by 'GO:0052659 : inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity' and 'GO:0052658 : inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity'.
inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol pentakisphosphate (mixed isomers) + phosphate.
multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase activity
1D-myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate 5-phosphohydrolase activity
inositol tetrakisphosphate phosphomonoesterase activity
inositol-hexakisphosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: iodide + hydrogen peroxide = iodine + 2 H2O.
iodide peroxidase-tyrosine iodinase activity
iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + reduced acceptor.
beta-ketoglutaric-isocitric carboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADH + H+.
NAD dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
isocitrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+.
NADP(+)-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
NADP-dependent isocitric dehydrogenase activity
NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
isocitrate (NADP) dehydrogenase activity
isocitrate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP) activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent) activity
isocitrate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
dual-cofactor-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
triphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate = glyoxylate + succinate.
isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase (succinate-forming)
threo-DS-isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isopentenyl diphosphate = dimethylallyl diphosphate.
isopentenyl-diphosphate D-isomerase activity
isopentenyl-diphosphate delta3-delta2-isomerase activity
isopentenylpyrophosphate delta-isomerase activity
isopentenylpyrophosphate isomerase activity
methylbutenylpyrophosphate isomerase activity
isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methyl (2E,6E)-(10R,11S)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyltrideca-2,6-dienoate + H2O = (2E,6E)-(10R,11S)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyltrideca-2,6-dienoate + methanol. A carboxylesterase that hydrolyzes the ester linkage of juvenile hormone.
juvenile hormone analog esterase activity
juvenile hormone carboxyesterase activity
methyl-(2E,6E)-(10R,11S)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyltrideca-2,6-dienoate acylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 1-phosphate.
ATP:D-fructose 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate + NADP+ = (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate + NADPH + H+.
(R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (isomerizing)
2-hydroxy-3-keto acid reductoisomerase activity
acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase activity
acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase activity
alpha-keto-beta-hydroxylacyl reductoisomerase activity
dihydroxyisovalerate (isomerizing) dehydrogenase activity
dihydroxyisovalerate dehydrogenase (isomerizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
6-phospho-D-gluconate hydro-lyase (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate-forming)
6-phospho-D-gluconate hydro-lyase activity
gluconate 6-phosphate dehydratase activity
gluconate-6-phosphate dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the oxidation of lactate to produce pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c.
(R)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase activity
D-(-)-lactic cytochrome c reductase activity
D-lactate (cytochrome) dehydrogenase activity
D-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
D-lactate-cytochrome c reductase activity
cytochrome-dependent D-(-)-lactate dehydrogenase activity
D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c.
(S)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase activity
L(+)-lactate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
L-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
L-lactate cytochrome c reductase activity
L-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
cytochrome b2 (flavin-free derivative of flavocytochrome b2)
L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + D-glucose = UDP + lactose.
UDP-galactose-glucose galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:D-glucose 4-beta-D-galactotransferase activity
UDPgalactose-glucose galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:D-glucose 4-beta-D-galactotransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-glucose galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal.
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing) activity
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing; glutathione-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + leukotriene A(4) = leukotriene B(4).
(7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-(5S,6S)-5,6-epoxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: leukotriene C(4) = glutathione + leukotriene A(4).
(7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-(5S,6R)-5,6-epoxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate:glutathione leukotriene-transferase (epoxide-ring-opening)
(7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-(5S,6R)-6-(glutathion-S-yl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate glutathione-lyase (epoxide-forming)
leukotriene A(4):glutathione S-leukotrienyltransferase activity
leukotriene A4:glutathione S-leukotrienyltransferase activity
leukotriene-C4 glutathione-lyase (leukotriene-A4-forming)
Note that this function was EC:2.5.1.37.
Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.
triacylglycero-protein acylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + ETF = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced ETF.
long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
long-chain-acyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase activity
long-chain-acyl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase activity
palmitoyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a long-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
fatty acid thiokinase (long chain) activity
fatty acid thiokinase (long-chain) activity
long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activity
long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity
long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase activity
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity
long-chain-fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase activity
long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + L-lysine = phosphate + N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
acetyl-phosphate:L-lysine 6-N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-phosphate:L-lysine N6-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of malate with the concomitant production of pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH + H+. Does not decarboxylate oxaloacetate.
(S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NADP+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+. Also decarboxylates oxaloacetate.
(S)-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase activity
malate dehydrogenase (NADP, decarboxylating)
malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating, NADP)
NADP-linked decarboxylating malic enzyme
malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H(2)O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+).
L-malate glyoxylate-lyase (CoA-acetylating) activity
acetyl-CoA:glyoxylate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming)
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.2.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GTP = diphosphate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose.
GTP-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GTP:alpha-D-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GTP:mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
guanosine 5'-diphospho-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose pyrophosphorylase activity
guanosine triphosphate-mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (guanosine triphosphate)
PIM-GMP (phosphomannose isomerase-guanosine 5'-diphospho-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase)
mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.
D-mannose-6-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
D-mannose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.
5,10-methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase activity
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate 5-hydrolase (decyclizing)
citrovorum factor cyclodehydrase activity
formyl-methenyl-methylenetetrahydrofolate synthetase (combined)
methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
ATP-methionine adenosyltransferase activity
ATP:L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase activity
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase activity
methionine S-adenosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + L-methionyl-tRNA + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + N-formylmethionyl-tRNA.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA N-formyltransferase activity
N(10)-formyltetrahydrofolic-methionyl-transfer ribonucleic transformylase activity
N10-formyltetrahydrofolic-methionyl-transfer ribonucleic transformylase activity
formylmethionyl-transfer ribonucleic synthetase activity
methionyl ribonucleic formyltransferase activity
methionyl-tRNA Met formyltransferase activity
methionyl-transfer RNA transformylase activity
methionyl-transfer ribonucleic transformylase activity
N-terminal peptidyl-methionine N-formylation
conversion of mitochondrial met-tRNAf to fmet-tRNA
methionyl-transfer ribonucleate methyltransferase activity
mitochondrial N-terminal peptidyl-methionine N-formylation
methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid methylene fatty acid.
unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase (methenylating)
methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + G(5')pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5')pppR-RNA. m7G(5')pppR-RNA is mRNA containing an N7-methylguanine cap; R may be guanosine or adenosine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA (guanine-7-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity
messenger RNA guanine 7-methyltransferase activity
messenger ribonucleate guanine 7-methyltransferase activity
mRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m7G(5')pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5')pppRm-RNA. R may be guanosine or adenosine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
mRNA (adenosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
messenger RNA (nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase activity
messenger ribonucleate nucleoside 2'-methyltransferase activity
mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + (5')pp-Pur-mRNA = diphosphate + G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA; G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA is mRNA containing a guanosine residue linked 5' through three phosphates to the 5' position of the terminal residue.
messenger RNA guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + ATP + bicarbonate = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase activity
beta-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase activity
beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity
methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase activity
methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.
5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase activity
N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(+) = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADH.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP(+) = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP oxidoreductase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid reductase activity
N(5),N(10)-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity
N(5,10)-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolic acid reductase activity
5,10-CH(2)-H(4)folate reductase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH) activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH2) activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydropteroylglutamate reductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NAD oxidoreductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity
N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH(2)) activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH2)
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH(2)) activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate (reduced riboflavin adenine dinucleotide) reductase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H]
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + H(2)O.
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA hydro-lyase (trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA-forming)
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA hydro-lyase activity
3-methylglutaconyl CoA hydratase activity
methylglutaconyl coenzyme A hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NAD+ = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+.
2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA = propanoyl-CoA + CO2.
(S)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA carboxy-lyase activity
(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA carboxy-lyase (propanoyl-CoA-forming)
(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA carboxy-lyase activity
methylmalonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase activity
methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.
2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA 2-epimerase activity
methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA.
(R)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase activity
(R)-methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase activity
methylmalonyl coenzyme A carbonylmutase activity
methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase activity
methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonyl mutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + acceptor = mevaldate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:(R)-mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase activity
mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.
Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = calcitriol + H(2)O + NADP(+).
25-hydroxy D3-1alpha-hydroxylase activity
25-hydroxy vitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity
25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-hydroxylase activity
25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-monooxygenase activity
25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1alpha-hydroxylase activity
25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity
25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase activity
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase activity
calcidiol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating)
1-hydroxylase-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylaniline + NADPH + H+ + O2 = N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide + NADP+ + H2O.
flavin-containing monooxygenase activity
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine:oxygen N-oxidoreductase activity
N,N-dimethylaniline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-oxide-forming)
dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide-forming) activity
methylphenyltetrahydropyridine N-monooxygenase activity
N,N-dimethylaniline monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate + dopamine + O(2) = (R)-noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H(2)O.
(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine)beta-mono-oxygenase activity
3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine beta-oxidase activity
3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)
4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol beta-oxidase activity
MDBH (membrane-associated dopamine beta-monooxygenase)
SDBH (soluble dopamine beta-monooxygenase)
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + Ecdysone + O(2) = 20-hydroxyecdysone + A + H(2)O.
alpha-ecdysone C-20 hydroxylase activity
ecdysone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H(2)O + NADP(+).
L-kynurenine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + L-DOPA + O2 = L-DOPA + DOPAquinone + H2O.
N-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase activity
monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductase activity
monophenol,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
In mammals, L-DOPA can act as a cofactor for the catalyzed reaction; therefore in some resources L-DOPA is shown on both sides of the reaction. GO:0004503 describes the monooxygenation of the monophenol, L-tyrosine. For oxidation of diphenols (including L-DOPA and dopamine), consider instead the term 'catechol oxidase activity ; GO:0004097' and its children.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glycine + ascorbate + O2 = peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) + dehydroascorbate + H2O.
peptidyl alpha-amidating enzyme activity
peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase activity
peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylase activity
peptidylglycine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin.
L-phenylalanine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + squalene = (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene + H(2)O + NADP(+).
squalene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-epoxidizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O.
steroid,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (11beta-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + AH2 + O2 = a 17a-hydroxysteroid + A + H2O.
17alpha-hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase activity
steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase-C17-20 lyase activity
steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase activity
steroid 17alphahydroxylase/17,20 lyase activity
steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (17alpha-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + donor-H2 + O2 = a 21-hydroxysteroid + acceptor + H2O.
steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (21-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O.
L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
indoleacetic acid-5-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O.
L-tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate. This reaction requires NAD, which dehydrogenates the CHOH group to CO at C-5 of the glucose 6-phosphate, making C-6 into an active methylene, able to condense with the aldehyde at C-1. Finally, the enzyme-bound NADH reconverts C-5 into the CHOH form.
1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate lyase (isomerizing)
D-glucose 6-phosphate cycloaldolase activity
glucose-6-phosphate inositol monophosphate cycloaldolase activity
inositol 1-phosphate synthatase activity
inositol 1-phosphate synthetase activity
myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucosylceramide.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:neolactotetraosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-neolactotetraosylceramide sialyltransferase activity
neolactotetraosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CO(2) + diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 2 H(+) + quinolinate.
nicotinate mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating)
nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating) activity
nicotinate-nucleotide:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase (carboxylating)
quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (decarboxylating) activity
quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase activity
quinolinic phosphoribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.
ATP:nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:nicotinate-ribonucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
deamido-NAD(+) pyrophosphorylase activity
deamidonicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase
nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
nicotinate-nucleotide:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
nicotinic acid mononucleotide glycohydrolase activity
nicotinic acid mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+.
L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (nitric-oxide-forming) activity
endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme activity
endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Note that 'tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity ; GO:0009022', also known as 'ribonuclease PH', does not have parentage in the 'nuclease activity' branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in C-P or U-P with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
ceratitis capitata alkaline ribonuclease activity
ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids to 5'-phosphomonoesters.
RNA*DNA hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase activity
Note that the EC recommended name for this enzyme activity is 'calf thymus ribonuclease H', even though it is found in many species.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA with 5'-phosphomonoesters and 3'-OH termini; makes two staggered cuts in both strands of dsRNA, leaving a 3' overhang of 2 nt.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 5' extra nucleotides from tRNA precursor.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end.
Catalysis of the sequential hydrolytic removal of 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides.
5' nucleotide phosphodiesterase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity
nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase I activity
oligonucleate 5'-nucleotidohydrolase activity
orthophosphoric diester phosphohydrolase activity
5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 3'-phosphodinucleotide and 3'-phosphooligonucleotide end products.
deoxyribonucleate 3'-nucleotidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to 5'-phosphomonoester oligonucleotides in both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' directions.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(A) to 5'-AMP.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in tRNA molecules.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside diphosphate = ADP + nucleoside triphosphate.
ATP:nucleoside-diphosphate phosphotransferase activity
nucleoside 5'-diphosphate kinase activity
nucleoside 5'-diphosphate phosphotransferase activity
nucleoside diphosphate (UDP) kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a dinucleotide + H2O = 2 mononucleotides.
dinucleotide nucleotidohydrolase activity
nucleotide-sugar pyrophosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-octanol + NAD(+) = 1-octanal + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose + H2O = 2 D-glucose.
alpha,alpha-trehalose glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactohydrolase.
alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase activity
alpha-galactoside galactohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.
alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.
alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase activity
p-nitrophenyl-alpha-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-L-fucoside + H2O = an alcohol + L-fucose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminides.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase activity
alpha-D-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucosidase activity
alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide N-acetylglucosaminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides.
beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminide N-acetylhexosaminohydrolase activity
beta-acetylaminodeoxyhexosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a fructofuranosylated fructofuranosyl acceptor + H2O = a non fructofuranosylated fructofuranosyl acceptor + a beta-D-fructofuranoside.
beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides.
beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase activity
Note that the inclusion of 'MetaCyc:BGALACT-PWY' is exceptional: normally MetaCyc pathway entries are database references for biological process terms, not molecular function terms. An exception was made in this case because the MetaCyc entry 'BGALACT-PWY' describes only one reaction, that catalyzed by beta-galactosidase.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-D-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.
beta-D-glucuronoside glucuronosohydrolase activity
beta-glucuronide glucuronohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides.
beta-D-mannoside mannohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins.
1,4-beta-poly-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
beta-1,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase activity
poly[1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide)] glycanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-glucosyl-(1,3)-mannosyl unit from Glc-Man(9)-(GlcNAc)(2) oligosaccharide component of the glycoprotein produced in the Golgi membrane.
glycoprotein glucosylmannohydrolase activity
glycoprotein endo-alpha-1,2-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->2)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in the oligo-mannose oligosaccharide Man(9)(GlcNAc)(2).
1,2-alpha-mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-D-mannohydrolase activity
mannose-9 processing alpha-mannosidase activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->3)- and (1->6)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in the mannosyl-oligosaccharide Man(5)(GlcNAc)(3).
1,3-(1,6-)mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-D-mannohydrolase activity
GlcNAc transferase I-dependent alpha1,3[alpha1,6]mannosidase activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide (1->3)-(1->6)-alpha-mannosidase activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide (1->3,6)-alpha-mannosidase activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide (1->3/6)-alpha-mannosidase activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the exohydrolysis of the non-reducing terminal glucose residue in the mannosyl-oligosaccharide Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2).
Glc3Man9NAc2 oligosaccharide glucosidase activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucohydrolase activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (processing A-glucosidase I) activity
mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in some oligosaccharides produced from starch and glycogen by alpha-amylase, and in isomaltose.
dextrin 6alpha-glucanohydrolase activity
oligosaccharide alpha-1,6-glucohydrolase activity
oligosaccharide alpha-1,6-glucosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + H2O = alpha-D-glucose + beta-D-fructose.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside hydrolysis
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside hydrolysis
Catalysis of the transfer of a oligosaccharyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol = UDP + N,N''-diacetylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol.
N,N'-diacetylchitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAc GlcNAc transferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-dolichylacetylglucosamine pyrophosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphodolichol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol = GDP + beta-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol.
GDP-mannose-dolichol diphosphochitobiose mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose-dolichol diphosphochitobiose mannosyltransferase activity
chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide + protein L-asparagine = dolichyl diphosphate + a glycoprotein with the oligosaccharide chain attached by glycosylamine linkage to protein L-asparagine.
asparagine N-glycosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide:protein-L-asparagine oligopolysaccharidotransferase activity
dolichyldiphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycosyltransferase activity
dolichyldiphosphooligosaccharide-protein oligosaccharyltransferase activity
dolichyldiphosphoryloligosaccharide-protein oligosaccharyltransferase activity
dolichylpyrophosphodiacetylchitobiose-protein glycosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + dolichyl phosphate = UDP + dolichyl beta-D-glucosyl phosphate.
UDP-glucose dolichyl-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:dolichol phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:dolicholphosphoryl glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:dolichyl monophosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:dolichyl phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
polyprenyl phosphate:UDP-D-glucose glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-dolichol glucosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + dolichyl phosphate = GDP + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate.
GDP-mannose-dolichol phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity
GDPMan:DolP mannosyltransferase activity
GDPmannose-dolichylmonophosphate mannosyltransferase activity
GDPmannose:dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
dolichol phosphate mannose synthase activity
dolichol-phosphate mannose synthase activity
dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase activity
dolichyl mannosyl phosphate synthase activity
dolichyl phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate mannose synthase activity
dolichyl-phospho-mannose synthase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose-dolichol phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
mannosylphosphodolichol synthase activity
mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthase activity
dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue from dolichyl-phosphate D-glucose into a membrane lipid-linked oligosaccharide.
dolichyl-phosphate-glucose-glycolipid alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from dolichyl-phosphate D-mannose into membrane lipid-linked oligosaccharide.
dolichol phosphomannose-oligosaccharide-lipid mannosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate-D-mannose:glycolipid alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-glycolipid alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithine = phosphate + L-citrulline.
L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity
L-ornithine carbamyltransferase activity
carbamoyl-phosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity
carbamylphosphate-ornithine transcarbamylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + H(+) = CO(2) + putrescine.
L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + a 2-oxo acid = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + an L-amino acid.
L-ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase activity
L-ornithine:alpha-ketoglutarate delta-aminotransferase activity
ornithine ketoacid aminotransferase activity
ornithine--2-oxoacid aminotransferase activity
ornithine--alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
ornithine--keto acid aminotransferase activity
ornithine--keto acid transaminase activity
ornithine--ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
ornithine--oxo acid aminotransferase activity
ornithine--oxo-acid transaminase activity
ornithine-oxo-acid aminotransferase activity
ornithine:alpha-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: orotidine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
orotate phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transferase activity
orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase activity
orotidine 5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
orotidine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
orotidine-5'-phosphate diphosphorylase activity
orotidine-5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
orotidine-5'-phosphate:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase activity
orotidylate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
orotidylic acid pyrophosphorylase activity
orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + orotate.
(S)-dihydroorotate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + orotidine 5'-phosphate = CO(2) + UMP.
orotate monophosphate decarboxylase activity
orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity
orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase activity
orotidine phosphate decarboxylase activity
orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase activity
orotidine-5'-phosphate carboxy-lyase (UMP-forming)
orotidine-5'-phosphate carboxy-lyase activity
uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase activity
orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + lipoamide = S-succinyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.
2-oxoglutarate: lipoate oxidoreductase activity
2-oxoglutarate:dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-succinylating)
2-oxoglutarate:lipoamide 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-succinylating) activity
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity
alpha-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase activity
alpha-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase activity
alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) activity
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (R)-pantoate + beta-alanine = AMP + diphosphate + (R)-pantothenate.
(R)-pantoate:beta-alanine ligase (AMP-forming)
D-pantoate:beta-alanine ligase (AMP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantothenate + H(2)O = (R)-pantoate + beta-alanine.
(R)-pantothenate amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantothenate = ADP + D-4'-phosphopantothenate.
ATP:(R)-pantothenate 4'-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:pantothenate 4'-phosphotransferase activity
pantothenate kinase (phosphorylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantetheine 4'-phosphate = 3'-dephospho-CoA + diphosphate.
3'-dephospho-CoA pyrophosphorylase activity
ATP:pantetheine-4'-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
dephospho-CoA pyrophosphorylase activity
dephospho-coenzyme A pyrophosphorylase activity
pantetheine phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase activity
pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-alpha-acetylpeptide. This reaction is the acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide or protein.
acetyl-CoA:peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:peptide nalpha-acetyltransferase activity
protein N-terminal acetyltransferase activity
beta-endorphin acetyltransferase activity
amino-terminal amino acid-acetylating enzyme activity
peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: peptide L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptide 3-hydroxy-L-aspartate + succinate + CO2.
aspartylpeptide beta-dioxygenase activity
peptide-L-aspartate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase activity
peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidylamidoglycolate = peptidyl amide + glyoxylate.
alpha-hydroxyglycine amidating dealkylase activity
peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase activity
peptidylamidoglycolate peptidylamide-lyase (glyoxylate-forming)
peptidylamidoglycolate peptidylamide-lyase activity
OBSOLETE. A protein to which cyclosporin A (an immunosuppressant) binds. Possesses peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: donor + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized donor + 2 H2O.
donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized glutathione + 2 H2O.
glutathione:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
selenium-glutathione peroxidase activity
non-selenium glutathione peroxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylphenylethanolamine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
noradrenalin N-methyltransferase activity
norepinephrine N-methyltransferase activity
norepinephrine methyltransferase activity
phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
phenethanolamine methyltransferase activity
noradrenaline N-methyltransferase activity
phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H(+) + sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide = 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin; 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate is also known as PAPS.
3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate reductase activity
PAPS reductase, thioredoxin-dependent activity
adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate,sulfite:oxidized-thioredoxin oxidoreductase (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming)
adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate,sulfite:thioredoxin-disulfide oxidoreductase (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming)
phosphoadenosine-phosphosulfate reductase activity
phosphoadenylyl-sulphate reductase (thioredoxin) activity
thioredoxin:3'-phospho-adenylylsulfate reductase activity
thioredoxin:adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate reductase activity
phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + phosphatidate = diphosphate + CDP-diacylglycerol.
CDP diglyceride pyrophosphorylase activity
CDP-diglyceride diphosphorylase activity
CDP-diglyceride pyrophosphorylase activity
CTP:1,2-diacylglycerophosphate-cytidyl transferase activity
CTP:phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphoglyceride pyrophosphorylase activity
phosphatidate cytidyltransferase activity
phosphatidic acid cytidylyltransferase activity
phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + a sterol = a sterol ester + 1-acylglycerophosphocholine.
lecithin--cholesterol acyltransferase activity
lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity
phosphatidylcholine:sterol O-acyltransferase activity
phospholipid--cholesterol acyltransferase activity
LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)
phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity
phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methylase activity
phosphatidylethanolamine-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activity
phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + phosphatidyl-L-serine = CO(2) + phosphatidylethanolamine.
phosphatidyl-L-serine carboxy-lyase (phosphatidylethanolamine-forming)
phosphatidyl-L-serine carboxy-lyase activity
phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1,6-phosphomutase activity
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1,6-phosphomutase activity
N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate mutase activity
acetylaminodeoxyglucose phosphomutase activity
acetylglucosamine phosphomutase activity
phospho-N-acetylglucosamine mutase activity
phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: source of phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 + other reaction products.
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + oxaloacetate = ADP + CO(2) + H(+) + phosphoenolpyruvate.
ATP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating)
ATP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
phosphopyruvate carboxykinase (adenosine triphosphate)
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + oxaloacetate = GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2.
GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (adding GTP; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating)
phosphopyruvate (guanosine triphosphate) carboxykinase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
alpha-D-glucose 1,6-phosphomutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = D-mannose 6-phosphate.
alpha-D-mannose 1,6-phosphomutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ = D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+.
6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase activity
6-phospho-D-gluconate dehydrogenase activity
6-phospho-D-gluconate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase activity
phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphoglycerate + NAD+ = 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+.
3-phospho-D-glycerate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity
3-phosphoglycerate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
3-phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase activity
D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity
D-3-phosphoglycerate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
alpha-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity
glycerate 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glycerate-1,3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
phosphoglycerate oxidoreductase activity
phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP + H(+).
3-phosphoglycerate phosphokinase activity
3-phosphoglyceric acid phosphokinase activity
ATP-3-phospho-D-glycerate-1-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:D-3-phosphoglycerate 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate.
D-phosphoglycerate 2,3-phosphomutase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein phosphatidylinositol + H2O = phosphatidate + glycoprotein inositol.
glycoprotein-phosphatidylinositol phosphatidohydrolase activity
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase D activity
phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D activity
phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D activity
glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + H2O = glycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
2-lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase activity
lysophosphatidylcholine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a fatty acid anion.
This term was made obsolete because it represents component and function information.
calcium-dependent secreted phospholipase A2 activity
calcium-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity
calcium-independent cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.
phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ADP + H(+).
ATP:(R)-5-phosphomevalonate phosphotransferase activity
ATP:5-phosphomevalonate phosphotransferase activity
mevalonic acid phosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine = CMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine. Cysteine can be replaced by some of its derivatives.
(R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase activity
phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase activity
phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase activity
phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(R)-4-phosphonatopantothenoyl]-L-cysteinate + H(+) = CO(2) + pantetheine 4'-phosphate.
4-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine decarboxylase activity
4-phosphopantotheoylcysteine decarboxylase activity
N-((R)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl)-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase activity
N-[(R)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase (pantotheine-4'-phosphate-forming)
N-[(R)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase activity
phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O.
2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase activity
2-phospho-D-glycerate-hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(5-phosphonatoribosyl)-5'-AMP + H(2)O = 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide.
1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-AMP 1,6-hydrolase activity
phosphoribosyladenosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase activity
phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + H(2)O = 1-(5-phosphonatoribosyl)-5'-AMP + diphosphate + H(+).
1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-ATP diphosphohydrolase activity
phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase activity
phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine + ATP + glycine = N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
2-amino-N-ribosylacetamide 5'-phosphate kinosynthase activity
5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase activity
5-phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase activity
glycineamide ribonucleotide synthetase activity
phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase activity
phosphoribosylglycineamide synthetase activity
phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + 2 H(+) = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + CO(2).
1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylate carboxy-lyase activity
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate carboxy-lyase activity
5-amino-1-ribosylimidazole 5-phosphate carboxylase activity
5-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole carboxylase activity
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate carboxy-lyase [5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-forming]
phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate + ATP = (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
4-((N-succinylamino)carbonyl)-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase activity
4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole synthetase activity
4-[(N-succinylamino)carbonyl]-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase activity
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)
5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide synthetase activity
phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase activity
phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase activity
phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthetase activity
phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate = 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate.
N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)anthranilate isomerase activity
N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate ketol-isomerase activity
IGPS:PRAI (indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthetase/N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase complex)
phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + ATP = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
2-(formamido)-1-N-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming)
2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming)
5'-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase activity
phosphoribosyl-aminoimidazole synthetase activity
phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase activity
phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H(2)O = 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
2-N-formyl-1-N-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)
5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)
N2-formyl-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)
formylglycinamide ribonucloetide amidotransferase activity
formylglycinamide ribotide amidotransferase activity
phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase activity
phosphoribosylformylglycineamidine synthetase activity
phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide = tetrahydrofolate + 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-formamido-4-imidazolecarboxamide.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole-carboxamide N-formyltransferase activity
10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase activity
5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase activity
5-amino-1-ribosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide 5'-phosphate transformylase activity
5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase activity
5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide transformylase activity
aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase activity
phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide = tetrahydrofolate + N2-formyl-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide N-formyltransferase activity
2-amino-N-ribosylacetamide 5'-phosphate transformylase activity
5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide transformylase activity
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate:2-amino-N-ribosylacetamide ribonucleotide transformylase activity
glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase activity
phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) + phosphate = 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n-1) + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. The name should be qualified in each instance by adding the name of the natural substrate, e.g. maltodextrin phosphorylase, starch phosphorylase, glycogen phosphorylase.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L(or D)-O-phosphoserine + H2O = L(or D)-serine + phosphate.
O-phosphoserine phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-phosphonooxypyruvate + L-glutamate.
3-O-phospho-L-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
3-phosphoserine aminotransferase activity
L-phosphoserine aminotransferase activity
hydroxypyruvic phosphate--glutamic transaminase activity
phosphohydroxypyruvate transaminase activity
phosphohydroxypyruvic--glutamic transaminase activity
O-phospho-L-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) at glycosidic (1''-2') linkage of ribose-ribose bond to produce free ADP-ribose.
poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans.
poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase activity
poly-alpha-1,4-galacturonide glycanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = polynucleotide + phosphate.
polynucleotide 5'-phosphohydrolase activity
polynucleotide 5'-triphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the template-independent extension of the 3'- end of an RNA or DNA strand by addition of one adenosine molecule at a time. Cannot initiate a chain 'de novo'. The primer, depending on the source of the enzyme, may be an RNA or DNA fragment, or oligo(A) bearing a 3'-OH terminal group.
AMP polynucleotidylexotransferase activity
ATP-polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:polynucleotidylexotransferase activity
adenosine triphosphate:ribonucleic acid adenylyltransferase activity
polyadenylate nucleotidyltransferase activity
terminal riboadenylate transferase activity
polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + polypeptide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide. This reaction is the modification of serine or threonine residues in polypeptide chains by the transfer of a N-acetylgalactose from UDP-N-acetylgalactose to the hydroxyl group of the amino acid; it is the first step in O-glycan biosynthesis.
UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase activity
UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-glycoprotein N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-protein N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:kappa-casein polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:protein N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase activity
UDP-acetylgalactosamine-glycoprotein acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-acetylgalactosamine:peptide-N-galactosaminyltransferase activity
glycoprotein acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
polypeptide-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity
protein-UDP acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-glycoprotein acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1).
nucleoside diphosphate:polynucleotidyl transferase activity
polyribonucleotide phosphorylase activity
polyribonucleotide:phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 5-aminolevulinate = 2 H(2)O + H(+) + porphobilinogen.
5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing)
5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing; porphobilinogen-forming)
delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity
delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity
delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity
delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
proline,2-oxoglutarate 4-dioxygenase activity
procollagen-L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating) activity
procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase activity
proline protocollagen hydroxylase activity
proline, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase activity
prolyl-glycyl-peptide, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, 4-hydroxylating activity
prolylprotocollagen dioxygenase activity
prolylprotocollagen hydroxylase activity
protocollagen proline 4-hydroxylase activity
protocollagen proline dioxygenase activity
protocollagen proline hydroxylase activity
protocollagen prolyl hydroxylase activity
procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + acceptor = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + reduced acceptor.
L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
L-proline:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.
propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: farnesyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-farnesyl protein + diphosphate.
farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase activity
protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the covalent addition of a geranylgeranyl (20-carbon isoprenoid) group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue at or near the C terminus of a protein.
protein-cysteine geranylgeranyltransferase activity
protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate. This reaction is the formation of a thioether linkage between the C-1 atom of the geranylgeranyl group and a cysteine residue fourth from the C-terminus of the protein. The protein substrates have the C-terminal sequence CA1A2X, where the terminal residue, X, is preferably leucine and A2 should not be aromatic. Known substrates include most g-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and Ras-related GTPases such as members of the Ras and Rac/Rho families.
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase activity
geranylgeranyltransferase type I activity
type I protein geranyl-geranyltransferase activity
protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I
CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = 2 S-geranylgeranyl-protein + 2 diphosphate. This reaction is the formation of two thioether linkages between the C-1 atom of the geranylgeranyl groups and two cysteine residues within the terminal sequence motifs XXCC, XCXC or CCXX. Known substrates include Ras-related GTPases of a single family and the Rab family.
Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate,geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase activity
protein geranylgeranyltransferase type II activity
type II protein geranyl-geranyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: prephenate = phenylpyruvate + H2O + CO2.
prephenate hydro-lyase (decarboxylating)
prephenate hydro-lyase (decarboxylating; phenylpyruvate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO(2) + NADPH.
prephenate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase activity
prephenate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase activity
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin D(2).
(5,13)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate D-isomerase activity
prostaglandin-R-prostaglandin D isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-arginine + H2O = protein L-citrulline + NH3.
protein-L-arginine iminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-C-terminal-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine O-methyltransferase activity
S-farnesylcysteine methyltransferase activity
farnesyl cysteine C-terminal methyltransferase activity
farnesyl-protein carboxymethyltransferase activity
farnesylated protein C-terminal O-methyltransferase activity
isoprenylated protein methyltransferase activity
prenylated protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity
prenylated protein methyltransferase activity
prenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase activity
prenylcysteine carboxymethyltransferase activity
prenylcysteine methyltransferase activity
protein C-terminal farnesylcysteine O-methyltransferase activity
protein S-farnesylcysteine C-terminal methyltransferase activity
protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase activity
isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase activity
prenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase activity
protein C-terminal S-isoprenylcysteine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
Note that triphosphate is used as a phosphate donor by at least one kinase.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-histidine = ADP + protein phospho-L-histidine.
ATP:protein-L-histidine N-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
mitogen-activated protein kinase activity
protein serine-threonine kinase activity
serine(threonine) protein kinase activity
serine/threonine protein kinase activity
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) activity
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity
casein kinase (phosphorylating) activity
cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-responsive protein kinase activity
galactosyltransferase-associated kinase activity
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase activity
protein kinase (phosphorylating) activity
threonine-specific protein kinase activity
protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
ATP:receptor-protein phosphotransferase activity
receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity
receptor serine/threonine protein kinase activity
receptor type I serine/threonine protein kinase activity
receptor type II serine/threonine protein kinase activity
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate.
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate protein kinase activity
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase activity
SNF1A/AMP-activated protein kinase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: casein + ATP = phosphocasein + ADP.
protein kinase CK2, intrinsic catalyst activity
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent) activity
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity
CaM-regulated serine/threonine kinase activity
calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity
calmodulin regulated protein kinase activity
ATP:caldesmon O-phosphotransferase activity
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase activity
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1 activity
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV activity
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase activity
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta activity
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II activity
caldesmon kinase (phosphorylating) activity
calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I activity
microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase activity
multifunctional calcium- and calmodulin-regulated protein kinase activity
multifunctional calcium/calmodulin regulated protein kinase activity
calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [elongation factor 2] = ADP + [elongation factor 2] phosphate.
ATP:elongation factor 2 phosphotransferase activity
calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III activity
eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myosin-light-chain = ADP + myosin-light-chain phosphate.
ATP:myosin-light-chain O-phosphotransferase
ATP:myosin-light-chain O-phosphotransferase activity
calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase activity
myosin light chain protein kinase activity
myosin light-chain kinase (phosphorylating)
myosin light-chain kinase (phosphorylating) activity
smooth-muscle-myosin-light-chain kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ATP + 2 phosphorylase b = 4 ADP + phosphorylase a.
ATP:phosphorylase-b phosphotransferase activity
phosphorylase kinase (phosphorylating) activity
phosphorylase kinase, intrinsic catalyst activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of a cyclic nucleotide.
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of cAMP.
3',5' cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity
3',5'-cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (cAMP-dependent) activity
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-dependent protein kinase activity
cAMP-dependent protein kinase, intrinsic catalyst activity
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of cGMP.
3':5'-cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase activity
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (cGMP-dependent) activity
cGMP-dependent protein kinase ibeta activity
guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the binding of a regulatory cyclin subunit and full activity requires stimulatory phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK).
cyclin-dependent protein kinase, intrinsic catalyst activity
cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] = ADP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] phosphate.
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol.
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) activity
diacylglycerol-activated phospholipid-dependent PKC activity
diacylglycerol-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol and calcium.
calcium-dependent protein kinase C activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol but not calcium.
calcium-independent protein kinase C activity
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
receptor signalling protein serine/threonine kinase activity
receptor signaling protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G-protein coupled receptor = ADP + G-protein coupled receptor phosphate.
ATP:G-protein-coupled receptor phosphotransferase activity
G protein coupled receptor phosphorylating protein kinase activity
G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase activity
G-protein-coupled receptor phosphorylating protein kinase activity
GPCR phosphorylating protein kinase activity
G-protein coupled receptor kinase activity
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of the alpha or beta subunit of the inhibitor of kappaB kinase complex (IKK).
Catalysis of the reaction: JUN + ATP = JUN phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors.
Catalysis of the reaction: JNKK + ATP = JNKK phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs).
Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated) activity
extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity
p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate.
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated) activity
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase activity
Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase; each MAP kinase kinase can be phosphorylated by any of several MAP kinase kinase kinases.
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKKK-activated) activity
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase activity
MLK-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ribosomal protein S6 + ATP = ribosomal protein S6 phosphate + ATP.
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ser/Thr- and Tyr-phosphorylating) activity
Arabidopsis dual specificity kinase 1 activity
protein threonine/tyrosine kinase activity
protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:protein-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type) activity
receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
receptor protein-tyrosine kinase activity
ephrin-B3 receptor tyrosine kinase activity
insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase activity
neurite outgrowth regulating kinase activity
novel oncogene with kinase-domain activity
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a non-membrane spanning protein L-tyrosine = ADP + a non-membrane spanning protein L-tyrosine phosphate.
ATP:protein-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (non-specific) activity
non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase activity
cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase activity
p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase activity
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
receptor signalling protein tyrosine kinase activity
receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product, and because the gene was named after its location of action rather than after its molecular function.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-beta-aspartate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-beta-aspartate methyl ester.
D-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase activity
L-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl protein methyltransferase activity
L-isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity
L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase activity
protein (D-aspartate) methyltransferase activity
protein D-aspartate methyltransferase activity
protein L-isoaspartate methyltransferase activity
protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase activity
protein O-methyltransferase (L-isoaspartate)
protein beta-aspartate O-methyltransferase activity
protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase activity
protein-L-isoaspartate(D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase activity
protein-beta-aspartate O-methyltransferase activity
protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
protein-L-lysine:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.
phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.
serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase activity
3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzymeA reductase phosphatase
Aspergillus awamori acid protein phosphatase
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase phosphatase
phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
protein phosphatase type 1, intrinsic catalyst activity
protein phosphatase type 2A, intrinsic catalyst activity
protein phosphatase type 2B, intrinsic catalyst activity
protein phosphatase type 4, intrinsic catalyst activity
protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium ions.
calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase, intrinsic catalyst activity
calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. These reactions require the presence of magnesium.
magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
[phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase activity
phosphoprotein phosphatase (phosphotyrosine) activity
phosphotyrosine histone phosphatase activity
phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase activity
phosphotyrosylprotein phosphatase activity
protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity
protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
tyrosine O-phosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine + phosphate.
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: prenylated-protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = prenylated-protein tyrosine + phosphate.
prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
receptor signalling protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
receptor signaling protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3 O(2) + protoporphyrinogen IX = 3 H(2)O(2) + protoporphyrin IX.
protoporphyrinogen-IX:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
oxygen-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + uracil = H(2)O + pseudouridine 5'-phosphate.
5-ribosyluracil 5-phosphate synthetase activity
pseudouridine monophosphate synthase activity
pseudouridine monophosphate synthetase activity
pseudouridine-5'-phosphate glycosidase activity
uracil hydro-lyase (adding D-ribose 5-phosphate)
uracil hydro-lyase (adding D-ribose 5-phosphate; pseudouridine-5'-phosphate-forming)
Note that this term should not be confused with 'pseudouridine synthase activity ; GO:0009982', which refers to the intramolecular isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine.
Catalysis of the reaction: purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
inosine-guanosine phosphorylase activity
purine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase activity
purine deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase activity
purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity
purine ribonucleoside phosphorylase activity
purine-nucleoside:phosphate ribosyltransferase activity
purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal + H2O + O2 = 4-pyridoxate + hydrogen peroxide.
pyridoxal:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + H2O + O2 = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase activity
pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase activity
pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
pyridoxaminephosphate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.5: deaminating)
pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) 5'-phosphate oxidase activity
pyridoxine (pyridoxamine)phosphate oxidase activity
pyridoxol-5'-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: a pyrimidodiazepine + oxidized glutathione = 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin + 2 glutathione.
pyrimidodiazepine:glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase (ring-opening, cyclizing)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + NADP+ = 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADPH + H+.
1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
L-proline-NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase activity
L-proline:NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase activity
NADPH-L-delta1-pyrroline carboxylic acid reductase activity
pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + pyruvate = ADP + 2 H(+) + oxaloacetate + phosphate.
pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO2.
2-oxo-acid carboxy-lyase (aldehyde-forming)
Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + lipoamide = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.
pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) activity
pyruvate:dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-acetylating)
pyruvate:lipoamide 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acetylating) activity
MtPDC (mitochondrial pyruvate dehydogenase complex) activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) = ADP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphate.
ATP:pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphotransferase activity
[pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] kinase activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) kinase activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (phosphorylating) activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activator protein activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphate + H2O = [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] + phosphate.
[pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase, intrinsic catalyst activity
phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) phosphatase activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)-phosphatase activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity
[pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + dihydrolipoamide = CoA + S-acetyldihydrolipoamide.
acetyl-CoA: enzyme-6-N-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA: enzyme-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase activity
dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase activity
dihydrolipoate acetyltransferase activity
dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase activity
enzyme-dihydrolipoyllysine:acetyl-CoA S-acetyltransferase activity
dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate.
ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinal = 11-cis-retinal.
all-trans-retinal 11-cis-trans-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: retinol + NAD+ = retinal + NADH + H+.
all-trans retinol dehydrogenase activity
microsomal retinol dehydrogenase activity
retinol (vitamin A1) dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine + H(+) = 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil + riboflavin.
6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine:6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine 2,3-butanediyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribose = ADP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.
ATP:D-ribose 5-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase activity
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase activity
adenosylcobalamin-dependent ribonucleotide reductase activity
aerobic non-heme iron-dependent ribonucleotide reductase activity
anaerobic iron-sulfur-dependent ribonucleotide reductase activity
class I ribonucleotide reductase activity
class II ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity
class II ribonucleotide reductase activity
class III ribonucleotide reductase activity
nucleoside diphosphate reductase activity
ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate reductase activity
ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase activity
ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase activity
purine/pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate reduction
When thioredoxin is substituted for glutaredoxin in the reaction, annotate instead to 'ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, glutaredoxin disulfide as acceptor ; GO:0036175'.
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + AMP + 2 H(+).
5-phosphoribose pyrophosphorylase activity
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate synthetase activity
5-phosphoribosyl-alpha-1-pyrophosphate synthetase activity
ATP:D-ribose-5-phosphate diphosphotransferase activity
phosphoribosyl diphosphate synthetase activity
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity
phosphoribosyl-diphosphate synthetase activity
phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthase activity
phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase activity
pyrophosphoribosylphosphate synthetase activity
ribophosphate pyrophosphokinase activity
ribose-5-phosphate pyrophosphokinase activity
ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase activity
ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase activity
ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
D-ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase activity
D-ribulose phosphate-3-epimerase activity
D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
D-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase activity
D-xylulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
erythrose-4-phosphate epimerase activity
erythrose-4-phosphate isomerase activity
pentose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate.
D-ribose-5-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
D-ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine to release an amino acid (lysine or glutamate), with the concomitant reduction of an electron acceptor.
lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H(+) + NADH.
6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
N6-(glutar-2-yl)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
dehydrogenase, saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, lysine forming)
epsilon-N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine forming)
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H(2)O + NADP(+) = L-allysine + L-glutamate + H(+) + NADPH.
6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
aminoadipate semialdehyde-glutamate reductase activity
aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase activity
aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamic reductase activity
epsilon-N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD+(P) oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipate-semialdehyde forming)
saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, glutamate-forming) dehydrogenase activity
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + hydrogen selenide = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + selenophosphorate.
ATP:selenide, water phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydrobiopterin + NADP+ = sepiapterin + NADPH + H+.
7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + H(+) + palmitoyl-CoA = 3-dehydrosphinganine + CO(2) + CoA.
palmitoyl-CoA:L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating) activity
acyl-CoA:serine C-2 acyltransferase decarboxylating
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine.
L-serine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
hydroxypyruvate:L-alanine transaminase activity
serine--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
serine-pyruvate aminotransferase, type 1
serine-pyruvate aminotransferase, type 2A
serine-pyruvate aminotransferase, type 2B
Catalysis of the reaction: shikimate + NADP+ = 3-dehydroshikimate + NADPH + H+.
shikimate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase activity
shikimate:NADP(+) 5-oxidoreductase activity
shikimate 3-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + shikimate = 3-phosphoshikimate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:shikimate 3-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + putrescine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermidine.
S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase activity
putrescine aminopropyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H(+).
sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase activity
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = oleoyl-CoA + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O.
stearoyl-CoA, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
stearoyl-CoA,ferrocytochrome-b5:oxygen oxidoreductase (9,10-dehydrogenating)
delta-9 acyl-phospholipid desaturase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.14.99.5.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid.
3-oxosteroid delta5-delta4-isomerase activity
delta(5)-3-keto steroid isomerase activity
delta(5)-3-ketosteroid isomerase activity
delta(5)-3-oxosteroid isomerase activity
delta5(or delta4)-3-keto steroid isomerase activity
delta5-3-keto steroid isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + a sterol = CoA + a sterol ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate + H2O = 3-beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate.
3-beta-hydroxysteroid sulfate sulfatase activity
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatase activity
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate sulfatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + CoA + nucleotide triphosphate = nucleotide diphosphate + phosphate + succinyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + succinate + CoA = ADP + succinyl-CoA + phosphate.
succinate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity
succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (adenosine diphosphate-forming) activity
succinyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) activity
A-STK (adenin nucleotide-linked succinate thiokinase)
succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + succinate + CoA = GDP + succinyl-CoA + phosphate.
succinate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming) activity
succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (GDP-forming) activity
succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (guanosine diphosphate-forming) activity
succinyl-CoA synthetase (GDP-forming) activity
succinate-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = succinate + NADH + H+.
succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinate semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
succinate-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = CoA + H(+) + succinate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group from an adenosine nucleotide (ATP or ADP) to sulfate, forming adenylylsulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H(+) + sulfate = 5'-adenylyl sulfate + phosphate.
ADP:sulfate adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphate sulfurylase activity
sulfate (adenosine diphosphate) adenylyltransferase activity
sulphate adenylyltransferase (ADP) activity
sulfate adenylyltransferase (ADP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sulfate = diphosphate + adenylylsulfate.
ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine-5'-triphosphate sulfurylase activity
adenosinetriphosphate sulfurylase activity
adenylylsulfate pyrophosphorylase activity
sulphate adenylyltransferase (ATP) activity
sulfate adenylyltransferase (ATP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine = hypotaurine + CO2.
3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase (hypotaurine-forming)
3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase activity
L-cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity
cysteine-sulfinate decarboxylase activity
cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase activity
cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen sulfide + 3 NADP+ + 3 H2O = sulfite + 3 NADPH + 3 H+.
NADPH-dependent sulfite reductase activity
hydrogen-sulfide:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
sulfite (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 superoxide + 2 H+ = O2 + hydrogen peroxide.
superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase activity
copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity
This term was made obsolete because the function is covered by an existing term.
Catalysis of the reaction: TDP + H2O = TMP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine = AMP + thiamine diphosphate.
ATP:thiamin pyrophosphotransferase activity
ATP:thiamine diphosphotransferase activity
thiamin:ATP pyrophosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine + 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole + H(+) = diphosphate + thiamine phosphate.
2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine-diphosphate:4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)thiazole 2-methyl-4-aminopyrimidine-5-methenyltransferase activity
thiamin-phosphate diphosphorylase activity
thiamin-phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
thiamine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
thiamine phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
thiamine-phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
thiamine-phosphate diphosphorylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + dimethyl sulfide = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + trimethylsulfonium.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:dimethyl-sulfide S-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:thioether S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + thioredoxin = H(+) + NADPH + thioredoxin disulfide.
NADPH2:oxidized thioredoxin oxidoreductase activity
NADPH:oxidized thioredoxin oxidoreductase activity
thioredoxin disulfide reductase activity
thioredoxin-disulphide reductase activity
thioredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen cyanide + thiosulfate = H(+) + sulfite + thiocyanate.
thiosulfate cyanide transsulfurase activity
thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase activity
thiosulphate sulphurtransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine = glycine + acetaldehyde.
L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH3.
L-threonine ammonia-lyase (2-oxobutanoate-forming)
L-threonine hydro-lyase (deaminating) activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.2.1.16.
Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-homoserine + H2O = L-threonine + phosphate.
O-phospho-L-homoserine phospho-lyase (adding water)
O-phospho-L-homoserine phospho-lyase (adding water; L-threonine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = thromboxane A(2).
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate isomerase activity
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate thromboxane-A2-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine = ADP + thymidine 5'-phosphate.
ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine 5'-phosphate = ADP + thymidine 5'-diphosphate.
deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate kinase activity
thymidine 5'-monophosphate kinase activity
thymidylate monophosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = 7,8-dihydrofolate + thymidylate.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5,3'-L-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + acceptor + H+ = L-thyroxine + donor-H2.
L-thyroxine iodohydrolase (reducing) activity
acceptor:3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine oxidoreductase (iodinating)
iodothyronine outer ring monodeiodinase activity
type I iodothyronine deiodinase activity
type II iodothyronine deiodinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glyceronetransferase activity
Catalysis of the reversible transfer of a 2-carbon ketol group (CH2OH-CO-) from a ketose phosphate donor to an aldose phosphate acceptor.
fructose 6-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehydetransferase activity
sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehydetransferase activity
Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in recombination required for transposition and are site-specific for the transposon/transposable element.
Catalysis of the reaction: trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = trehalose + phosphate.
trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity
trehalose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a fatty acid anion.
triacylglycerol ester hydrolase activity
hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase
post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = glycerone phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridylate)-methyltransferase activity
tRNA 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate 5'-methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate 5-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing guanine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N2-methylguanine.
N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanine tRNA methyltransferase activity
N2,N2-dimethylguanine tRNA methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (guanine-2-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase activity
tRNA 2,2-dimethylguanosine-26 methyltransferase activity
tRNA(guanine-26,N(2)-N(2)) methyltransferase activity
tRNA(guanine-26,N2-N2) methyltransferase activity
tRNA(m(2,2)G26)dimethyltransferase activity
transfer RNA guanine 2-methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate guanine 2-methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate guanine N2-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tRNA(n) = diphosphate + tRNA(n+1).
ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase
transfer ribonucleate adenylyltransferase
transfer ribonucleate cytidylyltransferase
transfer ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase
transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyl transferase
transfer ribonucleic adenylyl (cytidylyl) transferase
transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase
Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase auxiliary protein activity
Note that the bond resulting from this reaction is a carboxylic acid ester bond, linking the alpha carboxyl group of the amino acid to either the 2' or 3' hydroxyl of the 3'- terminal adenyl residue of the tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala).
alanine transfer RNA synthetase activity
alanyl-transfer ribonucleate synthase activity
alanyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
alanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-arginine + tRNA(Arg) = AMP + diphosphate + L-arginyl-tRNA(Arg).
arginyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
arginyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
arginyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).
L-aspartate:tRNAAsp ligase (AMP-forming)
aspartyl ribonucleate synthetase activity
aspartyl ribonucleic synthetase activity
aspartyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
aspartyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + ATP + tRNA(Asn) = AMP + Asn-tRNA(Asn) + diphosphate + 2 H(+).
L-asparagine:tRNAAsn ligase (AMP-forming)
asparaginyl transfer RNA synthetase activity
asparaginyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
asparaginyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
asparagyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-cysteine + tRNA(Cys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys).
cysteinyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
cysteinyl-transferRNA synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).
L-glutamate:tRNAGlu ligase (AMP-forming) activity
glutamyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
glutamyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
glutamyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamine + tRNA(Gln) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln).
L-glutamine:tRNAGln ligase (AMP-forming)
glutaminyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
glutaminyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycine + tRNA(Gly) = AMP + diphosphate + glycyl-tRNA(Gly).
glycine:tRNAGly ligase (AMP-forming) activity
glycyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
glycyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + tRNA(His) = AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNA(His).
L-histidine:tRNAHis ligase (AMP-forming)
histidyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-isoleucine + ATP + tRNA(Ile) = L-isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+).
L-isoleucine:tRNAIle ligase (AMP-forming)
isoleucyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + ATP + tRNA(Leu) = AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+) + Leu-tRNA(Leu).
leucyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
leucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-lysine + tRNA(Lys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys).
lysyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + tRNA(Met) = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met).
L-methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)
methionyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
methionyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) = AMP + diphosphate + L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).
L-phenylalanine:tRNAPhe ligase (AMP-forming) activity
phenylalanyl-transfer RNA ligase activity
phenylalanyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-proline + tRNA(Pro) = AMP + diphosphate + L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro).
prolyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
prolyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).
seryl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
seryl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) = AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr).
L-threonine:tRNAThr ligase (AMP-forming)
threonine-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
threonyl ribonucleic synthetase activity
threonyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
threonyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp).
L-tryptophan-tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming) activity
L-tryptophan-tRNATrp ligase (AMP-forming)
L-tryptophan:tRNATrp ligase (AMP-forming)
tryptophanyl ribonucleic synthetase activity
tryptophanyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+).
L-tyrosine-tRNA(Tyr) ligase (AMP-forming) activity
tyrosine-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
tyrosyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity
tyrosyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
tyrosyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + ATP + tRNA(Val) = L-valyl-tRNA(Val) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+).
valine transfer ribonucleate ligase activity
valyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase activity
valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine.
L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = L-tryptophan + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H2O.
L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indoleglycerol-phosphate)
indoleglycerol phosphate aldolase activity
L-serine hydro-lyase [adding 1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate; L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-forming]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate.
alpha-tubulin:L-tyrosine ligase (ADP-forming)
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of tyramine to form octopamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine = tyramine + CO2.
L-(-)-tyrosine apodecarboxylase activity
L-tyrosine carboxy-lyase (tyramine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate.
tyrosine-2-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
tyrosine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
tyrosine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
L-phenylalanine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
glutamic phenylpyruvic aminotransferase activity
glutamic-hydroxyphenylpyruvic transaminase activity
phenylalanine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
phenylpyruvic acid transaminase activity
L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein L-lysine + a ubiquitin + ATP = a protein-N-ubiquityl-lysine + AMP + diphosphate. This reaction is the activation of the C-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin by the formation of a high-energy thiolester bond in an ATP-dependent manner.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine.
ubiquitin:protein-lysine N-ligase (AMP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various forms of polymeric ubiquitin sequences.
Note that this term is distinguished from 'ubiquitin thiolesterase activity ; GO:0004221' in that it encompasses hydrolysis of any type of bonds formed between ubiquitin and another protein.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases in DNA that result from the deamination of cytosine or the misincorporation of dUTP opposite an adenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + UMP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + uracil.
UMP:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
UMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
uridine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
uridine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase activity
uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: urate + O2 + H2O = 5-hydroxyisourate + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + urea = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + urea-1-carboxylate.
urea:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-ureidoglycolate + H(2)O + 2 H(+) = CO(2) + glyoxylate + 2 NH(4)(+).
(S)-ureidoglycolate amidohydrolase (decarboxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + uridine = ADP + UMP.
ATP:uridine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
pyrimidine ribonucleoside kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: uridine + phosphate = uracil + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
uridine:phosphate alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + uroporphyrin III = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-2.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent uroporphyrinogen III methylase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrinogen-III C-methyltransferase activity
adenosylmethionine-uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase activity
uroporphyrinogen methyltransferase activity
uroporphyrinogen-III C-methyltransferase activity
uroporphyrinogen-III methyltransferase activity
uroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylbilane = H(2)O + uroporphyrinogen III.
hydroxymethylbilane hydro-lyase (cyclizing) activity
hydroxymethylbilane hydro-lyase (cyclizing; uroporphyrinogen-III-forming)
uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase activity
uroporphyrinogen-III cosynthase activity
uroporphyrinogen-III cosynthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: uroporphyrinogen-III = coproporphyrinogen + 4 CO2.
uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase activity
uroporphyrinogen-III carboxy-lyase (coproporphyrinogen-III-forming)
uroporphyrinogen-III carboxy-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + NAD+ + H2O = urate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + H2O + O2 = urate + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylulose + ATP = D-xylulose 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:D-xylulose 5-phosphotransferase activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of dUTP pyrophosphatase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase.
cyclin dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity
cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins.
phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.
protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of serine-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme.
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
OBSOLETE. A superfamily of proteins, many of which inhibit serine proteinases and exhibit a high degree of homology with classical serine proteinase inhibitors such as alpha1-antitrypsin or antithrombin.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a class of gene products.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor signal transducer activity
quorum sensing response regulator activity
quorum sensing signal generator activity
Ligands do NOT have the molecular function 'signal transducer activity'.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
Receiving an asialoglycoprotein, and delivering the asialoglycoprotein into the cell via endocytosis. An asialoglycoprotein is a plasma glycoproteins from which the terminal sialic acid residue on their complex carbohydrate groups has been removed. The asialoglycoprotein receptor recognizes the terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine units of the asialoglycoprotein, the receptor-ligand complex is internalized and transported to a sorting organelle where disassociation occurs before the receptor is recycled to the cell membrane.
Combining with an aryl hydrocarbon and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor which translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription upon ligand-binding.
Combining with any component or product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the C3a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component C3a receptor activity
Combining with the C3b product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component C3b receptor activity
Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
complement component C5a receptor activity
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
ligand-dependent transcription factor activity
GO:0004879 is intended for annotation of nuclear receptors that regulate transcription by binding directly to DNA. When the nuclear receptor functions by binding to other transcription factors or transcription factor complexes, consider instead annotating to 'ligand-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038049'.
ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Combining with juvenile hormone and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with an androgen and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with an androgen response element in DNA in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal within the cell trigger a change in cell activity or function.
If the mechanism by which a glucocorticoid receptor functions is known, consider instead annotating to the child terms 'glucocorticoid-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0038050' or 'glucocorticoid-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038051'.
Combining with an ecdysteroid hormone and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with 9-cis retinoic acid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with thyroid hormone and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
transmembrane signalling receptor activity
non G protein coupled 7TM receptor activity
non-G-protein coupled 7TM receptor activity
non-G-protein-coupled 7TM receptor activity
transmembrane signaling receptor activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.
nicotinic acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity
acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'chloride channel activity ; GO:0005254' and 'inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity ; GO:0005237'.
This term was made obsolete because it describes the receptor type, and not an activity.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a receptor type, and not an activity.
OBSOLETE. Combining with cell adhesion molecules to initiate a change in cell activity.
This term was made obsolete because it represents gene products involved in the biological process of cell adhesion.
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor activity
Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor activity
Combining with erythropoietin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor activity
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor activity
Combining with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor activity
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor activity
Combining with a growth hormone and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
Combining with interferon-gamma (also known as type II interferon) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity. Interleukin-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and is involved in the inflammatory response.
Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity via signaling pathways and mediated by adaptor proteins.
interleukin-1 activating receptor activity
interleukin-1, Type I, activating binding
interleukin-1, Type I, activating receptor activity
Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity by inhibiting the activity of type I interleukin receptors.
interleukin-1 blocking receptor activity
interleukin-1, Type II, blocking binding
interleukin-1, Type II, blocking receptor activity
Combining with interleukin-2 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-3 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-4 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-5 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-6 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-7 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-8 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-9 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-10 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-11 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta-protein activity
leukemia inhibitory factor receptor activity
Combining with oncostatin-M and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with prolactin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product rather than an activity.
OBSOLETE. Combining with a member of the Wnt-family of signaling molecules to initiate a change in cell activity.
OBSOLETE. Combining with to a member of the Wnt-family of signaling molecules to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Epstein-Barr Virus-induced receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity, unknown ligand
orphan G protein coupled receptor activity
orphan G-protein coupled receptor activity
super conserved receptor expressed in brain receptor activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when extracellular ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Note that this term refers to an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'purinergic nucleotide receptor activity ; GO:0001614'.
extracellular ATP-gated cation channel activity
Combining with a mating-type factor pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity.
mating-type factor pheromone receptor activity
Combining with the mating-type a-factor pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity.
class D G protein coupled receptor activity
class D G-protein coupled receptor activity
class D G-protein-coupled receptor activity
mating-type a-factor pheromone receptor activity
Combining with the mating-type alpha-factor pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity.
mating-type alpha-factor pheromone receptor activity
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha1-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gq alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha2-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gi alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gs alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta1-adrenergic receptors.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta2-adrenergic receptors.
Combining with anaphylatoxin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with anaphylatoxin C3a to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with anaphylatoxin C5a to initiate a change in cell activity.
An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gi protein coupling and cGMP (NO) generation, and may also act via additional signaling mechanisms.
Combining with bombesin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with bradykinin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with calcitonin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a cannabinoid to initiate a change in cell activity. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.
Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are small chemoattractant molecules normally used to stimulate leukocytes.
Combining with a cholecystokinin, any of a group of related neuropeptides secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an icosanoid to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a prostaglandin (PG) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with prostaglandin E (PGE(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with prostaglandin F (PGF (2-alpha)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a thromboxane (TXA) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with thromboxane A2 (TXA(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with endothelin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with follicle-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
follicle stimulating hormone receptor activity
follicle-stimulating hormone receptor activity
Combining with luteinizing hormone (also called lutropin) to initiate a change in cell activity.
lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G-protein coupled GABA receptor activity
Combining with galanin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with glucagon to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with gonadotropin-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
Combining with histamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms 'glutamate-gated ion channel activity ; GO:0005234' and 'cation channel activity ; GO:0005261'.
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate and acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium, potassium, and, in the absence of a GluR2 subunit, calcium.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms 'ionotropic glutamate receptor activity ; GO:0004970' and 'cation channel activity ; GO:0005261'.
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate selective glutamate receptor activity
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits slow gating by glutamate, acts by opening a nonselective cation channel, and can be activated by L-aspartate.
N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product and not a molecular function.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated protein activity
Combining with a leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotrienes are pharmacologically active substances with a set of three conjugated double bonds; some contain a peptide group based on cysteine.
Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with corticotropin to initiate a change in cell activity.
adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor activity
Combining with beta-endorphin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Beta-endorphin is a peptide, 31 amino acids long, resulting from processing of the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
Combining with melanocyte-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor activity
melanophore-stimulating hormone receptor activity
melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor activity
Combining with an N-formyl peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with neuropeptide Y to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell.
Combining with an opioid (any narcotic derived from or resembling opium), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
OBSOLETE. Combining with an opioid to initiate a change in cell activity, with the pharmacological characteristics of delta-opioid receptors, including the activity of enkephalins as ligands.
This term was made obsolete because the receptor is defined based on its pharmacological properties.
OBSOLETE. Combining with an opioid to initiate a change in cell activity, with the pharmacological characteristics of kappa-opioid receptors, including high affinity for dynorphins.
OBSOLETE. Combining with an opioid to initiate a change in cell activity, with the pharmacological characteristics of mu-opioid receptors, including high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin but low affinity for dynorphins.
Combining with the biogenic amine octopamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Octopamine is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates and can have properties both of a hormone and a neurotransmitter and acts as an adrenergic agonist.
Combining with oxytocin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with parathyroid hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with platelet activating factor to initiate a change in cell activity.
platelet activating factor receptor activity
Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.
G protein coupled serotonin receptor activity
G-protein coupled serotonin receptor activity
G-protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by signaling via G-protein coupled somatostatin receptors. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by proteolytic cleavage: a 14 amino acid peptide (SST-14) and a 28 amino acid peptide (SST-28).
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone receptor activity
somatotrophin release inhibiting factor receptor activity
Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with thyroid-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor activity
thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor activity
Combining with thyrotropin-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
Combining selectively with transferrin, and delivering transferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Transferrin is a major iron carrier protein in vertebrates.
Combining with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity
Combining with vasopressin to initiate a change in cell activity.
vasopressin activated calcium mobilizing receptor activity
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Combining with an ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a GPI-anchored ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a transmembrane ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an epidermal growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
epidermal growth factor receptor activity
transforming growth factor-alpha receptor activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand EGF. For receptors that bind other growth factors, consider annotating to other terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
Combining with a fibroblast growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
fibroblast growth factor receptor activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand FGF. For receptors that bind other growth factors, consider annotating to terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
fibroblast growth factor-activated receptor activity
Combining with hepatocyte growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
hepatocyte growth factor receptor activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand HGF. For receptors that bind other growth factors, consider annotating to other terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
hepatocyte growth factor-activated receptor activity
Combining with insulin and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand insulin. For receptors that bind other extracellular ligands, consider annotating to other terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
Combining with insulin-like growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
insulin-like growth factor receptor activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand IGF. For receptors that bind other growth factors, consider annotating to other terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
insulin-like growth factor-activated receptor activity
Combining with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor activity
macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a class of receptor rather than an activity.
Combining with platelet-derived growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
platelet-derived growth factor receptor activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand PDGF. For receptors that bind other growth factors, consider annotating to other terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
platelet-derived growth factor-activated receptor activity
Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.
platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor activity
Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.
platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor activity
Combining with stem cell factor (SCF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. Stem cell factor is a cytokine that stimulates mast cell growth and differentiation.
Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand VEGF. For receptors that bind other growth factors, consider annotating to terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
vascular endothelial growth factor-activated receptor activity
Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
transforming growth factor beta receptor activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand TGFbeta. For binding to other growth factors, consider annotating to terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
transforming growth factor beta-activated receptor activity
Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.
type I transforming growth factor beta receptor activity
transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type I receptor
transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor.
type II transforming growth factor beta receptor activity
transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type II receptor
transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type II
This term was made obsolete because it represents a protein family rather than a molecular function.
Combining with neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function.
tumor necrosis factor receptor activity, type I
tumor necrosis factor receptor activity, type II
tumor necrosis factor-activated receptor activity
Sensing extracellular osmolarity to initiate a change in cell activity, and spanning the membrane of the cell.
Combining with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptosis.
death receptor interacting protein activity
death receptor-associated factor activity
Combining with an extracellular messenger (death ligand) without transmission of the signal. Decoy death receptors compete with death receptors for ligand binding, and do not initiate apoptosis.
Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.
low-density lipoprotein receptor activity
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to contribute to the directed movement of a motile cell away from a higher concentration of netrin.
netrin receptor activity involved in negative chemotaxis
netrin receptor activity involved in chemorepulsion
Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, beta-amyloid fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
Note that many gene products that are called scavenger receptors have a broad range of potential ligands and also can be annotated to 'pattern recognition receptor activity ; GO:0008329' or its child terms, or to 'lipoprotein receptor activity ; GO:0030228' or its child terms. For receptors that transduce a signal rather than endocytose their ligand, consider instead the terms 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children.
OBSOLETE. A receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum.
This term was made obsolete because it represents cellular component and molecular function information.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the signal recognition particle.
See also the cellular component term 'signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting ; GO:0005786'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a signal sequence, a specific peptide sequence found on protein precursors or mature proteins that dictates where the mature protein is localized.
Combining with a nuclear export signal (NES) to mediate transport of the NES-containing protein through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a cellular component.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 peroxisome targeting signal, a tripeptide with the consensus sequence (S/A/C)-(K/R/H)-L.
peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) binding
peroxisome matrix targeting signal-1 binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 peroxisome targeting signal, a nonapeptide with a broad consensus sequence of (R/K)-(L/V/I)-(XXXXX)-(H/Q)-(L/A/F).
peroxisomal targeting signal 2 (PTS2) binding
peroxisome matrix targeting signal-2 binding
Combining with a laminin, a glycoprotein that constitutes the majority of proteins in the basement membrane, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms 'cell adhesion molecule binding ; GO:0050839' and 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and the biological process term 'cell adhesion ; GO:0007155'.
Combining with the extracellular matrix ligand tiggrin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer, converting the signal into a form where it can ultimately trigger a change in the state or activity of a cell.
This term is intended for annotation of signal transducers that act directly or indirectly downstream of a receptor. For receptors themselves, consider annotating to the term 'receptor activity ; GO:0004872'.
aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a cellular component and not a molecular function.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signalling protein activity
This term was made obsolete because the meaning of the term is ambiguous and it incorporates process information.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling protein activity
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor protein activity
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase docking protein activity
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and simultaneously with one or more signal transduction molecules, usually acting as a scaffold to bring these molecules into close proximity either using their own SH2/SH3 domains (e.g. Grb2) or those of their target molecules (e.g. SAM68).
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signalling protein activity
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling protein activity
Activity of any of the molecules that transmit the signal from a TGF-beta receptor through the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
TGF-beta receptor, cytoplasmic mediator activity
TGFbeta receptor, cytoplasmic mediator activity
Note that this term and its children are useful for annotating proteins of the SMAD family.
transforming growth factor beta receptor, cytoplasmic mediator activity
This term was made obsolete because it names a family of gene products.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a family of gene products.
receptor signalling protein serine/threonine kinase signalling protein activity
receptor signaling protein serine/threonine kinase signaling protein activity
OBSOLETE. Binds to MAP kinase and anchors it to a particular subcellular location.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a combination of process and function information.
The binding activity of a molecule that functions as a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) complex. Binds multiple kinases of the MAPKKK cascade, and also upstream signaling proteins, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Bringing together multiple enzymes and their substrates enables the signal to be transduced quickly and efficiently.
OBSOLETE. Binds to protein kinase A and anchors it to a particular subcellular location.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with protein kinase C.
receptor signalling protein serine/threonine phosphatase signalling protein activity
receptor signaling protein serine/threonine phosphatase signaling protein activity
receptor signalling protein tyrosine phosphatase signalling protein activity
receptor signaling protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling protein activity
Modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a small monomeric GTPase.
small GTPase regulatory/interacting protein activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
guanyl-nucleotide release factor activity
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with the GTPase ARF. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
ARF guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ran family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rho family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Sar family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Note that the name Sar derives from 'secretion-associated, Ras-related'.
Sar guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor and one or more other proteins, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor adaptor activity
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from a GTPase, thereby preventing GTP from binding.
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rab, thereby preventing GTP from binding.
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rho, thereby preventing GTP from binding.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and orthophosphate.
Increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rab family.
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Ran family.
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Ras superfamily.
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rho family.
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Sar family.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).
fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand
Note that branchless is the Drosophila gene encoding fibroblast growth factor.
fibroblast growth factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1).
type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand
Note that breathless is the Drosophila gene encoding the type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1).
type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding
OBSOLETE. A class of proteins that interact with the ephrin receptors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the frizzled (fz) receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with frizzled-2 (fz2).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2).
type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand
Note that heartless is the Drosophila gene encoding the type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2).
type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type II transforming growth factor beta receptor.
transforming growth factor beta receptor type II binding
type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror).
receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor ligand
receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with wishful thinking (Wit), a type II bone morphogenic protein receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the sevenless (sev) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the Toll protein, a transmembrane receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the torso (tor) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with scavenger receptors, a family of proteins that are expressed on myeloid cells and are involved in the uptake of effete cellular components and foreign particles.
Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cytokine receptor.
hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor binding
hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor ligand
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor.
ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor ligand
ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the erythropoietin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor binding
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor ligand
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor.
granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor binding
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor ligand
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the growth hormone receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interferon-alpha/beta receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interferon-gamma receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-2 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-3 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-4 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-5 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-6 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-7 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-9 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-10 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-11 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-12 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-13 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-14 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor.
leukemia inhibitory factor receptor ligand
leukemia inhibitory factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oncostatin-M receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the prolactin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-1 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Type I interleukin-1 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Type II interleukin-1 receptor.
Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to the interleukin-1 receptor complex.
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-8 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the epidermal growth factor receptor.
transforming growth factor alpha receptor binding
transforming growth factor alpha receptor ligand
epidermal growth factor receptor binding
OBSOLETE. This term was not defined before being made obsolete.
This term was made obsolete because it represents both a biological process and a molecular function.
epidermal growth factor receptor activating ligand activity
epidermal growth factor receptor inhibiting ligand activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.
macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor binding
macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor ligand
macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin-like growth factor receptor.
insulin-like growth factor receptor ligand
insulin-like growth factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the transforming growth factor beta receptor.
transforming growth factor beta receptor ligand
transforming growth factor beta receptor anchoring activity
transforming growth factor beta receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor.
platelet-derived growth factor receptor ligand
platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the nerve growth factor receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the tumor necrosis factor receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotrophin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the neurotrophin p75 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotrophin TRK receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the neurotrophin TRKA receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the neurotrophin TRKB receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the neurotrophin TRKC receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the hepatocyte growth factor receptor.
hepatocyte growth factor receptor ligand
hepatocyte growth factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor ligand
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the stem cell factor receptor (SCFR), a type III transmembrane kinase receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor Neu/ErbB-2/HER2.
OBSOLETE. A class of ligands for neurexins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an integrin.
The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a type of hormone rather than a molecular function.
The action characteristic of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH), any of a family of decapeptide amide hormones that are released by the hypothalamus in response to neural and/or chemical stimuli. In at least mammals, upon receptor binding, GnRH causes the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary.
luteinizing hormone-releasing factor activity
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone activity
luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone releasing factor activity
gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone activity
The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.
The action characteristic of a neurohypophyseal hormone, any of a family of structurally and functionally related nonapeptides that are synthesized as part of a larger precursor molecule comprising a signal peptide, the nonapeptide hormone, and a neurophysin.
The activity of binding to and activating specific cell surface receptors, thereby inducing behavioral, developmental, or physiological response(s) from a responding organism or cell. The substance may be released or retained on the cell surface. Pheromones may serve as a specific attractant, social communicator, or sexual stimulant.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a cellular location rather than a function.
This term was made obsolete because it describes presence in body fluids rather than an activity.
This term was made obsolete because it describes modification and presence in body fluids rather than an activity.
OBSOLETE. Mediates the adhesion of the cell to other cells or to the extracellular matrix.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cell wall.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix structural constituent
This term was made obsolete because it describes the composition (i.e. proteoglycan) of a gene product, not a molecular function.
chondroitin sulphate/dermatan sulphate proteoglycan
chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan
This term was made obsolete because it describes localization and modification rather than activity.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the lens of an eye.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a chitin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
structural constituent of chitin-based cuticle
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
intracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
intracellular ligand-gated calcium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
caffeine-sensitive calcium-release channel
ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated cation channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel activity
intracellular 3',5' cAMP activated cation channel activity
intracellular 3',5'-cAMP activated cation channel activity
intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate activated cation channel activity
intracellular cyclic AMP activated cation channel activity
intracellular cAMP activated cation channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cGMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
intracellular cGMP activated cation channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
ATP-binding and phosphorylation-dependent chloride channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a volume-sensitive channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.
Catalysis of the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
intracellular calcium-activated potassium channel
calcium activated cation channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a sodium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. Sodium activated potassium channels have distinctive properties, including a large single channel conductance, subconductance states, and a block of single channel currents at positive potentials, similar to inward rectification.
intracellular sodium activated potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of chloride by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a calcium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular excitatory ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Excitatory ligands, such as acetylcholine or glutamate, open cation-selective channels.
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, and that is activated by serotonin.
5-hydroxytryptamine-gated receptor-channel
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'serotonin receptor activity ; GO:0004993'.
serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'glutamate receptor activity ; GO:0008066'.
extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular inhibitory ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Inhibitory ligands, such as GABA or glycine, open chloride-selective channels.
inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
This term was made obsolete because it does not describe a molecular function.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. The inward-rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a specific ligand or ligands, and as a result the macroscopic conductance depends on the difference between membrane voltage and the K+ equilibrium potential rather than on membrane voltage itself.
inward rectifier potassium channel activity
A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cell to an adjacent cell. The gap junction can pass large solutes as well as electrical signals between cells. Gap junctions consist of two gap junction hemi-channels, or connexons, one contributed by each membrane through which the gap junction passes.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
depolarization-activated calcium channel
depolarization-activated voltage gated calcium channel activity
depolarization-activated voltage-gated calcium channel
depolarization-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity
voltage-dependent calcium channel activity
voltage-gated calcium ion channel activity
dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel activity
Modulates the activity of a calcium channel.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
voltage-dependent chloride channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
voltage-dependent sodium channel activity
voltage-gated sodium ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
voltage gated potassium channel activity
voltage-dependent potassium channel activity
voltage-gated potassium ion channel activity
voltage-gated potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel that produces a transient outward current upon a step change in membrane potential.
A-type (transient outward) potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and activation is slow.
delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an open rectifier voltage-gated channel. An open rectifier current-voltage relationship is one in which the direction of rectification depends on the external potassium ion concentration.
open rectifier potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. An animal enzyme that is active in forming a chloride channel, the absence of which brings about cystic fibrosis. It is also involved in the functioning of other transmembrane channels.
ATP phosphohydrolase (channel-conductance-controlling)
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
cystic-fibrosis membrane-conductance-regulating protein activity
channel-conductance-controlling ATPase activity
Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: allantoin(out) + H+(out) = allantoin(in) + H+(in) by secondary active transport.
allantoin uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of the membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.
amine/polyamine transmembrane transporter activity
amino acid-polyamine transmembrane transporter activity
amine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a vesicle membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + amino acid(out) = H+(out) + amino acid(in).
hydrogen:vesicular amine antiporter activity
vesicular hydrogen:amino acid antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of the membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acetylcholine(in) = H+(in) + acetylcholine(out).
acetylcholine:proton antiporter activity
acetylcholine:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + H+(out) = amino acid(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/excitatory amino acid cotransporter activity
sodium/excitatory amino acid symporter activity
glutamate/aspartate:sodium symporter activity
insulin-activated sodium/amino acid transporter activity
insulin-activated sodium:amino acid symporter activity
insulin-activated sodium:amino acid transporter activity
threonine/serine:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH above 7. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high-affinity basic amino acid transporter activity
high affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high-affinity arginine transporter activity
high affinity arginine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity histidine permease activity
high affinity L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity lysine transporter activity
high affinity lysine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a neutral L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
neutral L-amino acid secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = neutral amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
neutral amino acid:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + H+(out) = proline(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + Na+(out) = proline(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the high-affinity transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
high-affinity tryptophan transporter activity
high-affinity tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity
hydrogen/valine-tyrosine-tryptophan transporter
valine/tyrosine/tryptophan permease activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-tyrosine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-tyrosine is 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
L-tyrosine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
leucine/isoleucine/valine porter activity
leucine/valine/isoleucine permease activity
L-valine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: choline(out) + Na+(out) = choline(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the directed movement of creatine across a membrane. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.
creatine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: creatine(out) + Na+(out) = creatine(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/chloride-dependent creatine transporter
Catalysis of the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.
sodium:dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate symporter activity
dicarboxylate (succinate/fumarate/malate) antiporter activity
dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (dicarboxylate or tricarboxylate)(out) + Na+(out) = (dicarboxylate or tricarboxylate)(in) + Na+(in).
sodium:dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate cotransporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glutamate(out) + H+(out) = glutamate(in) + H+(in).
high-affinity glutamate transporter activity
high-affinity glutamate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a inorganic phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
inorganic phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: HPO42-(out) + Na+(out) = HPO42-(in) + Na+(in).
high affinity inorganic phosphate:sodium symporter activity
Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
long-chain fatty acid transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + fatty acyl CoA(cis) = ADP + phosphate + fatty acyl CoA(trans). The transport of fatty acyl CoA into and out of peroxisomes.
ATP phosphohydrolase (fatty-acyl-CoA-transporting)
peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter activity
peroxisomal fatty-acyl-CoA transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/neurotransmitter symporter activity
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of dopamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
dopamine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) = dopamine(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + Na+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/chloride-dependent GABA transporter activity
4-aminobutanoate:sodium symporter activity
4-aminobutyrate:sodium symporter activity
See also the molecular function term 'neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity ; GO:0005328'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of norepinephrine from one side of the membrane to the other. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
norepinephrine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: norepinephrine(out) + Na+(out) = norepinephrine(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/norepinephrine symporter activity
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: serotonin(out) + Na+(out) = serotonin(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide) from one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of the membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of nucleotide-sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleotide-sulphate transporter activity
nucleotide-sulfate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, from one side of the membrane to the other.
organic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organic acid(out) + Na+(out) = organic acid(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/chloride-dependent organic acid cotransporter activity
Enables the directed movement of oxygen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Catalysis of the transfer of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.
purine base transmembrane transporter activity
purine transmembrane transporter activity
purine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
purine ribonucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the transfer of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.
pyrimidine base transmembrane transporter activity
pyrimidine transmembrane transporter activity
pyrimidine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + H+(out) = sugar(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alpha-glucoside(out) + H+(out) = alpha-glucoside(in) + H+(in). Alpha-glucosides include trehalose, maltose, turanose, isomaltose, alpha-methylglucoside, maltotriose, palatinose, trehalose and melezitose.
general alpha-glucoside transporter activity
general alpha-glucoside:hydrogen symporter activity
general alpha-glucoside:proton symporter activity
alpha-glucoside:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of fructose from one side of the membrane to the other. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.
fructose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of galactose from one side of the membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.
galactose/glucose (methylgalactoside) porter activity
galactose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of the membrane to the other.
lactose/glucose efflux transporter activity
glucose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
transepithelial hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
transepithelial hydrogen/glucose transporter activity
transepithelial hydrogen:glucose transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. This activity is constitutive and therefore always present, regardless of demand. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
constitutive hydrogen/glucose transporter activity
constitutive hydrogen:glucose transporter activity
constitutive hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. This activity is constitutive and therefore always present, regardless of demand. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high-affinity hydrogen/glucose transporter activity
high-affinity hydrogen:glucose transporter activity
high-affinity hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
low-affinity hydrogen/glucose transporter activity
low-affinity hydrogen:glucose transporter activity
low-affinity hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+, in response to a stimulus by insulin. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
insulin-responsive hydrogen:glucose transporter activity
insulin-responsive hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in). In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
low-affinity glucose-sodium cotransporter activity
low-affinity glucose:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of maltose from one side of the membrane to the other. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen and starch.
maltose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: maltose(out) + H+(out) = maltose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of myo-inositol from one side of the membrane to the other. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
myo-inositol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + H+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + H+(in).
hydrogen/myo-inositol transporter activity
myo-inositol:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + Na+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + Na+(in).
myo-inositol-sodium cotransporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of taurine from one side of the membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.
taurine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: taurine(out) + Na+(out) = taurine(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/chloride-dependent taurine transporter
Catalysis of the transfer of tricarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
tricarboxylate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of a membrane to the other.
water transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. A transporter of heavy metal ions that utilizes a carrier-mediated process to catalyze uniport, symport or antiport between aqueous phases on either side of a lipid membrane.
Catalysis of the transfer of copper (Cu) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
copper ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of iron (Fe) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
transmembrane iron ion permease activity
iron ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of manganese (Mn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
manganese ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of zinc (Zn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
zinc, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, lead-efflux ATPase activity
zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(cis) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(trans).
ATP phosphohydrolase (Ca2+-transporting)
calcium-translocating P-type ATPase activity
sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (Na+/K+-exchanging)
sodium/potassium-exchanging ATPase activity
sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase activity
sodium:potassium exchanging ATPase activity
sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + eye pigment precursor(in) = ADP + phosphate + eye pigment precursor(out).
eye pigment precursor transporter activity
This term was made obsolete because its meaning was ambiguous, it was undefined and its position in the tree wrong.
transmembrane conductance regulator activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + cation(out) = sugar(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleoside(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).
nucleoside-sodium cotransporter activity
sodium-dependent nucleoside transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a oligopeptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by proton movement.
proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter activity
proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of amines across chromaffin granule membranes.
chromaffin granule amine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of amines across synaptic vesicle membranes.
synaptic vesicle amine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in).
mitochondrial sodium/calcium ion exchange
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + phosphate(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monovalent cation(out) + H+(in) = monovalent cation(in) + H+(out).
monovalent cation:proton antiporter activity
monovalent cation:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: inorganic anion A(out) + inorganic anion B(in) = inorganic anion A(in) + inorganic anion B(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a CMP-N-acetylneuraminate from one side of the membrane to the other.
CMP-sialic acid transmembrane transporter activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a GDP-fucose from one side of the membrane to the other. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
GDP-fucose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a GDP-mannose from one side of the membrane to the other. GDP-mannose is a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
GDP-mannose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-galactose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-galactose is a substance composed of galactose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-galactose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-glucose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-glucose is a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-glucuronic acid from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-glucuronic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a N-acetylgalactosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. N-acetylgalactosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity
This term was made obsolete because it does not provide a useful functional classification.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: succinate(out) + fumarate(in) = succinate(in) + fumarate(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of flavin adenine dinucleotide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
flavin adenine dinucleotide carrier activity
flavin-adenine dinucleotide carrier activity
Catalysis of the reaction: carnitine (mitochondrial) + acyl carnitine (cytoplasm) = carnitine (cytoplasm) + acyl carnitine (mitochondrial).
carnitine/acyl carnitine carrier activity
carnitine:acyl carnitine carrier activity
carnitine:acyl carnitine antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of pyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
pyruvate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process and not a molecular function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with both N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and a cis-SNARE complex (i.e. a SNARE complex in which all proteins are associated with the same membrane) and increasing the ATPase activity of NSF, thereby allowing ATP hydrolysis by NSF to disassemble the cis-SNARE complex.
Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion.
Enables the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell.
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and its children.
OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of electrons into, out of, within or between cells.
high-molecular-weight cytochrome c (hexadecaheme)
This term was made obsolete because the activity described by the definition does not exist.
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome b that has a sulfur atom ligated to the iron of the prosthetic group (heme-thiolate); enzymes:typically monooxygenases acting on lipophilic substrates.
This term was made obsolete because its definition was changed and because it represents a gene product.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any androgen, male sex hormones.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with juvenile hormone, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 11-cis retinal, an isomer of retinal that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin or visual purple. Retinal is one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with all-trans retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. All-trans retinal (trans r., visual yellow) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with a heavy metal, a metal that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a composite function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+).
The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
alpha-2 macroglobulin receptor-associated protein activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a non-existent molecular function term, 'calmodulin activity'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein involved in modulating the reorganization of the cytoskeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lamin; any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with tropomyosin, a protein associated with actin filaments both in cytoplasm and, in association with troponin, in the thin filament of striated muscle.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the immunosuppressant FK506.
OBSOLETE. Lectins are proteins obtained particularly from the seeds of leguminous plants, but also from many other plant and animal sources, that have binding sites for specific mono or oligosaccharides in cell walls or membranes. They thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the aldohexose galactose (galacto-hexose), a common constituent of many oligo- and polysaccharides.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the D- or L-enantiomer of glucose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with acyl-CoA or acyl, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group, or any group formally derived by removal of a hydroxyl group from the acid function of an organic acid.
This term was made obsolete because it was replaced by more appropriate terms.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3', 4' and 5' positions.
phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate binding
Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pheromone, a substance, or characteristic mixture of substances, that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
OBSOLETE. A protein encoded by some ubiquitin genes which consists of a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a gene product.
ubiquitin-ribosomal protein fusion protein
Note that this term was deleted from GO rather than being made obsolete and was restored to the ontology in Feb 2003 to ensure that the ID is not reused.
RNA polymerase II transcribed untranslated RNA
The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'.
A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.
A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow.
membrane attack complex protein alphaM chain
membrane attack complex protein beta2 chain
Any of the various assemblies in which collagen chains form a left-handed triple helix; may assemble into higher order structures.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XV) chains; a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan often found in specialized basement membranes.
Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.
A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form nets within basement membranes.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type V alpha chains; [alpha1(V)]2alpha2(V) and alpha1(V)alpha2(V)alpha3(V) trimers have been observed; type V collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type VI alpha chains in alpha1(VI)alpha2(VI)alpha3(VI) trimers; type VI collagen triple helices associate to form beaded fibrils.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(VII) chains; type VII collagen triple helices form antiparallel dimer, which in turn associate laterally to form anchoring fibrils that connect type IV collagen in the basal lamina to plaques in the underlying connective tissue.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type VIII alpha chains; [alpha1(VIII)2]alpha2(VIII) and alpha1(VIII)[alpha2(VIII)]2 trimers have been observed; type VIII collagen triple helices associate to form regular hexagonal nets.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type XI alpha chains in alpha1(XI)alpha2(XI)alpha3(XI) trimers; type XI collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.
Any collagen polymer associated with collagen fibrils and in which the collagen monomers contain two or more relatively short triple-helical domains connected by non-triple-helical sequences; the acronym FACIT stands for fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helix.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XII) chains; type XII collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIV) chains; type XIV collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures.
A collagen trimer containing alpha(XVI) chains; type XVI trimers can associate with microfibrils.
Any assembly of collagen in which the collagen chains are relatively short compared to the fibrillar collagens.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(X) chains; type X collagen triple helices may form nets.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIII) chains; type X collagen triple helices span lipid bilayer membranes.
A heterodimeric protein complex that catalyzes the cleavage of complement components C3 and C5, and acts in the classical pathway of complement activation; consists of one monomer of C2a and one monomer of C4b; C2a is the catalytic subunit, but cannot catalyze cleavage alone.
classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase complex
A protein complex composed of six subunits of C1q, each formed of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB, and tetramer of two C1QR and two C1QS polypeptide chains.
This term was made obsolete because prior to cleavage, complement component C2 is a single polypeptide rather than a complex, and after cleavage the products do not remain physically associated; there is thus no known biological entity corresponding to "complement C2 complex".
A thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.
Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane ; GO:0016020' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
A thin sheet of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, especially laminin, secreted by cells as an extracellular matrix.
A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha3, beta3 and gamma2 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha3, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha3, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
This term was made obsolete because it is out of date. It seems to be referring to the non-integrin 34/67kDa laminin receptor, which new research has shown to actually be a ribosomal protein of the SP2 family.
A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens.
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term.
A multisubunit protein complex which, in Drosophila, is a heterohexamer of three subunits, alpha, beta and gamma. The complex is thought to store amino acids for synthesis of adult proteins.
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan.
The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.
Crater-like ring of chitinous scar tissue located on the surface of the mother cell. It is formed after the newly emerged daughter cell separates thereby marking the site of cytokinesis and septation. The number of bud scars that accumulate on the surface of a cell is a useful determinant of replicative age.
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
OBSOLETE: That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes.
OBSOLETE: That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is soluble in water.
OBSOLETE: That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is not soluble in water.
OBSOLETE. A sac-like fruiting body (ascomycete Fungi); contains ascospores (typically eight in number).
This term was made obsolete because it is a structure that contains cell (ascospores) rather than a cellular component. To update annotations, consider the external ontology term 'ascus ; FAO:0000014'.
The prospore membrane is a double-membraned structure that extends from the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole bodies to encompass the spindle pole bodies and the four nuclear lobes that are formed during meiosis. It helps isolate the meiotic nuclei from the cytoplasm during spore formation and serves as a foundation for the formation of the spore walls. An example of this component is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
The outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
The second outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
Either of the two innermost layers of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
Any particle of coalesced lipids in an ascus or ascospore. May include associated proteins.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope.
Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the nuclear inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.
The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.
Note that this term should not be confused with the cellular component term 'perinuclear region ; GO:0048471'.
Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER.
Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.
importin, alpha-subunit transport factor
The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane.
That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
A ribonuclease P complex located in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. Eukaryotic nucleolar ribonuclease P complexes generally contain a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules.
A protein-DNA complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins during late mitosis and G1, allowing the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication. The complex normally includes the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6, Cdt1 and the MiniChromosome Maintenance (Mcm2-7) proteins.
The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.
A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA; the smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis.
heterotetrameric polymerase alpha holoenzyme
OBSOLETE. A complex of proteins that interacts with delta-DNA polymerase, promoting elongation. In humans it is a heteropentamer of subunits of 140/145, 40, 38, 37 and 36.5 kDa, which form a complex with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the presence of ATP.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to two distinct complexes, PCNA and Replication factor C (RFC), the latter of which is already represented as a separate, unrelated GO term (DNA replication factor C complex ; GO:0005663). In addition, the phrase 'delta-DNA polymerase cofactor' to represent both PCNA and RFC is not used in current literature.
A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa.
single-stranded DNA-binding protein complex
A complex of five polypeptides in eukaryotes, and two in prokaryotes, that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the nucleus.
nuclear origin of replication recognition complex
RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex
RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.
A protein complex, distinct from RNA polymerase, that associates with DNA at promoters or at cis-acting regulatory sequences, by direct binding or by interaction with other DNA-binding polypeptides or complexes, and regulates transcription.
A RNA polymerase I-specific transcription factor complex that contains the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and at least three TBP-associated factors including proteins known in mammals as TAFI110, TAFI63 and TAFI48.
RNA polymerase transcription factor SL1 complex
A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.
A multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase and is involved in regulation of transcription. Contains either GCN5 or PCAF in a mutually exclusive manner. The budding yeast complex includes Gcn5p, two proteins of the Ada family, and two TBP-associate proteins (TAFs); analogous complexes in other species have analogous compositions, and usually contain homologs of the yeast proteins. Both ATAC- or SAGA (see GO:0000124, SAGA complex) are involved in the acetylation of histone H3K9 and K14 residues.
In human, this complex is composed of GCN5 or PCAF, ADA2a, ADA3, ZZZ3, ATAC2, SGF29, HCF1, WDR5,YEATS2, NC2-beta, and MBIP.
Ada2/Gcn5/Ada3 transcription activator complex
A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12).
A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH.
A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation.
A complex that contains kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of the 5-subunit core (Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p), Ssl2p, and TFIIK (Kin28p, Ccl1p, and Tfb3p). All of the subunits have equivalents in humans: the 5 subunit core is composed of ERCC2, p62, p55, p44, p34; the equivalent of the TFIIK subcomplex is composed of MO15, Mat1, and a cyclin; the human equivalent of Ssl2p is XPB.
Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.
Any protein complex that acts in the formation of nucleosomes or higher order chromatin structure.
A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B.
Note that the synonym 'APC' should not be confused with the abbreviation for the adenomatous polyposis coli gene and protein.
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain RNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U5.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the U7 snRNA and is required for the 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.
Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron that has canonical consensus sequences near the 5' and 3' ends.
A U2-type complex refers to any of the snRNP-based complexes that form during splicing that uses U2 (as opposed to U12). There are complexes that form during U2-splicing that don't necessarily contain the U2 snRNP.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U1.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2.
U2 snRNP refers to the U2 small nuclear RNA and the proteins that associate with it. U2 snRNP is not considered to be a type of spliceosomal complex by itself.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6.
Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron; the series of U12-type spliceosomal complexes is involved in the splicing of the majority of introns that contain atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4atac.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6atac.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U11.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U12.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
OBSOLETE. One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that become apparent between early prophase and metaphase in mitosis and between diplotene and second metaphase in meiosis.
This term was made obsolete because it is not a unique subcellular component, i.e. the difference between this term and 'chromosome' is based on temporal and process distinctions.
OBSOLETE. A complex of DNA and protein that seals the end of a chromosome. The telomeric DNA consists of simple tandemly repeated sequences specific for each species. Typically one strand is G-rich and the other C-rich. The G-rich strand forms a 3'-terminal overhang, the length of which varies with species. The single strand overhang is bound by a variety of proteins, including telomere capping proteins that bind to the single-stranded DNA.
This term was made obsolete because the definition was too sequence oriented and too restrictive.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits.
OBSOLETE. The region of a eukaryotic chromosome that is attached to the spindle during nuclear division. It is defined genetically as the region of the chromosome that always segregates at the first division of meiosis; the region of the chromosome in which no crossing over occurs. At the start of M phase, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids with a constriction at a point which forms the centromere. During late prophase two kinetochores assemble on each centromere, one kinetochore on each sister chromatid.
This term was made obsolete because it is a genetically defined region and not a specific subcellular localization.
A type of chromosome in a polyploid cell, formed when multiple copies of homologous chromosomes are aligned side by side to give a giant chromosome in which distinct chromosome bands are readily visible.
A region at which the centric regions of polytene chromosomes are joined together.
A region of the polytene chromosome where the diameter is considerably decreased, probably resulting from local differences in chromosome organization.
A swelling at a site along the length of a polytene chromosome, thought to be the site of active transcription.
A stretch of densely packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, visible as a morphologically distinct band.
A stretch of less tightly packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, found between bands.
A thread-like connection joining two regions of ectopically paired polytene chromosomes.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cell during interphase of the cell cycle. Chromosomes are usually decondensed during interphase and each long DNA molecule in a chromosome is divided into a large number of discrete domains that are folded differently.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome involved in the process of mitosis.
This term was made obsolete because it is based on a process.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cell during prophase.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cell during metaphase. Typically, sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres and chromosomes are covered with a large number of molecules, including ribonucleoproteins.
OBSOLETE. A chromosome involved in the process of meiosis.
A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over.
An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes.
An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in leptotene or zygotene during meiosis I.
An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in pachytene during meiosis I.
The dispersed less dense form of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. It exists in at least two forms, a some being in the form of transcriptionally active chromatin which is the least condensed, while the rest is inactive euchromatin which is more condensed than active chromatin but less condensed than heterochromatin.
A condensed form of chromatin, occurring in the nucleus during interphase, that stains strongly with basophilic dyes. The DNA of heterochromatin is typically replicated at a later stage in the cell-division cycle than euchromatin.
A region of heterochromatin located near the centromere of a chromosome.
A diffusely banded region of heterochromatin located between euchromatin and alpha-heterochromatin in the polytene chromosome chromocenter; normally replicated during polytenization.
A small, compact region of heterochromatin located in the middle of the polytene chromosome chromocenter, which undergoes little or no replication during polytenization.
Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres of a chromosome in the nucleus.
Any of the regions of heterochromatin that form a reproducible set of dense bands scattered along the euchromatic arms in polytene chromosomes.
Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts.
Circular DNA structures that are not part of a chromosome.
Circular DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA that are replicated independently of chromosomal replication. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats.
A plasmid commonly found in Saccharomyces, inherited in a non-Mendelian manner and often present in 100-400 copies.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) family and associated proteins. Most are involved in a step of processing of rRNA: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation. The majority, though not all, fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type.
Note that 'nucleolar' in the term name is part of the RNA family designation 'small nucleolar', and does not necessarily reflect the location of the complex.
small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex
RNA polymerase I, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces rRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase III and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases II and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.
A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments.
mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.
The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor.
mitochondrial inner membrane pre-sequence translocase complex
mitochondrial inner membrane translocase complex
mitochondrial inner membrane presequence translocase complex
Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that is involved in mitochondrial protein turnover and in processing of proteins imported into mitochondria.
The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain.
mitochondrial fumarate reductase complex
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1.
mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex
mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex
mitochondrial electron transport complex III
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV
A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the mitochondrial membrane.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V
mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex
The hexamer, comprising three alpha and three beta subunits, that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase.
mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, coupling factor CF(0)
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis.
mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk
A protein complex that connects the inner and outer membranes of animal mitochondria and acts as a pore that can open transiently to allow free diffusion of solutes between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol.
mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope.
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.
A DNA polymerase complex consisting of a large subunit, responsible for the catalytic activities, and a small accessory subunit. Functions in the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA.
A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes.
The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).
The smaller of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome.
mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit complex
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.
A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole.
Vacuole formed by the fusion of a lysosome with an organelle (autosome) or with a primary phagosome.
A membrane-bounded organelle to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.
A type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.
A double-membrane-bounded compartment in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered; known as autophagosome in yeast.
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a peroxisomal membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Loosely bound to the intraperoxisomal surface of the peroxisomal membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a single polypeptide rather than a complex; all known peroxisome targeting signal receptors are monomeric.
peroxisome targeting signal receptor complex
The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase.
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
A translocon complex that contains a core heterotrimer of conserved alpha, beta and gamma subunits, and may contain additional proteins (translocon-associated proteins or TRAPs); in budding yeast the core proteins are Sec61p, Sbh1p, and Sss1p. The Sec61 translocon complex functions in cotranslational and posttranslational translocation events.
A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex.
signal recognition particle receptor complex
A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana.
signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting
A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.
The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.
OBSOLETE: Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles, 50-150 nm in diameter, that are formed when some eukaryotic cells are homogenized and that sediment on centrifugation at 100000 g.
A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi transport.
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.
The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae).
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.
Note that this definition includes vesicles that are transiently associated with the Golgi.
This term was made obsolete because its position and synonym implied that it confused a coated vesicle with the coat itself.
This term was made obsolete as part of a general reorganization of vesicle and vesicle coat terms; its position in the ontology suggested that a new term was required.
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.
The CGN is not considered part of the Golgi apparatus but is a separate organelle.
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the side of the Golgi apparatus distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.
The TGN is not considered part of the Golgi apparatus but is a separate organelle.
OBSOLETE. A small subcellular vesicle, or granule, surrounded by a single-layered membrane; formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
This term was made obsolete because it was being used to describe two different components.
This term was made obsolete because its parent was made obsolete.
This term was made obsolete as part of a general reorganization of vesicle and vesicle coat terms; a personal communication from John Armstrong indicated that a replacement term was not required, as TGN-Golgi transport is likely to be mediated by tubules rather than vesicles.
Any particle of coalesced lipids in the cytoplasm of a cell. May include associated proteins.
Note that this term does not refer to vesicles, but instead to structures in which lipids do not necessarily form bilayers.
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.
A cytoplasmic structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.
The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.
This term was made obsolete because it was not defined.
An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.
The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
Structure between the central and outer plaques of the spindle pole body.
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the inner plaque is in the nucleus.
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the central plaque is embedded in the nuclear envelope.
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the outer plaque is in the cytoplasm.
Structure adjacent to the plaques of the spindle pole body.
A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.
Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.
Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation.
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
A protein complex consisting of a steroid receptor associated with nonreceptor proteins, minimally a dimer of Hsp90 and a monomer of hsp56/FKBP59; forms in the absence of bound ligand.
A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor.
An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group.
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G-protein coupled receptors to an effector protein.
See also the molecular function term 'G-protein coupled receptor activity ; GO:0004930'.
A multienzyme complex that catalyses the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA.
cytosolic type I fatty acid synthase complex
holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase complex
A protein complex that possesses fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity.
Note that fatty acid synthetases of vertebrates and yeast are stable enzyme complexes of multifunctional polypeptide chains, whereas the fatty acid synthetases of plants and E. coli consist of non-associated individual enzymes.
OBSOLETE. A large multisubunit protease found in the cytosol that recognizes, unfolds, and digests protein substrates that have been marked for degradation by the attachment of a ubiquitin group. Individual subcomplexes of the complete 26S proteasome are involved in these different tasks: the ATP-dependent 19S caps are believed to unfold substrates and feed them to the actual protease, the 20S proteasome.
A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.
A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex.
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA.
A conserved heterodimeric protein complex that binds to the 5' terminal cap structure m7G(5')ppp(5')N of nascent eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcripts such as pre-mRNA and U snRNA. The consists of proteins known as CBP20 and CBP80, binds to cap structures in the nucleus, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, 3'-end formation, and RNA nuclear export.
Note that this complex can be found in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus.
A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.
cleavage and polyadenylylation specificity factor activity
mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex
A protein complex required for mRNA cleavage but not for poly(A) addition.
mRNA cleavage stimulating factor complex
Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules.
Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex
A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex
A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex
A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma.
eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion. May contain two or three dynein heavy chains as well as several light chains.
A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type.
A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.
A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments.
Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.
Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils.
Any dynein complex that catalyzes movement along a cytoplasmic microtubule; cytoplasmic dynein complexes participates in many transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes,and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.
A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach.
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, nucleates the polymerization of actin monomers but does not sever actin filaments, and which is a part of the dynactin complex.
actin capping protein of dynactin complex
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule.
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule.
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.
Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule.
Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.
A microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.
Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.
non-spindle-associated astral microtubule
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.
A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.
A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
OBSOLETE. Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane and consisting of proteoglycan. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
This term was made obsolete because it describes the composition (i.e. proteoglycan) and not the location of a gene product.
proteoglycan integral to plasma membrane
A protein complex that possesses hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity; characterized in animal cells, where it maintains ionic gradients of Na+ and K+ at the expense of ATP hydrolysis; The complex contains two obligatory subunits, the catalytic alpha subunit and a glycosylated beta subunit; two additional subunits, gamma and channel-inducing factor (CHIF), may also be present.
hydrogen/potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.
sodium/potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.
voltage-dependent calcium channel complex
voltage-sensitive calcium channel complex
A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.
nicotinic acetylcholine-gated receptor-channel complex
A protein complex that binds interleukin-2; comprises alpha, beta, and gamma subunits.
A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-3 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5.
A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3.
A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130.
A protein complex that binds interleukin-9; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-9 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for several other interleukins.
A protein complex that binds interleukin-13; consists of two chains, interleukin-13 receptor alpha1 chain and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain.
A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.
A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta.
A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include any of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.
Note that this term refers to a projection from a single cell, and should not be confused with 'microvillus' as used to refer to a multicellular structure such as that found in the placenta.
Dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.
A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.
This term was made obsolete because it was positioned incorrectly, so the replacement term has a definition different from what this term appeared to mean.
This term was made obsolete as part of a general reorganization of vesicle and vesicle coat terms; its position in the ontology was erroneous.
A cell junction that forms a connection between two cells; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.
A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments.
An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.
A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.
A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.
A cell-cell adherens junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighboring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.
A specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney, which is adapted for filtration of hemolymph. The insect nephrocyte is anatomically and functionally similarity to the glomerular podocyte of vertebrates.
A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in invertebrates.
A septate junction in which regular arrays of electron-dense septae span the intermembrane space.
A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions.
A cell-cell junction that is composed of an array of small channels that permit small molecules to pass from one cell to another. At gap junctions, the membranes of two adjacent cells are separated by a uniform narrow gap of about 2-4 nm that is spanned by channel-forming proteins called connexins, which form hexagonal tubes called connexons.
An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.
An adherens junction which connects a cell to the extracellular matrix.
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments.
A cell-substrate adherens junction, also known as a hemiadherens junction (HAJ) that forms one of a pair of junctions in opposing cells that are separated by only 30-40nm, with a thin line of extracellular electron-dense material in between; found where muscles attach to epidermal cells directly (in insects).
A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons.
A cell-substrate adherens junction found in the apical region of a cell, such as those found in cuticle-secreting epithelia, which connect the apical membrane to the cuticle.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
A protein complex found in the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. It forms interconnections between the microtubule outer doublets that surround the inner central pair of microtubules.
A short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum that is similar in structure to a centriole. The basal body serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth.
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.
The end of a cellular bud distal to the site of attachment to the mother cell.
The constriction between the mother cell and daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding.
OBSOLETE. The characteristic projection formed in response to mating pheromone by cells of Saccharomyces and other fungi with similar life cycles. Named after the Al Capp cartoon character, whose shape it resembles.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a type of whole cell rather than a cellular component. To update annotations, consider the external ontology term 'shmoo ; FAO:0001023'.
The projection formed by unicellular fungi in response to mating pheromone.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form.
OBSOLETE. Used as a holding place for cellular components whose precise localization is, as yet, unknown, or has not been determined by GO (the latter is the major reason for nodes to have this parent); this term should not be used for annotation of gene products.
This term was made obsolete because it was originally intended only as a temporary parent for protein complex terms for which no more specific parents had been found. This term no longer has any children: All protein complex terms are is_a 'protein complex ; GO:0043234' and nearly all have been placed under parents to yield more specific paths traversing a part_of relationship. In other words, the term has been superseded by other terms and relationships in the cellular component ontology, and is no longer needed.
A complex containing a heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory (adaptor) subunit of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).
PI3-kinase p85-subunit alpha- PI3-kinase p110 complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit of 110-120 kDa and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase, class IA complex
phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class IA
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, class IA complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic Class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit of 110-120 kDa and an associated regulatory subunit that is larger than, and unrelated to, the p85 proteins present in class IA complexes. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. Class IB PI3Ks are stimulated by G-proteins and do not interact with the SH2-domain containing adaptors that bind to Class IA PI3Ks.
phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class IB
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase, class IB complex
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, class IB complex
A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known.
A protein complex that possesses alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) and trehalose-phosphatase activities, and thus catalyzes two reactions in trehalose biosynthesis. In the complex identified in Saccharomyces, Tps1p has alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) activity, Tps2p has trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity; Tps3p is a regulatory subunit, and an additional subunit, Tsl1p, may be present.
UDP-glucose-glucosephosphate glucosyltransferase complex
trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase
See also the molecular function term 'alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) activity ; GO:0003825'.
alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase complex (UDP-forming)
Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.
mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
A dimeric (a large and a small chain) or tetrameric (two large and two small chains) enzyme complex. Catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from pyruvate.
See also the molecular function term 'acetolactate synthase activity ; GO:0003984'.
OBSOLETE. A heterodimeric enzyme composed of an alpha and beta subunit. Catalyzes the formation of L-2-aminoadipate from L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde.
This term was made obsolete because the catalytic activity resides in a single polypeptide that is not part of a complex with other gene products.
aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase complex
A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two components I and two components II. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate, pyruvate and L-glutamate from chorismate and L-glutamine.
A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate; comprises a small subunit that binds and cleaves glutamine, and a large subunit that accepts the ammonia group cleaved from glutamine, binds all of the remaining substrates and effectors, and carries out all of the other catalytic events.
arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase complex
carbamoyl-phosphate synthase arginine-specific complex
Note that in higher eukaryotes, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase is usually a single polypeptide, not a complex, and should therefore not be annotated to this component term.
An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.
3',5' cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex
3',5'-cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-dependent protein kinase complex
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase complex
A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane.
CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins.
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex
calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex
A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin.
calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and contains two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are found in nearly every subcellular compartment, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein.
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex.
This term was made obsolete because it is ambiguous (there are several debranching enzymes) and because it probably represents the glycogen debranching enzyme which is a single gene product and not a complex.
A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV.
DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex
A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T.
glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) complex
glycine dehydrogenase complex (decarboxylating)
Mitochondrial complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function of this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity ; GO:0004449'.
mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes that have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase.
magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a.
A protein complex that possesses protein farnesyltransferase activity.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the hydrolysis of bonds in a cyclic nucleotide.
photoreceptor cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase complex
cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase complex
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (lipoamide)
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The functions of this complex are represented by the molecular function terms 'pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) activity ; GO:0004739', 'dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0004742', and 'dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0004148'.
mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
A heterodimeric enzyme complex, which in mammals is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and which associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein). Catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein.
RAB-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of hydroxypyruvate and alanine from serine and pyruvate.
serine-pyruvate aminotransferase, type 1 complex
serine-pyruvate aminotransferase, type 2B complex
serine-pyruvate aminotransferase complex
An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, a polymer of more than 20 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
regulation of glycogen catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. It is a glucan consisting of two components, amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose homopolymers. Starch is synthesized as a temporary storage form of carbon and can be catabolized to produce sucrose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.
fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into glucose 1-phosphate to produce glucose bisphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.
5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthesis
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate biosynthesis
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate biosynthetic process
5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.
2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate, the diphosphorylated sugar 1,5-diphospho-2-deoxyribose.
deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate biosynthesis
deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.
deoxyribose 1-phosphate catabolic process
2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate catabolic process
The process of introducing a phosphate group into deoxyribose 5-phosphate to produce deoxyribose bisphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.
galactosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine catabolism
A process in which chitin is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of chitin localization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.
N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.
N-acetylmannosamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate, a substance composed of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
sugar alcohol (hexitol) metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.
An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving octanol, the 8-carbon alcohol with the formula C8H17OH.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.
(1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->6)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->6)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans.
(1->6)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mannan backbone composed of D-mannose unites, substituted with D-glucose and/or D-galactose units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.
acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate
This term was made obsolete because it represents a function rather than a process.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.
alpha-hydroxypropionate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) on the sixth carbon by a hexokinase, and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle.
A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate.
The process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses.
A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Krebs cycle intermediate metabolic process
citric acid cycle intermediate metabolic process
citric acid cycle intermediate metabolism
tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate metabolism
tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to other compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.
A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD.
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenation
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.
OBSOLETE. The transport of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a molecular function.
The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I.
oxidative phosphorylation, NADH to ubiquinone
mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone
The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.
mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to coenzyme Q
oxidative phosphorylation, succinate to ubiquinone
mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone
The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.
complex III (ubiquinone to cytochrome c)
mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c
The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.
mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferredoxin, any simple, nonenzymatic iron-sulfur protein that is characterized by having equal numbers of atoms of iron and labile sulfur. Iron and sulfur atoms are present in one or two clusters of two or four atoms of each.
This term was made obsolete because it is not clear what it is intended to represent.
This term was made obsolete because it was an unnecessary grouping term.
The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.
This term was made obsolete because the term string represents a molecular function and not a biological pathway.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecular function rather than a biological process.
This term was made obsolete because the term string was ambiguous and the term may represent a molecular function.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate oxidation
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purines.
regulation of purine base metabolic process
regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases.
regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
regulation of pyrimidine base metabolism
regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the 5 main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine to xanthine and thence to uric acid.
The oxidation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecular function.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate.
Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
adenine, hypoxanthine and their nucleoside salvage
Any process that generates adenosine, adenine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthesis
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including ADP, adenosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
guanine, xanthine and their nucleoside salvage
Any process that generates guanosine, guanine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates deoxyguanosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.
Any process that generates inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates deoxyinosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into IDP, inosine (5'-)diphosphate, to produce ITP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ITP, inosine (5'-)triphosphate.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dIDP, deoxyinosine diphosphate, to produce dITP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolic process
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including inosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.
'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process
'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate.
Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUDP, deoxyuridine diphosphate (2'-deoxy-5'-uridylyl phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TTP, ribosylthymine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.
Any process that generates cytidine, cytosine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates CMP, cytidine monophosphate, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
See also the biological process terms 'DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261' and 'RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278'.
A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.
The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.
Note that the synonym 'DNA underwinding' should not be confused with 'DNA unwinding ; GO:0006268', which refers to DNA strand separation, and is a type of geometric change. GO:0006265 refers to alteration of the superhelical density of double-stranded DNA. Note that DNA topological change and DNA geometric change (GO:0032392) are distinct, but are usually coupled in vivo.
The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at eukaryotic DNA replication origins during late M phase; its presence is required for replication initiation.
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.
Note that this term refers to a geometric change in DNA conformation, and should not be confused with 'DNA topological change ; GO:0006265'.
The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.
DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer
The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action.
DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
The process in which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand.
DNA strand elongation during DNA replication
DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication
The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in the 5' to 3' direction; leading strand elongation is continuous as it proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.
The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in a net 3' to 5' direction. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.
The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.
The process in which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment.
A DNA replication process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands.
The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division.
OBSOLETE. The process by which genetic material undergoes a detectable and heritable structural change. There are three categories of mutation: genome mutations, involving addition or subtraction of one or more whole chromosomes; chromosome mutations, which alter the structure of chromosomes; and gene mutations, where the structure of a gene is altered at the molecular level.
This term was made obsolete because mutagenesis is not a valid biological process in which gene products would normally participate. Rather, mutations arise from DNA replication errors or damage by an extrinsic agent.
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.
transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.
Excision of the sugar phosphate residue at an AP site, i.e. a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by a phosphodiesterase enzyme.
base-excision repair, base-free sugar-phosphate removal
Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.
The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.
A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).
pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage excision
Note that although intrastrand cross-link repair is not exactly synonymous with nucleotide excision repair, nucleotide excision repair includes the repair of intrastrand cross-links. The synonym field is being used to reflect the broad substrate specificity of nucleotide excision repair.
The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers.
OBSOLETE. The excision of damaged DNA during pyrimidine-dimer repair. A large multienzyme complex scans the DNA for a distortion in the double helix rather than for a specific base change. Once a bulky lesion is found, the phosphodiester backbone of the abnormal strand is cleaved on both sides of the distortion, and the portion of the strand containing the lesion (an oligonucleotide) is peeled away from the DNA double helix by a DNA helicase enzyme.
This term was made obsolete because this process can be subdivided into multiple processes.
OBSOLETE. The location of pyrimidine dimers by a large multienzyme complex that scans the DNA for distortions in the double helix caused by pyrimidine dimers.
This term was made obsolete because it is a substrate specific DNA repair process.
The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.
nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.
nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex formation
nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage.
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3' to lesion
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3'-to lesion
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage.
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5' to lesion
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5'-to lesion
Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling
A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.
OBSOLETE. The repair of mismatched DNA where the gap to be repaired is only one nucleotide. DNA polymerase is the preferred polymerase in short patch repair, performing gap filling DNA synthesis and removal of the 5'-deoxyribose phosphate of the abasic site.
This term was made obsolete because 'short patch' is a relative statement, often used ambiguously, and does not necessarily represent a process; the processes it can stand for are base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair.
The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.
The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends.
double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.
The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.
DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele.
gene conversion without reciprocal crossover
The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.
Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate.
Lateral transfer of an intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron.
Lateral transfer of a group II intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group II introns are self-splicing introns with a conserved secondary structure.
Lateral transfer of a group I intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group I introns are self-splicing introns that use guanosine as a cofactor in the splicing reaction.
Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein that takes place during, and results in a modification pattern characteristic of, S phase of the cell cycle.
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin.
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecular function and not a biological process.
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
The formation of nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA, coupled to strand elongation.
DNA replication-dependent nucleosome assembly
The formation of nucleosomes outside the context of DNA replication.
transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly
DNA replication-independent nucleosome assembly
The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the trithorax group.
This term was made obsolete because it relates to a specific gene family rather than a process.
positive regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (trithorax group)
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the Polycomb group.
negative regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (Polycomb group)
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin.
chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcriptional inactivation
Note that this process is the opposite of chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcription. This regulation is exemplified by members of the Polycomb group, which maintain the inactive state of homeotic gene transcription.
The initial formation of a transcriptionally silent chromatin structure such as heterochromatin.
establishment of heterochromatic silencing
The maintenance of chromatin in a transcriptionally silent state such as heterochromatin.
maintenance of heterochromatic silencing
Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.
methylation-dependent heterochromatic silencing
methylation-dependent chromatin silencing
Repression of transcription of telomeric DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself.
regulation of gene expression by DNA imprinting
regulation of gene expression by genetic imprinting
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex assembly at promoter
initiation of DNA-dependent transcription
initiation of transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription initiation factor activity
Note that promoter clearance is represented as a separate step, not part_of either initiation or elongation.
The cellular process that completes DNA-dependent transcription; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
termination of DNA-dependent transcription
termination of transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription termination, DNA-dependent
DNA-dependent transcription, termination
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.
transcriptional elongation, DNA-dependent
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription.
regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of gene-specific transcription
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
global transcription regulation from Pol II promoter
regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter.
regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase I promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
transcription initiation from Pol I promoter
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I.
RNA polymerase I transcription elongation factor activity
transcription elongation from RNA polymerase I promoter
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.
RNA polymerase I transcription termination
transcription termination from Pol I promoter
transcription termination from RNA polymerase I promoter
termination of RNA polymerase I transcription
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
general transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
transcription initiation from Pol II promoter
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II transcription elongation factor activity
transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase II using a DNA template is completed.
RNA 3'-end formation by RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II transcription termination
transcription termination from Pol II promoter
transcription termination from RNA polymerase II promoter
termination of RNA polymerase II transcription
Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.
OBSOLETE. The process in which excision of introns from the primary transcript of messenger RNA (mRNA) is followed by ligation of the two exon termini exposed by removal of each intron, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
This term was made obsolete because it represents several different processes.
Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a process unique to splicing of the MATa1 (A1) pre-mRNA, but a recycling defect exacerbated by the presence of two introns within the same gene.
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.
Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.
The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase III preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase III promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
transcription initiation from Pol III promoter
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III promoter
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III.
RNA polymerase III transcription elongation factor activity
transcription elongation from RNA polymerase III promoter
The process in which transcription by RNA polymerase III is terminated; Pol III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of 4 to 6 contiguous U residues.
RNA polymerase III transcription termination
transcription termination from Pol III promoter
transcription termination from RNA polymerase III promoter
termination of RNA polymerase III transcription
OBSOLETE. The sequence of enzymatic reactions resulting in the addition of a cap to the 5' end of a nascent snRNA transcript.
This term was made obsolete because it has been replaced with a more specific term to describe cap hypermethylation. All RNA polymerase II transcripts receive a 7-methyl-G cap. Then for (at least) small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), the 7-methyl-G cap is hypermethylated to become a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG) cap.
Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
Note that while typically associated with tRNA splicing, splicing via endonucleolytic cleavages and subsequent ligation of the free exon ends is known to be used for some non-tRNA substrates, e.g. HAC1 (YFL031W) in S. cerevisiae and an intron in the 23S rRNA of the Archaeal species Desulfurococcus mobilis.
tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a process unique to splicing of the tyrosyl (Y) tRNA.
The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
transcription from mitochondrial promoter
A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome, and results in RNA synthesis by a mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
transcription initiation from mitochondrial promoter
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at mitochondrial promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a mitchondrial RNA polymerase.
RNA elongation from mitochondrial promoter
transcription elongation from mitochondrial promoter
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a mitochondrial DNA template is completed.
RNA transcription termination from mitochondrial promoter
termination of mitochondrial transcription
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a histone mRNA molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of RNA localization
The import of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins.
rRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
snRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
The directed movement of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
tRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
OBSOLETE: The cellular synthesis of DNA on a template of RNA.
This term was obsoleted because the name and the definition mean two completely different things: 1) "transcription, RNA-dependent", i.e. RNA-dependent production of an RNA transcript and 2) "reverse transcription", i.e. RNA-dependent DNA synthesis.
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.
tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
OBSOLETE. Hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase upon termination of translation. Analogous to usual peptidyl transfer during elongation, except that the acceptor is H2O instead of an aminoacyl-tRNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron.
regulation of translational initiation by iron
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.
The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.
A mechanism whereby different proteins may result from a single mRNA molecule, due to a change in the parsing of three nucleotides per codon relative to an initiating AUG codon.
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase activity
protein complex assembly, multichaperone pathway
The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex.
This term was made obsolete because the string was ambiguous and the original meaning of the term was hence unknown.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.
steroid hormone receptor complex assembly
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
process resulting in protein modification
The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.
This term was made obsolete because it presents a molecular function.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
down regulation of protein kinase activity
down-regulation of protein kinase activity
downregulation of protein kinase activity
negative regulation of protein kinase activity
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.
The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.
N-terminal protein amino acid acetylation
The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.
The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.
The sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine.
The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
The methylation of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.
N-terminal protein amino acid methylation
The methylation of the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.
C-terminal protein amino acid methylation
The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
OBSOLETE. The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid or asparagine.
This term was made obsolete because it is a redundant grouping term.
peptidyl-aspartic acid/asparagine hydroxylation
OBSOLETE. Oxidation of two cysteine sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in one protein by a disulfide bond in a second protein to form a disulfide bond in the first protein and two reduced sulfhydryls in the second. The oxidized cysteines linked by a disulfide bond is known as cystine.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a single activity.
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.
protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.
N-linked glycan precursor biosynthetic process
dolichol-linked oligosaccharide anabolism
dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis
dolichol-linked oligosaccharide formation
dolichol-linked oligosaccharide synthesis
dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.
dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.
oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate assembly
oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process
The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.
protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation
A protein amino acid glycosylation process in which a sugar unit is added to a free alpha-amino or alpha-carboxyl terminal of a peptide.
This term was made obsolete because the term name is ambiguous.
protein amino acid terminal glycosylation
This term was made obsolete because there is no evidence for the existence of this process.
The glycosylation of a nitrogen atom of a free alpha amino terminal of a peptide.
protein amino acid terminal N-glycosylation
The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.
For non-covalent interactions with a lipid, consider instead the term 'lipid binding ; GO:0008289' and its children.
The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the amino terminus of a protein.
The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy terminus of a protein.
OBSOLETE. The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a prenyl group to the carboxy terminus of a protein; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.
This term was made obsolete because the process is not exclusive to the carboxy terminus of a protein.
OBSOLETE. The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a farnesyl group to the carboxy terminus of a protein.
OBSOLETE. The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl group to the carboxy terminus of a protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.
glycosylphosphatidylinositol metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.
glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis
glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane.
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
This term was intentionally placed under 'protein metabolic process ; GO:0019538' rather than 'protein catabolic process ; GO:0030163' to cover all processes centered on breaking peptide bonds, including those involved in protein maturation.
The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).
OBSOLETE. The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The cyclical process by which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to (ubiquitination) and removed from (deubiquitination) a protein.
This term was made obsolete because it implies that every protein that is ubiquitinated is also subsequently deubiquinitated, which is not true. Also, the process ontology does not include analogous terms for other small modifiers.
Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.
degradation of misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
misfolded or incompletely synthesized protein breakdown
misfolded or incompletely synthesized protein catabolism
misfolded or incompletely synthesized protein degradation
misfolded or incompletely synthesized protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.
regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine.
cysteine biosynthetic process from serine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
glutamate biosynthesis, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
glutamate biosynthetic process, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxoglutarate.
glutamate catabolic process via 2-ketoglutarate
glutamate catabolic process via alpha-ketoglutarate
glutamate catabolic process via alpha-oxoglutarate
glutamate catabolism via 2-ketoglutarate
glutamate catabolism via alpha-ketoglutarate
glutamate catabolism via alpha-oxoglutarate
glutamate degradation via 2-oxoglutarate
glutamate catabolic process via 2-oxoglutarate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes.
degradation of glutamate to succinate through GABA
glutamate degradation via 4-aminobutyrate
Note that the third step in this pathway (conversion of succinate semialdehyde to succinate) can be catalyzed by NAD-dependent or NADP-dependent succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC:1.2.1.24 and EC:1.2.1.79, respectively).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
methionine and threonine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
S-adenosyl methionine biosynthetic process
S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt.
S-adenosylmethioninamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
tryptophan catabolic process, using tryptophanase
tryptophan catabolism, using tryptophanase
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid derivative metabolic process
cellular amino acid derivative metabolism
cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.
melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan
The process in which the tryptophan 5-monooxygenase enzyme is changed so that it can carry out its enzymatic activity.
activation of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species.
The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.
Note that this term does not fall under the general GO definition for biosynthetic processes, which is 'The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of... ', because thyroid hormones can only be formed by the proteolysis of a larger molecule (see term definition). The word 'generation' is therefore used in place of biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine present in high concentration in striated muscle which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase to buffer ATP concentration. It acts as an immediate energy reserve for muscle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphoarginine, a phosphagen of L-arginine with phosphoric acid containing the phosphoamide bond. It is a source of energy in the contraction of muscle in invertebrates, corresponding to phosphocreatine in the muscles of vertebrates.
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.
Note that protein targeting encompasses the transport of the protein to the specified location, and may also include additional steps such as protein processing.
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
establishment of protein localization to nucleus
protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
NLS-bearing substrate import into cell nucleus
NLS-bearing substrate transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
NLS-bearing substrate import into nucleus
The directed movement of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
snRNP protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
The directed movement of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
mRNA-binding (hnRNP) protein import into cell nucleus
mRNA-binding (hnRNP) protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
mRNA-binding (hnRNP) protein-nucleus import
mRNA-binding (hnRNP) protein import into nucleus
The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
ribosomal protein import into cell nucleus
ribosomal protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
copper-induced protein export from nucleus
The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.
cotranslational protein membrane targeting
cotranslational protein-membrane targeting
cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.
SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
The process in which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting.
SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, docking
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, docking
protein docking during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking
The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.
SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, translocation
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, translocation
translocation during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation
The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting.
SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, signal sequence recognition
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, signal sequence recognition
signal sequence recognition during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition
The removal of the signal peptide from a nascent protein during cotranslational membrane targeting.
SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, signal sequence processing
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, signal sequence processing
signal sequence processing during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence processing
OBSOLETE. The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is independent of SRP and signal recognition.
SRP-independent cotranslational membrane targeting
SRP-independent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.
SRP-independent protein-membrane targeting
posttranslational protein membrane targeting
posttranslational protein-membrane targeting
posttranslational protein targeting to membrane
The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.
maintenance of protein location in ER lumen
The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.
The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.
Protein processing that takes place in the vacuole. Most protein processing in the vacuole represents proteolytic cleavage of precursors to form active enzymes.
The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.
The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.
The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.
mitochondrial protein processing during import
protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion
OBSOLETE. The translocation of proteins across the mitochondrial membrane. In the presence of a translocating chain, the outer membrane import machinery (MOM complex) and the inner membrane import machinery (MIM complex) form translocation contact sites as a part of the membrane preprotein import machinery.
This term was made obsolete because its definition was equivalent to that of the biological process term 'mitochondrial matrix protein import ; GO:0030150' while the mitochondrial translocation has a broader meaning; this led to mis-annotation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde.
A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.
The release of triglycerides, any triester of glycerol, from storage within cells or tissues, making them available for metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.
phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), a derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a methylated amine group.
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine anabolism
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine biosynthesis
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine formation
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine synthesis
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine biosynthetic process
A phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process that proceeds via the enzymatic action of dihydrosphingosine phosphate lyase.
The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the compounds most commonly designated lecithin.
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine metabolism
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.
phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process
The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.
phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis from choline
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.
platelet activating factor biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.
3-keto-dihydrosphingosine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate metabolic process
dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism
sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate biosynthesis
dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process
sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositolphosphoceramides, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group.
inositol phosphorylceramide metabolic process
inositolphosphoceramide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
mannose inositol phosphoceramide metabolic process
mannose inositol phosphoceramide metabolism
mannose-inositol-P-ceramide (MIPC) metabolic process
mannose-inositol-P-ceramide (MIPC) metabolism
mannosyl-inositol-phosphorylceramide metabolism
mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains two phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide metabolism
mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.
OBSOLETE. The covalent or conformational alteration of ecdysone, resulting in a change in its properties.
This term was made obsolete because it was created to cover the conversion of ecdysone to its active form ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone), but this reaction is carried out in a single step by ecdysone 20-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.22) and so is a function rather than a process.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons that make up the cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.
cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process
tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
This term was made obsolete because it was replaced by more specific terms.
coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism
group transfer coenzyme metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an oxidoreductase reaction to proceed.
oxidoreduction coenzyme metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic process
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism
A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADH by the reduction of NAD+.
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regeneration
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate metabolic process
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate metabolism
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate metabolic process
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate metabolism
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate metabolic process
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate metabolism
NAD phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate regeneration
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthesis
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthetic process
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthesis
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthetic process
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthesis
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate catabolic process
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate catabolism
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate catabolic process
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate catabolism
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate catabolic process
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate catabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide.
reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis
oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process
oxidized flavin-adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis
oxidized flavin-adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
This term was made obsolete because, according to PUMA2, this "pathway" is a single reaction, corresponding to 'carbamate kinase activity ; GO:0008804' (EC:2.7.2.2).
carbamoyl phosphate-ADP transphosphorylation
The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
folate-containing compound metabolic process
folic acid and derivative metabolic process
folic acid-containing compound metabolism
vitamin B9 and derivative metabolic process
vitamin M and derivative metabolic process
folic acid-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic process
Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.
porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.
porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III.
uroporphyrinogen III biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions that utilize succinyl-CoA in the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX.
biosynthesis of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl CoA
biosynthesis of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl-CoA
biosynthetic process of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl CoA
biosynthetic process of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl-CoA
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX.
protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme b, a Fe(II) porphyrin complex readily isolated from the hemoglobin of beef blood, but also found in other proteins including other hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes P-450, catalases, peroxidases as well as b type cytochromes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.
porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide or bilirubin diglucuronide, water-soluble derivatives of bilirubin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary sulfur sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary sulfur source and to transport and metabolize alternate sulfur sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects sulfur levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize sulfur-containing compounds, and ends when the sulfur is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary phosphorus source and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary phosphorus source and to transport and metabolize alternative phosphorus sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects phosphorus levels, includes the phosphorus-containing substances, and ends when phosphorus is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorus utilization.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH).
oxygen and active oxygen species metabolism
oxygen and reactive oxidative species metabolism
oxygen and reactive oxygen intermediate metabolism
oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolism
This term was made obsolete because, as part of the GO/ChEBI alignment effort, curators determined that oxygen and reactive oxygen species should not be grouped together.
oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.
superoxide free radical metabolic process
OBSOLETE. The processes involved in the induction or activation of catalase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 into H2O.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium.
Note that amino acid and derivative metabolism should not be annotated here. Instead use the 'amino acid and derivative metabolism' node.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
low voltage-dependent potassium channel auxiliary protein activity
low voltage-gated potassium channel auxiliary protein activity
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
sodium channel auxiliary protein activity
This term was made obsolete because it is a composite term that represents two individual processes.
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of hydrogen (H2 or H+), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of heavy metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Heavy metals are those that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn.
The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed, high-affinity movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed, high-affinity movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The directed, low-affinity movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate/malate transport
mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transport
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate and malate into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial oxoglutarate/malate transport
The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of aspartate and glutamate into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane.
The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, across a plasma membrane.
The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
This term was made obsolete because it represents function rather than a process.
The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.
The process in which a drug is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of eye pigment precursors, the inactive forms of visual pigments, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.
The directed extracellular movement of carbohydrates.
The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.
The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cobalt ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell.
The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining iron ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
copper-induced intracellular protein transport
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells.
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
rough ER to cis-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
rough endoplasmic reticulum to cis-Golgi transport
rough endoplasmic reticulum to cis-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the concentration of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum.
This term was made obsolete because the term name is ambiguous and as a result, the term was incorrectly placed in the ontology (it was a descendant of 'protein transport').
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.
cis-Golgi to rough ER vesicle-mediated transport
cis-Golgi to rough endoplasmic reticulum transport
cis-Golgi to rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicle-mediated transport
retrograde transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum
retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum
retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER
The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.
Golgi to plasma membrane vesicle-mediated transport
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to one of two types of secretory vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis. Specialized secretory cells have a second secretory pathway in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release.
Golgi to secretory vesicle transport, vesicle-mediated
This term was made obsolete because it mixes two processes that can be better captured in separate terms.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.
Golgi to endosome vesicle-mediated transport
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.
Golgi to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.
The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.
The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.
This term was made obsolete because the meaning of the term is ambiguous.
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.
An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.
An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.
The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.
recognition of phagocytosed substance by phagocytic cell
Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding of bacteria may be also annotated to the molecular function term 'bacterial cell surface binding ; GO:0051635'. Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding to opsonins such as complement components or antibodies may be also annotated to the term 'opsonin binding ; GO:0001846'.
The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.
This term was made obsolete because of the ambiguity in its meaning.
The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane, and is not traversed.
The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways) which typically lead to rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling pathway phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis.
This term was made obsolete because more accurate terms were created.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.
This term should be used when the annotation refers to a process that occurs in a context of apoptotic cell death. To annotate gene products involved in activation of cysteine-type endopeptidases in other cellular process (e.g., cell cycle arrest) that do not necessarily develop into an apoptotic process, please use the more general parent term GO:0097202.
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis
cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
The proteolytic degradation of lamins during apoptosis, leading to the irreversible breakdown of the nuclear lamina.
cleavage of lamin involved in execution phase of apoptosis
The proteolytic degradation of cytoskeletal proteins that contributes to apoptosis, leading to the collapse of cytoskeletal structures.
cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins involved in apoptosis
apoptotic cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins
cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins involved in execution phase of apoptosis
A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.
activation-induced cell death of T lymphocytes
activation-induced cell death of T-cells
activation-induced cell death of T-lymphocytes
activation-induced cell death of T cells
Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.
inflammatory cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of inflammatory cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, inflammatory cells
Any apoptotic process in a cell infected with a virus.
programmed cell death of virus-infected cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, virus-infected cells
virus-infected cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
Any apoptotic process in a transformed cell, a cell that has undergone changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm.
programmed cell death of transformed cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, transformed cells
transformed cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore.
Note that in GO cellular components include whole cells (cell is_a cellular component).
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.
The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.
substrate-bound cell migration, cell extension
substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension
The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions.
substrate-bound cell migration, cell attachment to substrate
substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate
The translocation of the cell body forward during cell migration, mediated by tractional force on its substrate and tension in the cortical cytoskeleton. Adhesions transmit propulsive forces and serve as traction points over which the cell moves.
substrate-bound cell migration, cell contraction
substrate-dependent cell migration, cell contraction
The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction.
substrate-bound cell migration, cell release from substrate
negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration
The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions.
substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
regulation of striated muscle contraction
OBSOLETE. The conversion of chemical energy into mechanical work (as in the contraction of a muscle).
This term was made obsolete because its meaning is vague, and it does not fit with other terms in GO.
The cellular process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
OBSOLETE. The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a single diploid nucleus, as seen in the yeast mating process.
This term was made obsolete because it is redundant outside the context of Saccharomyces biology.
The process of syncytia-forming cell-cell fusion, caused by a virus.
induction by virus of cell-cell fusion in host
Where syncytium formation results in the spread of virus in the host, also consider annotating to the term 'spread of virus in multicellular host ; GO:0046739'.
induction by virus of host cell-cell fusion
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC.
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved.
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was redefined and moved.
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.
complement activation, alternative pathway
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.
complement activation, classical pathway
An immune response mediated through a body fluid.
An immune response against bacteria, specific to males and mediated through a body fluid.
male-specific antibacterial humoral response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
up regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
upregulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
activation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
stimulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
anti-Gram-negative bacterial peptide induction
anti-Gram-negative bacterial polypeptide induction
up regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
up-regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
upregulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
activation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
stimulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
anti-Gram-positive bacterial peptide induction
anti-Gram-positive bacterial polypeptide induction
up regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
up-regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
upregulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
activation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
stimulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
up regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
upregulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
activation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
stimulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
A defense response that is mediated by cells.
Note that this term refers to any type of defense response made by any cell, whether only a single-celled organism or part of a multicellular organism; also includes responses that occur in the context of multiorganism processes.
This term was made obsolete because it was undefined and represented an abnormal process.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.
The accumulation of glycerol within a cell, for example by increased glycerol biosynthesis combined with decreased permeability of the cell membrane to glycerol, in response to the detection of a hyperosmotic environment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage.
DNA damage induced protein phosphorylation
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest by p53-mediated DNA damage response
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
The conversion of the SoxR transcription factor to its active (oxidized) form.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.
Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.
endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling pathway
endoplasmic reticulum-nuclear signaling pathway
The conversion of inactive NF-kappaB to the active form, thereby allowing it to activate transcription of target genes, as a result of signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum.
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by EOR
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by ER overload response
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968', which refers to one specific response to the presence of unfolded proteins in the ER.
The conversion of a specific protein, possessing protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities, to an active form as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.
unfolded protein response, activation of signaling protein activity
unfolded protein response, activation of signaling protein kinase/endonuclease
unfolded protein response, activation of signalling protein kinase/endonuclease
activation of signaling protein activity involved in unfolded protein response
unfolded protein response, cleavage of primary transcript encoding UFP-specific transcription factor
unfolded protein response, ligation of mRNA encoding UFP-specific transcription factor by RNA ligase
The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.
unfolded protein response, target gene transcriptional activation
positive regulation of transcription of target genes involved in unfolded protein response
unfolded protein response, positive regulation of target gene transcription
unfolded protein response, up regulation of target gene transcription
unfolded protein response, up-regulation of target gene transcription
unfolded protein response, upregulation of target gene transcription
unfolded protein response, activation of target gene transcription
unfolded protein response, stimulation of target gene transcription
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in unfolded protein response
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.
cellular response to nitrogen starvation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.
nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.
nuclear pore complex organization and biogenesis
nuclear pore organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.
The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
telomerase-dependent telomere maintenance
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
inner mitochondrial membrane organisation
mitochondrial inner membrane organization
inner mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis
inner mitochondrial membrane organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
outer mitochondrial membrane organisation
outer mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis
See also the cellular component term 'mitochondrial outer membrane ; GO:0005741'.
outer mitochondrial membrane organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the organization, biogenesis or maintenance of the cytoskeleton.
This term was made obsolete because cytoskeleton is neither a process nor a trait, so the term made no sense.
The modification of actin by addition of ubiquitin groups.
indirect flight muscle actin ubiquitination
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
regulation of actin filament localization
A cytoskeleton organization process that directly or indirectly links cytoskeletal filaments to the plasma membrane.
cytoskeletal anchoring at plasma membrane
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A microtubule-based process that is mediated by motor proteins and results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other particles along microtubules.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.
microtubule depolymerization during nuclear congression
The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer.
Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
down regulation of microtubule depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule disassembly
inhibition of microtubule depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme
negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.
endoplasmic reticulum organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.
Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.
The directed movement of phosphates into, out of or within a vacuole.
The directed movement of proteins imported into a cell by endocytosis to the vacuole.
delivery of endocytosed proteins to the vacuole
See also the biological process term 'endocytosis ; GO:0006897'.
endocytosed protein transport to vacuole
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.
Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.
The aggregation, arrangement, and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell-substrate adherens junction.
cell-substrate adherens junction assembly
This term was made obsolete because it represents a pathological process.
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
spindle organization and biogenesis during mitosis
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in male meiosis
The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I
The formation of the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in male meiosis II
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male.
The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.
The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.
The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a male.
The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female.
female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during mitosis.
down regulation of transcription during mitosis
down-regulation of transcription during mitosis
downregulation of transcription during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription, mitotic
inhibition of transcription during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription during mitosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
mitotic repression of transcription from Pol I promoter
negative regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter, mitotic
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
mitotic repression of transcription from Pol II promoter
negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, mitotic
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
mitotic repression of transcription from Pol III promoter
negative regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter, mitotic
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
activation of transcription on exit from mitosis
positive regulation of transcription on exit from mitosis
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from Pol I promoter
activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase I promoter
positive regulation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase I promoter
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from Pol II promoter
activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from Pol III promoter
activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase III promoter
positive regulation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase III promoter
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear envelope during mitotic cell division occurs.
The cell cycle process in which lamin is depolymerized.
The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis.
chromosome migration to spindle pole during mitosis
chromosome movement towards spindle pole during mitosis
mitotic chromosome movement to spindle pole
mitotic sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole
sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole during mitosis
mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole
The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.
This term was made obsolete because the term name is ambiguous and appears to encompass two processes.
The cell cycle process in which chromosome structure is altered from the condensed form taken on during mitosis to the relaxed disperse form held in resting cells.
The cell cycle process that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope during mitotic cell division.
The cell cycle process that results in the joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the nucleus, and contributes to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.
vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly
The cell cycle process in which nuclear pore complexes reform during mitotic cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle.
traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle
A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the progression through the S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the destruction of mitotic cyclins.
Any process that initiates the ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase-promoting complex that regulates the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition.
APC activation during mitotic cell cycle
activation of ubiquitin ligase activity of APC during mitotic cell cycle
activation of ubiquitin ligase activity of anaphase promoting complex during mitotic cell cycle
activation of ubiquitin ligase activity of anaphase-promoting complex during mitotic cell cycle
anaphase promoting complex activation during mitotic cell cycle
anaphase-promoting complex activation during mitotic cell cycle
mitotic anaphase promoting complex activation
mitotic anaphase-promoting complex activation
mitotic anaphase promoting complex activator
mitotic anaphase-promoting complex activator
activation of mitotic anaphase-promoting complex activity
A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle by cell cycle checkpoint
A cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition by spindle assembly checkpoint
mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase in response to DNA damage.
mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint
Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.
The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.
The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type.
Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.
Centrosome duplication and separation in the context of a meiotic cell cycle in a male organism.
centrosome cycle involved in male meiotic cell cycle
Construction of a new spindle pole body adjacent to the existing spindle pole body occurring at or near the nuclear envelope; usually occurs about the time of bud emergence. An example of this is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
spindle pole body duplication associated with nuclear envelope
The process of marking the place where cytokinesis will occur.
Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.
cytokinesis, membrane recruitment/generation
membrane addition at site of cytokinesis
The process involved in starting cell separation.
initiation of separation involved in cytokinesis
The process of finishing cell separation, which results in two physically separated cells.
completion of separation involved in cytokinesis
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis I, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis II, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells.
cytokinesis involved in male meiotic cell cycle
A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'abortive mitotic cell cycle ; GO:0033277'. Although abortive mitosis is sometimes called endomitosis, GO:0033277 refers to a process in which a mitotic spindle forms and chromosome separation begins.
A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell.
This term was made obsolete because it represents two processes.
bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity (sensu Saccharomyces)
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and growth of cell buds.
The process in which the bud portion of a cell that reproduces by budding irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
Growth at the tip of a bud, in a cell that reproduces by budding.
Unlocalized bud growth such that the entire surface of the bud expands evenly, in a cell that reproduces by budding.
The process of defining the next site of bud emergence adjacent to the last site of bud emergence on a budding cell.
The process of defining subsequent sites of bud emergence such that budding takes place at alternating poles of a budding cell.
This term was made obsolete because it is a phenotype rather than a biological process.
A pattern of cell growth that occurs in conditions of nitrogen limitation and abundant fermentable carbon source. Cells become elongated, switch to a unipolar budding pattern, remain physically attached to each other, and invade the growth substrate.
This term was made obsolete because it has been split into two new terms.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle. A meiotic cell cycle is the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
Prophase occurring as part of meiosis I. Prophase is the part of nuclear division in which, canonically, chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell. Meiosis I is the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other.
The cell cycle process in which the side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created at the metaphase plate.
homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis
The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.
The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity.
gene conversion with reciprocal crossover
Metaphase occurring as part of meiosis I. Metaphase is the part of nuclear division in which, canonically, chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell. Meiosis I is the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other.
Anaphase occurring as part of meiosis I. Anaphase is the part of nuclear division in which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle. Meiosis I is the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other.
Telophase occurring as part of meiosis I. Telophase is the part of nuclear division that, canonically, begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. Meiosis I is the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome.
Prophase occurring as part of meiosis II. Prophase is the part of nuclear division in which, canonically, chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell. Meiosis II is the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome.
Metaphase occurring as part of meiosis II. Metaphase is the part of nuclear division in which, canonically, chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell. Meiosis II is the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome.
Anaphase occurring as part of meiosis II. Anaphase is the part of nuclear division in which sister chromatids (or chromosomes) separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle. Meiosis II is the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome.
Telophase occurring as part of meiosis II. Telophase is the part of nuclear division that, canonically, begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. Meiosis II is the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.
Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiosis ; GO:0007126'.
The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes.
The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a phenotype rather than a biological goal.
OBSOLETE. A process whereby cells develop a specific morphology under a specific set of circumstances.
This term was made obsolete because the original meaning of the term is unclear, the current definition is incorrect, and it does not describe a biological process.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.
The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.
The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule activity
calcium-independent cell-matrix adhesion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
cell adhesion receptor inhibitor activity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization
establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not.
A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway
cell surface receptor linked signalling pathway
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
enzyme linked receptor protein signalling pathway
enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
receptor guanylyl cyclase signalling pathway
receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signalling pathway
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase ligand binding
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activation
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase dimerization
activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathway
receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1 signaling pathway
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.
epidermal growth factor ligand processing
This term describes the breakdown of epidermal growth factor within the cell, following internalization. For proteolysis events that result in the maturation of an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand, see 'epidermal growth factor receptor ligand maturation ; GO:'.
epidermal growth factor catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
down regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
negative regulation of EGF receptor activity
negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signalling pathway
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
TGF-beta ligand binding to type II receptor
TGFbeta ligand binding to type II receptor
This term was made obsolete because it represents a function.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex.
TGF-beta:type II receptor:type I receptor complex assembly
transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus.
common mediator SMAD protein phosphorylation
common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
The directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signalling pathway
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.
G protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
G protein signalling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signalling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
GPCR signaling pathway via cyclic nucleotide second messenger
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
G protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger
G protein signaling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger
G protein signalling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger
G protein signalling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signalling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signalling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger
GPCR signaling pathway via cAMP second messenger
GPCR signaling pathway via modulation of adenylate cyclase activity
adenylate cyclase-modulating GPCR signaling pathway
This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase activity. For steps upstream of adenylate cyclase activity, consider instead annotating to 'regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway ; GO:0010578.
adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
G protein signaling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway
G protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway
G protein signalling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway
G protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway
G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway
G-protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway
G-protein signalling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway
G-protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway
GPCR signaling pathway via activation of adenylate cyclase
GPCR signaling pathway via activation of adenylate cyclase activity
adenylate cyclase-activating GPCR signaling pathway
activation of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signaling pathway
activation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signaling
This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase activity. For steps upstream of adenylate cyclase activity, consider instead annotating to 'positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway ; GO:0010579.
adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.
activation of adenylate cyclase activity
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathway
dopamine receptor, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway
activation of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signaling pathway
activation of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
serotonin receptor, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway
activation of adenylate cyclase activity by serotonin receptor signalling pathway
serotonin receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathway
adenylate cyclase-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
G protein signaling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
G protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
G protein signalling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
G protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
G-protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
G-protein signalling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
G-protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
GPCR signaling pathway via inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting GPCR signaling pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signaling pathway
This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase inhibition.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
down regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
down-regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
downregulation of adenylate cyclase activity
negative regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
dopamine receptor, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signaling pathway
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway
metabotropic glutamate receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
metabotropic glutamate receptor, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
serotonin receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by serotonin receptor signaling pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by serotonin receptor signalling pathway
serotonin receptor, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP).
G protein signaling, coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger
G protein signalling, coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signaling, coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger
G-protein signalling, coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger
GPCR signaling pathway via activation of guanylate cyclase activity
GPCR signaling pathway via cGMP second messenger
guanylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
G protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating)
G protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating)
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to IP3 second messenger
G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating)
G-protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway
activation of phospholipase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway coupled to IP3 second messenger
This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of phospholipase C (PLC) activity.
phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
This term was made obsolete because the dissociation of heterotrimeric G protein subunits is a consequence of a conformational change, which is in turn a consequence of ligand binding; it does not require multiple activities specifically to bring about.
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
Note that this term refers to a signaling pathway, and should not be confused with function terms such as 'phospholipase activator activity ; GO:0016004'.
This term was made obsolete because hydrolysis is a reaction, not a process.
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.
cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration elevation
elevation of calcium ion concentration in cytoplasm
elevation of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration
cytosolic calcium ion concentration elevation
elevation of calcium ion concentration in cytosol
elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).
activation of protein kinase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
activation of protein kinase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
protein kinase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
activation of phospholipase C activity by G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
activation of phospholipase C activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway
activation of phospholipase C activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway
metabotropic glutamate receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway
phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
activation of phospholipase C activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway
muscarinic receptor signaling pathway via activation of PLC
activation of phospholipase C activity by G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
activation of phospholipase C activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway
phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
activation of phospholipase C activity by serotonin receptor signaling pathway
activation of phospholipase C activity by serotonin receptor signalling pathway
serotonin receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
activation of phospholipase C activity by tachykinin receptor signaling pathway
activation of phospholipase C activity by tachykinin receptor signalling pathway
tachykinin receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway
phospholipase C-activating tachykinin receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of octopamine or tyramine binding to a cell surface receptor. Octopamine and tyramine are decarboxylation products of tyrosine, and are the invertebrate counterparts of the vertebrate adrenergic transmitters.
octopamine or tyramine signalling pathway
octopamine or tyramine signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any series of molecular signals initiated by an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of the target cell binding to one of its physiological ligands, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor.
gamma-aminobutyric acid signalling pathway
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to a glutamate receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway
metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway
G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.
The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.
N receptor target transcription factor activation
Notch receptor target transcription factor activation
positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).
Wnt receptor signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.
The posttranslational modification of members of the Hedgehog family of signaling proteins in order for Hedgehog to exert its biological activity. These modifications include cleavage of its signal sequence, autocatalytic protein cleavage and the attachment of sterol groups.
The series of molecular signals that are initiated by the transmembrane protein Smoothened. In the presence of a Hedgehog signaling molecule, the Patched protein no longer inhibits the activity of Smoothened, and Smoothened signals via the Hedgehog signaling complex to activate downstream components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
signal transduction downstream of smoothened
Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.
activation of hh target transcription factor
positive regulation of hedgehog target transcription factor
positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.
signal transduction during osmotic stress
A series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a Sho1 osmosensor system.
osmosensory signalling pathway via Sho1 osmosensor
signal transduction during osmotic stress via Sho1 osmosensor
osmosensory signaling pathway via Sho1 osmosensor
A series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a phosphorelay system.
osmolarity sensing via two-component system
osmolarity signaling pathway via two-component system
osmolarity signalling pathway via two-component system
osmosensory signalling pathway via two-component system
signal transduction during osmotic stress via two-component system
osmosensory signaling pathway via two-component system
osmosensory signaling via phosphorelay pathway
This term was made obsolete because it contains gene product and species specific information.
A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell by sequential protein phosphorylation and activation of the cascade components.
OBSOLETE. MAPKKK cascade involved in transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described in Saccharomyces.
MAPKKK cascade (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAPKKK activity in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces.
activation of MAPKKK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of a MAP kinase kinase in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces.
activation of MAPKK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces.
activation of MAPK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. Movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces.
nuclear translocation of MAPK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.
activation of the inhibitor of kappa kinase
The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.
positive regulation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity
activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity
This term was made obsolete because its meaning was unclear.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.
The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.
maintenance of NF-kappaB location in cytoplasm
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) activity in response to phosphorylation by a member of the JUN kinase kinase kinase (JNKKK) family, or another upstream kinase. JNKKs are involved in a signaling pathway that is primarily activated by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress.
activation of JUN kinase kinase activity
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK).
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.
Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
The formation of a dimer of two STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) following their activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases.
The directed movement of dimerized STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins into the nucleus following activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.
nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals.
small GTPase-mediated signal transduction
small GTPase mediated signal transduction
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another.
The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.
The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.
ionic insulation of neurons by glial cells
This term was made obsolete because the term string made no sense.
The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Note that this term was 'developmental process'.
The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pole cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a pole cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
Formation of a small group of cells (pole cells) at the posterior pole of the insect blastula. They are the first cells to cellularize after the arrival of nuclei at the end of the syncytial blastula stage and are the precursors to the insect germ cells.
See also the Cell Ontology term 'pole cell ; CL:0000301'.
The directed movement of a pole cell (germline progenitors in insects) from its site of production at the posterior pole of the embryo through to the site where the gonads will form.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.
The four rounds of incomplete mitosis undergone by the cystoblast to form a 16-cell cyst. Within the cyst, one cell differentiates into an oocyte while the rest become nurse cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.
The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form a cyst of secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes).
See also the Cell Ontology terms 'spermatogonium ; CL:0000020' and 'primary spermatocyte ; CL:0000656'.
The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Fusion of mitochondria during insect spermatid differentiation to form two masses, which wrap around each other to form a densely packed sphere called the Nebenkern.
See also the cellular component term 'Nebenkern ; GO:0016006', and the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'Nebenkern ; FBbt:00004943'.
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.
The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.
See also the Cell Ontology term 'spermatid ; CL:0000018'.
The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation.
The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.
Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The cell fate determination process in which a germarium-derived cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
germarium-derived oocyte fate determination
Growth of the egg chamber between the time it leaves the germarium and the onset of vitellogenesis. During this time both nurse cells and the oocyte undergo developmental changes including nuclear organization and cytoplasmic growth. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
growth of a germarium-derived egg chamber
The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition.
The directed movement of an ovarian follicle cell that takes place during oogenesis. During egg chamber formation, follicle cells migrate to envelop the germ-line cysts and move in between cysts. At stage 10B, follicle cells migrate centripetally between the nurse cells and the oocyte, enclosing the anterior of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The attachment of a somatic follicle cell to another somatic follicle cell or to its substratum, the germline cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Transfer of constituents synthesized in the ovarian nurse cells to the oocyte, through the ring canals, as the egg chamber is growing. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Assembly of the intercellular bridges that connect the germ-line cells of a female cyst.
Attachment of the nurse cell nucleus to the plasma membrane.
The directed movement of cytoplasmic constituents synthesized in the nurse cells to the oocyte.
cytoplasmic transport, nurse cell to oocyte
The construction of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
vitelline membrane formation in chorion-containing eggshell
vitelline membrane formation involved in chorion-containing eggshell formation
Construction of the chorion portion of the eggshell, which comprises the channels for gas exchange in an insect eggshell.
Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster.
The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte dorsal-ventral axis specification
oocyte dorsal/ventral axis determination
oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded
maternal specification of dorsal-ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded
maternal specification of dorsoventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded
maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded
The directed movement of the oocyte nucleus within the cell as part of the establishment and maintenance of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte axis determination, oocyte nuclear migration
oocyte axis determination, oocyte nucleus migration
oocyte nuclear migration during oocyte axis determination
oocyte nucleus migration during oocyte axis determination
oocyte nucleus migration during oocyte axis specification
oocyte nucleus migration involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded
maternal specification of dorsal-ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded
maternal specification of dorsoventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded
maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded
Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte anterior/posterior axis determination
oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification
Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
establishment and maintenance of pole plasm RNA localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.
regulation of oocyte pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localisation
regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
establishment and maintenance of pole plasm protein localization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate that oskar mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.
down regulation of oskar mRNA translation
down-regulation of oskar mRNA translation
downregulation of oskar mRNA translation
negative regulation of oskar mRNA translation
The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.
The physical displacement of sperm stored from previous mating encounters.
The generation of a mature, active peptide pheromone via processes unique to its processing and modification. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter by pheromones
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
This term was made obsolete because it gives no indication of what it refers to.
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.
The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the egg.
The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.
The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.
The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.
The merging of two pronuclei in a fertilized egg to fuse and produce a single zygotic genome.
OBSOLETE. Formation and development of an embryo and its organized structures.
This term was made obsolete because more appropriate terms were created. Morphogenesis in plants also occurs outside of embryogenesis.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
control of mitotic cell cycle progression
modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle.
control of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression
modulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression
preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle control
preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle modulation
preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle regulation
regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle regulator
regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.
control of syncytial blastoderm cell cycle progression
modulation of syncytial blastoderm cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
regulation of syncytial blastoderm cell cycle
regulation of syncytial blastoderm cell cycle progression
syncytial blastoderm cell cycle modulation
syncytial blastoderm cell cycle regulation
syncytial blastoderm cell cycle regulator
regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development.
The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.
Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.
The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.
zygotic determination of dorsal-ventral axis
zygotic determination of dorsal/ventral axis
zygotic determination of dorsoventral axis
zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis
This term was made obsolete because it does not describe a biological process.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.
zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
Specification of the anterior (head and thoracic segments) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of hunchback gene product.
Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.
thorax and anterior abdomen determination
The activation of genes encoding transcription factors in the central region of an insect embryo by a combination of maternal regulatory signals and interactions among themselves; exemplified by the activation of expression of the Drosophila Kruppel gene by the hunchback and bicoid gene products.
up regulation of central gap gene transcription
up-regulation of central gap gene transcription
upregulation of central gap gene transcription
activation of central gap gene transcription
stimulation of central gap gene transcription
positive regulation of central gap gene transcription
Specification of the borders of central gap gene expression mediated largely by the effects of other gap genes; in insects this is exemplified by knirps repression of Kruppel.
establishment of central gap gene boundaries
The regionalization process in which the posterior (abdominal) regions of the embryo are specified by the gap genes.
Note that this process is exemplified in insects by the actions of the knirps gene product.
The activation of genes encoding transcription factors in the posterior region of an insect embryo by a combination of maternal regulatory signals and interactions among themselves; exemplified by the activation of expression of the Drosophila knirps gene.
up regulation of posterior gap gene transcription
up-regulation of posterior gap gene transcription
upregulation of posterior gap gene transcription
activation of posterior gap gene transcription
stimulation of posterior gap gene transcription
positive regulation of posterior gap gene transcription
Specification of the borders of posterior gap gene expression mediated largely by the effects of other gap genes; in insects this is exemplified by hunchback and tailless repression of knirps.
establishment of posterior gap gene boundaries
Specification of the terminal regions (the two non-segmented ends) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of huckebein and tailless gene products.
The activation of genes encoding transcription factors at the anterior and posterior ends of an insect embryo by a combination of maternal regulatory signals and interactions among themselves; exemplified by the activation of expression of the Drosophila tailless and huckebein genes.
up regulation of terminal gap gene transcription
up-regulation of terminal gap gene transcription
upregulation of terminal gap gene transcription
activation of terminal gap gene transcription
stimulation of terminal gap gene transcription
positive regulation of terminal gap gene transcription
Specification of the borders of terminal gap gene expression mediated largely by the effects of other gap genes.
establishment of terminal gap gene boundary
The regionalization process that divides the spatial regions of an embryo into serially repeated regions.
Note that examples of periodic partitions are tagmata, segments or parasegments.
Allocation of cells to parasegments in the embryo, through the action of overlapping series of pair rule gene activities.
Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Formation of a ventral indentation (furrow) from the blastoderm epithelium, which is internalized to form a tube in the interior of the embryo, marking the start of gastrulation.
The regionalization process in which the area where the ventral midline will form is specified.
determination of anterior border of ventral midline
determination of posterior border of ventral midline
Formation of a cup-shaped invagination at the posterior end of the embryo, bringing the posterior midgut and hindgut primordia into the interior.
Internalization of the anterior midgut into the interior of the embryo.
Formation of a partial necklace of inturning tissue on the lateral sides of the embryo, along the dorsal-ventral axis. This furrow demarcates head from thorax in the developing protostome.
Elongation of the germ band on the ventral side of the embryo, accompanied by a halving in width. The elongation process pushes the posterior midgut invagination closed and compresses the amnioserosa further.
Formation of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies a hole in the embryonic dorsal epidermis. This occurs by the transformation of a narrow strip of cells at the dorsal midline of the blastoderm from columnar to squamous cells, accompanied by a lateral shift.
The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.
The specification of the characteristic structures of the head segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, head
The specification of the characteristic structures of the labial segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'labial segment ; FBbt:00000014'.
specification of segmental identity, labial segment
The specification of the characteristic structures of the maxillary segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'maxillary segment ; FBbt:00000013'.
specification of segmental identity, maxillary segment
The specification of the characteristic structures of the antennal segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'antennal segment ; FBbt:00000009'.
specification of segmental identity, antennal segment
The specification of the characteristic structures of the thoracic segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, thorax
The specification of the characteristic structures of the abdominal segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, abdomen
The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.
The process giving rise to specification of cell identity in the anterior compartments of the segmented embryo.
anterior compartment pattern specification
The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The spreading of the amnioserosa from its compressed state to cover the whole of the dorsal surface. Initiating in the thorax and spreading posteriorly, it is accompanied by the transition from a parasegmental to segmental division of the embryo.
The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.
Events that occur at the start of dorsal closure.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell within the dorsal ectoderm becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate determination
The change in shape of cells at the dorsal-most (leading) edge of the epidermis from being polygonal to being elongated in the dorsal/ventral axis.
dorsal closure, elongation of leading edge cells
Dorsally-directed movement of a cell at the leading edge of the epithelium over the amnioserosa.
dorsal closure, spreading of leading edge cells
Closure of the dorsal hole. Filopodia extending from each leading edge interdigitate at the dorsal midline and appear to prime the formation of adherens junctions between the two rows of leading edge cells. Newly formed septate junctions are also used to seal the dorsal hole.
OBSOLETE. The generation of organized tissues or of whole organs.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
This term was made obsolete because its meaning is ambiguous.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.
down regulation of neuroblast proliferation
down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation
downregulation of neuroblast proliferation
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.
The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.
Separation of axons away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle.
Separation of a motor axon away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatogastric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
stomatogastric nervous system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'tracheal system ; FBbt:00005024'.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epithelial cell within an open tracheal system regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Tracheal cells are set aside as 10 clusters of approximately 80 cells on each side of the embryo (termed tracheal placodes). An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
tracheal epithelial cell fate determination
tracheal placode cell fate determination
epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system
The projection of branches of an open tracheal system towards their target tissues. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
tracheal outgrowth, open tracheal system
The orderly movement of epithelial cells during development of an open tracheal system. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system
Formation of primary branches in the open tracheal system. These form from small groups of cells that migrate out at specific positions, organizing into tubes as they migrate. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Sprouting of secondary branches in an open tracheal system. These form from the tips of primary branches and are formed by individual cells that roll up into unicellular tubes. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
secondary branching, open tracheal system
Formation of terminal branches in the open tracheal system. These are long cytoplasmic extensions that form fine tubules that transport oxygen directly to the tissues. An example of the process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
terminal branching of trachea, cytoplasmic projection extension
terminal branching, open tracheal system
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.
Determination of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.
Determination in a larval organism of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.
larval salivary gland boundary specification
Determination in an adult organism of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.
adult salivary gland boundary specification
The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.
The process, occurring in the larva, by which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the adult salivary gland are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oenocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the anterior midgut (ectodermal) are generated and organized.
anterior midgut (ectodermal) morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the Malpighian tubule are generated and organized. This process takes place entirely during the embryonic phase. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'Malpighian tubule ; FBbt:00005786'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the imaginal disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.).
Allocation of embryonic cells to the imaginal disc founder populations, groups of cells that are committed to contribute to the formation of an imaginal disc compartment.
determination of imaginal disc primordium
The increase in mass of imaginal discs by cell proliferation prior to metamorphosis. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
The regionalization process that results in defined areas of the imaginal disc that will undergo specific cell differentaiton. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that rapidly develop into adult appendages during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
anterior/posterior pattern specification, imaginal disc
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.
proximal/distal pattern formation, imaginal disc
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.
dorsal-ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc
dorsoventral pattern formation, imaginal disc
dorsal/ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc
Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between dorsal and ventral compartments that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment.
dorsal-ventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc
dorsoventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc
dorsal/ventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the clypeo-labral disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a clypeo-labal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the labrum, anterior and posterior cibarial plates, fish trap bristles, epistomal sclerite and clypeus.
morphogenesis of structures derived from the clypeo-labral disc
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the labial disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a labial imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including parts of the proboscis.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of an eye-antennal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps.
The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.
progression of morphogenetic furrow during compound eye morphogenesis
progression of morphogenetic furrow involved in compound eye morphogenesis
The process in which the R8 photoreceptor commits to its cell fate. The R8 receptor contributes the central part of the rhabdomere in the basal parts of the ommatidium.
The process in which the R1/R6 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R1 and R6 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.
The process in which the R2/R5 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R2 and R5 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.
The process in which the R3/R4 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R3 and R4 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.
The process in which the R7 photoreceptor commits to its cell fate. The R7 receptor contributes the central part of the rhabdomere in the apical parts of the ommatidium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression. This includes transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational regulation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the antenna over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The antenna are the sensory structures on the head that are capable of detecting various environmental stimuli.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the prothoracic disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a prothoracic imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult humerous and anterior spiracle.
OBSOLETE. The process by which the anatomical structures of the first or anterior segment of the insect thorax are generated and organized.
This term was made obsolete because it does not stipulate which anatomical part is involved in the process.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the wing disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a wing imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.
wing disc proximal/distal pattern formation
The regionalization process in which the area of a imaginal disc-derived wing that will form a wing vein is specified.
imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification
The coming together of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the imaginal disc-derived wing during the conversion of a folded single layered wing disc to a flat bilayered wing.
apposition of dorsal and ventral wing surfaces
apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces
The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.
imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal part of the body over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the leg disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a leg imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the leg, coxa and ventral thoracic pleura.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the leg imaginal disc, a precursor to the adult leg.
leg disc proximal/distal pattern formation
The process in which the anatomical structures of a leg derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the haltere disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a haltere imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult capitellum, pedicel, haltere sclerite, metathoracic spiracle and metanotum.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the haltere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The haltere is the club-shaped 'balancers' found on each side of the metathorax among the true flies (Diptera). They are the much-modified hind wings.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the genital disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a genital imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult genital structures, the anal plates and the hind gut.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
imaginal disc-derived genitalia development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
imaginal disc-derived male genitalia development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
imaginal disc-derived female genitalia development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the analia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is analia development in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen.
The negative regulation of the differentiation of polytenized larval hypodermal cells from abdominal histoblasts. The abdominal histoblasts remain a small cluster of diploid cells among the polytenized larval hypodermal cells.
maintenance of imaginal histoblast diploidy
The process in which the anatomical structures of the tergite are generated and organized. The tergite is the primary plate or sclerite forming the dorsal surface of any insect body segment.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the sternite are generated and organized. The sternite is the plate or sclerite on the underside of a body segment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
Note that this term was 'endoderm determination'. Changed string to make it more consistent with parent term 'cell fate determination'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.
The process of cell-cell signaling between visceral mesoderm cells and endoderm cells that is involved in the differentiation of cells in the midgut.
visceral mesoderm-endoderm interaction involved in midgut development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
Note that this term was 'mesoderm determination'. Changed string to make more consistent with parent term 'cell fate determination'.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
Note that this term was 'fate specification in mesoderm'. String of term was changed to correspond to format of sibling terms 'endoderm cell fate specification' and 'ectoderm cell fate specification'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract mesoderm is portion of the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form part of the digestive tract of the organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A fat body is an insect gland dorsal to the insect gut, with a function analogous to that of the vertebrate liver. It is a storage organ for fats, glycogen and protein and is a major site of intermediary metabolism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larval fat body consists of a bilaterally symmetrical monolayer of cells lying between the gut and the muscles of the body wall. As in other tissues of the larva, the cells of the fat body complete their divisions in the embryo and increase in size and ploidy during larval life.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Larval fat body cells that remain at eclosion degenerate in the first 2 to 4 days of adult life, leaving behind the smaller cells of the adult fat body.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In Drosophila the larval heart (dorsal vessel) is a continuous tube of mesodormal cells that runs beneath the dorsal midline of the epidermis, divided into an anterior aorta and a posterior heart proper.
The migration of mesodermal cells during gastrulation to help establish the multilayered body plan of the organism.
mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a cardioblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
OBSOLETE. The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lymph gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lymph gland is a small bean-shaped organ made up of a loose meshwork of reticular tissue in which are enmeshed large numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages and accessory cells. Lymph glands are located along the lymphatic system.
This term was made obsolete because it was wrongly defined.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hemocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.
A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The biological process in which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed.
establishment of synaptic specificity at neuromuscular junction
Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.
Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of mating type upon an individual. Mating types are the equivalent in microorganisms of the sexes in higher organisms.
Any mating-type specific process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription.
mating-type specific transcriptional control
regulation of mating-type specific transcription, DNA-dependent
The conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus.
The conversion of the mating-type locus from one allele to another resulting from the recombinational repair of a site-specific double-strand break at the mating-type locus with information from a silent donor sequence. There is no reciprocal exchange of information because the mating-type locus copies information from the donor sequence and the donor sequence remains unchanged.
The process that determines which donor locus a cell uses, in preference to another, in mating type switching.
The activation of recombination at a mating type locus, such that it is used in preference to the other donor locus for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The inactivation of recombination at sequences around a mating type donor locus, with the consequence that the other donor is the only one available for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The sex determination process that results in the initial specification of sexual status of an individual organism.
The transmission of information about sexual status from the initial, general, determination to signals specific to the soma.
The developmental process in which an organism senses the number of X chromosomes and autosomes in its genomic complement and responds to it.
sex determination, establishment of X:A ratio
The developmental process in which an organism interprets its X to autosomal chromosomal complement.
sex determination, primary response to X:A ratio
The transmission of information about sexual status, from the initial general determination, to signals specific to the germ-line.
The process that mediates the interactions between somatic cells and gonadal cells that ultimately results in the specification of sexual status of the organism.
sex determination, somatic/gonadal interaction
sex determination, somatic-gonadal interaction
The sex determination processes that take place after the initial transmission of the sexual phenotype to specific information pathways.
processes downstream of sex determination signal
The events determining the somatic sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to soma-specific information pathways.
somatic processes downstream of sex determination signal
The events determining the germ-line sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to germ-line-specific information pathways.
germ-line processes downstream of sex determination signal
The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by a global activation or inactivation of all, or most of, genes on one or both of the X chromosomes.
This term was made obsolete because it was undefined and because there is no common mechanism of establishment of dosage compensation in different organisms.
A biological process in which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's form or structure. Examples include the change from tadpole to frog, and the change from larva to adult. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.
regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.
regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.
regulation of juvenile hormone metabolism
regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.
regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism
regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis
regulation of juvenile hormone formation
regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis
regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of juvenile hormone secretion.
regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
The breakdown of tissues; usually, if not always, accompanied by cell death, followed by the complete dissolution of dead tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. The imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
The eversion (turning inside out) of imaginal discs from their peripodial sacs, resulting in movement of the epithelium to the outside of the larval epidermis.
The emergence of an adult insect from a pupa case.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the emergence of an insect from a pupa-case or of a larva from an egg.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chitin-based cuticular tanning.
regulation of chitin-based cuticle tanning
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.
The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
An aging process that has as participant a cell after a cell has stopped dividing. Cell aging may occur when a cell has temporarily stopped dividing through cell cycle arrest (GO:0007050) or when a cell has permanently stopped dividing, in which case it is undergoing cellular senescence (GO:0090398). May precede cell death (GO:0008219) and succeed cell maturation (GO:0048469).
age dependent accumulation of genetic damage
A developmental process that arises as the cell progresses toward the end of its lifespan and cause changes cellular metabolism, resulting in a decline in cell function; for example, one aspect of general metabolic decline is a decrease in the efficiency of protein synthesis.
age-dependent decreased translational activity
age dependent decreased translational activity
OBSOLETE. Process associated with continued cell division (budding) by the mother cell. Age is often measured by counting the number of bud scars on the cell.
This term was made obsolete because it does not describe a biological process that is distinct from 'cell aging'.
OBSOLETE. The process of nucleolar expansion.
The cell aging process that results in the nucleolus breaking down into fragments.
OBSOLETE. This process is a type of programmed cell death pathway similar to apoptosis and necrosis observed in multicellular organisms. It is characterized by cellular enlargement (necrosis) and presence of many autophagic bodies along with degradation of cellular components (nucleus, Golgi, ER), protein, DNA and RNA.
This term was made obsolete because a more correct term has been created.
OBSOLETE. A haploid's inability to mate due to the loss of silencing at the mating-type loci, resulting in expression of both of the normally silent mating-type cassettes.
This term was made obsolete because it reflected a trait or phenotype.
aging dependent sterility (sensu Saccharomyces)
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a process.
Increase in abundance, as cells age, of circular DNA molecules that originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation during cell ageing
extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation during cell aging
Note that the term string was changed to be consistent with placement of this term in cell aging hierarchy.
extrachromosomal circular DNA accumulation involved in cell aging
This term was made obsolete because it is ambiguous; 'killer activity' could refer to several different processes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in an animal.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving the fat body. A fat body is a fat-containing cellular structure which serves as an energy reserve. As in, but not restricted to, the true insects (Insecta, ncbi_taxonomy_id:50557).
This term was made obsolete because it represents metabolism within the fat body not of the fat body.
fat body metabolic process (sensu Insecta)
The periodic shedding of part or all of a chitin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
OBSOLETE. Synthesis and deposition of a protein-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
protein-based cuticle biosynthetic process
This term was made obsolete because 'protein-based cuticle' is an unnecessary grouping term.
The process of hardening of a chitin-based cuticle.
The adhesion of the puparia of Diptera to their substrate; normally effected by a 'glue' secreted by the larval salivary gland and expectorated at the time of pupariation.
The secretion of milk by the mammary gland.
The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.
A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.
See also the biological process term 'blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway ; GO:0007598'.
A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X.
See also the biological process term 'blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway ; GO:0007597'.
The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.
phototransduction, visible light, light adaptation
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
phototransduction, ultraviolet radiation
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
OBSOLETE. The series of events required for the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
This term was made obsolete because it was not clear whether the term applied to the whole process of taste perception or just the sensory transduction stage.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.
The memory process that results in the formation of consolidated memory resistant to disruption of the patterned activity of the brain, without requiring protein synthesis.
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of attracting sexual partners.
The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances.
negative regulation of female receptivity
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with measured regularity.
rhythmic behavioral response to stimulus
rhythmic behavioural response to stimulus
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
locomotory behavioral response to stimulus
locomotory behavioural response to stimulus
OBSOLETE. Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics, as seen in insects.
This term was made obsolete because there is no clear difference between the sensu Insecta term and the generic term.
The actions or reactions of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.
The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of flight. Flight is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the air.
The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to an external stimulus.
Behavior associated with the intake of food.
See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'.
The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.
The actions or reactions of an individual in response to the orientation of a visual pattern. This is exemplified by some classes of insects which are able to detect and learn the orientation of a set of stripes and subsequently behaviorally discriminate between horizontal, vertical or 45 degree stripes.
behavioral response to pattern orientation
behavioural response to pattern orientation
The actions or reactions of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.
behavioral response to chemical stimulus
behavioural response to chemical stimulus
The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to a chemical substance.
The extension, through direct muscle actions, of the proboscis (the trunk-like extension of the mouthparts on the adult external head) in response to a sugar stimulus.
behavioral response to sugar stimulus, proboscis extension
proboscis extension in response to sugar stimulus
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.
behavioral response to mechanical stimulus
behavioural response to mechanical stimulus
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in the meristem.
This term was made obsolete because it does not describe an activity.
The electron-lucent layer of the basal lamina adjacent to the basal plasma membrane of the cells that rest on the lamina.
The electron-dense layer of the basal lamina; lies just below the lamina lucida.
A layer of the basal lamina that contains collagen fibrils and connects the basal lamina to the underlying connective tissue.
The function of a family of chemotactic pro-inflammatory activation-inducible cytokines acting primarily upon hemopoietic cells in immunoregulatory processes; all chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation.
See also the molecular function term 'cytokine activity ; GO:0005125'.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a larva. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
structural constituent of larval cuticle
structural constituent of chitin-based larval cuticle
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a pupa. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
structural constituent of pupal chitin-based cuticle
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of an adult organism. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
structural constituent of adult chitin-based cuticle
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex.
OBSOLETE. A calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein (type I membrane protein) that interacts in a homophilic manner in cell-cell interactions.
calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule activity
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers.
This term was made obsolete because the function is covered by a parent term.
structural protein of chorion (sensu Drosophila)
This term was made obsolete because its name is ambiguous, and it was never defined.
Combining with incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled photoreceptor activity
G-protein-coupled photoreceptor activity
photoreceptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled photoreceptor activity
A secretory organelle, some 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and is secreted these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.
Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.
A transcription elongation factor complex that facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD domain of the large subunit of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme. Contains cyclin T and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.
See also the cellular component terms 'cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase holoenzyme complex ; GO:0019907' and 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme ; GO:0016591'.
positive transcription elongation factor complex b
OBSOLETE. The diazepam binding inhibitor is a 10kDa 86-residue polypeptide that acts as an endogenous ligand for a mitochondrial receptor (formerly regarded as a peripheral benzodiazepine binding site) in steroidogenic cells and regulates stimulation of steroidogenesis by tropic hormones. It also binds to the GABA-A receptor and modulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and synthesis of acyl-CoA esters.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
Catalysis of the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.
prostaglandin/thromboxane transporter activity
monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Combining with a pentraxin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a neuronal pentraxin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
The action characteristic of eclosion hormone, a peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, triggers the death of certain muscles and neurons during insect metamorphosis.
The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
This term was made obsolete because its text definition and implicit ontology-structure definition disagreed, and as a result the term had been used in annotations with more than one meaning.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with high-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE.
high-density lipoprotein particle binding
Combining with a diuretic hormone and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
The process in which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets signals produced by potential target cells, with which it may form synapses.
storage protein of fat body (sensu Insecta)
OBSOLETE. An iron-sulfur protein that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system.
A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains.
OBSOLETE. Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism, as seen in insects.
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
Combining with an extracellular messenger and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to results in a change in cellular activity involved in axon guidance.
receptor activity involved in axon guidance
Increases the activity of guanylate cyclase in response to a change in calcium ion concentration.
calcium sensitive guanylate cyclase activator activity
The actions or reactions of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The actions or reactions of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner.
OBSOLETE. A complex that possesses farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase activity.
This term was made obsolete because there is no evidence that this enzyme ever exists as anything other than a monomer.
farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase complex
The process in which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.
Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, and which play key roles in regulating cell cycle phase transitions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ocellus pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ocellus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ocellus is a simple visual organ of insects.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the eye.
eye pigment granule organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the ocellus.
ocellus pigment granule organization and biogenesis
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by the GTPase ARF.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
The timing of the emergence of the adult fly from its pupal case, which usually occurs at dawn.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.
regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization
The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
OBSOLETE. A G-protein coupled receptor that is structurally/functionally related to the metabotropic glutamate receptor.
metabotropic glutamate, GABA-B-like receptor activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
extracellular-glutamate-gated chloride channel activity
Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal/ventral axis. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
dorsal-ventral axis specification, ovarian follicular epithelium
dorsal/ventral axis determination, ovarian follicular epithelium
dorsoventral axis specification, ovarian follicular epithelium
dorsal/ventral axis determination, follicular epithelium
dorsal/ventral axis specification, ovarian follicular epithelium
Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line.
maternal determination of dorsal-ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, germ-line encoded
maternal determination of dorsoventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, germ-line encoded
maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, germ-line encoded
Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, follicular epithelium, soma encoded
maternal determination of dorsal-ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, soma encoded
maternal determination of dorsoventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, soma encoded
maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, soma encoded
The stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase.
ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor activity
Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane.
See also the molecular function term 'guanylate cyclase activity ; GO:0004383'.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP = 3',5'-cyclic GMP + diphosphate.
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.
voltage-dependent potassium channel complex
voltage-sensitive potassium channel complex
This term was made obsolete because it represents a specific gene product rather than a molecular function.
The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.
Functions in the termination of translation.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.
inositol or phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase activity
inositol/phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase activity
The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an imaginal disc growth factor receptor.
imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel that is activated in response to light. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
light-activated voltage gated calcium channel activity
light-activated voltage-dependent calcium channel activity
light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential generated in response to a light stimulus.
light-activated voltage gated calcium channel complex
light-activated voltage-dependent calcium channel complex
light-activated voltage-sensitive calcium channel complex
light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel complex
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.
Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a cytoskeletal protein and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of single- or double-stranded DNA, and it drives another reaction.
DNA-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the epoxide in a juvenile hormone to the corresponding diol.
juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 5S ribosomal RNA, the smallest RNA constituent of a ribosome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the unprocessed 5S ribosomal RNA transcript.
OBSOLETE. Any member of the major class of lipid-transporting proteins found in the hemolymph of insects.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of decapentaplegic (dpp) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
decapentaplegic receptor signaling pathway
decapentaplegic receptor signalling pathway
Establishment and maintenance of a specific axis of polarity of the oocyte microtubule network. The axis is set so that the minus and plus ends of the microtubules of the mid stage oocyte are positioned along the anterior cortex and at the posterior pole, respectively. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton polarization
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of protein localization
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location such that it is distributed asymmetrically.
establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.
GDP fucose-lactose fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-fucose:lactose fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-beta-L-fucose:beta-D-galactosyl-R 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
H-gene-encoded beta-galactoside alpha1->2 fucosyltransferase activity
alpha(1,2)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
alpha-(1->2)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
beta-galactoside alpha-1->2 fucosyltransferase activity
beta-galactoside alpha1->2 fucosyltransferase activity
galactoside 2-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphospho-L-fucose-lactose fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-beta-D-galactosyl-alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-galactoside 2-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosyl-glucosylceramide alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-glycoprotein 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-glycoprotein 2-alpha-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-lactose fucosyltransferase activity
secretor-type beta-galactoside alpha1->2 fucosyltransferase activity
H-gene-encoded beta-galactoside alpha-1->2 fucosyltransferase activity
blood group H alpha-2-fucosyltransferase activity
blood-group substance H-dependent fucosyltransferase activity
secretor-type beta-galactoside alpha-1->2 fucosyltransferase activity
galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose.
galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
hexose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity
hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-acetyllactosaminide beta1->6-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:Gal-R, beta-D-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
galbeta1->4GlcNAc-R beta1->6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-histidine = 3-(imidazol-5-yl)pyruvate + L-glutamate.
histidine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
L-histidine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-2-methylacyl-CoA = (2R)-2-methylacyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinamide = 1-methylnicotinamide + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:nicotinamide N-methyltransferase activity
nicotinamide N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin, and L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the S enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.
methionine S-oxide reductase (S-form oxidizing) activity
methionine sulfoxide (protein) reductase activity
methionine sulfoxide reductase A activity
methionine sulphoxide reductase A activity
peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase activity
peptide-L-methionine:thioredoxin-disulfide S-oxidoreductase [L-methionine (S)-S-oxide-forming] activity
peptide-methionine-(S)-S-oxide reductase activity
protein-methionine-S-oxide reductase activity
peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH.
2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase activity
6-phospho-D-gluconate:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
6-phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity
gluconate 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + sarcosine = formaldehyde + glycine + H(2)O(2).
sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin I(2).
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate 6-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine 1-phosphate = phosphoethanolamine + palmitaldehyde.
dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate aldolase activity
sphinganine-1-phosphate alkanal-lyase activity
sphinganine-1-phosphate palmitaldehyde-lyase (phosphoethanolamine-forming)
sphinganine-1-phosphate palmitaldehyde-lyase activity
sphingosine-1-phosphate aldolase activity
sphinganine-1-phosphate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein alpha-2,3-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-beta-galactosyl(1->4)acetylglucosaminide alpha2->3-sialyltransferase activity
N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiopurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thiopurine S-methylether.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity
mercaptopurine methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.
UDP-glucose-ceramide glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:N-acylsphingosine D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:N-acylsphingosine D-glucosyltransferase activity
ceramide:UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase activity
ceramide:UDPGlc glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-ceramide glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: CoQH2 + 2 ferricytochrome c = CoQ + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.
CoQH2-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
QH2:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase activity
coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase activity
dihydrocoenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase activity
reduced coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase activity
reduced ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
ubihydroquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinol-cytochrome c-2 oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinol-cytochrome c1 oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinol-cytochrome c2 reductase activity
ubiquinol:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinone--cytochrome-c oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinone-cytochrome b-c1 oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity
ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase activity
complex III (mitochondrial electron transport) activity
reduced ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase, complex III (mitochondrial electron transport)
ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O.
cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase activity
cholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase activity
cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7alpha-hydroxylating)
cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxypterin = (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-pterin + H(2)O.
4-alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydropterin dehydratase activity
4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin dehydratase activity
4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin hydro-lyase activity
4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydropterin dehydratase activity
pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase activity
pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase activity
pterin-4alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase activity
tetrahydrobiopterin dehydratase activity
(6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxypterin hydro-lyase [(6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-pterin-forming]
4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin dehydratase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. Preferential cleavage: Ala-Xaa.
Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + O(2) + quercetin = 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO.
quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, with preference for a residue bearing a large hydrophobic side chain at the P2 position. Does not accept Val at P1'.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of interstitial collagens in the triple helical domain. Unlike EC:3.4.24.7, this enzyme cleaves type III collagen more slowly than type I.
Catalysis of the reaction: a primary amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
primary-amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
amine oxidase (copper-containing) activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
Functions during translation by interacting selectively and non-covalently with nucleic acids during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
translation factor activity, RNA binding
translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + ubiquinone = NAD+ + ubiquinol.
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase activity
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase activity
mitochondrial electron transport complex 1 activity
mitochondrial electron transport complex I activity
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex activity
complex I (NADH:Q1 oxidoreductase) activity
complex I (electron transport chain) activity
complex I (mitochondrial electron transport) activity
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the cAMP response element binding protein.
3',5' cAMP response element binding protein binding
3',5'-cAMP response element binding protein binding
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate response element binding protein binding
cyclic AMP response element binding protein binding
cAMP response element binding protein binding
OBSOLETE. A glue which attaches the pupae to the substrate during metamorphosis, as in, but not restricted to, the true flies (Diptera, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7147).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a drug, any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phenylalkylamine or any of its derivatives.
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of bone.
OBSOLETE. Any activity that decreases the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule following transcription initiation.
negative transcription elongation factor activity
This term was made obsolete because it refers to two different functions, a glutamine amidotransferase that functions as an aminodeoxychorismate synthase [itself composed of two enzymatic activities, a glutaminase and a chorismate aminase (this latter is sometimes referred to as the aminodeoxychorismate synthase)] and a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate aromatase (4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase). Note that the name 'para-amino benzoate synthase' was initially given to the 'aminodeoxychorismate synthase' activity before the additional lyase activity was discovered.
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid, a compound which some organisms, e.g. prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes, and plants, can synthesize de novo. Others, notably mammals, cannot. In yeast, it is present as a factor in the B complex of vitamins.
4-aminobenzoic acid biosynthetic process
p-aminobenzoic acid biosynthetic process
para-aminobenzoic acid biosynthetic process
Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.
actin polymerization or depolymerization
This term was made obsolete because there is no clear difference between the sensu Drosophila term and the generic term.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme protein phosphatase 1.
Combining with a member of the hedgehog protein family and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
OBSOLETE. Any activity that increases the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule following transcription initiation.
positive transcription elongation factor activity
Increases the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a tyrosyl phenolic group of a protein.
protein tyrosine phosphatase activator activity
This term was made obsolete because it covers multiple processes and is now covered by more specific terms.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the sulfur atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an RNA molecule.
Note that the methyl donor is usually S-adenosyl-L-methionine, but there is at least one exception (see GO:0030698).
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N7-methylguanine.
7-methylguanine transfer ribonucleate methylase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (guanine-7-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity
tRNA guanine 7-methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate guanine 7-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + ubiquinone = fumarate + ubiquinol.
menaquinol: fumarate oxidoreductase activity
succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
fumarate reductase complex (i.e. FRD, involved in anaerobic respiration, repressed in aerobic respiration)
succinate dehydrogenase complex (i. e. SDH, involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration)
succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a true biological function, rather a pathology that occurs when a particular gene product is inactivated in some way.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycogen + phosphate = maltodextrin + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.
RNA-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any stretch of pyrimidines (cytosine or uracil) in an RNA molecule.
Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
OBSOLETE. The function held by products which directly block any step in the process of apoptosis.
This term was made obsolete because it represents involvement in a biological process.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of metalloendopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain and contain a chelated metal ion at their active sites which is essential to their catalytic activity.
Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of a tRNA molecule; observed for His tRNAs.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.
3-sn-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity
phosphatic acid phosphohydrolase activity
Receiving vitellogenin, and delivering vitellogenin into the cell via endocytosis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ferrous iron, Fe(II).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ferric iron, Fe(III).
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds. It is the most important of the D provitamins and is converted to vitamin D2 on irradiation with UV light.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects. It is the inactive prohormone of the moulting hormone ecdysterone and may have intrinsic hormonal activity at other stages of insect development.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. An alkyl group is any group derived from an alkane by removal of one hydrogen atom.
The removal of an alkyl group from a protein amino acid. An alkyl group is any group derived from an alkane by removal of one hydrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
The production of light by certain enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells.
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as "apoptotic bodies"); and/or (3) its corpse (or its fragments) have been engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo.
OBSOLETE. The processes that cause necrosis, the death of tissues, in another organism.
This term was made obsolete because the term has been used in the literature by groups in different areas of biology with a number of varying explicit and implicit definitions, and more appropriate terms were created.
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the growth of, or directly kills, Gram-positive bacterial cells.
Gram-positive antibacterial peptide activity
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the growth of, or directly kills, Gram-negative bacterial cells.
Gram-negative antibacterial peptide activity
Combining with the biogenic amine tyramine to initiate a change in cell activity. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic amine derived from tyrosine with an action resembling that of epinephrine.
Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
amine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.
OBSOLETE. Binds to microorganisms or other particulate material (for example, foreign erythrocytes) to increase the susceptibility of the latter to phagocytosis.
A heterodimeric complex containing the products of the insect genes Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp). Binding of ecdysone promotes association between the two subunits, and the receptor complex then initiates molting and metamorphosis by binding DNA and regulating the transcription of target genes.
A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) plus an associated corepressor such as SMRTER, which represses transcription of target genes.
A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) bound to the ligand ecdysone, which activates transcription of target genes.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the removal of terminal peptide residues that are substituted, cyclized or linked by isopeptide bonds (peptide linkages other than those of alpha-carboxyl to alpha-amino groups).
peptidase activity, acting on peptides containing modified amino acids
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the specific cleavage of an Arg-Val bond in plasminogen to form plasmin.
double-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator
tissue-type plasminogen activator activity
two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator
lysosomal membrane hydrogen-transporting ATPase
OBSOLETE. Works in conjunction with acyl-CoA dehydrogenase to catalyze the oxidation of CoA and reduce ubiquinone. Part of the mitochondrial electron transport system.
An enzyme complex composed of two catalytic alpha subunits, which form a catalytic dimer, and a non-catalytic, regulatory beta subunit; the catalytic dimer may be an alpha1/alpha1 or alpha2/alpha2 homodimer, or an alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer. Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF).
2-acetyl-1-alkylglycerophosphocholine esterase complex
platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase complex
See also the molecular function term '1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase activity ; GO:0003847'.
1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase complex
OBSOLETE. An activity involved in the removal of an intron from a pre-mRNA.
A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a tRNA molecule.
tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleotide + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate.
deoxyinosine-activated nucleotidase (DIAN)
deoxyribonucleoside-activated nucleotidase (DAN)
nucleotide-specific phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 5'-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.
5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3'-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.
3'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase activity
The action characteristic of ecdysis-triggering hormone, a peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, initiates pre-ecdysis and ecdysis (i.e. cuticle shedding) through direct action on the central nervous system.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-histidine = ADP + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
ATP:protein-L-histidine N-pros-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:protein-L-histidine Npi-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-histidine = ADP + protein N(tau)-phospho-L-histidine.
ATP:protein-L-histidine N-tele-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:protein-L-histidine Ntau-phosphotransferase activity
Movement of the anterior ectoderm to the interior of the embryo.
TGF-beta ligand binding to type I receptor
TGFbeta ligand binding to type I receptor
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + a 3-oxo acid = succinate + a 3-oxo-acyl-CoA.
3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase activity
3-oxoacid coenzyme A-transferase activity
acetoacetate succinyl-CoA transferase activity
acetoacetyl coenzyme A-succinic thiophorase activity
succinyl coenzyme A-acetoacetyl coenzyme A-transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:3-oxo-acid CoA-transferase activity
Combining with allatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with importin-alpha to mediate its transfer through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm.
Catalysis of the removal of mismatched pyrimidine bases in DNA. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove pyrimidines present in mismatches by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.
G/T-mismatch-specific thymine-DNA glycosylase activity
pyrimidine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the sulfurylation of the desulfo form of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a cofactor required for the activity of some enzymes, such as aldehyde oxidase.
Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulphurase activity
molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity
molybdopterin synthase sulfurylase activity
Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of uracil residues in an RNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a polyglutamine tract, i.e. a series of consecutive glutamine residues, in a protein.
receptor signalling protein tyrosine kinase signalling protein activity
receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase signaling protein activity
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two molecules of the JAK signal transduction pathway, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
JAK pathway signal transduction adaptor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions.
Catalysis of the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of the membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
secondary active sulphate transmembrane transporter activity
secondary active sulfate transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).
potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger
calcium, potassium:sodium antiporter activity
A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins that forms a flexible open ring structure thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule.
A complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules and two conserved non-tubulin proteins. Some gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.
regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).
The core heterodimer of a cohesin complex; a structure required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes.
Combining with sulfonylurea, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'potassium channel activity ; GO:0005267'.
A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.2 subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SUR1 subunit stimulates channel activity.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
negative regulation of cell proliferation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.
A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein.
protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
Combining with a protein bride of sevenless (boss) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid.
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to torso (a receptor tyrosine kinase) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate, stimulated by calcium-bound calmodulin.
calcium- and calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclase activity
calcium/calmodulin-responsive adenylate cyclase activity
calcium- and calmodulin-responsive adenylate cyclase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.
ssDNA-specific exodeoxyribonuclease activity
single-stranded DNA specific exodeoxyribonuclease activity
Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
establishment and maintenance of intracellular RNA localization
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.
Recruitment and organization of actin filaments in female germline ring canals.
nurse cell ring canal formation, actin assembly
ovarian ring canal formation, actin assembly
female germline ring canal formation, actin assembly
A protein complex that is located in the cytosol and acts as a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process; the peptidase activity has specificity for the hydrolysis of aspartyl bonds.
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 complex
A protein complex that is composed of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit, both of which are members of the integrin superfamily of cell adhesion receptors; the complex spans the plasma membrane and binds to extracellular matrix ligands, cell-surface ligands, and soluble ligands.
Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a muscle fiber.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
voltage-dependent ion-selective channel activity
voltage-gated ion-selective channel activity
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.
double-stranded DNA specific exodeoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.
ssDNA-specific 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity
single-stranded DNA specific 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.
double-stranded DNA specific 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 7S RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP).
Combining with the ligand Gurken to initiate a change in cell activity.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to the ligand Gurken.
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic prophase to metaphase I.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the vitelline membrane of an egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
structural constituent of vitelline membrane
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the gurken growth factor receptor.
Catalysis of the covalent addition of an isoprenoid group such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue in a protein.
prenyl protein specific endopeptidase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.
protein transmembrane transporter activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ral family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Ral GDP-dissociation stimulator activity
Ral guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a Pro-Xaa bond to release a C-terminal amino acid.
Catalysis of the transfer of cation from one side of the membrane to the other.
transmembrane cation transporter activity
cation transmembrane transporter activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a methylated cytosine/guanine dinucleotide.
A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.
Combining with a molecular pattern based on a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan, to initiate a change in cell activity. Such molecular patterns are sometimes associated with potential pathogens.
Note that this term and its child terms are intended for gene products which are directly coupled to a signal transduction pathway; gene products which recognize polymeric structures such as polysaccharides or peptidoglycans in extracellular space, but are not directly coupled to signal transduction pathway, should use the term 'pattern binding ; GO:0001871' or its child terms. Note that many gene products that are called pattern recognition receptors in the literature have a broad range of potential ligands and also can be annotated to 'scavenger receptor activity ; GO:0005044'.
Catalysis of the reactions: protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
protein tyrosine/threonine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
high voltage gated calcium channel activity
high voltage-dependent calcium channel activity
high voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
low voltage gated calcium channel activity
low voltage-dependent calcium channel activity
low voltage-gated calcium channel activity
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.
stem-loop-containing histone mRNA 3'-end processing
In higher Eukaryotes, histone mRNAs (stem-loop containing) are non-polyadenylated and thus have a different form of 3'-end regulation to other mRNAs. In lower Eukaryotes, the 3'-ends of histone mRNAs are polyadenylated.
Maintenance of the structural integrity of the ring canals connecting the female germline cyst.
female germline ring canal stabilization
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate + O(2) = carnitine + CO(2) + succinate.
4-trimethylammoniobutanoate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
alpha-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity
gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity
gamma-butyrobetaine,2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase activity
gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity
OBSOLETE. A class of cell adhesion molecules that bind to carbohydrate via a lectin-like domain; integral membrane glycoproteins.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a class of gene products.
The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.
OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of a mature individual as the result of a cocaine stimulus. As in, but not restricted to, the true insects (Insecta, ncbi_taxonomy_id:50557).
OBSOLETE. Feeding behavior in an insect larva.
Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
See also the biological process term 'feeding behavior ; GO:0007631'.
Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
See also the biological process term 'locomotory behavior ; GO:0007626'.
Locomotory behavior in a larval (immature) organism.
The actions or reactions of a larval organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.
The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
attenuation of antimicrobial humoral response
down regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
down-regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
downregulation of antimicrobial humoral response
inhibition of antimicrobial humoral response
negative regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), resulting in activation of MAPKKK. MAPKKK signaling pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli.
MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase activity
A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa).
Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'microtubule-severing ATPase activity ; GO:0008568'.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II) = ADP + phospho-(DNA-directed RNA polymerase II); phosphorylation occurs on residues in the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) repeats.
ATP:DNA-directed RNA polymerase phosphotransferase activity
[RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase activity
RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain kinase activity
The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by gradients of maternally-transcribed gene products; exemplified in insects by the morphogens, bicoid and nanos.
maternal determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which bicoid mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.
Any process that modulates the size of a cell.
Synthesis, including the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin and other components, and deposition of a chitin-based embryonic cuticle by the underlying epidermal epithelium. This tough, waterproof cuticle layer is essential to provide structural integrity of the larval body. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process
Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based larval cuticle. The insect larval cuticle is a secretion from epidermal cells that is shed at each molt. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based pupal cuticle. At the end of the prepupal period the insect is covered by the pupal cuticle which continues to be elaborated into the pupal period. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Synthesis and deposition of the chitin-based cuticle of adults following the apolysis of the pupal cuticle. The adult insect cuticle contains cuticullin, a protein epicuticle and a lamellate procuticle. An example of this process is adult chitin-based cuticle development in Drosophila melanogaster.
adult chitin-based cuticle biosynthetic process
Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.
OBSOLETE. These are terms that have been removed from the active function ontology.
This term was made obsolete because it is unnecessary in the OBO flat file format.
OBSOLETE. These are terms that have been removed from the active component ontology.
OBSOLETE. These are terms that have been removed from the active process ontology.
Catalysis of the transfer of sialic acid to the terminal portions of the sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides) or to the N- or O-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylglucosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine to a sugar.
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.
acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
The process in which the detection of light triggers the release of internally sequestered calcium ions.
light-induced release of calcium from internal store
light-induced release of internally sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)
light-induced release of internally stored calcium ion (Ca2+)
light-induced release of internally sequestered calcium ion
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: thioredoxin + hydrogen peroxide = thioredoxin disulfide + H2O.
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + IkappaB protein = ADP + IkappaB phosphoprotein.
ATP:IkappaB protein phosphotransferase activity
Note that phosphorylation of IkappaB targets it for proteasomal degradation and allows the nuclear translocation of kB.
A trimeric protein complex that phosphorylates inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) proteins. The complex is composed of two kinase subunits (alpha and beta) and a regulatory gamma subunit (also called NEMO). In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to inhibitory IKB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.
Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = pregnenolone + 4-methylpentanal + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O.
cholesterol,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving)
cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity
cholesterol side-chain-cleaving enzyme activity
enzymes, cholesterol side-chain-cleaving
cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + donor-H2 + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxysteroid + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 15-alpha-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.
testosterone 15-alpha-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: coumarin + O2 + NADPH + H+ = hydroxycoumarin + H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 6-alpha-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.
testosterone 16-alpha-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into arachidonic acid and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.
Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to a cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.
Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2.
olfactory-specific steroid hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an oxysterol + NADPH + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxylated oxysterol + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + donor-H2 + O2 = 12-alpha-hydroxysteroid + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: obtusifoliol + 3 O2 + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3-beta-ol + formate + 3 NADP+ + 3 H2O.
sterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-methyl cleaving)
lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase activity
Catalysis of the conversion of naphthalene to naphthalene 1,2-oxide.
Catalysis of the conversion of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) to form 24(R),25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase activity
25-hydroxycholecalciferol-24-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.
arachidonic acid 14,15-epoxygenase activity
Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.
arachidonic acid 11,12-epoxygenase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the chaeta are generated and organized. A chaeta is a sensory multicellular cuticular outgrowth of a specifically differentiated cell.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' end.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 5' end.
Catalysis of the transfer of a coenzyme A (CoA) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a coenzyme A (CoA) group to 4-hydroxybutyrate.
4-hydroxybutyrate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: farnesylfarnesylgeranyl diphosphate + p-hydroxybenzoate = 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.
PHB polyprenyl diphosphate transferase activity
para-hydroxybenzoate transferase activity
para-hydroxybenzoate-polyprenyl diphosphate transferase activity
para-hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyltransferase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine phosphate + diphosphate. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate (8-oxo-GTP) is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for transcription.
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase activity
8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine triphosphatase activity
8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphatase activity
8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a CDP-alcohol group from one compound to another.
Catalysis of the isomerization of 3,5-dienoyl-CoA to 2,4-dienoyl-CoA.
delta5-delta2,4-dienoyl-CoA isomerase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-L-asparagine + H2O = protein-L-aspartate + NH3. This reaction is the deamidation of an N-terminal asparagine residue in a peptide or protein.
protein-N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: phospho-(DNA-directed RNA polymerase) + H2O = (DNA-directed RNA polymerase) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-long-chain-fatty-acyl-L-glutamate + H2O = a fatty acid anion + L-glutamate.
N-long-chain-fatty-acyl-L-glutamate amidohydrolase activity
long-chain acylglutamate amidase activity
long-chain fatty acyl-glutamate deacylase activity
long-chain-fatty-acyl-glutamate deacylase activity
long-chain fatty-acyl-glutamate deacylase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with release of beta-D-glucose.
beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the inactivation of bleomycin B2 (a cytotoxic glycometallopeptide) by hydrolysis of a peptide bond of beta-aminoalanine, but also shows general aminopeptidase activity. The specificity varies somewhat with source, but amino acid arylamides of Met, Leu and Ala are preferred.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP-L-fucose = N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->6)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine + GDP + H(+).
glycoprotein fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha(1,6)fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha(1->6)fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha-(1,6)fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha-(1->6)fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-fucose--glycoprotein fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-fucose--glycoprotein fucosyltransferase activity
GDPfucose-glycoprotein fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose--glycoprotein fucosyltransferase activity
glycoprotein 6-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
ubiquinone biosynthesis methyltransferase activity
ubiquinone biosynthetic process methyltransferase activity
2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase activity
coenzyme Q biosynthesis methyltransferase activity
coenzyme Q biosynthetic process methyltransferase activity
2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
diacylglycerol-activated phospholipid-dependent PKC inhibitor activity
diacylglycerol-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase.
calcium-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ribonuclease, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with selenium (Se).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with JUN kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family.
Combining with vitamin D3, cholecalciferol, and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Note that this term represents a function and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'transcription regulator activity ; GO:0030528'.
OBSOLETE. Functions to retard or prevent coagulation. Often used in the context of blood or milk coagulation.
The action characteristic of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a hormone released by the mammalian hypothalamus into the hypophyseal-portal circulation in response to neural and/or chemical stimuli. Upon receptor binding, TRH increases the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + a purine nucleoside = phosphate + a purine mononucleotide.
This term was made obsolete because it is a redundant grouping term with only one child. It is also incorrectly defined and had an incorrect EC dbxref.
1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate kinase
OBSOLETE. Increases the activity of the enzyme monophenol monooxygenase.
monophenol monooxygenase activator activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
1D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity
ATP:1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase activity
inositol trisphosphate 3-kinase activity
inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H2O = adenosine 5'-phosphate + phosphate.
3'(2'),5' bisphosphate nucleotidase activity
3'(2'),5'-bisphosphonucleoside 3'(2')-phosphohydrolase activity
3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate 3'-phosphatase activity
adenosine-3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate 3'(2')-phosphohydrolase activity
phosphoadenylate 3'-nucleotidase activity
3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD+ = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+.
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a fructose substrate molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + CDP-diacylglycerol = 3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphate + CMP + H(+).
3-phosphatidyl-1'-glycerol-3'-phosphate synthase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDPdiacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDPdiacylglycerol-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDPdiacylglycerol:glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDPdiacylglycerol:sn-glycero-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase activity
cytidine 5'-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDPdiglyceride):sn-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase activity
glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase activity
glycerol phosphate phosphatidyltransferase activity
glycerophosphate phosphatidyltransferase activity
phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthase activity
phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthetase activity
phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase activity
phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase activity
phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase activity
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
D-aspartate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose + H(2)O.
GDP-mannose 4,6-hydro-lyase (GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose-forming)
guanosine 5'-diphosphate-D-mannose oxidoreductase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose 4,6-dehydratase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = 2 dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O.
L-ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate amidohydrolase activity
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate amidohydrolase activity
acetylaminodeoxyglucosephosphate acetylhydrolase activity
acetylglucosamine phosphate deacetylase activity
N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate group of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-sulfate sulfatase activity
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate 6-sulfohydrolase activity
N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase activity
N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase activity
N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of O-sialoglycoproteins; cleaves the -Arg31-Asp32- bond in glycophorin A. Does not cleave unglycosylated proteins, desialylated glycoproteins or glycoproteins that are only N-glycosylated.
O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of any N-terminal amino acid, including proline, that is linked with proline, even from a dipeptide or tripeptide.
aminoacylproline aminopeptidase activity
Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group at the end of one RNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine.
L-alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
alanine-glyoxylic aminotransferase activity
alanine-glyoxylate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV activity
N-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:3-[2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-alpha-D-mannosyl]-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
beta-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-glycopeptide beta-4-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-glycopeptide beta4-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV
alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II activity
N-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II activity
UDP-GlcNAc:mannoside alpha-(1,6) acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:mannoside alpha-1,6 acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:6-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
acetylglucosaminyltransferase II activity
alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-alpha-D-mannoside beta(1,2)-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-alpha-D-mannoside beta-1,2-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-mannoside alpha(1,6)-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-mannoside alpha-1,6-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase activity
N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase activity
alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide N-acetylgalactosaminohydrolase activity
alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide.
poly-N-acetyllactosamine extension enzyme activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-acetyllactosaminide beta1->3-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide beta-1,3-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
beta-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosyl-ceramide beta-1,3-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine + octanoyl-CoA = (S)-octanoylcarnitine + CoA.
carnitine medium-chain acyltransferase activity
medium-chain/long-chain carnitine acyltransferase activity
octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase activity
easily solubilized mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase
overt mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase
carnitine O-octanoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS):chondroitin sulfate sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:chondroitin 6'-sulfotransferase activity
chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase activity
chondroitin 6-sulphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-glucose = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose + H(2)O.
dTDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase (dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose-forming)
thymidine diphosphoglucose oxidoreductase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins to small peptides in the presence of ATP and magnesium. Alpha-casein is the usual test substrate. In the absence of ATP, only oligopeptides shorter than five residues are cleaved, for example, succinyl-Leu-Tyr-NHMec which is cleaved at the Tyr-NHMec bond, and Leu-Tyr-Leu-Tyr-Trp which is cleaved at the second Leu-Typ bond (cleavage of the Tyr-Leu and Tyr-Trp bonds also occurs).
Catalysis of the reaction: N-formyl-L-methionine + H(2)O = L-methionine + formate.
N-formyl-L-methionine amidohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a gamma-glutamyl bond to release an unsubstituted C-terminal amino acid.
poly(gamma-glutamic acid) endohydrolase activity
pteroyl-poly-gamma-glutamate hydrolase activity
pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamyl hydrolase activity
lysosomal gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase activity
pteroyl-poly-alpha-glutamate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NAD+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + glucosylglycogenin.
1,4alpha-glucan-protein synthase (UDP-forming) activity
UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:glycogenin glucosyltransferase activity
alpha-1,4-glucan-protein synthase (UDP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:heparin-glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase activity
glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity
heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity
heparin-glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase activity
heparin-glucosamine 3-O-sulphotransferase activity
[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N-methyl-arginine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:histone-arginine nomega-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:histone-arginine omega-N-methyltransferase activity
nuclear protein (histone) N-methyltransferase activity
histone-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + ETF = 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced ETF.
3-methylbutanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
3-methylbutanoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
isovaleroyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
isovaleryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: 4 benzenediol + O2 = 4 benzosemiquinone + 2 H2O.
benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysine (or peptidyl-L-arginine) + H2O = peptide + L-lysine (or L-arginine). Function is activated by Co2+; inhibited by guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid.
carboxypeptidase D (cattle, human, mouse, rat)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine = L-proline + NH(4)(+).
L-ornithine ammonia-lyase (cyclizing; L-proline-forming)
ornithine cyclase (deaminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein.
palmitoyl-protein thiolesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.
lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase activity
lysine-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase activity
procollagen-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase activity
protocollagen lysine dioxygenase activity
protocollagen lysine hydroxylase activity
protocollagen lysyl hydroxylase activity
procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + protein tyrosine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + protein tyrosine-O-sulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:protein-tyrosine O-sulfotransferase activity
protein-tyrosine sulphotransferase activity
tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase activity
protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a N-D-ribosylpurine + H2O = a purine + D-ribose.
N-D-ribosylpurine ribohydrolase activity
purine-nucleoside ribohydrolase activity
purine-specific nucleoside N-ribohydrolase activity
inosine-adenosine-guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
ATP:pyridoxal 5'-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + queuine = tRNA queuine + guanine.
[tRNA]-guanine:queuine tRNA-D-ribosyltransferase activity
guanine, queuine-tRNA transglycosylase activity
queuine transfer ribonucleate ribosyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate glycosyltransferase activity
queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sarcosine + H2O + electron-transfer flavoprotein = glycine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein.
monomethylglycine dehydrogenase activity
sarcosine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating)
sarcosine:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sphinganine = ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate.
ATP:sphinganine 1-phosphotransferase activity
dihydrosphingosine kinase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + sulfite = H(2)O(2) + H(+) + sulfate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R' + H2O = RSOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any sulfuric ester bond, any ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-myo-inositol polyphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol polyphosphate + phosphate.
diphospho-myo-inositol-polyphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity
diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
diphosphoinositol-polyphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
diphosphoinositol-polyphosphate diphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glutamate + reduced vitamin K + CO2 + O2 = peptidyl-gamma-carboxyglutamate + vitamin K epoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-galactose + a glucosylceramide = a lactosylceramide + uridine-5'-diphosphate. The glucosylceramide has sphinganine as the long chain base.
UDP-galactose glucosylceramide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:glucosylceramide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of arsenite from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
arsenite secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of tetracycline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).
Any of a group of soluble proteins functioning in the activation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: protoheme IX + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = heme o + diphosphate.
protohaem IX farnesyltransferase activity
protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosidic linkages in unbranched (1->6)-mannans.
1,6-alpha-D-mannan mannanohydrolase activity
1,6-beta-D-mannan mannanohydrolase activity
mannan endo-1,6-beta-mannosidase activity
mannan endo-1,6-alpha-mannosidase activity
OBSOLETE. The trans-bilayer migration of phospholipids accelerated by a phospholipid scramblase upon binding calcium ions.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine = galactose-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP.
UDP-Gal:beta-GlcNAc beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
This term was made obsolete because it is a conglomeration of three terms.
glycine-, glutamate-, thienylcyclohexylpiperidine binding
Combining with melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, to initiate a change in cell activity. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine substance that stimulates the aggregation of melanosomes in melanophores, thus lightening the skin.
Combining with benzodiazepines, a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and myorelaxant properties, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms 'chloride channel activity ; GO:0005254', 'GABA receptor activity ; GO:0016917' and 'inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity ; GO:0005237'.
Catalysis of the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of the membrane to the other.
monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + H+(out) = sucrose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: iodide(out) + Na+(out) = iodide(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(out) + Na+(out) = bile acid(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
anion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + HCO3-(out) = Na+(in) + HCO3-(in).
sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter activity
sodium:bicarbonate cotransporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + K+(out) + Cl-(out) = Na+(in) + K+(in) + Cl-(in).
sodium/potassium/chloride symporter activity
sodium:potassium:chloride symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of organic cations from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
polyspecific organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of sucrose from one side of the membrane to the other. Sucrose is the disaccharide O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, a sweet-tasting, non-reducing sugar isolated industrially from sugar beet or sugar cane.
sucrose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose(out) = hexose(in).
Enables the directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
Catalysis of the transfer of reduced folate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
Catalysis of the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.
ammonium transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ascorbate(out) + Na+(out) = ascorbate(in) + Na+(in).
sodium-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporter
Enables the directed movement of acetyl-CoA into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: multivitamin(out) + Na+(out) = multivitamin(in) + Na+(in). Multivitamins include pantothenate, biotin and lipoate.
sodium-dependent multivitamin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose 6-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = glucose 6-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).
glucose 6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter activity
Enables the directed movement of phosphatidylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phosphatidylcholine refers to a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
phosphatidylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
phosphatidylcholine transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of phosphatidylinositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phosphatidylinositol refers to any glycophospholipids with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
phosphatidylinositol transporter activity
Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste.
Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled peptide receptor activity
G-protein-coupled peptide receptor activity
peptide receptor activity, G protein coupled
peptide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled peptide receptor activity
OBSOLETE. Combining with an intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
OBSOLETE. Combining with an extracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + riboflavin = ADP + FMN + 2 H(+).
ATP:riboflavin 5'-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
N-acetyllactosamine beta(1,3)N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:GalR, beta-D-3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:Galbeta-(1,4)-GlcNAcbeta-r-beta-(1,3)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:Galbeta-1,4-GlcNAcbeta-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine beta-1,3-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
galbeta1->4GlcNAc-R beta1->3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in substrates containing five or more amino acids, preferentially with Ala in P1', and Pro in P2'.
crayfish small-molecule proteinase activity
Catalysis of the removal of oxidized purine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apurinic (AP) site.
2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5(N-methyl)formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase activity
2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5N-formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase activity
DNA-formamidopyrimidine glycosylase activity
formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase activity
oxidized purine base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity
DNA glycohydrolase [2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-(N-methyl)formamidopyrimide releasing]
purine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity
oxidized purine nucleobase lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ran, a conserved Ras-like GTP-binding protein, implicated in nucleocytoplasmic transport, cell cycle progression, spindle assembly, nuclear organization and nuclear envelope (NE) assembly.
A multisubunit complex that activates the hydrolysis of small nonubiquitinated peptides by binding to the proteasome core complex.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the activation of the proteasome, a large multisubunit complex which performs regulated ubiquitin-dependent cytosolic and nuclear proteolysis.
The term was made obsolete because 'proteasome' is not a valid molecular function term.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the proteasome complex. The proteasome complex performs regulated ubiquitin-dependent cytosolic and nuclear proteolysis.
The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex.
proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex
The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that forms the peripheral lid, which is added on top of the base subcomplex.
proteasome regulatory particle, lid subcomplex
Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues in a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of a subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which signal in response to cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) is a dual-specificity protein kinase kinase and requires activation by a serine/threonine kinase JUN kinase kinase kinase.
OBSOLETE. Physical interaction between microtubules and chromatin via DNA binding proteins.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. A GTPase involved in protein synthesis. In the initiation factor complex, it is IF-2b (98 kDa) that binds GTP and subsequently hydrolyzes it in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, it is eIF-2 (150 kDa) that binds GTP. In the elongation phase, the GTP-hydrolyzing proteins are the EF-Tu polypeptide of the prokaryotic transfer factor (43 kDa), the eukaryotic elongation factor EF-1a (53 kDa), the prokaryotic EF-G (77 kDa), the eukaryotic EF-2 (70-110 kDa) and the signal recognition particle that play a role in endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis (325 kDa). EF-Tu and EF1a catalyze binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A-site, while EF-G and EF-2 catalyze the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site. GTPase activity is also involved in polypeptide release from the ribosome with the aid of the pRFs and eRFs.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. Activity is associated with the signal-recognition particle, a protein and RNA-containing structure involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein synthesis.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. An enzyme that is involved in endocytosis and is instrumental in pinching off membrane vesicles.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. An intrinsic activity of alpha-tubulin involved in tubulin folding, division plane formation in prokaryotic cells and others.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cd2+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Cd2+(out).
cadmium-translocating P-type ATPase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: Me2+(in) + ATP = Me2+(out) + ADP + phosphate, where Me is Zn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ or Pb2+.
This term was made obsolete because it represents more than one molecular function.
Catalysis of the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + H+(out). These transporters use a phosphorylative mechanism, which have a phosphorylated intermediate state during the ion transport cycle.
hydrogen exporting ATPase activity, phosphorylative mechanism
proton-translocating P-type ATPase activity
hydrogen-/sodium-translocating ATPase activity
hydrogen-exporting ATPase activity, phosphorylative mechanism
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Na+(out); by a phosphorylative mechanism.
sodium exporting ATPase activity, phosphorylative mechanism
sodium-translocating P-type ATPase activity
sodium-exporting ATPase activity, phosphorylative mechanism
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cl-(out) = ADP + phosphate + Cl-(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + guanine(out) = ADP + phosphate + guanine(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (guanine-importing)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + xenobiotic(in) = ADP + phosphate + xenobiotic(out).
ATP phosphohydrolase (steroid-exporting)
ATP phosphohydrolase (xenobiotic-exporting)
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + alpha-factor(in) = ADP + phosphate + alpha-factor(out). The export of the alpha-factor sex pheromone by an ABC-type (ATP-binding cassette-type) ATPase, characterized by the presence of two similar ATP-binding domains, that does not undergo phosphorylation during the transport process.
This term was made obsolete because this function does not exist; alpha-factor is secreted by the classical secretion pathway and not exported.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + protein+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + protein+(out); drives the concomitant secretion of proteins.
ATP phosphohydrolase (protein-secreting)
Enables the directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; drives the transport of proteins into the mitochondrion via the mitochondrial inner membrane translocase complex.
ATP phosphohydrolase (mitochondrial protein-importing) activity
See also the cellular component term 'mitochondrial inner membrane presequence translocase complex ; GO:0005744'.
mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP by dynein that provides the energy for the movement of organelles (endosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria) along microtubules to the centrosome.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. Catalysis of the severing of a microtubule at a specific spot along its length, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.
ATP phosphohydrolase (tubulin-dimerizing)
See also the cellular component term 'katanin complex ; GO:0008352'.
Catalysis of movement along a microtubule toward the minus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP (or GTP).
minus-end-directed kinesin ATPase activity
kinesin ATP phosphohydrolase (minus-end-directed)
minus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP by myosin that provides the energy for actomyosin contraction.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This is a highly diverse group of enzymes that perform many functions that are similar to those of chaperonins. They comprise a number of heat-shock-cognate proteins. They are also active in clathrin uncoating and in the oligomerization of actin.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP required for the ATP-dependent assembly of nucleosome cores, in decondensation of sperm chromatin and in other histone-involving processes.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. ATP hydrolysis to import and assemble peroxisome components into the organelle.
This term was made obsolete because it incorporates process information.
Catalysis of movement along a microtubule toward the plus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP (or GTP).
plus-end-directed kinesin ATPase activity
kinesin ATP phosphohydrolase (plus-end-directed)
plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP for channel gating and polypeptide unfolding before proteolysis in the proteasome. Six ATPase subunits are present in the regulatory particle (RP) of 26S proteasome.
This term was made obsolete because it mentions a component term in the term text string.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP by an AAA-ATPase, involved in the heterotypic fusion of membrane vesicles with target membranes and the homotypic fusion of various membrane compartments.
Catalysis of the reaction: JUN kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = JUN kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate.
This term was made obsolete because 'cytoskeleton' is not an activity, and regulation of its distribution or modification belongs in the process ontology.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the Gly76-Lys48 isopeptide bond of polyubiquitin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions.
regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
The process in which an undifferentiated cell acquires the features of a mystery cell. The mystery cells are a precluster of cells that emerge from the compound eye morphogenetic furrow, normally positioned between R3 and R4. They then disappear into the surrounding pool of undifferentiated cells and have no known fate in the mature ommatidium. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which anatomical structures of the veins on an imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized.
imaginal disc-derived wing vein morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing margin are generated and organized. The wing margin is a strip of cells in the third instar disc at the boundary between the presumptive dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing blade.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'wing margin ; FBbt:00005378'.
imaginal disc-derived wing margin morphogenesis
The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus.
release of NF-kappaB sequestered in cytoplasm
release of NF-kappaB stored in cytoplasm
negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB retention
negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB sequestering
negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB sequestration
negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB storage
release of cytoplasmic sequestered NF-kappaB
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.
regulation of hedgehog signaling pathway
regulation of smoothened signalling pathway
regulation of smoothened receptor activity by patched
regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).
regulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
regulation of frizzled-2 signalling pathway
regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.
The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.
anterior/posterior axis determination, embryo
anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase.
calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase, intrinsic regulator activity
calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase regulator activity
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 1.
protein phosphatase type 1, intrinsic regulator activity
protein phosphatase type 1 regulator activity
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2A.
protein phosphatase type 2A, intrinsic regulator activity
protein phosphatase type 2A regulator activity
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
3',5' cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
3',5'-cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
cAMP-dependent protein kinase, intrinsic regulator activity
cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
OBSOLETE. Modulation of the activity of the enzyme protein kinase CK2.
protein kinase CK2, intrinsic regulator activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a regulator of an obsolete molecular function.
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme phosphorylase kinase.
phosphorylase kinase, intrinsic regulator activity
The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.
attachment of spindle microtubules to chromosome
attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.
1-acyl-glycerone-3-phosphate:long-chain-alcohol O-3-phospho-2-oxopropanyltransferase activity
alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthetase activity
alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase activity
dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase activity
alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine.
hypusine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-lysine
peptidyl-lysine modification to hypusine
The action characteristic of a diuretic hormone, any peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, regulates water balance and fluid secretion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, guanine riboside, a nucleoside with a wide species distribution.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 7-methylguanosine, a modified nucleoside that forms a cap at the 5'-terminus of eukaryotic mRNA.
A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair.
A multisubunit complex that uses ATP to increase the general accessibility of DNA in chromatin. Unlike other known chromatin remodeling complexes, CHRAC can also function during chromatin assembly; it uses ATP to convert irregular chromatin into a regular array of nucleosomes with even spacing.
A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
induction of apoptosis via death receptors
induction of apoptosis via death domain receptors
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors
A series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.
apoptotic signaling pathway in response to granzyme
granzyme-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to changes in intracellular ion homeostasis, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone, and which triggers the apoptotic signaling pathway in a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a hormone signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hormone
This term is placed under GO:0097190 apoptotic signaling pathway, rather than under one of its more specific children terms, to cover for the variety of apoptosis signaling mechanisms that different hormones may use.
hormone-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress
OBSOLETE. The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form.
induction of pro-apoptotic gene products
This term was made obsolete because more specific terms were created. Additionally, the meaning of the term is ambiguous (some gene products may be involved in apoptosis, or not, depending on cell type, tissue, condition).
activation of pro-apoptotic gene products
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level.
down regulation of survival gene product activity
down-regulation of survival gene product activity
downregulation of survival gene product activity
negative regulation of survival gene product activity
negative regulation of survival gene products
inhibition of survival gene product activity
This term was made obsolete because the meaning of the term is ambiguous: the same gene product may or may not have a role in apoptosis depending on the cell type, tissue type, condition, etc.
negative regulation of survival gene product expression
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.
activation of caspase activity by cytochrome c
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c
OBSOLETE. Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis, by the addition of a phosphate group.
activation of caspase activity by protein amino acid phosphorylation
This term was made obsolete because it is ill-defined: phosphorylation regulates the activity of caspases, but it doesn't activate them (caspases are only activated upon cleavage).
activation of caspase activity by protein phosphorylation
The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.
OBSOLETE. Covalent addition of a specific tagging molecule to a protein, targeting the tagged protein for some fate e.g. degradation.
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
ubiquitin-like activating enzyme activity
small protein activating enzyme activity
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The directed movement of hexose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The directed, high-affinity movement of a hexose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The directed, low-affinity movement of a hexose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is only present at very low concentrations.
OBSOLETE. A family of hormones that stimulate secretion of saliva and cause smooth muscle contraction and vasodilation.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an rRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methyluridine.
rRNA (uridine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
Increases the rate of proteolysis catalyzed by a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase. ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase catalyzes the DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) inhibitor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with penicillin, any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = tetradecenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
(3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-ACP dehydratase activity
(3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase activity
(3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + H(2)O = 2-oxobutanate + NH(4)(+).
1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid deaminase activity
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate aminohydrolase (isomerizing)
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate endolyase (deaminating) activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.99.4.
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(+) + pyruvate = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2).
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating) activity
1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity
pyruvate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
ATP:D-fructose-phosphate 6-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
2',3 '-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity
2',3'-cyclic AMP 2'-phosphohydrolase activity
2':3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase:3'-nucleotidase activity
cyclic 2',3'-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase activity
cyclic phosphodiesterase:3'-nucleotidase activity
nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate 3'-nucleotidohydrolase activity
ribonucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate diesterase activity
2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 2'-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group from one compound to the 2' position of another.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
succinyl-CoA:(S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase activity
succinyl-CoA:2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase activity
succinyl-CoA:tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase activity
tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase activity
tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase activity
tetrahydrodipicolinate succinyltransferase activity
tetrahydropicolinate succinylase activity
2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + NAD(+) = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADH.
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + ATP = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl 5'-adenylate + diphosphate.
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-AMP ligase activity
ATP:2,3-dihydroxybenzoate adenylyltransferase activity
(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
4-enoyl coenzyme A (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity
trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ADP + 2 H(+).
2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate kinase (phosphorylating)
2-oxo-3-deoxygalactonate kinase activity
ATP:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphotransferase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonokinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate = pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase activity
2-keto-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase activity
alpha-keto-beta-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconic acid kinase activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconokinase (phosphorylating)
3-deoxy-2-oxo-D-gluconate kinase activity
ATP:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphogalactonate aldolase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonic acid aldolase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonic aldolase activity
2-oxo-3-deoxygalactonate 6-phosphate aldolase activity
6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonate aldolase activity
6-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate aldolase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate aldolase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygalactonic aldolase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic aldolase activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-P-aldolase activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-phosphate aldolase activity
2-oxo-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase activity
6-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase activity
phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconate aldolase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconic aldolase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-octonate-8-phosphate D-arabinose-5-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-phosphorylating) activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphooctonate aldolase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphooctonate aldolase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-8-phosphooctonic synthetase activity
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase activity
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate synthetase activity
3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonate-8-phosphate synthetase activity
3-deoxyoctulosonic 8-phosphate synthetase activity
phospho-2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate aldolase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:D-arabinose-5-phosphate C-(1-carboxyvinyl)transferase (phosphate-hydrolysing, 2-carboxy-2-oxoethyl-forming)
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.2.16.
3-deoxy-8-phosphooctulonate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
(R)-pantoate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADH + H+.
2-deoxy-D-gluconate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate oxidoreductase activity
2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NADP+ = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + NADPH + H+.
(R)-glycerate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
tartronate semialdehyde reductase activity
2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol + O2 + 4 H+ = 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + H2O.
2-octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octoprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + O2 = 2-octoprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone.
2-octoprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) = CO(2) + succinate semialdehyde.
2-oxoglutarate carboxy-lyase (succinate-semialdehyde-forming)
alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase activity
alpha-ketoglutaric decarboxylase activity
pre-2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.
2-keto-4-pentenoate (vinylpyruvate)hydratase activity
4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate hydro-lyase (2-oxopent-4-enoate-forming)
4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate hydro-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + CMP.
2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol CMP-lyase (cyclizing)
2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol CMP-lyase (cyclizing; 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate-forming)
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate = (2S)-2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate + formate + H(+).
3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + O(2) = 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate + H(+).
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 2,3-dioxygenase activity
homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate + NADH + oxygen + H+ = 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate + NAD+ + H2O.
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-9 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-9.
5-demethylubiquinone-9 methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-nonaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone 3-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone-O-methyltransferase activity
3-demethylubiquinone-9 3-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate cytidylyltransferase activity
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase activity
CMP-2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid synthetase activity
CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate diphosphorylase activity
CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate pyrophosphorylase activity
CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate synthetase activity
CTP:3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase activity
cytidine monophospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate pyrophosphorylase activity
3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
dehydrogenase, L-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA.
3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA 3-epimerase activity
3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
(3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein hydro-lyase activity
3-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP dehydratase activity
3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase activity
3-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydrase activity
3-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase activity
3-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein dehydratase activity
D-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
D-3-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein dehydratase activity
beta-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase activity
beta-hydroxydecanoate dehydrase activity
beta-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase activity
beta-hydroxydecanoyl thiol ester dehydrase activity
3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity
3-polyprenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity
3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase activity
polyprenyl p-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity
3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropionate + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol.
3-phenylpropanoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate = 4-aminobenzoate + H(+) + pyruvate.
4-amino-4-deoxychorismate pyruvate-lyase (4-aminobenzoate-forming)
4-amino-4-deoxychorismate pyruvate-lyase activity
Note that the name 'para-amino benzoic acid synthase' was initially given to the 'aminodeoxychorismate synthase' activity before the additional 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase activity was discovered. It is the lyase activity that actually produces para-aminobenzoic acid from 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate.
4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate = 3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate.
4-deoxy-L-threo-5-hexosulose-uronate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
4-deoxy-L-threo-5-hexulose uronate isomerase activity
5-keto-4-deoxyuronate isomerase activity
4-deoxy-L-threo-5-hexosulose-uronate ketol-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate aldolase activity
2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase activity
2-keto-4-hydroxyglutaric aldolase activity
2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase activity
2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutaric aldolase activity
4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate aldolase activity
4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutaric aldolase activity
4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase activity
DL-4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate aldolase activity
4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase activity
4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate pyruvate-lyase (acetaldehyde-forming) activity
4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate pyruvate-lyase activity
4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate pyruvate-lyase activity
4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + H(+) + NADPH.
5-amino-6-(5'-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase activity
5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil:NADP+ 1'-oxidoreductase activity
aminodioxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine reductase activity
5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate D-isomerase activity
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate delta2,Delta4-2-oxo,Delta3-isomerase activity
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic acid isomerase activity
2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-diene-1,7-dioate isomerase
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate delta-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
5-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine transmethylase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
B12 N(5)-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase activity
B12 N5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase activity
N(5)-methyltetrahydrofolate methyltransferase activity
N(5)-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine cobalamin methyltransferase activity
N(5)-methyltetrahydrofolic--homocysteine vitamin B12 transmethylase activity
N-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine methyltransferase activity
N5-methyltetrahydrofolate methyltransferase activity
N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine cobalamin methyltransferase activity
N5-methyltetrahydrofolic-homocysteine vitamin B12 transmethylase activity
cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase activity
methionine synthase (cobalamin-dependent) activity
methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine vitamin B12 methyltransferase activity
tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase activity
tetrahydropteroylglutamate methyltransferase activity
tetrahydropteroylglutamic methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-beta-D-glucoside-(1,4)-D-glucose + H2O = D-glucose 6-phosphate + glucose.
6-phospho-beta-D-glucosyl-(1,4)-D-glucose glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = 1-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
6-phytase (name based on 1L-numbering system and not 1D-numbering)
myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate 6-phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD(+) = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADH.
7-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
7alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity
7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
7alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD+ 7-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
6-carboxyhexanoyl-CoA:L-alanine C-carboxyhexanoyltransferase (decarboxylating)
7-keto-8-amino-pelargonic acid synthetase activity
7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthetase activity
7-keto-8-aminopelargonic synthetase activity
8-amino-7-ketopelargonate synthase activity
8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase activity
8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a bifunctional gene product (e.g. E. coli RfaE).
ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose = ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose.
ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose 6-epimerase activity
ADPglyceromanno-heptose 6-epimerase activity
ADP-glyceromanno-heptose 6-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = heptosyl2-KDO2-lipid A + ADP + H+.
ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase activity
ADP-heptose-lipopolysaccharide heptosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H(2)O = D-ribose 5-phosphate + adenine.
adenosine monophosphate nucleosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + H(2)O = a phosphatidate + CMP + 2 H(+).
CDP-diacylglycerol phosphatidylhydrolase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol pyrophosphatase activity
cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol pyrophosphatase activity
CDP-diacylglycerol diphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
alanine:alanine ligase (ADP-forming) activity
D-alanyl-D-alanine endopeptidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + acceptor = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + reduced acceptor.
D-amino-acid:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)
D-amino-acid:acceptor oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin triphosphate = dihydromonapterin-triphosphate.
D-erythro-7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2'-epimerase activity
dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2'-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lactate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
D-hydroxy amino acid dehydratase activity
D-serine ammonia-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
D-serine dehydratase (deaminating) activity
D-serine hydro-lyase (deaminating) activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.3.1.14.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the ATP-independent breakage of DNA, followed by passage and rejoining. It also catalyzes the relaxation of supercoiled DNA, and the decatenation and unknotting of DNA in vivo.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site.
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase I activity
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase I activity
deoxyribonucleate 3-methyladenine glycosidase I
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
FMNH(2)-dependent aliphatic sulfonate monooxygenase activity
FMNH(2)-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase activity
FMNH2-dependent aliphatic sulfonate monooxygenase activity
alkanesulfonate, reduced-FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
sulfate starvation-induced protein 6 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose + H2O = GDP + D-mannose + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
ATP-GTP 3'-diphosphotransferase activity
ATP:GTP 3'-diphosphotransferase activity
guanosine 3',5'-polyphosphate synthase activity
guanosine 5',3'-polyphosphate synthetase activity
guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = H(2)O + oxaloacetate.
(R,R)-tartrate hydro-lyase (oxaloacetate-forming)
L-(+)-tartaric acid dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-allo-threonine = glycine + acetaldehyde.
L-allo-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose = L-ribulose.
L-arabinose aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + O2 = iminosuccinate + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine = crotono-betaine + H(2)O.
L-carnitine hydro-lyase [4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate-forming]
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fucose = L-fuculose.
L-fucose aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose + ATP = L-fuculose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:L-fuculose 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose 1-phosphate = (S)-lactaldehyde + glycerone phosphate.
L-fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase activity
L-fuculose-1-phosphate S-lactaldehyde-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming)
L-fuculose-1-phosphate lactaldehyde-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnose = L-rhamnulose.
L-rhamnose aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L(or D)-ribulose = ADP + L(or D)-ribulose 5-phosphate.
ATP:L(or D)-ribulose 5-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
L-ribulose 5-phosphate 4-epimerase activity
L-ribulose-phosphate 4-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + NAD(+) = aminoacetone + CO(2) + NADH.
L-threonine:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-xylulose = ADP + L-xylulose 5-phosphate.
ATP:L-xylulose 5-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
N-acetylmuramic acid L-alanine amidase activity
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase activity
N-acylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase activity
acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase activity
N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase type I
N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase type II
N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase activity
N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase activity
acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-ethylmaleimide + 2 H+ = N-ethylsuccinimide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD+ and B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred) with respect to NADP+.
NAD(P) transhydrogenase (AB-specific) activity
NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific) activity
This term was made obsolete because it is a redundant grouping term with only one child.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
riboflavin mononucleotide reductase activity
riboflavine mononucleotide reductase activity
NAD(P)H-dependent FMN reductase activity
flavin mononucleotide reductase activity
flavine mononucleotide reductase activity
riboflavin mononucleotide (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)) reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + acceptor = NADP+ + reduced acceptor.
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (quinone) dehydrogenase
Catalysis of the reaction: Lipid A-core + colanic acid = MLPS.
Catalysis of the polymerization of o-antigen chains. O-antigens are tetra- and pentasaccharide repeat units of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria and are a component of lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
2-succinylbenzoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
o-succinylbenzoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA synthetase activity
o-succinylbenzoyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.
S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase activity
SAM-dependent methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxymyristoyl)glucosamine = 2,3-bis(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + UMP.
UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the removal of an acetyl group from the 2-N position of glucosamine in the lipid A precursor UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyl-transferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enoylpyruvyltransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate-UDP-acetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyltransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2-enoyl-1-carboxyethyltransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyltransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose 3-enolpyruvyltransferase activity
phosphopyruvate-uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine pyruvatetransferase activity
pyruvate-UDP-acetylglucosamine transferase activity
pyruvate-uridine diphospho-N-acetyl-glucosamine transferase activity
pyruvate-uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine transferase activity
pyruvic-uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2'-epimerase activity
uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine-2'-epimerase activity
uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine 2'-epimerase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine 2'-epimerase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
UDP-GlcNAc-enoylpyruvate reductase activity
UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-enoylpyruvate reductase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine-enolpyruvate reductase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylpyruvoylglucosamine reductase activity
uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-3-O-lactylglucose:NADP-oxidoreductase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
UDP-N-acetylmuramate:L-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine synthetase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine synthetase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramyl:L-alanine ligase activity
UDP-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine synthetase activity
uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine synthetase activity
uridine diphosphate N-acetylmuramate:L-alanine ligase activity
uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramoylalanine synthetase activity
uridine-diphosphate-N-acetylmuramate:L-alanine ligase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramate-L-alanine ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine:glutamate ligase (ADP-forming)
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate synthetase activity
uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl-D-glutamate synthetase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate:(L)-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate:meso-2,6-diamino-heptanedioate ligase (ADP-forming) activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelate synthetase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-tripeptide synthetase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl-D-glutamate-2,6-diaminopimelate ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate + D-alanyl-D-alanine = ADP + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-6-carboxy-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Note that EC:6.3.2.15 was deleted from EC as the reaction is performed by UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase (EC:6.3.2.10).
UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl-D-glutamyl-2,6-diaminopimelate-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-galactopyranose = UDP-D-galacto-1,4-furanose.
UDP-D-galactopyranose furanomutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
UDP-sugar sugarphosphohydrolase activity
nucleosidediphosphate-sugar diphosphatase activity
nucleosidediphosphate-sugar pyrophosphatase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of Xaa-His dipeptides.
aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
[acyl-carrier protein] phosphodiesterase activity
[acyl-carrier-protein] 4'-pantetheine-phosphohydrolase activity
acyl-carrier-protein 4'-pantetheine-phosphohydrolase activity
acyl-carrier-protein phosphodiesterase activity
holo-acyl-carrier-protein 4'-pantetheine-phosphohydrolase activity
[acyl-carrier-protein] phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).
acetate:citrate-(pro-3S)-lyase(thiol-form) ligase (AMP-forming)
acetate: SH-acyl-carrier-protein enzyme ligase (AMP)
acetate:HS-citrate lyase ligase activity
[citrate (pro-3S)-lyase] ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
ATP:isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) phosphotransferase activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP) kinase activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) kinase activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase (phosphorylating) activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase activity
isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase activity
[isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + (protein-PII) = diphosphate + uridylyl-(protein-PII).
UTP:[protein-PII] uridylyltransferase activity
UTP:protein-PII uridylyltransferase activity
protein-PII uridylyltransferase activity
[protein-PII] uridylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
acetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
acylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate CoA transferase activity
acyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase activity
butyryl CoA:acetate CoA transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate = ADP + acetyl phosphate.
acetate kinase (phosphorylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.
2-N-acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase activity
N2-acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + O-(1-beta-acyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine.
acyl-ACP-phospholipid O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-phospholipid O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein-phospholipid O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein:O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-ethanolamine O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-phospholipid O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetylglucosamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase
(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)transferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase activity
acyl-ACP-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine acyltransferase activity
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate synthase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate synthetase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase activity
CTP:N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase activity
acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase activity
acylneuraminate cytidyltransferase activity
cytidine 5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase activity
cytidine 5'-monophosphosialic acid synthetase activity
cytidine 5-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase activity
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminic synthetase activity
cytidine monophosphosialate pyrophosphorylase activity
cytidine monophosphosialate synthetase activity
cytidine monophosphosialic acid synthetase activity
N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.
5'-methyladenosine nucleosidase activity
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine homocysteinylribohydrolase activity
S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase activity
S-adenosylhomocysteine/5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase activity
adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + H(2)O = putrescine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine = D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: octane hydroperoxide + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + 1-octanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-allose-6-phosphate = D-allulose-6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-allose = ADP + D-allose 6-phosphate.
ATP:D-allose 6-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate.
alpha,alpha-trehalose-6-phosphate phosphoglucohydrolase activity
trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
D-altronate hydro-lyase (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose = D-ribulose.
D-arabinose aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
D-arabinose(L-fucose) isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
arginine and ornithine N(2)-succinyltransferase activity
arginine and ornithine N2-succinyltransferase activity
succinyl-CoA:L-arginine 2-N-succinyltransferase activity
succinyl-CoA:L-arginine N2-succinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H(+) = agmatine + CO(2).
L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate.
aromatic amino acid aminotransferase activity
aromatic amino acid transferase activity
aromatic-amino-acid transaminase activity
aromatic-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: arsenate + reduced glutaredoxin = arsenite + oxidized glutaredoxin. Glutaredoxin functions as the electron donor for arsenate reduction. The electron flow therefore is ( NADPH -> glutathione reductase (EC:1.6.4.2) -> ) glutathione -> glutaredoxin -> arsenate reductase, i.e. glutathione is reduced by glutathione reductase and glutaredoxin is reduced by glutathione.
glutharedoxin:arsenate oxidoreductase activity
arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
deamido-NAD+:ammonia ligase (AMP-forming)
diphosphopyridine nucleotide synthetase activity
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate into two nucleotides.
bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.
L-aspartate ammonia-lyase (fumarate-forming)
Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-linked aspartic residue from the N-terminus of a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate = beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
beta-D-glucose 1,6-phosphomutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.
betaine-aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
1-P,4-P-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleosidebisphosphohydrolase activity
P1,P4-bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleosidebisphosphohydrolase activity
adenosine tetraphosphate phosphodiesterase activity
bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphatase activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1),P(4)-tetraphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphatase activity
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase activity
diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase activity
diadenosinetetraphosphatase (symmetrical) activity
dinucleosidetetraphosphatase (symmetrical) activity
symmetrical diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase activity
diadenosine tetraphosphatase (symmetrical)
dinucleosidetetraphosphate (symmetrical)
bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (symmetrical) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NH3 + CO2 = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate.
ATP:carbamate phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
carbon monoxide,water:cytochrome b-561 oxidoreductase activity
carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (cytochrome b-561)
carbon monoxide oxygenase (cytochrome b-561) activity
carbon monoxide:methylene blue oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide + H2O = 4 oxohex-2-enedioate.
4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide lactonohydrolase activity
carboxymethylene butenolide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-carboxyvinyl carboxyphosphonate = 3-(hydrohydroxyphosphoryl)pyruvate + CO2.
1-carboxyvinyl carboxyphosphonate phosphorylmutase (decarboxylating)
carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate phosphonomutase activity
carboxyvinyl-carboxyphosphonate phosphorylmutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.
diphosphatidylglycerol synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-carnitine = L-carnitine.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanohydrolase activity
1,4-(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
acetyl-CoA:chloramphenicol 3-O-acetyltransferase activity
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: A + choline = AH(2) + betaine aldehyde.
choline:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase activity
choline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
choline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.
chorismate pyruvate-lyase (4-hydroxybenzoate-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + citrate = acetate + (3S)-citryl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA:citrate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COO-->acetate]
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-citryl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate.
(3S)-citryl-CoA oxaloacetate-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming)
(3S)-citryl-CoA oxaloacetate-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
ATP:cob(I)alamin Co-beta-adenosyltransferase activity
ATP:cob(I)alamin cobeta-adenosyltransferase activity
ATP:cob(I)yrinic acid-a,c-diamide cobeta-adenosyltransferase activity
ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase activity
aquacob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase activity
cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase activity
vitamin B12s adenosyltransferase activity
aquocob(I)alamin vitamin B12s adenosyltransferase activity
cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide-GDP + alpha-ribazole-5'-phosphate = adenosylcobalamin-5'-phosphate + GMP.
cobalamin 5'-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cobinamide + ATP = cobinamide phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group of the 1-amino-2-propanol residue of cobinamide, in the presence of ATP, to form cobinamide phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
AdoCbi kinase/AdoCbi-phosphate guanylyltransferase
adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase
GTP:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GTP:cobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
cobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Holliday junction-cleaving endonuclease activity
crossover junction endoribonuclease activity
Holliday junction endonuclease CCE1 activity
Holliday junction-resolving endoribonuclease activity
RusA Holliday junction resolvase activity
SpCCe1 Holliday junction resolvase activity
crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a bifunctional gene product.
crotonobetaine/carnitine-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: Cu+ + NAD+ + H+ = Cu2+ + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanate + H2O = carbamate.
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.3.99.1.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase (cyclizing)
cyclopropane fatty acid synthase activity
cyclopropane fatty acid synthetase activity
cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfinoalanine = L-alanine + sulfite.
cysteine sulphinate desulphinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ubiquinol + O2 = ubiquinone + 2 H2O; cytochrome O is the electron acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxy-ATP + H2O = dAMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + H2O = dUTP + NH3.
deoxycytidine triphosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose.
TDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose-3,5-epimerase activity
TDP-4-ketorhamnose 3,5-epimerase activity
dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase activity
dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose 3,5-epimerase activity
thymidine diphospho-4-ketorhamnose 3,5-epimerase activity
dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose reductase activity
dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose dehydrogenase activity
dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
reductase, thymidine diphospho-4-ketorhamnose
thymidine diphospho-4-ketorhamnose reductase activity
dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H(2)O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H(+) + triphosphate.
deoxyguanosine 5-triphosphate triphosphohydrolase activity
deoxyguanosine triphosphate triphosphohydrolase activity
deoxyguanosinetriphosphate triphosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
deoxyribonuclease IV (phage T4-induced) activity
endodeoxyribonuclease IV (phage T(4)-induced) activity
endodeoxyribonuclease IV (phage T4-induced) activity
deoxyribonuclease IV (phage-T4-induced) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate undecaprenylcistransferase activity
di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase activity
undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase activity
undecaprenyl diphosphate synthetase activity
undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase activity
undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity
undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase activity
bactoprenyl-diphosphate synthase activity
di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + H(2)O + H(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + NH(4)(+).
2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate deaminase activity
2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine 2-aminohydrolase activity
2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine 2-aminohydrolase activity
diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(+) = L-lysine + CO(2).
diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase activity
meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate carboxy-lyase (L-lysine-forming)
meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate carboxy-lyase activity
meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = meso-2,6-diaminopimelate.
LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate 2-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diaminopropionate + H2O = pyruvate + 2 NH3.
2,3-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase (adding H2O; pyruvate-forming)
2,3-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activity
alpha,beta-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activity
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + NADP+ = 2,3-dihydrodipicolinate + NADPH + H+.
2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
dihydrodipicolinic acid reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + pyruvate = (S)-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate + 2 H(2)O + H(+).
L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde hydro-lyase (adding pyruvate and cyclizing)
dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase activity
L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde hydro-lyase [adding pyruvate and cyclizing; (S)-2,3-dihydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate-forming]
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
7,8-dihydropteroate:L-glutamate ligase (ADP) activity
7,8-dihydropteroate:L-glutamate ligase (ADP-forming)
dihydrofolate synthetase-folylpolyglutamate synthetase activity
dihydropteroate:L-glutamate ligase (ADP-forming) activity
folylpoly-(gamma-glutamate) synthetase-dihydrofolate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + a purine nucleoside = monophosphate + a purine mononucleotide.
diphosphate-dependent nucleoside kinase activity
diphosphate:purine nucleoside phosphotransferase activity
pyrophosphate-dependent nucleoside kinase activity
pyrophosphate-purine nucleoside kinase activity
diphosphate-purine nucleoside kinase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, endochitinases cleave randomly within the chitin chain.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of large proteins such as globin, casein and denatured serum albumin, in presence of ATP.
ATP-dependent serine proteinase activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
Catalysis of the reaction: enterobactin + 3 H2O = 3 N-23-dihydroxybenzoyl-L-serine + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH3.
ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (acetaldehyde-forming) activity
Catalysis of the degradation of single-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of supercoiled plasma DNA to linear DNA duplexes.
Escherichia coli endodeoxyribonuclease X activity
Escherichia coli endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
NADH-ferredoxinNAP reductase (component of naphthalene dioxygenase multicomponent enzyme system)
NADH-ferredoxinTOL reductase (component of toluene dioxygenase)
NADH2-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
ferredoxin-linked NAD reductase activity
ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase activity
reductase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ferredoxin
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + formate = CoA + pyruvate.
acetyl-CoA:formate C-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H(2)O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + H(+).
10-formyltetrahydrofolate amidohydrolase activity
formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase activity
formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
ATP:D-fructose 6-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(+) = D-fructuronate + H(+) + NADH.
D-mannonate:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: galactarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H(2)O.
D-galactarate hydro-lyase (5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: galactitol-1-phosphate + NAD+ = L-tagatose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
galactitol-1-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
galactitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + H(2)O.
D-galactonate hydro-lyase (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a beta-D-galactoside = CoA + a 6-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside.
acetyl-CoA:beta-D-galactoside 6-acetyltransferase activity
thiogalactoside acetyltransferase activity
galactoside O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + aminoglycoside = diphosphate + 2''-nucleotidylaminoglycoside.
2''-aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity
NTP:gentamicin 2''-nucleotidyltransferase activity
gentamicin 2''- adenylyltransferase activity
gentamicin 2''-nucleotidyltransferase activity
gentamycin 2''-nucleotidyltransferase activity
aminoglycoside 2''-nucleotidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H2O.
D-glucarate hydro-lyase (5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
D-gluconate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol.
D-glucose:(pyrroloquinoline-quinone) 1-oxidoreductase activity
D-glucose:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-dependent) activity
glucose dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone) activity
quinoprotein D-glucose dehydrogenase activity
quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate.
D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
ADP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:alpha-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyl transferase activity
adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity
adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity
glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
dTTP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase activity
glucose 1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase activity
thymidine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity
thymidine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity
glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate = D-fructuronate.
D-glucuronate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].
ATP:L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:[glutamate-ammonia-ligase] adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine triphosphate:glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase activity
glutamate-ammonia-ligase adenylyltransferase activity
glutamine-synthetase adenylyltransferase activity
[glutamate-ammonia-ligase] adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate + NADP(+) + tRNA(Glu) = L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + H(+) + NADPH.
L-glutamate-semialdehyde: NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamyl-tRNAGlu-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + H2O = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine.
gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine:spermidine amidase activity
glutathionylspermidine amidohydrolase (spermidine-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine + ATP = N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + ADP + phosphate.
gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine:spermidine ligase (ADP-forming) activity
glutathione:spermidine ligase (ADP-forming) activity
glutathionylspermidine synthetase activity
gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine:spermidine ligase (ADP-forming) [spermidine is numbered so that atom N-1 is in the amino group of the aminopropyl part of the molecule]
glutathionylspermidine synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
NADP-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde phosphate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP)
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NADP reductase activity
nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (non-phosphorylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:(R)-glycerate 3-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:D-glycerate 2-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol + NAD(+) = glycerone + H(+) + NADH.
NAD-linked glycerol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
glycerophosphodiester glycerophosphohydrolase activity
glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase activity
glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glycine = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CoA + H(+).
2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase activity
2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase activity
2-amino-3-ketobutyrate-CoA ligase activity
acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + O2 = glyoxylate + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-diphosphohydrolase activity
guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-pyrophosphatase activity
guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-pyrophosphohydrolase activity
penta-phosphate guanosine-3'-diphosphohydrolase activity
penta-phosphate guanosine-3'-pyrophosphohydrolase activity
guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-diphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate 5'-phosphatase activity
guanosine 5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate 5'-phosphohydrolase activity
guanosine pentaphosphate phosphatase activity
guanosine pentaphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
guanosine-5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate 5'-phosphohydrolase activity
guanosine-5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
guanosine-5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate diphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity
4'-phosphopantetheinyltransferase activity
CoA-[4'-phosphopantetheine]:apo-acyl-carrier-protein 4'-pantetheinephosphotransferase activity
CoA:apo-acyl-carrier-protein pantetheinephosphotransferase activity
acyl carrier protein holoprotein (holo-ACP) synthetase activity
alpha-aminoadipate reductase phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity
alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity
alphaaminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity
coenzyme A:fatty acid synthetase apoenzyme 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase activity
holo-acyl-carrier-protein synthase activity
L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity
holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase activity
holo-[peptidyl-carrier protein] synthase activity
acyl carrier protein synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:L-homocysteine methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine homocysteine transmethylase activity
S-adenosylmethionine-homocysteine transmethylase activity
S-adenosylmethionine:homocysteine methyltransferase activity
S-methylmethionine homocysteine transmethylase activity
adenosylmethionine transmethylase activity
adenosylmethionine:homocysteine methyltransferase activity
methylmethionine:homocysteine methyltransferase activity
homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + succinyl-CoA = O-succinyl-L-homoserine + CoA.
succinyl-CoA:L-homoserine O-succinyltransferase activity
homoserine O-succinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
hydrogen/potassium-exchanging ATPase activity
hydrogen:potassium exchanging ATPase activity
hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
hydrogen:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
nickel-iron-selenium hydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + ATP = 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine 5-phosphotransferase activity
hydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypyruvate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate.
hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
hydroxypyruvate ketol-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + hygromycin B = 7''-O-phosphohygromycin B + ADP + 2 H(+).
hygromycin B phosphotransferase activity
ATP:hygromycin-B 7''-O-phosphotransferase activity
destomic acid ring 7''-O-phosphotransferase activity
hygromycin-B 7''-O-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group from GTP or GDP to a mannose molecule.
mannose-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inosine = ADP + IMP.
ATP:inosine 5'-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the integration of one segment of DNA into another.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + isochorismate = 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + pyruvate.
2,3 dihydro-2,3 dihydroxybenzoate synthase activity
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate synthase activity
2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate synthase activity
2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoic synthase activity
isochorismate pyruvate-hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = isochorismate.
Note that this function was formerly EC:5.4.99.6.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + kanamycin = ADP + 2 H(+) + kanamycin 3'-phosphate.
ATP:kanamycin 3'-O-phosphotransferase activity
aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase activity
neomycin-kanamycin phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = (S)-lactate + NADH + H+.
(S)-lactaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
L-lactaldehyde:NAD oxidoreductase activity
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-linked dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
(R)- or (S)-propane-1,2-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
lactaldehyde:propanediol oxidoreductase activity
propanediol:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a lauroyl (dodecanoyl) group from one compound to another.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
L-leucyl-tRNA:protein leucyltransferase activity
leucyl, phenylalanine-tRNA-protein transferase activity
leucyl-phenylalanine-transfer ribonucleate-protein aminoacyltransferase activity
leucyl-phenylalanine-transfer ribonucleate-protein transferase activity
leucyl-tRNA--protein transferase activity
leucyl/phenylalanyl-tRNA--protein transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine = 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)-beta-D-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)glucosamine:2,3-bis-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1-phosphate 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-glucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-lipopolysaccharide.
LPS N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:lipopolysaccharide N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lipopolysaccharide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-lipopolysaccharide acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
lipopolysaccharide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
LPS 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:lipopolysaccharide 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:lipopolysaccharide alpha,3-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:polysaccharide galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:lipopolysaccharide 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
lipopolysaccharide 1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
lipopolysaccharide galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphate galactose:lipopolysaccharide alpha-3-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-lipopolysaccharide alpha,3-galactosyltransferase activity
lipopolysaccharide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
UDP-glucose:lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase activity
lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase I
uridine diphosphate glucose:lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase I
lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase I activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a lipopolysaccharide + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = a heptosylated lipopolysaccharide + ADP + H+.
lipopolysaccharide heptosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,6 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
lipopolysaccharide-1,6-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthetase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-proteinsynthetase activity
long-chain fatty acid-[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase activity
long-chain-fatty-acid-ACP ligase activity
long-chain-fatty-acid-[acyl-carrier protein] ligase activity
long-chain-fatty-acid-[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase activity
long-chain-fatty-acid-acyl-carrier-protein ligase activity
long-chain-fatty-acid:acyl-carrier-protein ligase (AMP-forming) activity
long-chain fatty acid [acyl-carrier-protein] ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H(+) = cadaverine + CO(2).
L-lysine carboxy-lyase (cadaverine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + a quinol.
(S)-malate:(quinone) oxidoreductase activity
(S)-malate:quinone oxidoreductase activity
FAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + maltose = CoA + acetyl-maltose.
acetyl-CoA:maltose O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
D-mannonate hydro-lyase (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
GDP-mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GDP:D-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GDP:alpha-D-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GDP:mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphate-mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose phosphorylase activity
mannose 1-phosphate (guanosine diphosphate) guanylyltransferase activity
mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate.
glycerone-phosphate phospho-lyase (methylglyoxal-forming)
glycerone-phosphate phospho-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methylthioadenosine + H2O = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose.
5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase activity
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine adeninehyrolase activity
methylthioadenosine methylthioribohydrolase activity
methylthioadenosine nucleosidase activity
Catalysis of the specific cleavage of the beta-(1->4) glycosidic linkage between N-acetylmuramyl and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues in peptidoglycan, with the concomitant formation of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl residues. Acts on linkages within peptidoglycan chains (i.e. not at the ends) to produce shorter strands with 1,6-anhydromuramic acid ends.
murein lytic endotransglycosylase E activity
Catalysis of the specific cleavage of the beta-(1->4) glycosidic linkage between N-acetylmuramyl and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues in peptidoglycan, with the concomitant formation of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl residues.
peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
inositol-1(or 4)-monophosphatase activity
myo-inositol-1(or 4)-monophosphatase activity
myo-inositol-1(or 4)-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate phosphatase activity
inositol monophosphate 1-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O-succinylbenzoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + CoA.
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate synthase activity
O-succinylbenzoyl-CoA 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate-lyase (cyclizing) activity
O-succinylbenzoyl-CoA 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate-lyase (cyclizing; CoA-forming)
dihydroxynaphthoic acid synthetase activity
O-succinylbenzoyl-CoA 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate-lyase activity
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinate = N-methylnicotinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:nicotinate N-methyltransferase activity
furanocoumarin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
N(1)-alpha-phosphoribosyltransferase activity
N1-alpha-phosphoribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN):5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate mononucleotide-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate ribonucleotide:benzimidazole (adenine) phosphoribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate-nucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phospho-D-ribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate-nucleotide:dimethylbenzimidazole phospho-D-ribosyltransferase activity
nicotinate-nucleotide-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 NO + 2 O2 + NADPH + H+ = 2 nitrate + NADP+.
nitric oxide,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
NAD(P)H2:nitrite oxidoreductase activity
ammonium-hydroxide:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
nitrite reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)) activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.6.4.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(P)+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NAD(P)H + H+.
This term was made obsolete because it is a grouping term based on similar names.
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of oligopeptides, with broad specificity. Gly or Ala commonly occur as P1 or P1' residues, but more distant residues are also important, as is shown by the fact that Z-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ala is cleaved at the Gly-Gly bond, but not Z-(Gly)5.
68000-M signalpeptide hydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of Arg-Xaa and Lys-Xaa bonds in oligopeptides, even when P1' residue is proline.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of oligonucleotides to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates.
Note that enzymes with this activity usually also hydrolyze NAD+ to NMN and AMP.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Xaa-Yaa in which both Xaa and Yaa are Arg or Lys.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.
oxaloacetate beta-decarboxylase activity
oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + oxalyl-CoA = CO(2) + formyl-CoA.
oxalyl coenzyme A decarboxylase activity
oxalyl-CoA carboxy-lyase (formyl-CoA-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: a palmitoleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + alpha-KDO-(2->4)-alpha-KDO-(2->6)-lipid IVA = KDO2-(palmitoleoyl)-lipid IVA + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein].
palmitoleoyl ACP-dependent acyltransferase activity
palmitoleoyl [acyl-carrier-protein]-dependent acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
alpha-acylamino-beta-lactam acylhydrolase activity
palmitoleoyl [acyl-carrier protein]-dependent acyltransferase activity
This term was made obsolete because it was not defined, is ambiguous, and has been used to annotate gene products with very different activities.
Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.
bactoprenyldiphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-pentapeptide:peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
undecaprenyldiphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-(N-acetyl-D-muramoylpentapeptide):undecaprenyldiphospho-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-muramoylpentapeptide) disaccharidetransferase activity
penicillin binding protein (3 or 1B) activity
peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of unblocked, C-terminal dipeptides from oligopeptides, with broad specificity. Does not hydrolyze bonds in which P1' is Pro, or both P1 and P1' are Gly.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenylacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = phenylacetate + NADH + H+.
phenylacetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + phosphate = CoA + acetyl phosphate.
acetyl-CoA:phosphate acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide D-glucose = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide 6-(glycerophospho)-D-glucose.
oligosaccharide glycerophosphotransferase activity
phosphatidylglycerol:membrane-derived-oligosaccharide-D-glucose glycerophosphotransferase activity
phosphatidylglycerol-membrane-oligosaccharide glycerophosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of the diacylglyceryl group from phosphatidylglycerol to the sulfhydryl group of the prospective N-terminal cysteine residue in an unmodified prolipoprotein.
phosphatidylglycerol-prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylglycerol + phosphate.
phosphatidylglycerol phosphatase activity
phosphatidylglycerol phosphate phosphatase activity
phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
UDP-MurAc(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala):undecaprenyl-phosphate phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase activity
UDP-MurNAc-Ala-gamma-DGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla:undecaprenylphosphate transferase activity
UDP-MurNAc-Ala-gammaDGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla:undecaprenylphosphate transferase activity
UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-gamma-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala:C(55)-isoprenoid alcohol transferase activity
UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-gamma-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala:C55-isoprenoid alcohol transferase activity
UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide phosphotransferase activity
phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide transferase activity
phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl pentapeptide translocase activity
phospho-NAc-muramoyl-pentapeptide translocase (UMP) activity
phosphoacetylmuramoylpentapeptide translocase activity
phosphoacetylmuramoylpentapeptidetransferase activity
Note that EC classifies 'UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine:undecaprenyl-phosphate transferase activity ; GO:0051992' and 'phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase activity ; GO:0008963' under the same EC number, EC:2.7.8.13.
phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + oxaloacetate + phosphate = CO(2) + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate.
phosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (adding phosphate; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
phosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (phosphorylating)
phosphopyruvate (phosphate) carboxylase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase enzyme I activity
phosphoenolpyruvate--protein phosphatase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:protein-L-histidine N-pros-phosphotransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate:protein-L-histidine Npi-phosphotransferase activity
phosphopyruvate--protein factor phosphotransferase activity
phosphopyruvate--protein phosphotransferase activity
enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system
sugar--PEP phosphotransferase enzyme I activity
phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
D-glucosamine 1,6-phosphomutase activity
alpha-D-glucosamine 1,6-phosphomutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate.
2-phosphoglycolate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate = D-alpha,beta-D-heptose 7-phosphate.
D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphohistidine + H2O = histidine + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine = ADP + 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine.
ATP:4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine phosphotransferase activity
hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphokinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase activity
alpha-D-ribose 1,5-phosphomutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:D-ribulose-5-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Tyr16-Leu17 and Phe25-Tyr26 bonds of oxidized insulin B chain. Also acts on other substrates of Molecular weight less than 7 kDa such as insulin and glucagon.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + phosphate(n) = ADP + phosphate(n+1).
ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
ATP:polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO(2) + NADH.
chorismate mutase--prephenate dehydrogenase activity
prephenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a Gly-Phe bond to release an N-terminal, basic peptide of 5-8 residues from type IV prepilin, and then N-methylates the new N-terminal amino group, the methyl donor being S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalysis of the integration of prophage DNA into a target DNA molecule, usually a bacterial chromosome.
integrase activity involved in establishment of integrated proviral latency
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate = ADP + propanoyl phosphate.
ATP:propanoate phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
phosphohistidinoprotein-hexose phosphoribosyltransferase activity
phosphohistidinoprotein-hexose phosphotransferase activity
phosphoprotein factor-hexose phosophotransferase activity
phosphotransfer-driven group translocator
phosphotransferase, phosphohistidinoprotein-hexose activity
protein-Np-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase activity
protein-Npi-phospho-L-histidine:sugar N-pros-phosphotransferase activity
protein-Npi-phospho-L-histidine:sugar Npi-phosphotransferase activity
protein-Npi-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase activity
protein-Npi-phosphohistidine:sugar N-pros-phosphotransferase activity
PEP--sugar phosphotransferase enzyme II activity
enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system
PEP-dependent phosphotransferase enzyme II
phosphoenolpyruvate-sugar phosphotransferase enzyme II
ribonucleic acid formation factor, gene glC
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-L-glutamate O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine-glutamyl methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine:protein-carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity
protein carboxyl-O-methyltransferase activity
protein carboxymethyltransferase activity
protein(aspartate)methyltransferase activity
protein(carboxyl)methyltransferase activity
methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein O-methyltransferase activity
methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein methyltransferase II
protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.
protein-L-glutamate-5-O-methyl-ester acylhydrolase activity
protein-L-glutamate-O5-methyl-ester acylhydrolase activity
chemotaxis-specific methylesterase activity
methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein methyl-esterase activity
protein-glutamate methylesterase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + ferricytochrome b1 + H2O = CO2 + acetate + ferrocytochrome b1.
pyruvate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase activity
pyruvate:ubiquinone-8-oxidoreductase activity
pyruvic (cytochrome b1) dehydrogenase activity
This term was made obsolete because the EC activity it represents, EC:1.2.2.2, has been deleted.
pyruvate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
ATP:pyruvate, water phosphotransferase activity
pyruvate-water dikinase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: iminoaspartate + dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate = quinolinate + 2 H2O + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:rRNA (adenine-6-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:rRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity
ribonucleic acid-adenine (N(6)) methylase activity
ribonucleic acid-adenine (N6) methylase activity
ribosomal ribonucleate adenine 6-methyltransferase activity
rRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:rRNA (guanine-1-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:rRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
ribosomal ribonucleate guanine 1-methyltransferase activity
rRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N2-methylguanine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:rRNA (guanine-2-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:rRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase activity
ribosomal ribonucleate guanine-2-methyltransferase activity
rRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a signal peptide from a protein precursor by a serine endopeptidase mechanism.
This term was made obsolete because 'signal peptide' is difficult to define unambiguously, and because the term refers to gene products.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of Ala-Gly bond in repressor lexA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
ATP:L-rhamnulose 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)-lactaldehyde.
L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase activity
L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate S-lactaldehyde-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming)
L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate lactaldehyde-lyase activity
L-rhamnulose-phosphate aldolase activity
rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at 5 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.
Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at positions 5 and 6 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction, leaving an undigested core of 3-5 nucleotides.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin.
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase activity
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase activity
ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ribosomal-protein L-alanine = CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine.
acetyl-CoA:ribosomal-protein-L-alanine N-acetyltransferase activity
ribosomal protein S18 acetyltransferase activity
ribosomal-protein-alanine N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-selenocysteine + reduced acceptor = hydrogen selenide + L-alanine + acceptor.
L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-serine + CoA.
acetyl-CoA:L-serine O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity
D-alanyl-D-alanine-carboxypeptidase activity
D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving peptidase activity
D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving-peptidase activity
serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a signal peptide from a protein precursor.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of N-terminal leader sequences from secreted and periplasmic proteins precursor.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of N-terminal leader sequences from membrane prolipoproteins. Hydrolyzes the terminal bond of Xaa-Xbb-Xbb-Cys, in which Xaa is hydrophobic (preferably Leu), Xbb is often Ser or Ala, Xcc is often Gly or Ala, and the Cys is alkylated on sulfur with a diacylglyceryl group.
prolipoprotein signal peptidase activity
prolipoprotein-signal peptidase activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents three different molecular functions.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.
N-6 adenine-specific DNA methylase activity
site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
deoxyribonucleate methyltransferase activity
deoxyribonucleic acid methylase activity
deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase activity
deoxyribonucleic acid modification methylase activity
Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences.
Note that this term is not a child of 'recombinase activity ; GO:0000150' because the latter represents activities that do not break or form phosphodiester bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
D-glucitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
D-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
D-sorbitol-6-phosphate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
glucitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
ADP-glucose--starch glucosyltransferase activity
ADP-glucose:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
ADPG-starch glucosyltransferase activity
ADPglucose-starch glucosyltransferase activity
ADPglucose:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphate glucose-starch glucosyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphoglucose-starch glucosyltransferase activity
starch (bacterial glycogen) synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + streptomycin = 3''-adenylylstreptomycin + diphosphate + H(+).
ATP:streptomycin 3''-adenylyltransferase activity
streptomycin 3''-adenylyltransferase activity
aminoglycoside 3''-adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = succinate + NAD(P)H + H+.
succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate))
succinate-semialdehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(2)O = LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + succinate.
N-succinyl-L-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid deacylase activity
N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate amidohydrolase activity
succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
2-N-succinyl-L-arginine iminohydrolase (decarboxylating)
N2-succinyl-L-arginine iminohydrolase (decarboxylating)
N2-succinylarginine dihydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate.
N-succinyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelic glutamic transaminase activity
succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
succinyldiaminopimelate transferase activity
succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate + H(2)O = L-glutamate + succinate.
N-succinyl-L-glutamate amidohydrolase activity
N2-succinylglutamate desuccinylase activity
succinylglutamate desuccinylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + phosphate = D-fructose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
disaccharide glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (guanine-1-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
tRNA guanine 1-methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate guanine 1-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (guanosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA guanosine-2'-O-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (Gm18) 2'-O-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (guanosine 2')-methyltransferase activity
tRNA guanosine 2'-methyltransferase activity
tRNA guanosine-2'-O-methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate guanosine 2'-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (guanosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(n+1) + phosphate = tRNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.
tRNA:phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
phosphate-dependent exonuclease activity
Note that, although the enzyme to which this term refers is also known as 'ribonuclease PH', and degrades tRNA in the 3'-5' direction in vivo, the term does not have parentage in the 'nuclease activity' branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + activated-tRNA = L-serine + tRNA containing a thionucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-tagatose 6-phosphate = ADP + D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate.
ATP:D-tagatose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
D-tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming)
D-tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase activity
D-tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate triosephosphate lyase activity
tagatose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
D-altronate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tartrate + NAD+ = oxaloglycolate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
glyoxylate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing; tartronate-semialdehyde-forming)
hydroxymalonic semialdehyde carboxylase activity
tartronate semialdehyde carboxylase activity
tartronic semialdehyde carboxylase activity
tartronate-semialdehyde synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)-beta-D-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP + 2 H(+) + lipid IV(a).
ATP:2,3,2',3'-tetrakis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-beta-D-1,6-glucosaminyl-beta-phosphate 4'-O-phosphotransferase activity
tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
ATP:thiamine-phosphate phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
pyrimidine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase activity
thymidine-orthophosphate deoxyribosyltransferase activity
thymidine:phosphate deoxy-D-ribosyltransferase activity
thymidine:phosphate deoxy-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
animal growth regulators, blood platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factors
blood platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + trimethylamine-N-oxide = NAD+ + trimethylamine + H2O.
NADH:trimethylamine-N-oxide oxidoreductase
trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
L-tryptophan indole-lyase (deaminating) activity
L-tryptophan indole-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate forming) activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions; ATP is simultaneously hydrolyzed. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.
adenosine triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease activity
deoxyribonuclease (ATP- and S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent)
deoxyribonuclease (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing)
type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site.
Type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences; occurs through a phosphotyrosyl intermediate in which the target sequence is first cleaved by the nucleophilic attack by a tyrosine in the active site.
site-specific tyrosine recombinase activity
tyrosine-based site-specific recombinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = all-trans-undecaprenyl phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
isoprenoid alcohol kinase (phosphorylating)
isoprenoid alcohol phosphokinase activity
ATP:undecaprenol phosphotransferase activity
C55-isoprenoid alcohol phosphokinase activity
C55-isoprenyl alcohol phosphokinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: urea + H2O = CO2 + 2 NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-ureidoglycolate + NADP+ = oxalureate + NADPH + H+.
(S)-ureidoglycolate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)UMP = ADP + (d)UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
L-valine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
alanine-oxoisovalerate aminotransferase activity
valine--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
valine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose = D-xylulose.
D-xylose aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving carboxypeptidase activity
DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase activity
zinc D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase activity
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global hyperactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the X-chromosome in the heterogametic sex, leading to a two-fold increase in gene expression from this chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.
dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a signal peptide from a protein precursor by an aspartic endopeptidase mechanism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycopeptides, any compound in which carbohydrate is covalently attached to an oligopeptide composed of residues of L and/or D-amino acids. The term usually denotes a product of proteolytic degradation of a glycoprotein but includes glycated peptide.
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).
pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative branch
pentose phosphate shunt, oxidative branch
pentose-phosphate pathway, oxidative branch
pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.
pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative branch
pentose phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch
pentose-phosphate pathway, non-oxidative branch
pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system.
electron transfer flavoprotein, group II
redox-active disulfide bond electron carrier
electron carrier, chlorophyll electron transport system
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
glutamine family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
glutamine family amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
aspartate family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
aspartate family amino acid biosynthesis
aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
aspartate family amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
serine family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
serine family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
serine family amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
aromatic amino acid family metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, shikimate pathway
aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
aromatic amino acid family catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the histidine family.
histidine family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the histidine family.
histidine family amino acid biosynthesis
histidine family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the histidine family.
histidine family amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
pyruvate family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
pyruvate family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
pyruvate family amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
branched chain family amino acid metabolism
branched-chain amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
branched chain family amino acid anabolism
branched chain family amino acid biosynthesis
branched chain family amino acid biosynthetic process
branched chain family amino acid formation
branched chain family amino acid synthesis
branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
branched chain family amino acid breakdown
branched chain family amino acid catabolic process
branched chain family amino acid catabolism
branched chain family amino acid degradation
branched-chain amino acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
glutamine family amino acid biosynthesis
glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
lysine biosynthesis via diaminopimelic acid
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelic acid
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
phenylalanine biosynthetic process, prephenate pathway
phenylalanine biosynthetic process, shikimate pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.
aromatic amino acid family anabolism, prephenate pathway
aromatic amino acid family formation, prephenate pathway
aromatic amino acid family synthesis, prephenate pathway
aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, prephenate pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
coenzyme and prosthetic group biosynthesis
coenzyme and prosthetic group biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
coenzyme and prosthetic group catabolic process
coenzyme and prosthetic group catabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside monophosphate anabolism
purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside monophosphate formation
purine nucleoside monophosphate synthesis
purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside monophosphate breakdown
purine nucleoside monophosphate catabolism
purine nucleoside monophosphate degradation
purine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate metabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate anabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate formation
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate synthesis
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate breakdown
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate catabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate degradation
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolism
purine nucleoside diphosphate degradation
purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate metabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate anabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate formation
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate synthesis
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate breakdown
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate catabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate degradation
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate anabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside triphosphate formation
purine nucleoside triphosphate synthesis
purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate breakdown
purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate degradation
purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate anabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate formation
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate synthesis
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate breakdown
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate catabolism
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate degradation
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate formation
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside monophosphate degradation
ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate degradation
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate degradation
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate formation
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate degradation
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate formation
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate degradation
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate formation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate degradation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate breakdown
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolism
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate degradation
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate anabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate formation
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate synthesis
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate breakdown
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate degradation
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolism
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate anabolism
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate formation
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate synthesis
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate breakdown
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolism
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate degradation
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate anabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate formation
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate synthesis
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate breakdown
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate degradation
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate anabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate formation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate synthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate breakdown
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate degradation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate anabolism
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate formation
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate breakdown
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolism
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate degradation
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate breakdown
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate degradation
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate anabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate formation
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate breakdown
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolism
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate degradation
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate anabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate formation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate breakdown
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate degradation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate anabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate formation
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate breakdown
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate degradation
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide anabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide formation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide synthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide breakdown
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide catabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide degradation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
thiamin diphosphate biosynthetic process
thiamin pyrophosphate biosynthetic process
thiamine pyrophosphate biosynthetic process
thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
multiprenylmenaquinone metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
multiprenylmenaquinone biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
enterobactin biosynthetic process, peptide formation
enterobactin biosynthetic process, peptide modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthetic process
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.
lipopolysaccharide core region anabolism
lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthesis
lipopolysaccharide core region formation
lipopolysaccharide core region synthesis
lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
enterobacterial common antigen anabolism
enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis
enterobacterial common antigen formation
enterobacterial common antigen synthesis
enterobacterial common antigen biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.
The addition of a lipoyl group to an amino acid residue in a protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The continual breakdown and regeneration of peptidoglycan required to maintain the cell wall.
A pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by producing 6-phosphogluconate and then dehydrating it.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
2'-deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a desiccation stimulus, extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a humidity stimulus, moisture in the atmosphere.
A response by bacterial cells to a variety of stresses including filamentous phage infection, mislocalization of envelope proteins, extremes of temperature, osmolarity or ethanol concentration, and the presence of proton ionophores such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), that involves expression of the phage shock protein operon, and acts to protect the bacterial cells from damage.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.
chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall biogenesis
fungal-type cell wall biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
peptidoglycan-based cell wall biogenesis
A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein), a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids. An example of this component is found in Escherichia coli.
A layer of peptidoglycan found outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The peptidoglycan is relatively thick (20-80nm) and retains the primary stain of the Gram procedure, thus cells appear blue after Gram stain. The cell walls often contain teichoic acids (acidic anionic polysaccharides) bound to the peptidoglycan. Examples of this component are found in Gram-positive bacteria.
The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain.
A rigid yet dynamic structure surrounding the plasma membrane that affords protection from stresses and contributes to cell morphogenesis, consisting of extensively cross-linked glycoproteins and carbohydrates. The glycoproteins may be modified with N- or O-linked carbohydrates, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the polysaccharides are primarily branched glucans, including beta-linked and alpha-linked glucans, and may also include chitin and other carbohydrate polymers, but not cellulose or pectin. Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are also found in the cell wall. Note that some forms of fungi develop a capsule outside of the cell wall under certain circumstances; this is considered a separate structure.
chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall
OBSOLETE. A peptidoglycan polymer that forms the shape-determining structure of the cell all of Gram-negative bacteria.
This term was made obsolete because it was defined inaccurately.
A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost layer of the cell envelope; enriched in polysaccharide and protein; the outer leaflet of the membrane contains specific lipopolysaccharide structures.
OBSOLETE. In Gram-negative bacteria the membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the murein sacculus.
A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell.
DNA import into cell involved in transformation
DNA transport into cell during transformation
cellular DNA import during transformation
The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information involving direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells; some or all of the chromosome(s) of one cell ('male') is then transferred into the other cell ('female'); unidirectional conjugation occurs between cells of different mating types. Examples of this process are found in Prokaryotes.
In the absence of a sexual life cycle, the process involved in the introduction of genetic information to create a genetically different individual.
GO:0009292 should not be used for annotation of phage lysogeny (integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome).
The transfer of genetic information to a bacterium from a bacteriophage or between bacterial or yeast cells mediated by a phage vector.
The introduction and uptake of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a cell, and often the expression of that genetic material.
The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.
The assembly of a flagellum. In bacteria, this is a whiplike motility appendage present on the surface of some species; in eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella are composed of flagellin and have the same basic structure as cilia but are longer in proportion to the cell and present in much smaller numbers.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.
The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.
The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.
The addition of biotin (vitamin B7 / vitamin H) to a protein amino acid.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell or group of cells.
protein secretion during cell fate commitment
protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment
A defense process found in many bacteria and archaea that protects the organism from invading foreign DNA by cleaving it with a restriction endonuclease. The organism's own DNA is protected by methylation of a specific nucleotide, which occurs immediately following replication, in the same target site as the restriction enzyme.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus
Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength.
A heterodimeric enzyme complex composed of subunits leuC and leuD. Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3-isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate.
See also the molecular function term '3-isopropylmalate dehydratase activity ; GO:0003861'.
A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates; it prefers single-stranded DNA.
A protein complex that possesses cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase activity; consists of four polypeptide subunits and associated prosthetic groups.
See also the molecular function term 'cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase activity ; GO:0008827'.
A protein complex that possesses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity.
See also the molecular function term 'phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity ; GO:0004638'.
phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase complex
An enzyme complex, usually a homodimer, which directly reduces cellular levels of organic hydroperoxides.
See also the molecular function term 'alkyl hydroperoxide reductase activity ; GO:0008785'.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide to trimethylamine.
trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase complex
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to ribosomal-protein alanine, forming ribosomal-protein acetylalanine.
ribosomal-protein-alanine N-acetyltransferase complex
A protein complex that possesses D-amino-acid dehydrogenase activity.
See also the molecular function term 'D-amino-acid oxidase activity ; GO:0003884'.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of nitrate from nitrite with the concomitant reduction of an acceptor.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of formate to produce carbon dioxide (CO2).
A protein complex that possesses NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific) activity. Homodimeric, trimeric, and heterotetrameric complexes have been identified.
NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase complex (AB-specific)
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).
A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. Part of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex. Catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group to form malonyl-CoA.
Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.
See also the molecular function term 'DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity ; GO:0003918'.
DNA topoisomerase complex (ATP-hydrolyzing)
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate.
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate and tRNA(Glu) to form glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).
Cysteine synthase is a multienzyme complex made up, in E. coli, of the heteromeric hexamer serine acetyltransferase and the homodimer O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase A.
Enzyme complex consisting of four proteins: the two subunits of the hydroxylase component (hcaE and hcaF), a ferredoxin (hcaC) and a ferredoxin reductase (hcaD). Converts 3-phenylpropionic acid (PP) into cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol (PP-dihydrodiol).
See also the molecular function term '3-phenylpropionate dioxygenase activity ; GO:0008695'.
OBSOLETE. An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of holo-[acyl-carrier protein] from CoA and apo-[acyl-carrier protein].
This term was made obsolete because the catalytic activity resides in a single polypeptide rather than a complex, and the complex is represented by a different GO term.
holo-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase complex
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation adenylylsulfate from sulfate and ATP.
sulphate adenylyltransferase complex (ATP)
sulfate adenylyltransferase complex (ATP)
A multisubunit iron flavoprotein, which in yeast is composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits. Catalyzes the reduction of sulfite to sulfide.
See also the molecular function term 'sulfite reductase (NADPH) activity ; GO:0004783'.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. Exodeoxyribonuclease V shows a preference for double-stranded DNA and possesses DNA-dependent ATPase activity. It acts endonucleolytically on single-stranded circular DNA.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-hydroxy acid to form 2-oxo acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The enzyme is a flavoprotein (FMN).
A heterodimeric enzyme, which in most bacterial species is composed of two subunits, ParC and ParE. Functions in chromosome segregation and can relax supercoiled DNA.
A protein complex that possesses beta-galactosidase activity, i.e. catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. In E. coli, the complex is a homotetramer; dimeric and hexameric beta-galactosidase complexes have been observed in other species.
A complex that possesses glutamate synthase (NADPH) activity.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein from biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Complex that possesses nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] activity.
See also the molecular function term 'nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] activity ; GO:0008942'.
A multimeric enzyme complex which, in bacteria, is usually a tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains and in eukaryotes, is usually a homodimer. Functions in the ligation of glycine and tRNA(Gly) to form glycyl-tRNA(Gly).
Citrate lyase is a multienzyme complex with three constituents: the alpha subunit, citrate-ACP transferase; the beta subunit, citryl-ACP lyase; and the gamma subunit, an acyl-carrier protein which also carries the prosthetic group components. All three subunits are required for citrate lyase enzyme activity.
A multienzyme complex that catalyzes the formation N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate from carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate. It exhibits a variety of architectural organizations, but in all microorganisms the core catalytic component is a homotrimer of approximately 34 kDa polypeptides.
Note that in eukaryotes, aspartate carbamoyltransferase is usually a single polypeptide, not a complex, and should therefore not be annotated to this component term.
A homotrimeric protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a carbamoyl group to ornithine, forming citrulline.
An flavoprotein that catalyzes the reaction the breakdown of dimethyl(ribityl)lumazine to form riboflavin and ribitylamino-amino-dihydroxypyrimidine.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the breakdown of ethanolamine to form acetaldehyde and ammonia.
OBSOLETE. An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl group from coenzyme A to dihydrolipoamide.
This term was made obsolete because dihydrolipoamide S-acyltransferase activity resides in a single polypeptide.
dihydrolipoamide S-acyltransferase complex
OBSOLETE. Complex that possesses dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity.
This term was made obsolete because the activity dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase is held by a single protein (Lpd1 in yeast), which is one of the components of three different complexes: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and branch chain amino acid dehydrogenase, so dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase is not a complex itself.
A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2) within the mitochondrial matrix. An example of this complex is found in Mus musculus.
See also the molecular functions term 'oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity ; GO:0004591', 'dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase activity ; GO:0004149' and 'dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0004148'.
mitochondrial oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
OBSOLETE. An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of succinyl-CoA to dihydrolipoamide to form S-succinyldihydrolipoamide. The enzyme is a component of the multienzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
This term was made obsolete because dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase itself is not a complex, it is a component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, the activity dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase is contained in a single polypeptide.
dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase complex
A DNA polymerase complex that contains two UmuD' and one UmuC subunits, and acts in translesion DNA synthesis.
A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity.
4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase complex
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from protein N(PI)-phosphohistidine to a sugar molecule. It is enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase complex
A protein complex that possesses polyphosphate kinase activity.
See also the molecular function term 'polyphosphate kinase activity ; GO:0008976'.
A protein complex that functions as an endonuclease to cleave DNA at or near a specific recognition site, when that site is unmethylated. These complexes may be dimers or tetramers; it is also possible for the endonuclease to be in a complex with the corresponding methyltransferase that methylates the recognition site. DNA restriction systems such as this are used by bacteria to defend against phage and other foreign DNA that may enter a cell.
Type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease complex
A DNA polymerase complex that contains two complexes of the catalytic alpha, beta, delta and epsilon polymerase/exonuclease subunits, plus the DnaX complex, a heptamer that includes the tau and gamma products of the dnaX gene and confers structural asymmetry that allows the polymerase to replicate both leading and lagging strands.
A heterodimeric enzyme complex, composed of an alpha and beta chain, most usually found in (but not limited to) bacteria. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP.
succinate-CoA ligase complex (ADP-forming)
A complex that possesses protein histidine kinase activity.
A multienzyme complex usually composed of four proteins, EntB, EntD, EntE and EntF. Plays a role in the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway.
OBSOLETE. An enzyme complex that catalyzes the cleavage of a Gly-Phe bond to release an N-terminal, basic peptide of 5-8 residues from type IV prepilin, and then N-methylates the new N-terminal amino group.
This term was made obsolete because prepilin peptidase is a single gene product, and there is no evidence that it acts as a multimer.
A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form.
Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
up regulation of transcription by pheromones
up-regulation of transcription by pheromones
upregulation of transcription by pheromones
activation of transcription by pheromones
stimulation of transcription by pheromones
positive regulation of transcription by pheromones
The process in which single-celled organisms monitor their population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules produced by the cells themselves.
Any process involving pheromones that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription.
regulation of transcription by pheromones
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin. Hydrogenase contains iron-sulfur clusters, and some contain nickel; it can use molecular hydrogen for the reduction of a variety of substances.
A protein complex that possesses ATP-dependent protease activity; consists of an ATPase large subunit with homology to other Clp family ATPases and a peptidase small subunit related to the proteasomal beta-subunits of eukaryotes. In the E. coli complex, six identical subunits of both the ATPase, ClpY, and the protease, ClpQ, self-assemble into an oligomeric ring, and two rings of each subunit, two ClpQ rings surrounded by single ClpY rings, form a dumbbell-shaped complex.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the ATP-dependent hydrolysis of peptide bonds in substrates including E. coli SulA and misfolded proteins.
Catalysis of the unwinding of the DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions.
A DNA helicase complex that forms part of a Holliday junction resolvase complex, where the helicase activity is involved in the migration of the junction branch point. The best-characterized example is the E. coli RuvAB complex, in which a hexamer of RuvB subunits possesses helicase activity that is modulated by association with RuvA.
Any of the protein complexes formed by the UvrABC excinuclease system, which carries out nucleotide excision repair. Three different complexes are formed by the 3 proteins as they proceed through the excision repair process. First a complex consisting of two A subunits and one B subunit bind DNA and unwind it around the damaged site. Then, the A subunits disassociate leaving behind a stable complex between subunit B and DNA. Now, subunit C binds to this B+DNA complex and causes subunit B to nick the DNA on one side of the complex while subunit C nicks the DNA on the other side of the complex. DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase can then repair the resulting gap.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid at sites flanking regions of damaged DNA to which the Uvr ABC excinuclease complexes bind.
Complex that possesses imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity.
imidazoleglycerol phosphate synthase complex
See also the molecular function term 'imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity ; GO:0000107'.
imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase complex
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.
rRNA (cytosine-C5-967)-methyltransferase activity
rRNA (cytosine-C5-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
ATP:N-acetylmannosamine 6-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphotransferase activity
acylmannosamine kinase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-6-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate.
N-acylmannosamine-6-P epimerase activity
N-acylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase activity
Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. The system requires the presence of a short ORF, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mRNA upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. Certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. The stalled ribosome masks a region of the mRNA and affects which of two alternative mRNA folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mRNA remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethyl sulfoxide + H+ = dimethyl sulfide + H2O.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of dimethyl sulfide from dimethyl sulfoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: GlcNAc-1,6-anhMurNAc-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-DAP-D-Ala + H2O glcNAc-1,6-anhMurNAc + L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-DAP-D-Ala.
N-acetyl-anhydromuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
2'-deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
folate and derivative biosynthetic process
folate-containing compound biosynthetic process
folic acid and derivative biosynthetic process
folic acid-containing compound anabolism
folic acid-containing compound biosynthesis
folic acid-containing compound formation
folic acid-containing compound synthesis
vitamin B9 and derivative biosynthetic process
vitamin M and derivative biosynthetic process
folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
folate-containing compound catabolic process
folic acid and derivative catabolic process
folic acid-containing compound breakdown
folic acid-containing compound catabolism
folic acid-containing compound degradation
vitamin B9 and derivative catabolic process
vitamin M and derivative catabolic process
folic acid-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
The process in which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.
receptor signalling protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
receptor signaling protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
The uptake and phosphorylation of specific carbohydrates from the extracellular environment; uptake and phosphorylation are coupled, making the PTS a link between the uptake and metabolism of sugars; phosphoenolpyruvate is the original phosphate donor; phosphoenolpyruvate passes the phosphate via a signal transduction pathway, to enzyme 1 (E1), which in turn passes it on to the histidine protein, HPr; the next step in the system involves sugar-specific membrane-bound complex, enzyme 2 (EII), which transports the sugar into the cell; it includes the sugar permease, which catalyzes the transport reactions; EII is usually divided into three different domains, EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC.
phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another.
Note that this term should not be used to annotate gene products that are involved in the host response to pathogenesis. It should only be used to annotate those gene products involved in the generation of pathogenesis by the pathogen itself.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a phenotype rather than a biological process.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xenobiotic compound stimulus. Xenobiotic compounds are compounds foreign to living organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
OBSOLETE. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heavy metal stimulus. Heavy metals are those metals that can form a coordination bond with a protein; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating flooding, short-term immersion in water.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to deep water ; GO:0030912'. Flooding refers to short-term immersion, whereas 'response to deep water ; GO:0030912' refers to standing in water throughout an organism's life cycle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
OBSOLETE. A class of proteins that are the subunit components of fimbria.
The long, slender, mid section of a pilus.
The pointed extremity furthest from the cell of a pilus.
The long (approximately 20 nm), thin external structure of the flagellum, which acts as a propeller. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
The proteinaceous structure at the distal tip of the flagellar filament. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
The region of the flagellum where the hook and filament meet. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
bacterial-type flagellum hook-filament junction
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the unsymmetrical ether derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and 5-phosphoshikimic acid formed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and many other compounds.
The portion of the flagellum that connects the filament to the basal body. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
One of the three major substructures of the flagellin-based flagellum; a structure consisting of a rod, a series of rings, the Mot proteins, the switch complex and the flagellum-specific export apparatus. The rings anchor the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane (MS ring), the peptidoglycan (P ring) and the outer membrane (L ring). Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
The portion of the central rod of the flagellar basal body that is distal to the cell membrane; spans most of the distance between the inner and outer membranes. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
flagellin-based flagellum basal body, distal rod
bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod
One of the rings of the flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the outer membrane. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
flagellar basal body, distal rod, L ring
flagellin-based flagellum basal body, distal rod, L ring
bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod, L ring
One of the rings of the flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the peptidoglycan layer. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
flagellin-based flagellum basal body, distal rod, P ring
flagellar basal body, distal rod, P ring
bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod, P ring
The portion of the central rod of the flagellar basal body that is proximal to the cell membrane; proximal rod connects the distal rod to the flagellar motor. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
flagellin-based flagellum basal body, proximal rod
bacterial-type flagellum basal body, proximal rod
One of the rings of the flagellar basal body; a double-flanged ring that anchors the basal body to the cytoplasmic membrane. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
flagellin-based flagellum basal body, MS ring
bacterial-type flagellum basal body, MS ring
An error-prone process for repairing damaged microbial DNA.
Cytoplasmic ring located at the base of the flagellar basal body; acts as a rotor; includes three switch proteins, which generate torque and can change their conformational state in a bimodal fashion, so that the motor direction can switch between clockwise and counterclockwise. Examples of this component are found in bacteria.
flagellin-based flagellum basal body, C ring
bacterial-type flagellum basal body, C ring
A long, whiplike protrusion from the surface of a eukaryotic cell, whose undulations drive the cell through a liquid medium; similar in structure to a cilium. The flagellum is based on a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
See also the cellular component term 'cilium ; GO:0005929'.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).
The pathways by which allantoin is processed and converted to ureidoglycolate, and then into metabolically useful substrates. E. coli are able to utilize allantoin as a sole nitrogen source under anaerobic conditions by converting it to ureidoglycolate; this may be further metabolized to produce glyoxylate and thence 3-phosphoglycerate, or alternatively oxidized to oxolureate, which can converted into oxamate and carbamoylphosphate. This may then be further metabolized to CO2, NH4+ and ATP.
allantoin catabolic process via ureidoglycolate
allantoin catabolism via ureidoglycolate
Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of pyruvate to acetylphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter metabolic process ; GO:0042133'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter biosynthetic process ; GO:0042136'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter catabolic process ; GO:0042135'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The term 'RNA editing' (GO:0016547) was merged into 'RNA modification' (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing.
The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent RNA polymerase II transcript.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to redox potential.
OBSOLETE. A group of small electron carriers, characteristic of anaerobic bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. Contain flavin mononucleotide.
OBSOLETE. A hemeprotein whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. This redox change involves a single electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom.
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome containing heme a.
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome containing noncovalently bound protoheme (iron protoporphyrin IX; heme b).
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome containing heme bound to the protein by one or, more (commonly two) thioether bonds involving sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues.
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome in which the prosthetic group is a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. This definition would appear to include siroheme proteins (e.g. nitrite and sulfite reductases), but these are not cytochromes.
OBSOLETE. Diheme cytochrome b; cytochrome b has the hemes b(562) and b(566) and is a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III. Cytochrome b6 is a component of bc complex acting between photosystems II and I of photosynthesis.
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome c that is an integral component of the mitochondrial respiratory complex III. Functions as an electron donor to cytochrome c.
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome c that is characteristic of green plants and transfers electrons to plastocyanin.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a class of gene products rather than a molecular function.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ubiquinol + O2 + 4 H+ = 2 ubiquinone + 2 H2O + 4 H+ [periplasmic space].
cytochrome bo3 ubiquinol oxidase activity
OBSOLETE. A small disulfide-containing redox protein that serves as a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase.
This term was made obsolete because it represent a gene product.
OBSOLETE. A copper-containing protein that acts as an electron carrier between methylamine dehydrogenase and cytochrome c.
OBSOLETE. A low molecular weight mononuclear iron protein involved in electron transfer, with an iron tetrahedrally coordinated by the sulfurs of four conserved cysteine residues.
OBSOLETE. A mononuclear iron entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system.
redox-active disulphide bond electron carrier
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a function.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
plastoquinol-plastocyanin reductase activity
plastoquinol/plastocyanin oxidoreductase activity
plastoquinol:oxidized-plastocyanin oxidoreductase activity
plastoquinol--plastocyanin reductase activity
A plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.
OBSOLETE. A series of membrane-linked oxidation-reduction reactions in which electrons are transferred from an initial electron donor through a series of intermediates to a final electron acceptor (usually oxygen).
This term was made obsolete because it represents a process.
A thylakoid membrane complex of chlorophylls a and b together with chlorophyll a-b binding proteins. In addition, LHCs contain a number of other proteins, the function of which is speculative, together with accessory pigments. The LHCs capture and transfer energy to photosystems I and II. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The nascent cell membrane and cell wall structure that forms between two daughter nuclei near the center of a dividing plant cell. It develops at the equitorial region of the phragmoplast. It grows outwards to join with the lateral walls and form two daughter cells.
A more or less rigid stucture lying outside the cell membrane of a cell and composed of cellulose and pectin and other organic and inorganic substances.
cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall
A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
A chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.
A circular DNA molecule containing plastid encoded genes.
A plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments.
A tightly wound cylinder of membrane that is located within the plasmodesmal pore and runs the length of the plasmodesma. The desmotubule likely provides a rigid stability to plasmodesmata and confers a fixed diameter and pore size to the plasmodesmal canal, and is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum in each of the adjacent cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum found in plasmodesmata, junctions connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
A plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.
A specialized form of peroxisome that contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway. The glyoxysome is found in some plant cells, notably the cells of germinating seeds.
Appressed thylakoid membranes that are part of a granum (stacked regions). A characteristic of these appressed regions is the preferential localization of photosystem II.
A colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.
Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem II.
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II
Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem I.
PSI associated light-harvesting complex I
Layer of intercellular material, chiefly pectic substances, cementing together the primary walls of contiguous cells.
A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species.
A photosystem that contains an iron-sulfur reaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, photosystem I functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin; in photosynthetic bacteria that have only a single type I photosystem, such as the green sulfur bacteria, electrons can go either to ferredoxin (Fd) -> NAD+ or to menaquinone (MK) -> Cytb/FeS -> Cytc555 -> photosystem I (cyclic photophosphorylation).
A photosystem that contains a pheophytin-quinone reaction center with associated accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, in the presence of light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone, whereas other photosynthetic bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis and oxidize other compounds to re-reduce the photoreaction center.
Fibrous structure (light microscope view) that arises between the daughter nuclei at telophase and within which the initial partition (cell plate), dividing the mother cell in two (cytokinesis), is formed. Appears at first as a spindle connected to the two nuclei, but later spreads laterally in the form of a ring. Consists of microtubules.
A flattened membranous vesicle containing cell wall components.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing a plastid and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope; also faces the plastid stroma.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the plastid envelope.
A plant cell wall that is still able to expand, permitting cell growth. Primary cell walls contain more pectin than secondary walls and no lignin is present.
A plant cell wall that is no longer able to expand and so does not permit growth. Secondary cell walls contain less pectin that primary cell walls. The secondary cell is mostly composed of cellulose and is strengthened with lignin.
The proteinaceous ground substance of plastids.
Unstacked thylakoids that connect the grana stacks through the stroma.
Sac-like membranous structures (cisternae) in a chloroplast combined into stacks (grana) and present singly in the stroma (stroma thylakoids or frets) as interconnections between grana. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
A photochemical system containing P700, the chlorophyll a dimer that functions as a primary electron donor. Functioning as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, it transfers electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin.
An integral membrane complex containing P680, the chlorophyll a molecule that functions as a primary electron donor. In the light, functioning as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, it transfers electrons from water to plastoquinone.
Catalysis of the reactions: zeaxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O; and antheraxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
zeaxanthin,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
This is a process composed of two reactions represented by the terms 'GO:0052662 : zeaxanthin epoxidase activity' and 'GO:0052663 : antheraxanthin epoxidase activity'.
A three dimensional regular lattice found in etioplasts. It is composed of a continuous system of tubules but when exposed to light the symmetrical arrangement is rapidly lost as tubules become pinched off into two dimensional sections of lattice. These for perforated sheets of membrane that move apart, extend and increase, finally establishing the typical granal and intergranal lamellae of the mature chloroplast.
Distinct stack of lamellae seen within chloroplasts. Grana contain the pigments, electron transfer compounds, and enzymes essential to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
The cavity enclosed within the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The protein complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in chloroplasts.
The space between the plasma membrane and the desmotubule of a plasmodesma.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasmodesma.
A microfibril composed of cellulose arranged in orthogonal layers. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of B(14) linked glucose subunits. It is a major component of plant cell walls. Higher plant microfibrils are about 10nm in diameter and extremely long in relation to their width. The cellulose molecules are oriented parallel to the long axis of the microfibril in a paracrystalline array, which provides great tensile strength. The microfibrils are held in place by the wall matrix and their orientation is closely controlled by the cell.
A plasmodesma that consists of a simple, single channel; found predominantly in young tissue and formed as a function of cell plate formation during cytokinesis.
A plasmodesma with a branched structure, often with many channels leading into a larger central cavity; found in older tissues and usually derived from preexisting primary plasmodesmata.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the megasporocyte to form four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. The two polar nuclei fuse resulting in a mononucleate diploid endosperm mother cell. The three antipodal cells degenerate.
The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
formation of generative and vegetative cells
The process in which the microsporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid microspores.
The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an antipodal cell.
The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which the two uncellularized polar nuclei cellularize, fuse and acquire the specialized features of a mononucleate diploid central cell.
embryo sac endosperm mother cell differentiation
female gametophyte central cell differentiation
The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation as the megaspore to the mature structure. The process begins when three of the four haploid megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center.
embryo sac development from the megaspore
The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell.
The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of a synergid cell.
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the 3n primary endosperm nucleus and then develops into the endosperm. The ploidy level of the 2n zygote and 3n primary endosperm nucleus is determined by the ploidy level of the parents involved. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm
Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in amyloplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.
Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in chloroplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chloroplast but excluding the thylakoid space. It contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a proplastid.
A complex, located in the chloroplast, containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
chloroplast ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex
A dense band of microtubules, 1-3 pm wide, that appears just beneath the cell membrane before the start of cell division in the cells of higher plants. It precedes the onset of prophase and then disappears as mitosis begins, yet it somehow determines the plane of orientation of the new cell plate forming in late telophase and marks the zone of the parental cell wall where fusion with the growing cell plate ultimately occurs.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chromoplast but excluding the photosynthetic material.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a leucoplast.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of an elaioplast.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of an etioplast but excluding the prothylakoid space. It contains the etioplast DNA.
A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.
A thylakoid is not considered an organelle, but some thylakoids are part of organelles.
The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV-A or blue light into a molecular signal; the UV-A, blue light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range of approximately 400-500 nm.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
detection of ultraviolet radiation stimulus
The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
OBSOLETE. The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a nutrient stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
GO:0009597 is not a child term of 'detection of symbiont ; GO:0009602' to allow annotation of a virus responding to another (often competing) virus.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a nematode is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from an insect is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiont (an organism living in close physical association with an organism of a different species) is received and converted into a molecular signal. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external source of stimulus, usually toward or away from it.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.
Specific posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of viral gene(s), and host gene(s) homologous to the viral genes. This silencing is triggered by viral infection, and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host and viral genes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a parasitic fungus, a fungus which spends all or part of its life in or on another organism from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an insect.
The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen.
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the plant. To annotate symbiont gene products that induce the hypersensitive response, consider the biological process term 'modulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death ; GO:0034053'.
The salicylic acid mediated response to a pathogen which confers broad spectrum resistance.
salicylic acid-dependent systemic resistance
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.
The orientation of plant parts under the stimulation of gravity.
Any process that increases freezing tolerance of an organism in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures.
This term was made obsolete because 'tolerance' implies a phenotype rather than a biological process.
This term was made obsolete because 'sensitivity/resistance' implies a phenotype rather than a biological process.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a herbicide stimulus. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of plants.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to a light stimulus, usually toward or away from it.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red or far red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation by the duration and nature of light, independent of photosynthesis.
Shade avoidance is a set of responses that plants display when they are subjected to the shade of another plant. It often includes elongation, altered flowering time, increased apical dominance and altered partitioning of resources. Plants are able to distinguish between the shade of an inanimate object (e.g. a rock) and the shade of another plant due to the altered balance between red and far-red light in the shade of a plant; this balance between red and far-red light is perceived by phytochrome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.
A response to light intensity in which exposure to medium-intensity light results in increased tolerance to high-intensity light.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.
response to low light intensity stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.
The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation in response to growth in darkness.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.
The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light.
Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils, in response to a touch stimulus, usually toward or away from it.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
A complex, composed of a cluster of manganese, calcium and chloride ions bound to extrinsic proteins, that catalyzes the splitting of water to O2 and 4 H+. In cyanobacteria there are five extrinsic proteins in OEC (PsbO, PsbP-like, PsbQ-like, PsbU and PsbV), while in plants there are only three (PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ).
The pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in higher plants, green algae and cyanobacteria that directly transfers electrons to the reaction center.
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex, LHCIIa subcomplex
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex, LHCIIc subcomplex
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex, LHCIId subcomplex
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex
Pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in plants, green algae and cyanobacteria. Involved in state transitions that cause migration to PSI under certain environmental conditions such as high light.
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, peripheral complex
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chloroplast.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an amyloplast. An amyloplast is a plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chromoplast. A chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an etioplast. An etioplast is a plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasmodesma, a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
plasmodesmata organization and biogenesis
A process that results in the assembly and arrangement of constituent parts of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall, or in the disassembly of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. This process is carried out at the cellular level. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall organization and biogenesis
plant-type cell wall organization and biogenesis
The partitioning of plastids between daughter cells at cell division.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer membrane of a plastid.
plastid outer membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the inner membrane of a plastid.
plastid inner membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of either of the lipid bilayers surrounding a plastid.
plastid membrane organization and biogenesis
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = sucrose(in) + monovalent cation(in).
sucrose:monovalent cation symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: triose-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = triose-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).
dihydroxyacetone phosphate:phosphate antiporter activity
triose-phosphate:phosphate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nitrate(out) + H+(out) = nitrate(in) + H+(in).
nitrate(chlorate):hydrogen symporter activity
nitrate(chlorate):proton symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: auxin(out) + H+(out) = auxin(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of phosphate from one side of the membrane to the other. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
low affinity phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Na+(out) = K+(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity
high affinity sulphate:hydrogen symporter activity
high affinity sulfate:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
low affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity
low affinity sulphate:hydrogen symporter activity
low affinity sulfate:hydrogen symporter activity
Rudimentary double fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the ventral canal cell nucleus to form a second zygote, which soon degenerates. An example of this process is found in the Gnetophytes, such as Welwitschia mirabilis.
double fertilization forming two zygotes
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, which generates a proton motive force.
proton-translocating pyrophosphatase activity
hydrogen-translocating pyrophosphatase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose(out) + H+(out) = hexose(in) + H+(in).
A response to non-pathogenic bacteria that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, low-molecular mass, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds that accumulate rapidly at sites of incompatible pathogen infection.
induction of phytoalexin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
ethene biosynthetic process from L-methionine
ethylene biosynthetic process from L-methionine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative with the formula (1R-(1 alpha, 2 beta(Z)))-3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose + ATP = beta-L-arabinose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:L-arabinose 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
NADH-dependent nitrate reductase activity
assimilatory NADH: nitrate reductase activity
assimilatory NADH:nitrate reductase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.6.1.
The greening response of plants grown in the dark (etiolated) as a result of chloroplast biogenesis and the accumulation of chlorophyll.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
membrane of vacuole with cell cycle-independent morphology
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope; also faces the chloroplast stroma.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.
benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate).
terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chalcones, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
flavonoid phytoalexin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.
anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
The series of events in which a hormone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an auxin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a cytokinin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethylene (ethene) stimulus.
The series of events in which an abscisic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
The series of events in which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an ethylene (ethene) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a gibberellic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a brassinosteroid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a sucrose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a hexose is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auxin stimulus.
The series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokinin stimulus.
A series of molecular signals induced by the detection of cytokinin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abscisic acid stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of abscisic acid.
abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gibberellin stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid.
gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brassinosteroid stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of brassinosteroid.
brassinosteroid mediated signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of sucrose.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and dependent on the detection of hexokinase.
A series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and independent of hexokinase.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus.
The series of events in which a salicylic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.
The series of events in which a jasmonic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Series of events required for a jasmonic acid stimulus to be detected and converted to a signal molecule.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hexose.
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbohydrate sources,usually glucose, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbohydrate source and to transport and metabolize alternate carbohydrate sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbohydrate levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbohydrates, and ends when the carbohydrate is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.
indole glucosinolate biosynthetic process
The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in the mesophyll cells to make a 4-carbon acid which is immediately converted to malic acid. The malic acid is then passed across to the bundle sheath cells where it is broken down again to pyruvic acid and CO2. The acid is passed back to the mesophyll cells to be used again, while the CO2 is fed into the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) and converted into sugar and starch.
The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to make malic acid. The malic acid is then passed into the vacuole where it is stored until daylight, when it is shuttled back out to be used as a substrate in the light reaction of photosynthesis.
The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NADP-malic enzyme.
The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NAD-malic enzyme.
The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK).
Absorption and transfer of the energy absorbed from light photons between photosystem reaction centers.
In the photosynthetic reaction centers, primary charge separation is initiated by the excitation of a molecule followed by the transfer of an electron to an electron acceptor molecule following energy transfer from light harvesting complexes.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
photosynthetic electron transport in cytochrome b6/f
photosynthetic electron transport in plastocyanin
photosynthetic electron transport in plastoquinone
After a photon of light is absorbed by one of the many chlorophyll molecules, in one of the light-harvesting complexes of an antenna on photosystem I, some of the absorbed energy is transferred to the pair of chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center.
photosynthesis, light harvesting in photosystem I
After a photon of light is absorbed by one of the many chlorophyll molecules, in one of the light-harvesting complexes of an antenna on photosystem II, some of the absorbed energy is transferred to the pair of chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center.
photosynthesis, light harvesting in photosystem II
Energized reaction-center P700 chlorophylls on photosystem I donate an electron to a loosely bound Quinone acceptor molecule X, on the stromal surface of the thylakoid membrane. The result is charge separation; a negative charge on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane and a positive charge on the luminal side.
primary charge separation in photosystem I
Energized reaction-center P680 chlorophylls on photosystem II donate an electron to a loosely bound acceptor molecule, the quinone Q, on the stromal surface of the thylakoid membrane. The result is charge separation; a negative charge on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane and a positive charge on the luminal side.
primary charge separation in photosystem II
A photosynthetic electron transport chain in which electrons move from the primary electron acceptor (Quinone, Q) through a chain of electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane until they reach the ultimate electron acceptor of Photosystem II, which is plastocyanin (PC). The electron is then passed to the P700 chlorophyll a molecules of the reaction centre of photosystem I.
photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II
A photosynthetic electron transport chain in which electrons move from the primary electron acceptor (Quinone, X) through a chain of electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane until they reach ferredoxin which passes the electron to the ultimate electron acceptor; NADP.
photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem I
Any metabolic process in which photosynthetic organisms use light energy to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water that occurs in phosphorylation.
A photosynthetic phosphorylation process in which ATP synthesis is driven by a proton gradient generated across the thylakoid membrane. Involves only photosystem I.
A photosynthetic phosphorylation process in which ATP synthesis is linked to the transport of electrons from water to NADP+ with the production of NADPH and dioxygen (O2). Involves photosystem I and photosystem II.
noncyclic photosynthetic phosphorylation
An NADPH regeneration process that contributes to the light reactions of photosynthesis. The light reactions of photosynthesis use energy from photons to generate high-energy electrons. These electrons are used directly to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. NADPH is a relatively stable molecule and can pass on its hydrogen atom to other molecules in chemical reactions.
OBSOLETE. Processes by which a molecule of water is oxidized during photosynthesis. P680+, the photochemically oxidized reaction-center chlorophyll of PSII, is a strong biological oxidant. The reduction potential of P680+ is more positive than that of water, and thus it can oxidize water to give O2 and H+ ions. The oxygen escapes as a gas while the H+ ions remain in solution inside the thylakoid vesicle.
The antenna complex of photosystem I. A photosystem has two closely linked components, an antenna containing light-absorbing pigments and a reaction center. Each antenna contains one or more light-harvesting complexes (LHCs).
The antenna complex of photosystem II. A photosystem has two closely linked components, an antenna containing light-absorbing pigments and a reaction center. Each antenna contains one or more light-harvesting complexes (LHCs).
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate.
transmembrane receptor histidine kinase activity
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by abscisic acid.
regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling
regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by abscisic acid.
down regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
down-regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
downregulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling
inhibition of abscisic acid mediated signaling
negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid mediated signal transduction.
positive regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling
up regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
up-regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
upregulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
activation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
stimulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling
positive regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
embryo development ending in seed dormancy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
control of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression
modulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle
regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle
regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
phenylpropenoic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
cinnamylic acid ester biosynthetic process
phenylacrylic acid ester biosynthetic process
cinnamic acid ester biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lignins, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving stilbenes, a class of polyketides formed from a molecule of cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl-CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction
response to pathogen (incompatible interaction)
defense response, incompatible interaction
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O(2) = CO(2) + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H(2)O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxygenase (ethylene-forming)
aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase activity
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase activity
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic bacteria
resistance response to pathogenic bacterium
response to pathogenic bacteria (incompatible interaction)
response to pathogenic bacterium (incompatible interaction)
defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response to fungus, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic fungi, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic fungus, incompatible interaction
defense response to fungi, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic fungus
response to pathogenic fungi (incompatible interaction)
response to pathogenic fungus (incompatible interaction)
defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
defence response to pathogenic protozoa, incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogenic protozoan, incompatible interaction
defence response to protozoan, incompatible interaction
resistance response to pathogenic protozoa
resistance response to pathogenic protozoan
response to pathogenic protozoa (incompatible interaction)
response to pathogenic protozoan (incompatible interaction)
defense response to protozoan, incompatible interaction
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of prolonged deprivation of water that restores that organism to a normal (non-stressed) condition.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as plant growth regulators.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
2-isopentenyl-diphosphate:AMP 2-isopentenyltransferase activity
2-isopentenyl-diphosphate:AMP delta2-isopentenyltransferase activity
adenylate dimethylallyltransferase activity
adenylate isopentenyltransferase activity
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:AMP dimethylallyltransferase activity
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in two or three [spatial] dimensions or along two or three axes.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
cell morphogenesis by unidimensional growth
Unidimensional cell growth refers to a change in both cell size and cell shape. For cell shape changes where cell size is not affected, consider instead the term 'regulation of cell shape ; GO:0008360' and its children.
The series of events leading to chemical and structural alterations of an existing cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall that can result in loosening, increased extensibility or disassembly. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall modification
The series of events causing chemical and structural alterations of an existing cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall that results in greater extensibility of the wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall loosening
The series of events resulting in chemical or structural alterations of existing cell walls that contribute to fruit ripening.
cell wall modification involved in fruit ripening
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of the cell wall that contributes to the process of abscission.
cell wall modification during abscission
cell wall modification involved in abscission
The series of events that occur during cell growth that result in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls of the type composed chiefly of cellulose and pectin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
cell wall modification during cell expansion
cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall modification during multidimensional cell growth
plant-type cell wall modification involved in multidimensional cell growth
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall biogenesis
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
cellulose and pectin-containing primary cell wall biogenesis
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
secondary cell wall biosynthetic process
cellulose and pectin-containing secondary cell wall biogenesis
plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis
An aging process that has as participant a fruit. Ripening causes changes in one or more characteristics of a fruit (color, aroma, flavor, texture, hardness, cell wall structure) and may make it more attractive to animals and aid in seed dispersal.
A fruit ripening process that involves a burst of respiration and ethylene (ethene) evolution at the onset.
A fruit ripening process that does not involve a respiratory burst.
OBSOLETE. The portion of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex that contains sites required for recognition (and recruitment) of the substrate to the complex.
SCF complex substrate recognition subunit
A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the chloroplast.
A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the mitochondrion.
A plastid that contains unstacked, phycobilisome-bearing thylakoid membranes and is surrounded by a double membrane with a peptidoglycan layer in the intermembrane space between the two envelope membranes. Cyanelles are characteristic of algae in the class Glaucophyta, and may represent an ancestral form of plastid.
A thylakoid found in a cyanelle, which is a type of plastid found in certain algae. The cyanelle contains a photosynthetic membrane resembling that of cyanobacteria.
OBSOLETE. The physiological and developmental changes by a seed, spore, pollen grain (microspore), or zygote that occur after release from dormancy, and encompassing events prior to and including the first visible indications of growth.
This term was made obsolete because it is a grouping term without biological significance.
The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a seed commencing with water uptake (imbibition) and terminating with the elongation of the embryonic axis.
The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a heterosporous plant pollen grain, beginning with hydration and terminating with the emergence of the pollen tube through the aperture.
The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a spore following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth (e.g. emergence from a spore wall).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid that occurs through metabolism of L-tryptophan.
indoleacetic acid anabolism via tryptophan
indoleacetic acid formation via tryptophan
indoleacetic acid synthesis via tryptophan
indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process via tryptophan
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
indoleacetic acid biosynthesis, tryptophan-independent
indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process, tryptophan-independent
tryptophan-independent IAA biosynthetic process
tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid anabolism
tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid biosynthesis
tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid formation
tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid synthesis
tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
A light-dependent catabolic process occurring concomitantly with photosynthesis in plants (especially C3 plants) whereby dioxygen (O2) is consumed and carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved. The substrate is glycolate formed in large quantities in chloroplasts from 2-phosphoglycolate generated from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the action of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; the glycolate enters the peroxisomes where it is converted by glycolate oxidase to glyoxylate which undergoes transamination to glycine. This then passes into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated forming one molecule of serine for every two molecules of glycine. This pathway also exists in photosynthetic bacteria.
The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.
The cascade of biological processes occurring in plants beginning when the pollen lands on the stigma and continuing up to, but not including, fertilization, as defined by sperm-central cell fusion.
OBSOLETE. An interaction between a pollen grain and pistil that results in unimpeded growth of the pollen tube through the stigma and style.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a phenotype.
The process in which water is taken up by pollen.
Growth of pollen via tip extension of the intine wall.
The jasmonic acid and ethylene (ethene) dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.
jasmonic acid and ethene-dependent systemic resistance
jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid involved in systemic acquired resistance.
salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway (systemic acquired resistance)
systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signalling pathway
systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid.
salicylic acid mediated signalling pathway
salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance.
induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway
jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway (induced systemic resistance)
induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway
The process in which the pollen tube adheres to cells of the stigma and style.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.
ethene mediated signaling pathway (induced systemic resistance)
ethylene mediated signaling pathway (induced systemic resistance)
induced systemic resistance, ethene mediated signaling pathway
induced systemic resistance, ethene mediated signalling pathway
induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signalling pathway
induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid.
jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway
jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
jasmonic acid and ethene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway
jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance)
jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance)
jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway
jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway
jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway
jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway
jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway
OBSOLETE. An interaction between a pollen grain and pistil that results in inhibition of pollen germination/growth.
A series of molecular signals that depends upon R-genes and is activated during defense response.
defence response signaling pathway, resistance gene-dependent
defence response signalling pathway, resistance gene-dependent
defense response signalling pathway, resistance gene-dependent
defense response signaling pathway, resistance gene-dependent
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
ethene mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance)
ethylene mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance)
jasmonic acid and ethene-dependent systemic resistance, ethene mediated signaling pathway
jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, ethene mediated signaling pathway
jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, ethene mediated signalling pathway
jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway
jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signalling pathway
jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway
OBSOLETE. A mechanism that functions to prevent self-fertilization in flowering plants that is determined by the diploid genotype of the parent plant. In sporophytic incompatibility the pollen does not germinate, consequently fertilization does not take place.
A series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene).
The interaction between a pollen grain and pistil.
The process in which pollen deposited on the stigma adheres to cells of the stigma.
The formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on plant roots.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nodule are generated and organized.
The establishment of an organism's body plan or a part of an organism such that it is symmetric around a central axis.
The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 400-470nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 660-730nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.
red/far-red light photoreceptor activity
red or far-red light photoreceptor activity
Combining with a cytokinin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a cytokinin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate.
transmembrane histidine kinase cytokinin receptor activity
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure
Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
negative regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
negative regulation of metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
positive regulation of metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
negative regulation of catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
positive regulation of catabolic process
The side of the plasma membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm.
The side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate.
ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing)
ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, ent-kaurene-forming)
The opening of an anther, fruit or other structure, which permits the escape of reproductive bodies contained within it.
The dehiscence of an anther to release the pollen grains contained within it.
The process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells migrate toward illuminated sites to optimize photosynthesis and move away from excessively illuminated areas to protect the photosynthetic machinery.
The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells avoid strong light and move away from it in order to preserve the photosynthetic machinery.
The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells move toward a brighter area in a cell to optimize photosynthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = ent-copalyl diphosphate.
ent-copalyl-diphosphate lyase (decyclizing)
ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a blue light photoperiod stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light photoperiod stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The flower is the reproductive structure in a plant, and its development begins with the transition of the vegetative or inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
negative regulation of flower development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
positive regulation of flower development
The process in which the cellular identity of auditory hair cells is acquired and determined.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.
The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process of loading sucrose into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink.
Catalysis of the oxidation of ubiquinol by diverting electrons from the standard electron transfer chain, transferring them from ubiquinol to oxygen and generating water as the product.
Catalysis of the removal of a C-5 double bond in the B ring of a sterol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydroepisterol = 24-methylenecholesterol.
OBSOLETE. The division of a cell into two daughter cells with cell walls.
This term was made obsolete because its meaning was changed significantly.
The cell cycle process in which the cell plate is formed at the equator of the spindle in the dividing cells during early telophase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
cell plate formation involved in cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall biogenesis
cell plate formation involved in plant-type cell wall biogenesis
The protein complex associated with the plasma membrane of certain plant cells (e.g. root cortex, epidermal cells) that functions to transport auxin out of the cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid (C-16 or longer) + 2-C = fatty acid (C-16 or longer + 2-C).
A tetrameric complex of four different subunits which catalyzes the elongation of fatty acids chains 2 carbon units at a time in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: octadecanal = heptadecane + CO.
The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.
The unidirectional movement of auxin in the stem from tip to base along the vector of gravity or basipetally.
Serves as a phospho-His intermediate enabling the transfer of phospho group between a hybrid kinase and a response regulator.
histidine phosphotransfer kinase activity
The side of the cell parallel to the zygotic axis.
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. These reactions are dependent on the presence of calcium ions.
calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Growth that occurs specifically at the tip of a cell.
Organization of a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation, thereby effecting growth and development of a plant by giving rise to more meristem or specialized tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meristem organization.
regulation of meristem structural organization
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of nutrients into a cell or organelle.
This term was made obsolete because "nutrient" is not defined, and does not have a consistent meaning.
OBSOLETE. A group of proteins located within the cell walls of plants, both dicots and grasses, that play an essential role in loosening cell walls during cell growth. They are hydrophobic, non glycosylated proteins of about 30kDa.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling.
regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signalling
regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
down regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
down-regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
downregulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
negative regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signalling
inhibition of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
negative regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
positive regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signalling
up regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
up-regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
upregulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
activation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
stimulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling
positive regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino terminal propeptide, which functions as a sorting signal to sort away the soluble vacuolar protein from Golgi to lytic vacuole via clathrin-coated vesicles.
amino-terminal vacuolar sorting propeptide binding
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the chloroplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the longitudinal axis. In plants, this is the axis that runs from the shoot to the root.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the adaxial / abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.
The process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the adaxial/abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.
polarity specification of adaxial/abaxial axis
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis that initiates at a point and radiates outward from the point.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the centrolateral axis. In plants, this axis is duplicated and runs from the midrib to the margin of the leaf.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis.
polarity specification of anterior/posterior axis
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the dorsal/ventral axis.
polarity specification of dorsal-ventral axis
polarity specification of dorsoventral axis
polarity specification of dorsal/ventral axis
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
anterior/posterior pattern specification
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).
The regionalization process in which differences in cell differentiation along the adaxial/abaxial are generated. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.
The regionalization process that results in defined areas around a point in which specific types of cell differentiation will occur.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The orientation of plant parts towards gravity.
The orientation of plant parts away from gravity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endosperm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endosperm is formed during fertilization and provides nutrients to the developing embryo.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid stimulus.
response to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
positive regulation of flavonoid anabolism
positive regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis
positive regulation of flavonoid formation
positive regulation of flavonoid synthesis
up regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
upregulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
activation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
stimulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
down regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
downregulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of flavonoid anabolism
negative regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis
negative regulation of flavonoid formation
negative regulation of flavonoid synthesis
inhibition of flavonoid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process
The process in which the anatomical structures of the leaf are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
positive regulation of signaling pathway
positive regulation of signalling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
negative regulation of signaling pathway
negative regulation of signalling pathway
negative regulation of signal transduction
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfate.
cellular response to sulphate starvation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the anastral spindle in male meiotic cells.
anastral spindle assembly involved in male meiosis
The removal of amino group in the presence of water.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
AMP, sulfite:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming)
AMP, sulfite:acceptor oxidoreductase (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming)
adenosine phosphosulfate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: zeinoxanthin + NADPH + O2 + H+ = lutein + NADP+ + H2O. Adds a hydroxyl group to the epsilon ring of the alpha-carotene.
zeinoxanthin epsilon hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alkene group + alcohol group on same molecule = cyclic ether. Substrates are 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4- hydroquinone (forms delta-tocopherol) and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (forms gamma-tocopherol).
Catalysis of the transfer of proteins from one side of the membrane to the other. Transportation is dependent on pH gradient across the membrane.
delta-pH-dependent protein transporter activity
pH-dependent protein transporter activity
proton motive force dependent protein transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.
(9Z,11E,14Z)-(13S)-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11,14-trienoate 12,13-hydro-lyase [(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate-forming]
Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into an unsaturated 16-carbon fatty acid in a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecule.
16:0 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol desaturase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of C-terminal glutamate residues from a wide range of N-acylating groups, including peptidyl, aminoacyl, benzoyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, folyl and pteroyl groups.
N-pteroyl-L-glutamate hydrolase activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product, and the substrate specificity it refers to is not cleanly defined.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA uridine = RNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in an RNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.
tRNA pseudouridylate synthase I activity
transfer RNA pseudouridine synthetase activity
transfer ribonucleate pseudouridine synthetase activity
Note that this term should not be confused with 'pseudouridylate synthase activity ; GO:0004730', which refers to the formation of free pseudouridine from uracil and ribose-5-phosphate.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of N-terminal tyrosine from a peptide.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: substrate + ATP = substrate-AMP + diphosphate.
This term was made obsolete because it does not refer to a specific reaction but rather to a process which results in the formation of AMP.
This term was made obsolete because there is no record of why it was added, and no evidence can be found to suggest that this activity exists.
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are attached (integrated or loosely bound) to the plasma membrane or cell wall.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Cell recognition between cells, usually involving the formation of specialized cell junctions.
Cell recognition that involves the interaction of the cell with the extracellular matrix.
Cell recognition involving the deposition of specific pathways in the extracellular matrix that guide migrating cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
The recognition of soluble molecules in the environment.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
down regulation of cell fate specification
down-regulation of cell fate specification
downregulation of cell fate specification
negative regulation of cell fate specification
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
down regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification
down-regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification
downregulation of cardioblast cell fate specification
inhibition of cardioblast cell fate specification
negative regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
down regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification
down-regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification
downregulation of retinal cone cell fate specification
negative regulation of retina cone cell fate specification
inhibition of retinal cone cell fate specification
negative regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
down regulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification
down-regulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification
downregulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification
negative regulation of auditory hair cell fate specification
suppression of auditory receptor cell fate
inhibition of auditory receptor cell fate specification
negative regulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements, including germ band extension, that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
gastrulation involving germ band extension
Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane, in the cortical cytosol, oriented mainly with their axes transverse to the long axis of the cell (and root in plants). In plants it influences the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition.
cortical microtubule, transverse to long axis
Protein translocon complex at the chloroplast outer membrane.
A heterotrimeric enzyme complex composed of three subunits, all of which are required for enzyme activity, which catalyzes the chelation of Mg by proto IX in an ATP-dependent manner.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.
The external (cytoplasmic face) of an endosome membrane.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with auxin, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-alpha-campestanaol + O2 = 6-deoxocathasterone + H2O.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, an auxin transport inhibitor.
Initiation of a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation, thereby effecting growth and development of a plant by giving rise to more meristem or specialized tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of roots are generated and organized. The root is the usually underground part of a seed plant body that originates from the hypocotyl, functions as an organ of absorption, aeration, and food storage or as a means of anchorage and support.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the shoot are generated and organized. The shoot is the part of a seed plant body that is usually above ground.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of far red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The process in which a molecular signal is transduced between the chloroplast and nucleus, such that expression of nuclear encoding photosynthetic proteins is coupled with chloroplast biogenesis.
The division of a chloroplast within a cell to form two or more separate chloroplast compartments. This division occurs independently of mitosis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages.
The process in which a meristem becomes determinate (i.e. ceases to produce lateral organs and may or may not terminally differentiate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proanthocyanidin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochromobilin, which involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase(HO) to form biliverdin IX alpha.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a trichome cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the thylakoid membrane.
thylakoid membrane organization and biogenesis
See also the cellular component term 'thylakoid membrane ; GO:0042651'.
A cyclic series of interconversions involving three xanthophylls, violoxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. The xanthophyll cycle is involved in regulating energy dissipation in light harvesting complex II.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of seed germination.
The organismal movement by which the tip of a plant organ follows a spiral pattern as a consequence of growth.
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a boron-containing substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nickel cation stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.
The process leading to the spontaneous opening of the fruit permitting the escape of seeds.
The process of thermal induction in plants in which flowering is promoted by exposure to low temperatures.
The process in which a plant acquires the ability to respond to a floral inductive signal.
Any process involved in the transition of a plant from a juvenile phase of vegetative development to an adult phase of vegetative development.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the patterning of the conducting tissues. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which a guard mother cell acquires the specialized features of a guard cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell in the root epidermis acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast or atrichoblast.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast, a root epidermal cell that will give rise to a root hair.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an atrichoblast, a root epidermal cell that will not give rise to a root hair.
The process involved in the specification of an atrichoblast.
The process involved in the specification of a trichoblast.
Any process that modulates atrichoblast fate specification.
regulation of atrichoblast fate specification
Any process that induces or promotes atrichoblast fate specification.
positive regulation of atrichoblast fate specification
Any process that suppresses atrichoblast fate specification.
negative regulation of atrichoblast fate specification
Any process that modulates trichoblast fate specification.
regulation of trichoblast fate specification
Any process that suppresses trichoblast fate specification.
negative regulation of trichoblast fate specification
Any process that induces or promotes trichoblast fate specification.
positive regulation of trichoblast fate specification
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic shoot are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary meristem over time, from formation to the mature structure, as it occurs during plant embryogenesis. The primary meristem tissue is the protoderm, ground meristem and procambium.
The formation of the primary meristem or meristematic tissue that gives rise to the ground tissues.
The formation of the primary meristem or meristematic tissue that gives rise to the primary vascular tissue.
The formation of the primary meristem or meristematic tissue that gives rise to the epidermis.
The division of the zygote in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the embryo sac to produce a larger basal cell near the micropyle and a small terminal cell close to what was the central cell and is now the developing endosperm. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
zygote asymmetric cytokinesis in embryo sac
The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials.
The specification of a meristem which will give rise to a primary or lateral root.
The specification of the meristem which will give rise to all post-embryonic above-ground structures of the plant as well as the non-root below-ground structures, such as rhizomes and tubers.
primary shoot apical meristem specification
Any process involved in maintaining the identity, size and shape of a meristem.
The process in which an organism retains a population of meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a meristem.
The process in which an organism retains a population of floral meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of inflorescence meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
maintenance of inflorescence meristem identity
The process in which an organism retains a population of root meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of vegetative meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
maintenance of vegetative meristem identity
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a floral meristem.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of an inflorescence meristem.
regulation of inflorescence meristem size
regulation of inflorescence meristem growth
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a root meristem.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a vegetative meristem.
regulation of vegetative meristem growth
The process in which the polarity of an organ axis is specified.
Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the proximal/distal axis.
polarity specification of proximal/distal axis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic root are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of phloem and/or xylem over time, from formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The formation of the principal food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant.
The formation of the principal water-conducting tissue of a vascular plant.
The process in which the structures of a hair cell (trichome) cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized epidermal cell is acquiring the specialized features of a hair cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
trichome cell morphogenesis during differentiation
Any process involved in the formation of branches in plant hair cells. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The regionalization process in which the identity of an organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which the identity of a floral organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires the carpel identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires petal identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires sepal identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires stamen or staminode identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the suspensor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The suspensor is the extension at the base of the embryo that anchors the embryo in the embryo sac and pushes it into the endosperm.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of photomorphogenesis.
Any process that stops, reduces or prevents photomorphogenesis.
negative regulation of photomorphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic root are generated and organized. The post-embryonic root is the root formed after the embryonic phase has been completed.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a lateral root are generated and organized. A lateral root is one formed from pericycle cells located on the xylem radius of the root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the stomatal complex are generated and organized. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene (ethene) mediated signaling.
regulation of ethene mediated signaling pathway
regulation of ethene mediated signalling pathway
regulation of ethylene mediated signalling pathway
regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) mediated signaling.
down regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway
down-regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway
downregulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of ethene mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of ethene mediated signalling pathway
negative regulation of ethylene mediated signalling pathway
inhibition of ethylene mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of iron ions.
cellular response to iron ion starvation
The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle.
The series of events in which a glutamine stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photosynthesis dark reaction.
regulation of photosynthesis, dark reaction
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the glyoxysome. A glyoxysome is a microbody that contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.
regulation of systemic acquired resistance
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.
down regulation of systemic acquired resistance
down-regulation of systemic acquired resistance
downregulation of systemic acquired resistance
inhibition of systemic acquired resistance
negative regulation of systemic acquired resistance
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis
regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
positive regulation of abscisic acid anabolism
positive regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis
positive regulation of abscisic acid formation
positive regulation of abscisic acid synthesis
up regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process
upregulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process
activation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process
stimulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process
Protection mechanism used by plants under conditions of excess energy absorption as a consequence of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
The process of opening or closing of stomata, which is directly related to the stomatal conductance (measuring rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide (CO2) through stomata).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal movement.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline, via ornithine.
arginine breakdown to proline via ornithine
arginine degradation to proline via ornithine
arginine catabolic process to proline via ornithine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including alanine, via ornithine.
arginine breakdown to alanine via ornithine
arginine degradation to alanine via ornithine
arginine catabolic process to alanine via ornithine
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate to form butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol.
acetate fermentation to butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol
acetate catabolic process to butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylacetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.
The chemical reactions using mycothiol to convert an alkylating agent to an S-conjugate of mycothiol. The latter is cleaved to release mercapturic acid which is excreted from the cell.
mycothiol-dependent detoxification of alkylating agent
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its ligation to Coenzyme A to form benzoyl-CoA, which is then broken by an aerobic or anaerobic pathway.
benzoate catabolic process via CoA ligation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, a alicyclic acid, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic cyclohexane-1-carboxylate breakdown
anaerobic cyclohexane-1-carboxylate catabolism
anaerobic cyclohexane-1-carboxylate degradation
anaerobic cyclohexane-1-carboxylate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic ethylbenzene catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose by the enzymatic action of either invertase or sucrose synthase.
sucrose breakdown, using invertase or sucrose synthase
sucrose catabolism, using invertase or sucrose synthase
sucrose degradation, using invertase or sucrose synthase
This term was made obsolete because it describes two different routes of sucrose catabolism, both of which are represented by molecular functions.
sucrose catabolic process, using invertase or sucrose synthase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside which functions as a plant defense compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate.
The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is activated, reduced and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the activated sulfate, adenylyl-sulfate, is reduced to sulfite by the activity of adenylyl-sulfate reductase.
sulphate assimilation via adenylyl sulphate reduction
sulfate assimilation via adenylyl sulfate reduction
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ureide, allantoin and allantoate, which are the organic forms of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ureide, which is the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants with the release of ammonium.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ureide, the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants, from IMP, which is synthesized de novo during nitrogen fixation by roots.
The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine ribonucleosides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine ribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.
The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis.
OBSOLETE. The pathway by which adenine, hypoxanthine and their nucleosides from purine nucleotides breakdown are converted back to purine nucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de-novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
This term was made obsolete because it represents multiple processes that are represented elsewhere in the process ontology.
OBSOLETE. The pathway by which guanine, xanthine and their nucleoside from purine nucleotides breakdown are converted back to purine nucleotides. The pathway is important in cells where there is no de-novo purine nucleotides biosynthesis.
The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols.
farnesyl diphosphate anabolism, mevalonate pathway
farnesyl diphosphate formation, mevalonate pathway
farnesyl diphosphate synthesis, mevalonate pathway
farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cutin, a waxy substance, which combined with cellulose forms a substance nearly impervious to water and constituting the cuticle in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.
pyridoxal phosphate anabolism from pyridoxamine
pyridoxal phosphate formation from pyridoxamine
pyridoxal phosphate synthesis from pyridoxamine
vitamin B6 biosynthesis from pyridoxamine
vitamin B6 biosynthetic process from pyridoxamine
pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process from pyridoxamine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
Release of water by the plant into the air as water vapor mainly through leaves.
OBSOLETE. A preprogrammed process associated with the dismantling of an anatomical structure and an overall decline in metabolism. This may include the breakdown of organelles, membranes and other cellular components. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana, when older leaves or floral organs are shed.
This term was made obsolete because its name is ambiguous and it is covered by the two more specific terms: 'organ senescence ; GO:0010260' and 'cell aging ; GO:0007569'.
The process that occurs in a leaf near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, loss of functional chloroplasts, and an overall decline in metabolism.
Expansion of the chloroplast that usually precedes division.
The final stages of microgametogenesis after the trinucleate stage has been reached resulting in viable pollen grains.
OBSOLETE. Cell expansion that results in an increase in cell size along the axis of an organ in a polarized fashion.
This term was made obsolete because it did not represent a process discrete from its sibling terms.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit is a reproductive body of a seed plant.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
OBSOLETE. Formation and development of sporocyte, the haploid spores of angiosperms which are initiated by the differentiation of a subset of floral cells into sporocytes, which then undergo meiotic divisions to form microspores and megaspores.
This term was made obsolete because it was incorrectly defined.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chlorate stimulus.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an abaxial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The regionalization process in which information that determines the correct position at which organ primordia are formed is generated and perceived resulting in correct positioning of the new organ.
The regionalization process that specifies organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
A dormancy process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken in a seed. Seed dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth in a seed, including the embryo contained therein, that can be reactivated. It often requires special conditions for reactivation, such as specific temperature, scarification, or leaching of inhibitors.
The directed, energized, high affinity movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle, driven by cation symport with hydrogen or sodium ions.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cesium stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving wax, a compound containing C16 and C18 fatty acids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrate stimulus.
A novel compartment found in plant cells that is derived from the ER. The structures have a characteristic shape and size (10 mm long and 0.5 mm wide) and are surrounded with ribosomes. They have been found in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species.
A large (200-800 kDa) multiprotein complex formed by 70-kDa and 5-kDa myrosinases, myrosinase- binding proteins (MBPs), MBP-related proteins and myrosinase-associated proteins. The complex has been identified in Brassica napus seeds.
Complex that catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose and pyrophosphate from glucose-1-phosphate and ATP. In plants, the complex is a heterotetramer composed of two types of subunits (small and large). In bacteria, the enzyme complex is composed of four identical subunits.
glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase complex
The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic soma are generated and organized.
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleoside, from one side of a membrane to the other, up a concentration gradient.
concentrative nucleoside transporter activity
nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity, against a concentration gradient
Catalysis of the transfer of amino alcohol sphingosine from one side of the membrane to the other.
sphingosine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisate + phytyl diphosphate + H+ = 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone + CO2 + diphosphate. 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone is also known as 2-methyl-6-phytylplastoquinol.
homogentisate phytyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = 2-(2'-methylthio)ethylmalic-acid + coenzyme A + H+.
2-(2'-methylthio)ethylmalate synthase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of the amide bond between IAA (auxin) and the conjugated amino acid.
IAA-amino acid conjugate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-alanine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + L-alanine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme thioglucosidase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FMN, flavin mononucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.
The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.
The process in which the growth of pollen tube is directed towards the female gametophyte.
The directed movement of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
positive regulation of cellular defence response
up regulation of cellular defense response
up-regulation of cellular defense response
upregulation of cellular defense response
stimulation of cellular defense response
positive regulation of cellular defense response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a microbial phytotoxin stimulus. A microbial phytotoxin is a chemical substance produced by microbes which is toxic to plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
Formation of cytochrome b6f complex, a complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving microRNA, a large family of 21-22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs with presumed post-transcriptional regulatory activity.
This term was made obsolete because it implies further processing of an end product rather than its production.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of microRNA, a large family of 21-22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs with presumed post-transcriptional regulatory activity.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a process that is not known to occur.
The process to maintain the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage.
The merging of the polar nuclei, the two nuclei contained within the same cell that are created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction. Polar nuclear fusion takes place in the ovule, forming in the fusion nucleus and giving rise to the endosperm when fertilized.
Synergid cells undergo degeneration and death in response to penetration by the pollen tube. It is an active process that involves a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.
The process in which boundaries between lateral organs and the meristem is established and maintained.
organ boundary specification between lateral organs and the meristem
A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chitin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a continuous far red light stimulus by the high-irradiance response system. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. The activity of the high-irradiance response system is characterized by stronger effects of continuous than pulsed light at equal total fluence.
response to continuous far red light stimulus by the high-irradiance response system
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low fluence red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Low fluence red light is defined in this case as short pulses of red light followed by darkness, providing a light level of 0.001-0.1 mmol/m2/sec.
response to low fluence red light stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low fluence red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Very low fluence red light is defined in this case as short pulses of red light followed by darkness, providing light levels of less than 0.001 mmol/m2/sec.
response to very low fluence red light stimulus
A series of molecular signals that is activated during defense response and does not depend upon R-genes.
defence response signaling pathway, resistance gene-independent
defence response signalling pathway, resistance gene-independent
defense response signaling pathway, resistance gene-independent
The mechanism by which high light intensity inhibits photosynthesis through inactivation of the D1 protein of photosystem II.
Proteolysis of the damaged D1 protein and re-assembly of a new D1 subunit in the Photosystem II following photoinhibition.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a photosystem II complex on thylakoid membrane. In plants, the photosystem II complex consists of over 20 polypeptides encoded by either nuclear or chloroplast genome.
The formation of reticulate pollen wall pattern consisting of two layers, exine and intine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vacuolar sorting signal, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the vacuole.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-phenylalanine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + phenylalanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-leucine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + L-leucine.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
A DNA repair process that is involved in repairing UV-induced DNA damage under non-photoreactivating conditions. The mechanism by which this repair process operates has not yet been completely elucidated.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seed coat over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellulose microfibril, any of the cellulose structures laid down in orthogonal layers in a plant cell wall.
Any process involved in maintaining the methylation state of a nucleotide sequence.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of aluminum ions at the level of a cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that activates or induces the rate of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
positive regulation of vernalization response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
down regulation of vernalization response
down-regulation of vernalization response
downregulation of vernalization response
negative regulation of vernalization response
Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the stem of vascular plants.
The process that gives rise to secondary (or auxiliary or axillary) shoots in plants. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. These secondary shoots originate from secondary meristems initiated in the axils of leaf primordia. Axillary meristems function like the shoot apical meristem of the primary shoot initating the development of lateral organs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 290 to 320 nm.
response to medium wave ultraviolet light stimulus
response to medium wave ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 290 nm.
response to germicidal ultraviolet light stimulus
response to germicidal ultraviolet radiation stimulus
response to shortwave ultraviolet light stimulus
response to shortwave ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.
The controlled shedding of floral organs.
The process involved in transforming a meristem that produces vegetative structures, such as leaves, into a meristem that produces reproductive structures, such as a flower or an inflorescence.
transition from vegetative to reproductive phase
vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inflorescence over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Alternative respiration pathway consumes oxygen, oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and generates water. During electron flow, proton motive force is diminished resulting in fewer molecules of ATP compared to cytochrome pathway. The pathway is found in plants, algae and some protozoa.
Any process that maintains a seed in a dormant state.
The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.
The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a phloem tissue or in the phloem membrane.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a tapetal cell of anthers in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The stereotyped symmetric cell division by which guard mother cell give rise to stomatal guard cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a proline stimulus.
Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the chloroplast genome into mature mRNAs.
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). This complex is found in plant plastids and is distinct from the one found in mitochondria.
The three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene to form ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate, kaurenoic acid. This process may be carried out entirely by the enzyme ent-kaurene oxidase.
ent-kaurene oxidation to ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate
ent-kaurene oxidation to kaurenoic acid by ent-kaurene oxidase
Note that this term was in molecular function but was moved to biological process as it represents three successive reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2O = O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-. The evolution of oxygen from oxidizing water is carried out by the oxygen evolving complex in photosystem II of plants. P680+, the photochemically oxidized reaction-center chlorophyll of PSII, is a strong biological oxidant. The reduction potential of P680+ is more positive than that of water, and thus it can oxidize water to give O2 and H+ ions. The oxygen escapes as a gas while the H+ ions remain in solution inside the thylakoid vesicle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic nitrogen stimulus. An organic nitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a low fluence blue light stimulus by the blue low-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue low-fluence system responds to blue light at or below 0.1 micromols/m2. In certain species excitation of the blue low fluence system induces the transcription of a number of nuclear and plastid coded genes.
response to low fluence blue light by blf system
response to low fluence blue light stimulus by blue low-fluence system
Formation of radial microtubular systems during male meiotic cytokinesis in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I component of pectin, a rhamnose-rich pectic polysaccharide.
rhamnogalacturonan I biosynthetic process
The series of events in which a phosphate ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient
The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxin conjugates, a bound form of auxin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-methyl-methionine (SMM) from methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine (Ado-Met), catalyzed by methionine S-methyltransferase (MMT). SMM can be reconverted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.
A homeostatic process that maintains an endogenous steady-state concentration of primary auxin, or constant level of auxin in a biological system, by a number of biochemical processes including transport, biosynthesis, catabolism and conjugation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the floral nectaries over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a change in the level of mono- and disaccharide glucose trigger the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form NADH:plastoquinone dehydrogenase complex, which is involved in the non-photochemical reduction of plastoquinones, as well as the cyclic electron transport around photosystem I.
NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone) assembly
An aging process that has as participant a whole multicellular organism. Multicellular organism aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Multicellular organisms aging includes processes like cellular senescence and organ senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) of an organism and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
The process that occurs in an organ near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, and an overall decline in metabolism. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Initiation of a somatic embryo-an embryo arising from previously differentiated somatic cells, rather than from fused haploid gametes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.
tricyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthesis
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B1 stimulus.
Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form trans-acting small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. ta-siRNAs arise from PolII genes and function like miRNAs to guide cleavage of target mRNAs.
RNA interference, production of ta-siRNAs
production of ta-siRNAs involved in RNA interference
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of brassinosteroids within an organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II on thylakoid membrane. In plants, the photosystem II OEC consists of three extrinsic nuclear-encoded polypeptides: PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ; and protects the CaMn4 cluster bound to D1 and CP43 proteins.
photosystem II oxygen evolving complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chlorophyll.
regulation of chlorophyll catabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silver ion stimulus.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion.
Growth or movement in a sessile organism toward or away from water, as of the roots of a plant.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex, which is involved in electron transport from an unidentified electron donor, possibly NAD(P)H or ferredoxin(Fd) to the plastoquinone pool.
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone) assembly
Catalysis of the reaction: phytol + CTP = phytyl monophosphate + CDP + H+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
chlorophyllide a:oxygen 7-oxidoreduction activity
This is a process composed of two reactions represented by the terms 'GO:0052606 : chlorophyllide a oxygenase activity' and 'GO:0052607 : 7-hydroxy-chlorophyllide a oxygenase activity'.
chlorophyllide a oxygenase [overall] activity
The protein transport machinery of the chloroplast outer membrane that contains at least three components Toc159, Toc75 and Toc34, interacts with precursor proteins which are imported into the chloroplast in a GTP dependant manner.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetic acid + an amino acid = an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate.
IAA amino acid conjugate synthetase activity
indole-3-acetic acid amido synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucose + NADPH + H+ = UDP-L-rhamnose + NADP+ + H2O.
UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase-4-reductase activity
A lytic vacuole that is maintained at acidic pH and has different tonoplast composition compared to the central vacuole. Found during leaf senescence and develops in the peripheral cytoplasm of cells that contain chloroplast.
Catalysis of the reaction: pinoresinol + NADPH + H+ = lariciresinol + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: lariciresinol + NADPH + H+ = secoisolariciresinol + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+).
LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
LL-diaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
LL-diaminopimelate transaminase activity
L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
Any process that increases heat tolerance of an organism in response to high temperatures.
A lipoprotein particle present in chloroplasts. They are rich in non-polar lipids (triglycerides, esters) as well as in prenylquinones, plastoquinone and tocopherols. Plastoglobules are often associated with thylakoid membranes, suggesting an exchange of lipids with thylakoids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pectidic homogalacturonan, characterized by a backbone of (1->4)-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3.
Enables the directed movement of chlorophyll catabolites such as non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs), from one side of the membrane to the other.
chlorophyll catabolite transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + O2 = C3-hydroxylated carotene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. This is a general reaction to represent the C3 hydroxylation of the beta ring of a carotene.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP(out) + GDP(in) = GTP(in) + GDP(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = abscisate + H(2)O(2) + H(+).
abscisic-aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + UDP-D-glucose = abscisic acid glucose ester + UDP.
abscisic acid glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (+)-8'-hydroxyabscisate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
abscisate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8'-hydroxylating)
ABA 8'-Hydroxylase activity, Abscisate 8'-hydroxylase activity
(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester + H2O = protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine + methanol + H+.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heteropolysaccharides. A heteropolysaccharide is a glycan composed of more than one type of monosaccharide residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrocamalexic acid = camalexin + CO2 + H+.
dihydrocamalexic acid decarboxylase activity
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cobalt ion. These include transport of cobalt away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cobalt ion.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + xanthoxin = (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1,6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha- and beta-limit dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen, and in amylopectin and pullulan.
dextrin alpha-1,6-glucanohydrolase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one or more components of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II.
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II catabolic process
Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the leaf of vascular plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5 - 10KDa) pectic polysaccharide, conserved in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms.
rhamnogalacturonan II biosynthetic process
Modulates the enzyme activity of acetylglutamate kinase.
acetylglutamate kinase regulator activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.
2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-thiomethylpent-1-ene dioxygenase activity
1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate- and CO-forming)
acireductone dioxygenase (Ni2+-requiring) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-thiomethylpent-1-ene dioxygenase
1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase activity
1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate-forming)
acireductone dioxygenase (Fe2+-requiring) activity
acireductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring] activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolism
regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process
The process that gives rise to a lateral root. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A lateral root primordium represents an organized group of cells derived from the root pericycle that will differentiate into a new root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of zinc ion. These include transport of zinc away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of zinc ion.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phytochrome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.
phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate binding
The process involved in the transport of auxin out of the cell.
Heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate into D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex
Refers to the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric complex that possesses pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity.
pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex, alpha-subunit complex
Refers to the beta subunit of the heterodimeric complex that possesses pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity.
pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex, beta-subunit complex
Thin filamentous structure extending from the surface of all plastid types examined so far, including chloroplast, proplastid, etioplast, leucoplast, amyloplast, and chromoplast. In general, stromules are more abundant in tissues containing non-green plastids, and in cells containing smaller plastids. The primary function of stromules is still unresolved, although the presence of stromules markedly increases the plastid surface area, potentially increasing transport to and from the cytosol. Other functions of stromules, such as transfer of macromolecules between plastids and starch granule formation in cereal endosperm, may be restricted to particular tissues and cell types.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide linkages in oligopeptides or polypeptides by a reaction mechanism in which arginine or lysine residues act as nucleophiles.
This term was made obsolete because it was defined incorrectly: there are no known peptidases using a catalytic mechanism involving arginine and lysine, and the Arabidopsis metacaspases that prompted addition of this term are in fact cysteine-type endopeptidases.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vegetative phase change. Vegetative phase change is the set of post-embryonic processes involved in the transition of a plant from a juvenile phase of vegetative development to an adult phase of vegetative development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
down regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway
down-regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway
downregulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway
inhibition of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway
negative regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway
The infolding of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs, such as raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and other molecules with a higher degree of galactosyl polymerization).
raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis
raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the reaction: methionine + a 2-oxo acid = 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate + an amino acid.
methionine-oxo-acid transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol = CoA + (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate.
acetyl CoA:(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of auxin, from one side of a membrane to the other, into a cell.
auxin influx transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of auxin, from one side of a membrane to the other, out of a cell.
auxin efflux transmembrane transporter activity
A large, multimeric protein complex, organized in a rosette, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of cellulose for the plant cell wall.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with gibberellins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Catalysis of the formation of cyclic terpenes through the cyclization of linear terpenes (e.g. isopentenyl-PP, geranyl-PP, farnesyl-PP and geranylgeranyl-PP) containing varying numbers of isoprene units.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate = a sesquiterpene + diphosphate. Sesquiterpenes are terpenes containing three isoprene units, i.e. 15 carbons.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of non-ionic solutes (e.g. mannitol, sorbitol) in the environment.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of gibberellic acid; may involve transport, biosynthesis, catabolism or conjugation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving salicylic acid.
regulation of salicylic acid metabolic process
The process that gives rise to a leaf. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The side of the cell wall that is opposite to the side that faces the cell and its contents.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carboxyl group of an acceptor molecule to form a methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a gibberellin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a gibberellin methyl ester.
gibberellin carboxyl-O-methyltransferase activity
The separation of the multi-nucleate endosperm into individual cells. In many plant species, the endosperm that nurtures the embryo in the seed initially develops as a syncytium. This syncytial phase ends with simultaneous partitioning of the multi-nucleate cytoplasm into individual cells, a process referred to as cellularization.
Programmed cell death induced by singlet oxygen. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a seed oilbody. Seed oilbodies are simple organelles comprising a matrix of triglyceride surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded and covered with unique proteins called oleosins. Seed oilbodies supply the energy requirements for the growth of the seedling after germination.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of suberin monomers and suberin polyesters. Suberin monomers are derived from fatty acids and trans-cinnamic acids. The monomers are then cross-linked with glycerols.
The process that gives rise to a shoot. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactose-1-phosphate + H2O = L-galactose + phosphate.
L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Li+(in) + H+(out) = Li+(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactose + NAD+ = L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of magnesium.
cellular response to magnesium starvation
The directed movement of lithium ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lithium ion out of a cell or organelle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trehalose stimulus.
Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to homogentisic acid.
homogentisate prenyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + farnesyl diphosphate = 2-methyl-6-farnesylplastoquinol.
homogentisate farnesyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + geranylgeranyl diphosphate = 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylplastoquinol.
homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate + 3 H+ = 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinonone + CO2 + diphosphate. 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinonone is also known as 2-methyl-6-solanesylplastoquinol and all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate as solanesyl diphosphate.
homogentisate solanesyltransferase activity
The developmental process that pertains to the organization of a leaf in three-dimensional space once the structure has initially formed.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.
negative regulation of anion channel activity
Any process in which blue light modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
regulation by blue light of anion channel activity
regulation of anion channel activity by blue light
Any process in which blue light stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.
negative regulation by blue light of anion channel activity
inhibition by blue light of anion channel activity
negative regulation of anion channel activity by blue light
Any endogenous process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the plant hypersensitive response.
regulation of plant hypersensitive response
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the plant. To annotate genes in a symbiont, consider the biological process term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'.
regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an ethylene biosynthetic process.
regulation of ethylene biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ethylene biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of ethylene biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ethylene biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of ethylene biosynthetic process
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages. Isoamylases in animals are localized in the extracellular space.
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages. Isoamylases in plants are intracellular and probably chloroplast localized.
A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions of one or more chromosomes form a compact structure.
A chromocenter adjacent to the nucleolus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellins.
regulation of gibberellic acid biosynthetic process
regulation of gibberellin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellins.
positive regulation of gibberellic acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of gibberellin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellins.
negative regulation of gibberellic acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of gibberellin biosynthetic process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatal complex over time from its formation to the mature structure. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
The regionalization process of establishing the non-random spatial arrangement of stomatal complex on the surface of a leaf. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
The process that gives rise to the stomatal complex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stomatal guard cell. Guard cells are located in the leaf epidermis and pairwise surround stomatal pores, which allow CO2 influx for photosynthetic carbon fixation and water loss via transpiration to the atmosphere.
The process in which the circadian clock maintains robust and accurate timing over a broad range of physiological temperatures. The circadian clock is an endogenous 24-h timer found in most eukaryotes and in photosynthetic bacteria. The clock drives rhythms in the physiology, biochemistry, and metabolism of the organisms.
regulation of the circadian clock by temperature
temperature compensation of the circadian clock
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phaseic acid (PA), a catabolite of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors.
regulation of chlorophyll biosynthetic process
The process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a location adjacent to the chloroplast.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall polysaccharides.
cell wall polysaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall peptidoglycan, a group of glycoproteins that consist of a core-protein backbone O-glycosylated by one or more complex carbohydrates.
cell wall proteoglycan metabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded methylated DNA. Cytosine methylation in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a signalosome.
The modification of cullins by removal of ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1).
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
The modification of histones by addition of a single ubiquitin group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-glucose as single side-units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactoglucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) decorated with a mixture of D-glucose and D-galactose side-units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galacturonan, a pectin polymer containing a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving homogalacturonan, a pectin characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI), a branched pectin with a backbone of alternating alpha-(1->2)-linked rhamnose and alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues that carries neutral side-chains of predominantly beta-(1->4)-D-galactose and/or alpha-(1->5)-L-arabinose residues attached to the rhamnose residues of the RGI backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5-10KDa) pectic polysaccharide. The backbone of RG-II contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the pectic apiogalacturonan, characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues substituted with apiose and apiobiose (D-apiofuranosyl-beta-(1->3)-D-apiose) side chains via O-2 or O-3 links.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylogalacturonan, a pectin characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues substituted on C-3 with beta-D-xylopyranose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the alternating alpha-(1->2)-linked rhamnose and alpha-(1->2)-linked B-galacturonic acid residues of the rhamnogalacturonan I backbone.
rhamnogalacturonan I backbone metabolism
rhamnogalacturonan I backbone metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of the pectin, rhamnogalacturonan I.
rhamnogalacturonan I side chain metabolism
rhamnogalacturonan I side chain metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactan, a polymer of D-galactosyl units that can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabinan, a polymer with an alpha-(1->5)-linked L-arabinofuranose (Araf) backbone that can be substituted with Araf-alpha-(1->2)-, Araf-alpha-(1->3)-, and/or Araf-alpha-(1->3)-Araf-alpha-(1->3)-side chains. Arabinan can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinogalactan I, an alpha-(1,4)-linked D-galactopyranose backbone that is substituted with alpha-l-Araf residues via the O-3 of the D-galactose residues. Arabinogalactan I can be found as a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I.
pectic arabinogalactan I metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein that consist of a core-protein backbone O-glycosylated by one or more complex carbohydrates.
cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein metabolism
cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein, which is composed of a group of core protein of highly varying length and domain complexity. These are O-glycosylated at one or more hydroxyproline residues by arabinogalactan (AG) type II groups, which consist of (1->3)-beta-galactan and (1->6)-beta-linked galactan chains connected to each other by (1->3,1->6)-linked branch points, O-3 and O-6 positions substituted with terminal arabinosyl residues. Also, rhamnose, fucose, glucuronic and galacturonic acid can be present in the glycan structures.
arabinogalactan protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein, which is composed of a group of core protein containing Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly as the major amino acid constituents, and the C-terminus is GPI anchored.
classical-arabinogalactan protein metabolism
classical arabinogalactan protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein where other amino acids besides Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly can be present and grouped into regions, such as a Cys-rich or Asn-rich domains.
non-classical arabinogalactan protein metabolism
non-classical arabinogalactan protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein variant which contains both an arabinogalactan protein (AGP) motif and a fasciclin domain.
fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein metabolism
fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving extensins, a group of 60-90 kDNA hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins whose polypeptide backbone consists of many repeats of structural Ser(Hyp)4-6 motifs, with heavily glycosylated 1-4 arabinose residues O-linked to contiguous stretches of Hyp residues, with most of the Ser residues being O-galactosylated.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemicelluloses, plant cell wall polysaccharides that have a backbone of 1,4-linked beta-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation. Many different hemicelluloses usually occur intermixed with each molecular type representing different degrees of polymerization and contain many different sugar monomers, which can include glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses also contain most of the D-pentose sugars and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannuronic acid and galacturonic acid also tend to be present.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D-glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannan, a group of polysaccharides containing a backbone composed of a polymer of D-mannose units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid side units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid and arabinose side units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the mannan backbone, the unsubstituted polymer of D-mannose units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an arabinoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with arabinose side units.
arabinoxylan-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the backbone structure of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. The back bone contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues.
rhamnogalacturonan II backbone metabolism
rhamnogalacturonan II backbone metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. A number of structurally distinct di- and oligosaccharides can be attached to the C-3 and C-2 of the backbone, respectively.
rhamnogalacturonan II side chain metabolism
rhamnogalacturonan II side chain metabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-polyprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoate + H+.
polyprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase activity
Programmed cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids.
regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids.
negative regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthetic process
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of a cytosine located within a CG sequence in a DNA molecule.
cytosine methylation within a CG sequence
DNA methylation on cytosine within a CG sequence
The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within a CNG sequence in a DNA molecule. N stands for any nucleotide.
cytosine methylation within a CNG sequence
DNA methylation on cytosine within a CNG sequence
The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within an asymmetric CHH sequence in a DNA molecule. H stands for an adenine, cytosine, or thymine nucleotide.
DNA methylation on cytosine within a CNN sequence
cytosine methylation within a CHH sequence
cytosine methylation within a CNN sequence
DNA methylation on cytosine within a CHH sequence
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with abscisic acid, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a methylated cytosine/unspecified/guanine trinucleotide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a methylated cytosine/unspecified/unspecified trinucleotide.
A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation.
A process in seed development that occurs after embryogenesis by which a quiescent state is established in a seed. Seed maturation is characterized by storage compound accumulation, acquisition of desiccation tolerance, growth arrest and the entry into a dormancy period of variable length that is broken upon germination.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a bract are generated and organized. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence.
The process that gives rise to a bract. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid + coenzyme A = AMP + diphosphate + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoyl-CoA + H+. 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid is also known as OPC-8:0.
3-oxo-2-(2'-[Z]-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-octanoate CoA ligase activity
3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid (OPC-8:0) CoA ligase activity
3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.
Catalysis of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at the (9, 10) and/or (9', 10') double bond.
9,10 (9', 10')-carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfur.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.
regulation of glucosinolate biosynthetic process
The process in which an unspecialized epidermal cell progresses through a series of divisions that culminate in the production of a stomatal complex.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the guard cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Generation and organization of the polarized cell that is capable of turgor driven movement.
guard cell morphogenesis during differentiation
The asymmetric cell division by which a meristemoid mother cells (MMC) give rise to a meristemoid and another cell. The other cell may itself become a MMC or may generate an epidermal cell. Any cell that undergoes this type of division is a MMC.
The process in which a meristemoid acquires the specialized features of a guard mother cell.
A small round nuclear body, measuring 0.2-0.8 microns in diameter that is diffusely distributed throughout the nucleoplasm. Several proteins known to be involved in miRNA processing have been localized to these structures. D-bodies are thought to be involved in primary-miRNA processing and/or storage/assembly of miRNA processing complexes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7.
The increase in size or mass of a vegetative meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant shoot which maintains a continuous balance between the production of stem cells and the incorporation of their derivatives into lateral organ primordia.
The increase in size or mass of a root meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant root which maintains a continuous balance between the production of stem cells and the incorporation of their derivatives into the growth of the root.
The increase in size or mass of an inflorescence meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant shoot which produces small leaves and then floral meristems, which will give rise to flowers.
The increase in size or mass of a floral meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant that gives rise to a flower.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 36 of the histone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
negative regulation of cell fate commitment
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
positive regulation of cell fate commitment
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the dorsal spinal cord cell population.
cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
The process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired.
The cell cycle process where a cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a light stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
regulation of light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
Combining with nerve growth factor, to block apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
negative regulation of peptidase activity
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate.
GDP-L-galactose:mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GDP-galactose:mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-glucose.
GDP-L-galactose:glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GDP-galactose:glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + myo-inositol 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate + GDP-myoinositol.
GDP-galactose:myoinositol-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + D-glucose 1-phosphate = phosphate + GDP-glucose.
GDP:glucose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase activity
glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + L-galactose 1-phosphate = phosphate + GDP-galactose.
GDP:galactose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase activity
galactose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of gibberellin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulus.
A respiratory electron flow (from NAD(P)H to plastoquinone (PQ) and O2) involving both a nonphotochemical reduction and re-oxidation of PQ pool.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stele over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stele is the central column of primary vascular tissue in the root and any tissue that it surrounds.
The process aimed at the progression of a microsporocyte cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A microsporocyte is a diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid (1n) microspores; also called microspore mother cell and, in seed plants, pollen mother cell.
Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis.
Interaction between the pollen tube, part of the male gametophyte, and the ovule, part of the female gametophyte, that results in the arrest of pollen tube growth, rupture of the pollen tube and the release of the sperm cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 = CoA + acetyl-histone H3.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Mn2+(in) + H+(out) = Mn2+(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine + spermidine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + thermospermine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-glycan = galactose-beta-1,3-N-glycan + UDP.
UDP-galactose:N-glycan beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose = UDP-4-keto-rhamnose.
UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-glucose-3,5-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-keto-rhamnose + NADPH = UDP-rhamnose + NADP+.
UDP-4-keto-rhamnose-4-keto-reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-L-arabinose 1-phosphate + UTP = UDP-L-arabinose + diphosphate.
UTP:arabinose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
The process in which an organism retains a population of shoot apical meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
maintenance of shoot apical meristem identity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a Lewis a epitope, a trisaccharide (Fuc-alpha-(1->4)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]GlcNAc) characteristic of plant protein N-linked oligosaccharides.
A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.
A posttranscriptional gene silencing process in which the silencing signal originates in a tissue separate from the tissue in which the silencing takes place.
long-distance propagation of posttranscriptional gene silencing
long-distance posttranscriptional gene silencing
The movement of substances between cells in a multicellular organism.
The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
plasmodesma-mediated cell-to-cell transport
plasmodesma-mediated intercellular transport
plasmodesmata-mediated cell-to-cell transport
plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular transport
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
proteasome-mediated protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome but do not involve ubiquitin.
proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the transmitting tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The transmitting tissue is the tissue in the style of a carpel through which the pollen tube grows; it connects the stigma and the inside of ovary.
The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell cycle arrest in response to nitrogen starvation.
negative regulation of cell cycle arrest in response to nitrogen starvation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle arrest in response to nitrogen starvation.
regulation of cell cycle arrest in response to nitrogen starvation
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of cell cycle arrest in response to nitrogen starvation.
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest in response to nitrogen starvation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a polyamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.
regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion. Conjugation with cellular fusion is the process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types.
induction of conjugation with cellular fusion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency or rate of initiation of conjugation with cellular fusion.
negative regulation of induction of conjugation with cellular fusion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to nitrogen starvation.
negative regulation of cellular response to nitrogen starvation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
positive regulation of phospholipase activity
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
negative regulation of phospholipase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a telomerase. Telomerase catalyzes the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.
Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol
Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol
Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.
regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.
negative regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.
positive regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK1 (Janus Activated Kinase 1) protein, thereby activating it.
tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK1 protein. The activation of JAK1 protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK1 (Janus Activated Kinase 1) protein, thereby activating it.
regulation of activation of JAK1 protein
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 protein
regulation of activation of JAK1 kinase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK protein
regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK2 protein. The activation of JAK2 protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it.
regulation of activation of JAK2 protein
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 protein
regulation of activation of JAK2 kinase activity
Any process that increase the frequency or rate of activation of JAK2 protein. The activation of JAK2 protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it.
positive regulation of activation of JAK2 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 protein
positive regulation of activation of JAK2 kinase activity
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
positive regulation of activation of JAK protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK protein
positive regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK1 protein. The activation of JAK1 protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK1 (Janus Activated Kinase 1) protein, thereby activating it.
positive regulation of activation of JAK1 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 protein
positive regulation of activation of JAK1 kinase activity
OBSOLETE. Modulates the activity of the Hsp27 molecular chaperone.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a non-existent molecular function term, 'Hsp27 protein activity'.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the Hsp27 molecular chaperone.
The unidirectional movement of auxin from the apex to base of an organ, including the shoot, leaf, primary root, or lateral root.
The unidirectional movement of auxin from the base towards the apex of an organ, including the shoot, leaf, primary root, or lateral root.
Catalysis of the transfer of nitrate from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
nitrate efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
negative regulation of platelet activation
OBSOLETE. Binds to and modulates the activity of the molecular chaperone Hsp90.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a non-existent molecular function term, 'Hsp90 protein activity'.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone.
The controlled breakdown of the thylakoid membrane in the context of a normal process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thylakoid membrane disassembly.
regulation of thylakoid membrane degradation
regulation of thylakoid membrane disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one or more components of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II.
regulation of PSII associated light-harvesting complex II catabolic process
A regulated secretory pathway in which neurotransmitters are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of ketone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth at the tip of a bud, in a cell that reproduces by budding.
regulation of budding cell apical bud growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.
regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication that contributes to the progression through S phase of the cell cycle.
positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
positive regulation of DNA replication during S phase
positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
positive regulation of platelet activation
The appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor production due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
vascular endothelial growth factor production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.
regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production
Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.
positive regulation vascular endothelial growth factor production
Modulates the activity of a metalloenzyme. A metalloenzyme is any enzyme that contains metal.
Increases the activity of a metalloenzyme. A metalloenzyme is any enzyme that contains metal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signaling pathway
regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signalling
regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signalling pathway
This term can be used to annotate ligands, receptors and G-proteins that lead to activation of adenylate cyclase activity within a signaling pathway.
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
An process which modulate the frequency, rate or extent of starch biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch.
regulation of starch biosynthetic process
The process in which a floral meristem becomes determinate (i.e. ceases to produce lateral organs and may or may not terminally differentiate).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclopentenone stimulus. Cyclopentenones are oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are structurally similar to jasmonic acid, but contain a reactive unsaturated carbonyl structure in the cyclo-ring. Cyclopentenones include phytoprostanes and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid.
The formation of the pollen exine. The reticulate pollen wall pattern consists of two layers, exine and intine.
The controlled release of glutamine by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.
Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the cotyledon of vascular plants.
cotyledon vascular tissue pattern formation
The regionalization process within a leaf by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process of physically separating progeny cells contributing to cytokinesis; this may involve enzymatic digestion of septum or cell wall components.
regulation of cell separation during cytokinesis
regulation of cytokinetic cell separation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
positive regulation of lamellipodium biogenesis
positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
negative regulation of lamellipodium biogenesis
negative regulation of lamellipodium assembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
positive regulation of endothelial cell migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
negative regulation of endothelial cell migration
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of volatile molecules emitted from green plants, such as hexenal, hexenol and hexenyl acetate, from linoleic acid or linolenic acid.
green leaf volatile biosynthetic process
Complex that possesses NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (plastoquinone) activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It is involved in electron transport from an unidentified electron donor, possibly NADH, NADPH or ferredoxin(Fd) to the plastoquinone pool.
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone)
Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form lsiRNA (long small interfering RNA), a class of siRNAs 30 to 40 nt in length. lsiRNAs are induced by pathogen infection or under specific growth conditions.
production of lsiRNA involved in RNA interference
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
regulation of auxin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
positive regulation of auxin biosynthetic process
Regulation of the chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the anion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.
regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of a mRNA transcript by its transport into, or maintainance in, a specific location within the cell.
mRNA localisation resulting in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by mRNA localisation
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by mRNA localization
mRNA localization resulting in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation that is part of a change in state or activity of a cell as a result of an exogenous disturbance.
regulation of mRNA stability involved in response to stress
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation
Any process that modulates the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ion [Ca2+]cyt with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
circadian regulation of cytosolic calcium ion homeostasis
circadian regulation of Ca2+ oscillation
circadian regulation of [Ca2+]cyt oscillation
circadian regulation of cytosolic free calcium ion oscillation
circadian regulation of calcium ion oscillation
The process that gives rise to aerenchyma, parenchyma tissue containing particularly large intercellular spaces of schizogenous or lysigenous origin. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glucose binding to a G-protein coupled receptor, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
activation of adenylate cyclase activity by glucose involved in G-protein signaling
activation of adenylate cyclase activity by glucose-triggered G-protein signaling pathway
activation of adenylate cyclase activity by glucose-triggered G-protein signalling pathway
adenylate cyclase-activating glucose-activated G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the catabolism of a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor catabolism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor.
negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor localisation
negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor localization
The regionalization process in which the identity of an ovule is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
regulation of Schwann cell proliferation
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
positive regulation of Schwann cell proliferation
Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA by a mechanism that selects the start site along that template.
regulation of transcription, start site selection
The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
negative regulation of epithelial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
positive regulation of epithelial cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
negative regulation of mitochondrial fusion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
positive regulation of organelle organisation
positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of organelle organization
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
negative regulation of organelle organisation
negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of organelle organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signalling pathway
regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway
The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
cell communication by electrical coupling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
regulation of cell communication by chemical coupling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of cell communication
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
negative regulation of cell communication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
positive regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
negative regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
positive regulation of cell communication by chemical coupling
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
negative regulation of cell communication by chemical coupling
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an apical cell. The apical cell is the upper cell formed after the first division of the zygote.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
negative regulation of muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
down regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of striated muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
down regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.
OBSOLETE. Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH).
positive regulation of oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process
OBSOLETE. Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH).
negative regulation of oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process
A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during meiosis.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, meiotic
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during meiosis
A cell cycle process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during meiosis.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, meiotic
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during meiosis
A cell cycle process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during meiosis.
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, meiotic
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during meiosis
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process
Any cellular process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates carried out by repression of transcription.
negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process by repression of transcription
negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process by transcriptional repression
negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process by negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of salicylic acid.
cinnamic acid biosynthetic process involved in salicylic acid metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of coumarin.
cinnamic acid biosynthetic process involved in coumarin metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of stilbene.
cinnamic acid biosynthetic process involved in stilbene metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of flavonoids.
cinnamic acid biosynthetic process involved in flavonoid metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 3 rings.
tricyclic triterpenoid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 3 rings.
tricyclic triterpenoid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 4 carbon rings.
tetracyclic triterpenoid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 4 carbon rings.
tetracyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process
The process of marking the place where cytokinesis will occur in the context of cell cycle progression.
site selection involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a chemical stimulus.
negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to chemical stimulus
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to nutrient levels
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
positive regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process involving the release of duplicated spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane.
regulation of spindle pole body separation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the process involving the release of duplicated spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane.
positive regulation of spindle pole body separation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process involving the release of duplicated spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane.
negative regulation of spindle pole body separation
Increases the activity of an aceyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.
The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms monitor population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules.
cell-cell signalling involved in quorum sensing
cell-cell signaling involved in quorum sensing
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the breakdown of tissues; usually, if not always, accompanied by cell death.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the breakdown of tissues; usually, if not always, accompanied by cell death.
The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang resulting in the transfer of genetic information from one helix to another.
meiotic DNA double-strand break processing involved in meiotic gene conversion
The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs resulting in double strand break formation and repair through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
meiotic DNA double-strand break processing involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
ganglioside biosynthesis via lactosylceramide biosynthesis
biosynthesis of lactosylceramide precursor to ganglioside
lactosylceramide biosynthesis leading to ganglioside
lactosylceramide biosynthetic process leading to ganglioside
ganglioside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
globoside biosynthesis via lactosylceramide biosynthesis
biosynthesis of lactosylceramide precursor to globoside
lactosylceramide biosynthesis leading to globoside
lactosylceramide biosynthetic process leading to globoside
globoside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide
The formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules resulting in the conversion of the mating-type locus from one allele to another.
heteroduplex formation involved in gene conversion at mating-type locus
The formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules resulting in the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences.
heteroduplex formation involved in double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
regulation of collagen catabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
down regulation of collagen catabolic process
down-regulation of collagen catabolic process
downregulation of collagen catabolic process
negative regulation of collagen breakdown
negative regulation of collagen catabolism
negative regulation of collagen degradation
inhibition of collagen catabolic process
negative regulation of collagen catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
positive regulation of collagen metabolism
positive regulation of collagen metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown
regulation of extracellular matrix degradation
regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
down regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
down-regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
downregulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
negative regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown
negative regulation of extracellular matrix degradation
inhibition of extracellular matrix disassembly
negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrochelatase activity; catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrin + Fe2+ = protoheme + 2 H+.
Any process that increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an iron stimulus.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of definitive erythrocyte differentiation. Definitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
regulation of definitive RBC differentiation
regulation of definitive red blood cell differentiation
regulation of definitive erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of primitive erythrocyte differentiation. Primitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
regulation of primitive RBC differentiation
regulation of primitive red blood cell differentiation
regulation of primitive erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolism
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolism
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis
regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process
The protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
regulation of protein amino acid glutathionylation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
positive regulation of protein amino acid glutathionylation
positive regulation of protein glutathionylation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
negative regulation of protein amino acid glutathionylation
negative regulation of protein glutathionylation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific set of genes as a result of a transcription factor interacting with a serum response element (SRE). A serum response element is a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.
positive regulation of transcription via serum response element binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.
Note that as agreed during the transcription overhaul, terms specifying binding to specific transcription regulatory motifs are no longer being created. The level of specificity GO has decided to go to is the "core promoter", "core promoter proximal region" and "enhancer". To capture more detail, please consider using column 16.
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the protein kinase A signaling cascade. The PKA signaling cascade is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
regulation of protein kinase A signalling cascade
regulation of protein kinase A signaling cascade
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the protein kinase A signaling cascade. The PKA signaling cascade is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
positive regulation of PKA signaling cascade
positive regulation of protein kinase A signalling cascade
positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling cascade
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
positive regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
negative regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
regulation of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
positive regulation of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane.
negative regulation of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
regulation of nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
positive regulation of nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
negative regulation of nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
negative regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
positive regulation of cGMP-mediated signalling
positive regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
negative regulation of cGMP-mediated signalling
negative regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
positive regulation of plasminogen activation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
negative regulation of plasminogen activation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
positive regulation of fibroblast cell migration
positive regulation of fibroblast migration
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
negative regulation of fibroblast cell migration
negative regulation of fibroblast migration
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of sodium ion transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of sodium ion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
positive regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
negative regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
meiotic DNA recombinase assembly involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
meiotic DNA recombinase assembly involved in meiotic gene conversion
The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
meiotic strand invasion involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination
The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate resulting in meiotic recombination.
meiotic strand invasion involved in meiotic gene conversion
A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
meiotic mismatch repair involved in meiotic gene conversion
A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
meiotic mismatch repair involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination
The synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
meiotic DNA repair synthesis involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination
The synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
meiotic DNA repair synthesis involved in meiotic gene conversion
The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination
The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in meiotic gene conversion
The process in which the anatomical structures of the proboscis that are derived from the labial disc are generated and organized.
proboscis morphogenesis, labial disc-derived
The process in which the anatomical structures of the proboscis that are derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized.
proboscis morphogenesis, eye-antennal disc-derived
The process in which the anatomical structures of the proboscis that are derived from the clypeo-labral disc are generated and organized.
proboscis morphogenesis, clypeo-labral disc-derived
The addition of clathrin and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles that will move from the plasma membrane to the endosome, forming a vesicle coat.
clathrin coating of Golgi vesicle, plasma membrane to endosome targeting
The addition of clathrin and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles that will move from the trans-Golgi to the endosome, forming a vesicle coat.
clathrin coating of Golgi vesicle, trans-Golgi to endosome targeting
The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of inter-Golgi cisterna transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
COPI coating of Golgi vesicle, inter-Golgi cisterna
The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of cis-Golgi to rough ER transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
COPI coating of Golgi vesicle, cis-Golgi to rough ER
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis I.
meiotic sister chromatid cohesion involved in meiosis I
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis II.
meiotic sister chromatid cohesion involved in meiosis II
The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via synthesis-dependent strand annealing.
DNA double-strand break processing involved in repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing
The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.
DNA double-strand break processing involved in repair via single-strand annealing
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dolichol biosynthesis. Dolichol biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.
regulation of dolichol biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthesis. Ubiquinone biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
regulation of ubiquinone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles.
Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body as part of the directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles.
regulation of multivesicular body size involved in endosome transport
Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin.
regulation of multivesicular body size involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
regulation of TNF-mediated signaling pathway
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signalling pathway
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
negative regulation of TNF-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signalling pathway
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of lysine import. Lysine import is the directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of lysine import. Lysine import is the directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle priming
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle priming
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the neuropeptide substance P.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide calcitonin.
Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
regulation of mitochondrion organisation
regulation of mitochondrion organization
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
positive regulation of mitochondrion organisation
positive regulation of mitochondrion organization
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
negative regulation of mitochondrion organisation
negative regulation of mitochondrion organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
positive regulation of centrosome duplication
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
negative regulation of centrosome duplication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of glucose transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of glucose transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
positive regulation of myotube differentiation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
negative regulation of myotube differentiation
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.
telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and shortening the telomeric DNA.
telomere maintenance via telomere shortening
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
regulation of protein amino acid ADP-ribosylation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
negative regulation of protein amino acid ADP-ribosylation
negative regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
regulation of keratinocyte proliferation
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness
Any process that increases the frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness
The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factor complexes of the basal transcription machinery.
This term was made obsolete because the word "promoter" is used ambiguously in the literature. It sometimes is used to refer specifically to the "core promoter" region recognized by the basal transcription machinery, and other times is used to refer to a larger regulatory region composed of the core promoter and also the regulatory region adjacent (proximal) to the core promoter. The core promoter proximal region is typically recognized by "regulatory transcription factors", such as Gal4 in S. cerevisiae.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region in a genome which promotes recombination.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
positive regulation of meiotic recombination
positive regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination
Any process that starts the inactive process of reciprocal meiotic recombination. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
activation of reciprocal meiotic recombination
Any process the modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly. Chromatin assembly is the assembly of DNA, histone proteins, and other associated proteins into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin disassembly. Chromatin disassembly is the controlled breakdown of chromatin from a higher order structure into its simpler subcomponents, DNA, histones, and other proteins.
Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
regulation of hydrogen ion transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism
regulation of proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound interacting with a chemoreceptor resulting in a modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
regulation of blood pressure by chemoreceptor signalling pathway
regulation of blood pressure by chemoreceptor signaling pathway
Modulates the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Decreases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Increases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Modulates the activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Decreases the activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Increases the activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. This reaction requires the presence of calcium.
calcium-dependent protein kinase activity
Modulates the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein in a calcium-dependent manner.
calcium-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile in a calcium-dependent manner.
calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
OBSOLETE. Modulates the activity of the proteasome complex. The proteasome complex performs regulated ubiquitin-dependent cytosolic and nuclear proteolysis.
A receptor activator activity that binds to, thyroid hormone receptor in a ligand-dependent manner and enhances ligand-induced transcriptional activity of the receptor.
thyroid hormone receptor activator activity
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation
Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.
positive regulation of phospholipase C activity
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein histidine kinase activity.
positive regulation of protein histidine kinase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stipule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A stipule is one of (usually) a pair of appendages at the bases of leaves in many broad-leaved angiosperms.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthetic process
regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
positive regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthetic process
positive regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
negative regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthetic process
negative regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
regulation of receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
positive regulation of receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
negative regulation of receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
regulation of cholesterol esterification
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
positive regulation of cholesterol esterification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
positive regulation of cholesterol efflux
Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
The directed movement of lipids into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.
lipid transport involved in lipid storage
The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
The directed movement of cholesterol into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.
cholesterol transport involved in cholesterol storage
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signalling
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
positive regulation of lipid sequestration
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
positive regulation of cholesterol sequestration
positive regulation of cholesterol storage
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
negative regulation of cholesterol sequestration
negative regulation of cholesterol storage
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
regulation of sequestering of triacylglycerol
regulation of triacylglycerol sequestration
regulation of sequestering of triglyceride
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of sequestering of triacylglycerol
positive regulation of triglyceride sequestration
positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride
negative regulation of sequestering of triacylglycerol
negative regulation of triglyceride sequestration
negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
positive regulation of mitochondrial translation in response to stress
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol.
negative regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
regulation of triacylglycerol catabolic process
regulation of triglyceride catabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
negative regulation of triacylglycerol catabolic process
negative regulation of triglyceride catabolic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
positive regulation of triacylglycerol catabolic process
positive regulation of triglyceride catabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of UDP-glucose catabolism. UDP-glucose catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
regulation of UDP-glucose catabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of UDP-glucose catabolism. UDP-glucose catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
negative regulation of UDP-glucose catabolism
negative regulation of UDP-glucose catabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
positive regulation of glucose metabolism
positive regulation of glucose metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.
regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.
positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis by an increase in epimerase activity. This epimerase activity catalyzes the reaction that converts D-glucuronate into its diastereoisomer in heparan sulfate.
positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis by positive regulation of epimerase activity
Any process that modulates the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
Any process that increases the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
positive regulation of isomerase activity
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis. Sterigmatocystin biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.
regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis. Sterigmatocystin biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.
positive regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
negative regulation of VLDL particle clearance
negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential
negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
elevation of mitochondrial membrane potential
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthesis
regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
negative regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthesis
negative regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
positive regulation of phosphatase activity
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
negative regulation of phosphatase activity
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
regulation of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
positive regulation of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
OBSOLETE. The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structure is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The reason for obsoletion is that the term is confusing - it sounds developmental and has a developmental sounding def, but it is not a child of developmental process and its children included 'cellular component assembly'. The term was created to group together 'cellular component assembly' and 'anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis', but we no longer feel that this grouping is useful.
The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of auxin mediated signaling pathway. Auxin mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin.
regulation of auxin mediated signalling pathway
regulation of auxin mediated signaling pathway
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of auxin mediated signaling pathway. Auxin mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin.
positive regulation of auxin mediated signalling pathway
positive regulation of auxin mediated signaling pathway
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of auxin mediated signaling pathway. Auxin mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin.
negative regulation of auxin mediated signalling pathway
negative regulation of auxin mediated signaling pathway
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in macrophages.
regulation of macrophage tolerance induction
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
positive regulation of macrophage tolerance induction
The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
regulation of macrophage cytokine production
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule.
cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
positive regulation of necrotic cell death
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H2O = NMNH + ADP.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves direct competition for interaction with a promoter binding site.
negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding
Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme A + H2O = 3',5'-ADP + 4'-phosphopantetheine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic joint molecule formation. Meiotic joint molecule formation is the conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination.
regulation of meiotic joint molecule formation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic joint molecule formation. Meiotic joint molecule formation is the conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination.
negative regulation of meiotic joint molecule formation
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
negative regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of phytosterols into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.
negative regulation of intestinal phytosterol absorption
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
positive regulation of endopeptidase activity
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
negative regulation of endopeptidase activity
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
positive regulation of peptidase activity
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
positive regulation of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage
positive regulation of protein processing
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
negative regulation of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage
negative regulation of protein processing
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.
negative regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
negative regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid import. Amino acid import is the directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions at the level of a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
regulation of glucan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-arginine import. L-arginine import is the directed movement of L-arginine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing by small RNA. Chromatin silencing by small RNA is the repression of transcription by conversion of large regions of DNA into heterochromatin, directed by small RNAs sharing sequence identity to the repressed region.
regulation of chromatin silencing by small RNA
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine biosynthesis. Polyamine biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
regulation of polyamine biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion, a signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.
regulation of pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
Microtubule-based movement that results in the net, directed movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of barrier septum formation. Barrier septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
positive regulation of barrier septum formation
positive regulation of barrier septum assembly
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of barrier septum formation. Barrier septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
negative regulation of barrier septum formation
negative regulation of barrier septum assembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis
positive regulation of neurite development
positive regulation of neurite formation
positive regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis
negative regulation of neurite development
negative regulation of neurite formation
negative regulation of neuron projection development
Any transcriptional or post-transcriptional process, arising in non-dividing cells as they age, carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
gene silencing involved in chronological cell aging
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
positive regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell wall macromolecule metabolism. Cell wall macromolecule metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of the cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
regulation of cell wall macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
negative regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
positive regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
negative regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
regulation of SMAD protein complex assembly
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
negative regulation of SMAD protein complex assembly
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ubiquitin homeostasis. Ubiquitin homeostasis is any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell.
The process of creating free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers. These chains are not conjugated to a protein.
The process in which free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers, are broken down.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an anaphase-promoting complex. A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.
regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha phosphorylation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a result of heme levels.
regulation of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation by heme
A process that impedes the progress of the DNA replication fork at natural replication fork pausing sites within the mating type locus.
replication fork arrest at mating type locus
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'.
A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.
induction of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
induction of nonapoptotic programmed cell death
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
ER to Golgi constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport vesicle membrane
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.
Golgi to ER constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle membrane
Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances within the Golgi.
inter-Golgi transport constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.
trans-Golgi network constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane
A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sclerenchyma cell. A sclerenchyma cell is a plant cell with thick lignified walls, normally dead at maturity and specialized for structural strength. Includes fiber cells, that are greatly elongated; and sclereids, that are more isodiametric. Intermediate types exist. Cells may or may not be devoid of protoplasm at maturity. Cell form and size are variable.
The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.
The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
regulation of microglial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
down regulation of microglia differentiation
down-regulation of microglia differentiation
downregulation of microglia differentiation
negative regulation of microglial cell differentiation
negative regulation of microglia differentiation
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
positive regulation of microglial cell differentiation
up regulation of microglia differentiation
up-regulation of microglia differentiation
upregulation of microglia differentiation
stimulation of microglia differentiation
positive regulation of microglia differentiation
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.
The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population in response to an axonal lesion. The newly generated Schwann cells support subsequent axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann cell proliferation involved in axon regeneration
The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury.
axon regeneration in peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system axon regeneration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will differentiate into a neuroblast.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron.
The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.
The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals.
The process in which the neural plate is shaped by the intrinsic movement of the epidermal and neural plate regions.
The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The process of rod cavitation, which is the formation of a lumen in the neural rod during primary neurulation, producing the neural tube.
The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The process of medullary cavitation, which is the formation of a lumen in the medullary cord during secondary neurulation, producing the neural tube.
The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.
The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a mesenchymal cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.
The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
down regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
down-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
downregulation of Schwann cell differentiation
inhibition of Schwann cell differentiation
negative regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
up regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
up-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
upregulation of Schwann cell differentiation
activation of Schwann cell differentiation
stimulation of Schwann cell differentiation
positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
positive regulation of neuron maturation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
negative regulation of neuron maturation
The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
establishment of endothelial blood/brain barrier
establishment of endothelial blood-brain barrier
The regulated release of dopamine by a cell or group of cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell or group of cells. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
positive regulation of glutamate secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
negative regulation of glutamate secretion
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or group of cells. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell or group of cells. The acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
up regulation of acetylcholine secretion
up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
down regulation of acetylcholine secretion
down-regulation of acetylcholine secretion
downregulation of acetylcholine secretion
negative regulation of acetylcholine secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
positive regulation of serotonin release
negative regulation of serotonin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
positive regulation of serotonin secretion
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K cascades lie downstream of many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways and regulate numerous cellular functions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
down regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
negative regulation of PI 3-kinase cascade
negative regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade
inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
positive regulation of PI 3-kinase cascade
positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade
up regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
up-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade
stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
The post synaptic density is a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse. It forms a disc that consists of a range of proteins with different functions, some of which contact the cytoplasmic domains of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The proteins making up the disc include receptors, and structural proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton. They also include signalling machinery, such as protein kinases and phosphatases.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloalkane stimulus. A cycloalkane is a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tropane stimulus. Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.
response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane that contains calcium release channels, is devoted to calcium release and is juxtaposed to transverse tubule membrane. The junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of the junctional region of the terminal cisterna membrane.
junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane
The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane that contains calcium pumps and is devoted to calcium uptake. The free sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and the non-junctional region of the terminal cisterna membrane.
A process in which force is generated within oscillatory skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Oscillatory muscle contraction occurs in insect wing muscles and is characterized by asynchrony between action potential and contraction and by stretch activation.
A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.
A region of the A band in which myosin-binding protein C is located and that can be seen by electron microscopy. This is a functional zone that also includes myosin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish.
branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development.
regulation of somitomeric trunk muscle development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
positive regulation of somitomeric trunk muscle development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
negative regulation of somitomeric trunk muscle development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
positive regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
The process, taking place in the head, whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast cell. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process taking place in the trunk whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast cell. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Satellite cell asymmetric division that occurs during a process in which damaged muscle tissue is being rebuilt. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
satellite cell asymmetric division involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation of satellite cell involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. The activation of satellite cell is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
positive regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
A change in the morphology or behavior of a satellite cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
A process in which force is generated within tonic skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The tonic skeletal muscle is characterized by long lasting contractile responses and high resistance to fatigue.
A process in which force is generated within twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The twitch skeletal muscle responds to neurostimulations with a contraction followed by a relaxation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signalling
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing calcium ion binding affinity of the myofibril.
regulation of calcium ion sensitivity of myofibril involved in skeletal muscle contraction
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by modulation of calcium ion sensitivity of myofibril
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of twitch skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
regulation of extraocular skeletal muscle development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
negative regulation of extraocular skeletal muscle development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
positive regulation of extraocular skeletal muscle development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges.
regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that modulates velocity of shortening of a skeletal muscle contraction. The shortening leads to reduction of the length of muscle fibers and sarcomeres.
regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle during contraction
regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle modulating contraction
The regrowth of muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage at the neuromuscular junction. Regeneration of neuromuscular junctions occurs in an orderly way and relies on communication between nerve and muscle. Skeletal myofibers regenerate after injury and form neuro-muscular junctions with motor axons similar to normal ones. Regenerating myofibers develop within the basal lamina sheaths (satellite cells) of original myofibers.
skeletal muscle regeneration at neuromuscular junction
The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.
A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
regulation of skeletal muscle plasticity
regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle atrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
positive regulation of muscle hyperplasia
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
positive regulation of muscle plasticity
positive regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.
negative regulation of muscle plasticity
negative regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.
positive regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.
negative regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction
The portion of the free sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of longitudinal tubules that connect terminal cisternae.
The portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum devoted to calcium ion storage and calcium ion release.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum envelope. The longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen is continuous with the lumen contained within the terminal cisternae.
longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the terminal cisterna envelope. This space is enriched in calsequestrin.
Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
A process, occurring in smooth muscle, in which there is an increase in cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an organ.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.
The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.
release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion
The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a satellite cell.
The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage at the neuromuscular junction. Motor axons regenerate after injury and they form neuro-muscular junctions with skeletal myofibers similar to normal ones.
axon regeneration at neuromuscular junction
Signalling between growth factors and their receptors that results in the activation of satellite cell, where this process is involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
initiation of satellite cell activation by growth factor signalling, involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a satellite cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a satellite cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction.
A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.
The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the fundus of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch.
stomach fundus smooth muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the distal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The distal stomach is composed of the lower body and antrum and develops strong peristaltic phasic contractions that increase in amplitude as they propagate toward the pylorus.
distal stomach smooth muscle contraction
A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the arteriole. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The arteriole is the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).
gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction
The asymmetric division of a satellite cell that occurs when a satellite cell divides to produce two daughter cells, one of which is destined to differentiate and the other to be a quiescent cell that restocks the satellite cell pool. Satellite cells are quiescent adult muscle stem cells that become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
The process essential to maintain a ready source of satellite cells. It consists of the return of activated satellite cells to a quiescent state after proliferation to replenish the satellite cell pool. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
satellite cell compartment self-renewal involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast cell. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast cell differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which the developmental fate of a satellite cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast cell. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast cell fate commitment involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a satellite cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast cell fate determination involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a satellite cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast cell fate specification involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
mononucleate cell migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation.
regulation of satellite cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta.
growth factor dependent regulation of satellite cell proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of myoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast cell proliferation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the body of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the esophagus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The esophagus is the muscular membranous segment between the pharynx and the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the proximal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The proximal stomach, composed of the fundus and upper body, shows low frequency, sustained tonic contractions that are responsible for generating a basal pressure within the stomach.
proximal stomach smooth muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by variation of the pattern of stimulation by nervous system.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by neural stimulation via neuromuscular junction
Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
regulation of excitatory post-synaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction
regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inactivity stimulus.
The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft involved in skeletal muscle contraction. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
neurotransmitter secretion involved in control of skeletal muscle contraction
neurotransmitter secretion involved in regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via membrane action potential
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by regulating force and velocity of shortening. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through formation of cross bridges. The shortening leads to reduction of length of muscle fiber and sarcomeres.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by chemo-mechanical energy conversion
The series of events in which a inactivity stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a muscle activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.
A process in which cross bridges are broken and reformed during filament sliding as part of the regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction.
cross bridge cycling involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction
The series of events in which a muscle inactivity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus.
The process in which actin and myosin interact, split ATP and generate force during skeletal muscle contraction. This process is one of the components of the regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction.
cross bridge formation involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle plasticity
response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity
response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The series of events by which a muscle activity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
detection of muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to injury involved in regulation of muscle plasticity
response to injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to muscle inactivity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity
response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
detection of electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of muscle filament sliding involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction
Any process that modulates the size of myofibrils. A myofibril is the contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
Any process that modulates the number of myofibrils. A myofibril is the contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The series of events in which a muscle inactivity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
detection of muscle inactivity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
detection of injury involved in regulation of muscle plasticity
detection of injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
A process, occurring in the muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
GO:0014889 should only be used for annotation when muscle atrophy is a normal physiological process and not a disease process.
A process, occurring in smooth muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
A process, occurring in striated muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rest stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to rest involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a denervation stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptation
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress
A process, occurring in the heart, in which a decrease in cell mass and then in heart size occurs due to shrinking of the individual cells. The shrinkage is caused by protein degradation.
A muscle system process that results in an increase in cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an organ.
The process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts, after migrating to the site of injury, fuse into existing damaged fibers or fuse to myotubes to form new fibers, as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast fusion involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. This occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
myotube cell development involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration
The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast cell to attain its fully functional state involved in muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
myoblast maturation involved in muscle regeneration
Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of muscle filament sliding speed involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction
The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
OBSOLETE. The process in which pressure natriuresis increases the rate of diuresis.
positive regulation of diuresis by pressure natriuresis
OBSOLETE. The process in which pressure natriuresis increases rate of natriuresis.
positive regulation of natriuresis by pressure natriuresis
Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
OBSOLETE. A copper-containing entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system.
OBSOLETE. Brilliant blue copper-containing protein of low molecular weight found in some bacteria; thought to transfer electrons to cytochrome oxidase. This definition includes pseudoazurin.
OBSOLETE. A copper-containing electron carrier acting between cytochrome b(6)-f and P700 of photosystem I.
OBSOLETE. A molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in a chlorophyll electron transport system.
This term was made obsolete because it contains both process and function information.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving corrin, C19H22N4, the fundamental heterocyclic skeleton of the corrinoids. It consists of four reduced pyrrole rings joined into a macrocyclic ring. Corrin is the core of the vitamin B12 molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrocorphins, tetrapyrroles that combine the structural elements of both porphyrins and corrins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an enzyme cofactor consisting of a tetrapyrrole structure containing nickel, such as the F-430 cofactor found in methyl-coenzyme M reductase.
nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process
heparin proteoglycan biosynthetic process
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process
The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, linkage to polypeptide
heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, linkage to polypeptide
heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, linkage to polypeptide
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, linkage to polypeptide
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, linkage to polypeptide
heparin proteoglycan biosynthetic process, linkage to polypeptide
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, linkage to polypeptide
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, polysaccharide chain anabolism
heparan sulfate proteoglycan chain elongation
heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis
heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain formation
heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, polysaccharide chain synthesis
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process
heparin proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, enzymatic modification
heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, enzymatic modification
heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, enzymatic modification
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, enzymatic modification
heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification
heparin proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:N-desulfoheparin N-sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:heparitin N-sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:N-desulfoheparin sulfotransferase activity
N-desulfoheparin sulfotransferase activity
N-heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity
PAPS:N-desulfoheparin sulfotransferase activity
[heparan sulphate]-glucosamine N-sulphotransferase activity
desulfoheparin sulfotransferase activity
glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase activity
heparan sulfate 2-N-sulfotransferase activity
heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase activity
heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase activity
heparin-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity
heparin N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase activity
heparin N-deacetylase/N-sulphotransferase activity
Note that this activity includes EC:2.8.2.12 (deleted from EC).
[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product (was misspelled 'glycipan').
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
UDP-glucuronate:3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosyl-protein D-glucuronosyltransferase activity
UDPglucuronate:3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosyl-protein D-glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid:acceptor glucuronosyltransferase activity
galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + heparan alpha-D-glucosaminide = CoA + heparan N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide.
acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:heparan-alpha-D-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase activity
heparin-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase activity
heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
UDP glucuronic acid transferase activity
UDP-glucuronate beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase (acceptor-unspecific)
uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronyltransferase activity
1-naphthol glucuronyltransferase activity
1-naphthol-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
17-beta-hydroxysteroid UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
17beta-hydroxysteroid UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
3-alpha-hydroxysteroid UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
3alpha-hydroxysteroid UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
4-hydroxybiphenyl UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
4-methylumbelliferone UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
4-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity
UDP glucuronate-estradiol-glucuronosyltransferase activity
UDP glucuronate-estriol glucuronosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucuronate-4-hydroxybiphenyl glucuronosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucuronate-bilirubin glucuronyltransferase activity
UDPglucuronate beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase (acceptor-unspecific) activity
bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
bilirubin glucuronyltransferase activity
bilirubin monoglucuronide glucuronyltransferase activity
bilirubin uridine diphosphoglucuronyltransferase activity
ciramadol UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity
estriol UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity
estrone UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity
p-hydroxybiphenyl UDP glucuronyltransferase activity
p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity
p-nitrophenylglucuronosyltransferase activity
p-phenylphenol glucuronyltransferase activity
phenyl-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-1,2-diacylglycerol glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-4-hydroxybiphenyl glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-estradiol glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-estriol 16-alpha-glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-estriol 16alpha-glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-estriol glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.
[heparan sulfate]-sulfate lyase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.
polysaccharide-2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate 2-sulfohydrolase activity
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
This term was made obsolete because internalization is a process, not a ligand to which a receptor might bind.
A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA.
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The incorporation of hemolymph proteins by cells of the fat body of holometabolous insects, during the final larval stage. Uptake of these proteins prepares the insect for pupation and metamorphosis, since insect pupae do not feed and therefore depend on material that has been accumulated during larval life.
storage protein import by fat body cells
storage protein import into fat body cells
storage protein transport into fat body cells
storage protein uptake into fat body cells
OBSOLETE. A cytochrome b-like protein that has a sulfur atom ligated to the iron of the prosthetic group (heme-thiolate); enzymes: typically monooxygenases acting on, typically, lipophilic substrates. The characteristic mode of action of these enzymes is not electron transfer (some P450 enzymes probably do not even involve the reversible Fe(II)/Fe(III) equilibrium), but rather oxygen atom transfer.
This term was made obsolete because it is a grouping term representing a set of gene products.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
protein disulphide oxidoreductase activity
haem lyase disulphide oxidoreductase activity
heme lyase disulfide oxidoreductase activity
protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: a peptide with reduced sulfide groups = a peptide with oxidized disulfide bonds.
peptide disulphide oxidoreductase activity
peptide disulfide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + electron acceptor = glutathione disulfide + electron donor.
glutathione disulphide oxidoreductase activity
glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidized adrenodoxin + NADPH + H+ = reduced adrenodoxin + NADP+.
NADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase activity
adrenodoxin-type ferredoxin reductase activity
Note that this term specifically refers to the reaction proceeding in the direction shown; under physiological conditions adrenodoxin reduction by adrenodoxin reductase is coupled with electron transfer from AdR to P450, which catalyzes an irreversible monooxygenation reaction. This term should therefore be used to annotate gene products that catalyze the reduction of oxidized adrenodoxin; also consider annotating to the molecular function term 'ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity ; GO:0004324'.
OBSOLETE. An electron transfer flavoprotein that functions as a housekeeping protein that links acyl-CoA dehydrogenase reactions with the respiratory chain, such as in the fatty acid degradation pathway.
OBSOLETE. An electron transfer flavoprotein that functions as a housekeeping protein that is synthesized only under certain specific growth conditions and receives electrons from the oxidation of specific substrates, e.g. trimethylamine, carnitine and in nitrogen fixation.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase activity
N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase activity
NADPH2:trypanothione oxidoreductase activity
NADPH:trypanothione oxidoreductase activity
trypanothione-disulphide reductase activity
trypanothione:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.4.8.
trypanothione-disulfide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferrileghemoglobin = NADP+ + 2 ferroleghemoglobin.
NAD(P)H:ferrileghemoglobin oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
NADH--rubredoxin oxidoreductase activity
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide--rubredoxin reductase activity
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide--rubredoxin reductase activity
rubredoxin--nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
NAD(P)--rubredoxin oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H--rubredoxin oxidoreductase activity
rubredoxin--nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reductase activity
rubredoxin:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
dinucleotide phosphate reductase activity
rubredoxin--nicotinamide adenine activity
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NADP+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome c2 = NADP+ + 2 ferrocytochrome c2.
NADPH:ferricytochrome-c2 oxidoreductase activity
cytochrome c2 reductase (reduced nicotinamide adinine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)
reductase, cytochrome c2 (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
Catalysis of the transfer of electrons between pyridine nucleotides (obligatory two-electron carriers) and hemes or (2Fe-2S) centers (obligatory one-electron carriers) in respiration, photosynthesis, and many oxygenase systems.
phthalate dioxygenase reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methane + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = methanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
methane,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
A protein complex that possesses methane monooxygenase activity; dimeric and trimeric complexes have been characterized.
OBSOLETE. Combining with an opioid to initiate a change in cell activity, with the pharmacological characteristics of X-opioid receptors.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta3-adrenergic receptors.
OBSOLETE. Hydrophobic glycoprotein to which 11-cis-retinal binds as a Schiff base (in rhodopsin) or 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal binds as a Schiff base in cyanopsin and porphyropsin.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a class of proteins.
Combining with gastrin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with secretin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the corticotrophin-releasing factor family of ligands, including the urocortins, to initiate a change in cell activity.
corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor activity
Combining with thrombin to initiate a G-protein mediated change in cell activity. A G-protein is a signal transduction molecule that alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state.
thrombin receptor activity, G-protein coupled
EGF-like module containing hormone receptor activity
epidermal growth factor-like module containing hormone receptor activity
OBSOLETE. An opsin with maximal absorption above 500 nm.
OBSOLETE. An opsin with maximal absorption below 400 nm.
Combining with UTP or UDP to initiate a change in cell activity.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of alpha-amylase.
Catalysis of the reversible transfer of an amidino group to an acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate.
L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase activity
arginine-glycine amidinotransferase activity
arginine-glycine transamidinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-arginine = 1-guanidino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-ornithine.
L-arginine:1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol-4-phosphate amidinotransferase activity
L-arginine:inosamine phosphate amidinotransferase activity
L-arginine:inosamine-P-amidinotransferase activity
inosamine-phosphate amidinotransferase activity
scyllo-inosamine-4-phosphate amidinotransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Acts as to cause injury to other living organisms.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a classification of molecules and not a molecular function.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, class I, catalyst activity
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, class I, regulator activity
The process in which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.
Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of heavy metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Heavy metals are those that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn.
Catalysis of the transfer of a inorganic cations with a valency of one from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
monovalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of hydrogen ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
hydrogen ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of silver (Ag) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
silver ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of aluminum (Al) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
aluminum ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of cadmium (Cd) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
cadmium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of cobalt (Co) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
cobalt ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Cu+(out) = Cu+(in).
copper uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Cu2+(out) = Cu2+(in).
high affinity copper transporter activity
high affinity copper ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Fe2+(out) = Fe2+(in).
low affinity iron ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
ferric iron transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of Fe(III) from the outside of a cell to the inside of a cell across a membrane.
high affinity ferric uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
ferrous iron transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of lead (Pb) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
lead ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
magnesium ion transmembrane transporter activity
This term was made obsolete because the term is undefined and we don't know the mechanism so we can't make a correct definition.
Catalysis of the transfer of mercury (Hg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
mercury ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. Molybdate is the bivalent anion derived from molybdic acid.
molybdate ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of nickel (Ni) cations from one side of a membrane to the other.
nickel cation transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of vanadium (V) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
vanadium ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.
organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of antimonite from one side of a membrane to the other.
antimonite transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of arsenite from one side of a membrane to the other.
arsenite transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.
bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of chlorate, ClO3-, from one side of a membrane to the other.
chlorate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
chloride ion transmembrane transporter activity
chloride transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of chromate from one side of a membrane to the other. Chromate is the anion of chromic acid, H2CrO4 (aq) or CrO3.
chromate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
cyanate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of iodide ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
iodide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of nitrate ions (NO3-) from one side of a membrane to the other.
nitrate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of nitrite (NO2-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
nitrite transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of silicates from one side of a membrane to the other. Silicates are the salts of silicic acids, and are usually composed of silicon and oxygen (Si[x]O[y]), one or more metals, and possibly hydrogen. Types of silicate include unisilicates, metasilicates and hydrous silicates.
silicate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
sulfate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of thiosulfate ions, S2O3(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
thiosulfate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of tellurite from one side of a membrane to the other. Tellurite is a salt of tellurous acid or an oxide of tellurium which occurs sparingly in tufts of white or yellowish crystals.
tellurite transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of hexose phosphate from one side of the membrane to the other. Hexose phosphates is any of a group of monophosphorylated aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
hexose phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of phosphoglycerates from one side of the membrane to the other. Phosphoglycerates are important intermediates in glycolysis and 3-phosphoglycerate is a precursor in serine biosynthesis.
phosphoglycerate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate(out) + phosphate(in) = phosphoenolpyruvate(in) + phosphate(out).
phosphoenolpyruvate transmembrane transporter activity
phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator
phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of acetate from one side of the membrane to the other. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.
acetate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of allantoate from one side of the membrane to the other. Allantoate is the end product of purine metabolism in mammals and some fish, formed form allantoin. It is widely distributed in plants as an important source of stored nitrogen.
allantoate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of bile acid from one side of the membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts out of a hepatocyte and into the bile canaliculus by means of an agent such as a transporter or pore. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of bilirubin from one side of the membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of gluconate from one side of the membrane to the other. Gluconate is the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
L-idonate/D-gluconate:hydrogen symporter activity
gluconate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of lactate from one side of the membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.
monocarboxylate (lactate, pyruvate, mevalonate) uptake/efflux porter activity
lactate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of mevalonate from one side of the membrane to the other. Mevalonate is the anion of mevalonic acid; its (R)-enantiomer is a strategic intermediate derived from hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA in the biosynthesis of polyprenyl compounds.
mevalonate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, from one side of the membrane to the other.
oxaloacetate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of the membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of uronic acid from one side of the membrane to the other. Uronic acids are any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.
uronic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of hexuronates from one side of the membrane to the other. A hexuronate is any monocarboxylic acid derived from a hexose by oxidation of C-6.
hexuronate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of glucuronate from one side of the membrane to the other. Glucuronate is the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.
glucuronate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of sialic acid from one side of the membrane to the other.
sialic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, from one side of the membrane to the other.
citrate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of fumarate from one side of the membrane to the other. Fumarate is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.
fumarate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of the membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.
alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of malate from one side of the membrane to the other. Malate is a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
malate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of the membrane to the other.
succinate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.
tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of urate from one side of the membrane to the other. Urate is the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.
uric acid transmembrane transporter activity
urate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of the membrane to the other.
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a pentose sugar, a monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms, from one side of the membrane to the other.
pentose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-arabinose from one side of the membrane to the other. Arabinose occurs free, for example in the heartwood of many conifers and in the combined states, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides, etc.
L-arabinose/beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside:hydrogen antiporter activity
L-arabinose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-xylose from one side of the membrane to the other. D-xylose (the naturally occurring enantiomer is always D-) is a constituent of plant polysaccharides.
D-xylose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.
hexose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of fucose from one side of the membrane to the other. Fucose is 6-deoxygalactose and has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.
fucose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of alpha-glucosides from one side of the membrane to the other. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.
alpha-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of glucose-6-phosphate from one side of the membrane to the other. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
glucose-6-phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of rhamnose from one side of the membrane to the other. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids.
rhamnose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of disaccharide from one side of the membrane to the other.
disaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of lactose from one side of the membrane to the other. Lactose is a disaccharide 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, and constitutes roughly 5% of the milk in almost all mammals.
lactose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of melibiose from one side of the membrane to the other. Melibiose is the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose and occurs as a constituent of the trisaccharide raffinose or in the exudates and nectaries of a number of plants.
melibiose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of oligosaccharide from one side of the membrane to the other.
oligosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of raffinose from one side of the membrane to the other. Raffinose occurs in plants almost as commonly as sucrose and is present in cereal grains, cotton seeds, and many legumes. It is synthesized from sucrose by transfer of a galactopyranoside from myo-inositol.
raffinose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of the membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages.
polysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of beta-glucans from one side of the membrane to the other. Beta-glucans are compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-glucosidic bonds.
beta-glucan transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of capsular-polysaccharides from one side of the membrane to the other. Capsular polysaccharides make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
capsule polysaccharide transporter activity
capsular polysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of teichoic acid from one side of the membrane to the other. Teichoic acid is any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues.
teichoic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexuronide from one side of the membrane to the other. Hexuronides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of a hexuronate.
hexuronide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a glucuronosides from one side of the membrane to the other. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate.
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar from one side of the membrane to the other. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a polyol from one side of the membrane to the other. A polyol is any polyhydric alcohol.
polyol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an arabitol from one side of the membrane to the other. Arabitol is the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms.
arabitol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of glycerol from one side of the membrane to the other. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
glycerol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of glycerol-3-phosphate from one side of the membrane to the other. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
glycerol-3-phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of propanediol from one side of the membrane to the other. Propanediol is a sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid; it is also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items, although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects.
propanediol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.
amino acid/choline transmembrane transporter activity
hydroxy/aromatic amino acid permease activity
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH below 7.
acidic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring.
aromatic amino acid transporter activity
aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH above 7.
basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of neutral amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have a pH of 7.
neutral amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Primary function of holins appears to be transport of murein hydrolases across the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell wall of bacteria, where these enzymes hydrolyze the cell wall polymer as a prelude to cell lysis. When chromosomally encoded, these enzymes are therefore autolysins. Holins may also facilitate leakage of electrolytes and nutrients from the cell cytoplasm, thereby promoting cell death. Some catalyze export of nucleases.
Catalysis of the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids.
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-alanine is the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid.
L-alanine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the stereospecific transfer of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, across a biological membrane.
arginine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-asparagine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-asparagine is the L-enantiomer of alpha-aminosuccinamic acid.
L-asparagine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-aspartate is the anion derived from aspartic acid.
L-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.
L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA).
L-gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter activity
L-gamma-aminobutyrate transporter activity
L-gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-glutamine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamine is 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.
L-glutamine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid.
proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity
glycine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
L-isoleucine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-lysine is 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
L-lysine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-leucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
L-leucine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-methionine is 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid.
L-methionine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-phenylalanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
L-phenylalanine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-proline from one side of a membrane to the other. L-proline is pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-serine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-serine is the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
L-serine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-threonine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-threonine is (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.
L-threonine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
L-tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
Catalysis of the transfer of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, from one side of the membrane to the other.
betaine transmembrane transporter activity
amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of methylammonium, CH3NH2, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
methylammonium transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, from one side of the membrane to the other.
polyamine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of urea cross a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Urea is the water soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of adenine, 6-aminopurine, from one side of a membrane to the other.
adenine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from one side of a membrane to the other.
guanine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine from one side of a membrane to the other.
cytosine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from one side of a membrane to the other.
uracil transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a purine nucleoside, a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, from one side of a membrane to the other.
purine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of cytidine, cytosine riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.
cytidine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of uridine, uracil riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.
uridine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other.
pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
pyrimidine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of protein-DNA complexes from one side of a membrane to the other.
DNA-protein complex transmembrane transporter activity
protein-DNA complex transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of choline from one side of the membrane to the other. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
choline transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of lipopolysaccharides from one side of the membrane to the other. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
lipopolysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of serotonin from one side of the membrane to the other. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
serotonin transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Enables the directed transport of vitamins or cofactors into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
vitamin or cofactor transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of biopterin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Biopterin is a growth factor for certain protozoans and some insects; it is widely distributed in tissues and functions in a reduced form, tetrahydrobiopterin, as a hydroxylation coenzyme.
Enables the directed movement of biotin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
Enables the directed movement of carnitine across a membrane. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of acyl carnitine across a membrane. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
acyl carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of coenzyme A across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
coenzyme A transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of L-ascorbate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.
Enables the directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.
flavin adenine dinucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
flavin-adenine dinucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate, into, out of, within, or between cells.
5-formyltetrahydrofolate transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of pantothenate across a membrane. Pantothenate is the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid; it is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
vitamin B5 transmembrane transporter activity
pantothenate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of thiamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
thiamin transmembrane transporter activity
thiamine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell.
Enables the directed movement of a drug from one side of a membrane to the other. A drug is any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease.
multidrug, alkane resistant pump activity
Enables the directed movement of amiloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Amiloride is a potent and specific inhibitor of sodium ion entry into cells. It is used as a potassium-sparing diuretic.
Enables the directed movement of aminotriazole into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Aminotriazole is an effective weed killer that also possesses some antithyroid activity.
Enables the directed movement of benomyl into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Benomyl, methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, is a systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit.
Enables the directed movement of cycloheximide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Cycloheximide is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
Enables the directed movement of fluconazole into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Fluconazole is an antifungal drug used for oral candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis; it is still under study for treatment of vaginal candidiasis and other fungal infections.
Enables the directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
Enables the directed movement of a fatty acyl group into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. A fatty acyl group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid.
Enables the directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.
Enables the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sterol are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
Transport systems of this type catalyze facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of ammonium (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of glycerol (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of propanediol (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
This term was made obsolete because this solute is transported by an active transporter rather than a channel.
This term was made obsolete because it represents three molecular functions.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of methylammonium (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. Methylammonium is CH3NH2.
Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of urea (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of proteins through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Catalysis of energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules.
Catalysis of the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
calcium-activated potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the outward flow of K+ ions exceeds the inward flow for the opposite driving force.
outward rectifier potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by ATP. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force.
ATP-activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. The membrane is an organellar membrane.
organellar voltage gated chloride channel activity
organellar voltage-dependent chloride channel activity
organellar voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching.
stretch-activated, cation-selective, calcium channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist.
kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
A ligand-gated ion channel activity which transports calcium in response to emptying of intracellular calcium stores.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
amiloride-sensitive sodium channel activity
NADPH oxidase-associated cytochrome b558 proton channel
This term was made obsolete because it describes a gene product rather than a function.
NADPH oxidase-associated cytochrome b558 hydrogen channel activity
apoptogenic cytochrome c release channel activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: fructose(out) = fructose(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of the membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transport of electrolytes and other small molecules across a cell membrane. They are synthesized by one cell and secreted for insertion into the membrane of another cell where they form transmembrane pores. They may exert their toxic effects by allowing the free flow of electrolytes and other small molecules across the membrane, or they may allow entry into the target cell cytoplasm of a toxin protein that ultimately kills the cell.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
electrochemical potential-driven transporter activity
energizer of outer membrane receptor-mediated transport activity
multidrug endosomal transmembrane transporter activity
secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transport of a single molecular species across a membrane; transport is independent of the movement of any other molecular species.
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in).
heavy metal ion:hydrogen symporter activity
high affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity
low affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(in) = solute(in) + cation(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(in) = solute(in) + H+(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion A(out) + anion B(in) = anion A(in) + anion B(out).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: galactose or glucose(out) = galactose or glucose(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) = glucose(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (lactose or galactose)(out) + H+(out) = (lactose or galactose)(in) + H+(in).
lactose,galactose:proton symporter activity
lactose, galactose:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sialate(out) + cation(out) = sialate(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + drug(in) = H+(in) + drug(out).
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone/nalidixic acid/organomercurials:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + amiloride(in) = H+(in) + amiloride(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + cycloheximide(in) = H+(in) + cycloheximide(out).
cycloheximide:proton antiporter activity
cycloheximide:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + benomyl(in) = H+(in) + benomyl(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + monoamine(in) = H+(in) + monoamine(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + polyamine(in) = H+(in) + polyamine(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + fluconazole(in) = H+(in) + fluconazole(out).
fluconazole:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + aminotriazole(in) = H+(in) + aminotriazole(out).
aminotriazole:proton antiporter activity
aminotriazole:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organophosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = organophosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
organophosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phosphate(out) + H+(out) = phosphate(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of an inorganic solute from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane.
inorganic solute uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + inorganic phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + inorganic phosphate(in).
sodium:inorganic phosphate symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phosphate (cyt) + H+ (cyt) = phosphate (mitochondrion) + H+ (mitochondrion).
Catalysis of the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other, requiring sodium ions.
sodium-dependent phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an oligopeptide or oligopeptides from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
secondary active oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity
This term was made obsolete because it does not accurately reflect the function of the proteins involved.
Catalysis of the transfer of peptide-acetyl-CoA from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
peptide-acetyl-CoA secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA(out) + CoA(in) = acetyl-CoA(in) + CoA(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a positively charged amino acid from one side of the membrane to the other.
cationic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cystine(out) + glutamate(in) = cystine(in) + glutamate(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of cystine from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
cystine secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the high affinity transfer of glutamine from one side of the membrane to the other.
high affinity glutamine permease activity
high affinity glutamine transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the stereospecific transfer of asparagine or glutamine across a biological membrane.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: peptide(out) + H+(out) = peptide(in) + H+(in). Catalysis of the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by hydrogen ion movement.
Catalysis of the transfer of oligopeptide from one side of the membrane to the other. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
high affinity oligopeptide transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: Me2+(out) + H+(out) = Me2+(in) + H+(in), where Me2+ is Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ or Pb2+.
heavy metal ion:proton symporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: Me2+(out) + H+(out) = Me2+(in) + H+(in). Me can be Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ or Co2+.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: Me2+(out) + H+(out) = Me2+(in) + H+(in). Me can be Mn2+ or Cu2+.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (Zn2+ or Co2+)(out) = (Zn2+ or Co2+)(in). The activity is driven by proton motive force, possibly by proton symport.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (Zn2+ or Cd2+)(out) = (Zn2+ or Cd2+)(in). The activity is driven by proton motive force, possibly by proton symport.
Catalysis of the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane: Zn2+(out) = Zn2+(in). The activity is driven by proton motive force.
zinc efflux active transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (Zn2+ or Fe2+)(out) = (Zn2+ or Fe2+)(in), probably powered by proton motive force.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: siderophore-iron(out) + H+(out) = siderophore-iron(in) + H+(in).
siderophore-iron transmembrane transporter activity
siderophore transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: siderophore-iron(ferrioxamine)(out) + H+(out) = siderophore-iron(ferrioxamine)(in) + H+(in).
siderochrome-iron (ferrioxamine) uptake transporter
ferrioxamine uptake transmembrane transporter activity
siderophore-iron uptake transmembrane transporter activity
siderophore uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ferric enterobactin(out) + H+(out) = ferric enterobactin(in) + H+(in).
ferric-enterobactin:proton symporter activity
ferric enterobactin:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ferric triacetylfusarinine C(out) + H+(out) = ferric triacetylfusarinine C(in) + H+(in).
ferric triacetylfusarinine C:proton symporter activity
ferric triacetylfusarinine C:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other, in a sodium independent manner.
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of thyroid hormones from one side of the membrane to the other. Thyroid hormone are any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of methotrexate, 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue and a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.
Catalysis of the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
bilirubin secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of sterol from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
secondary active sterol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the movement of a monocarboxylate, any compound containing a single carboxyl group (COOH or COO-), by uniport, symport or antiport across a membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism.
secondary active monocarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: acetate(out) + H+(out) = acetate(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in). In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
low affinity sodium:dicarboxylate cotransporter activity
low affinity sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in). In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity sodium:dicarboxylate cotransporter activity
high affinity sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = dicarboxylate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
dicarboxylate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: malate(out) + H+(out) = malate(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: oxoglutarate(out) + malate(in) = oxoglutarate(in) + malate(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + cation(out) = Ca2+(out) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + H+(out) = Ca2+(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: galactose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (glutamate or aspartate)(out) + Na+(out) = (glutamate or aspartate)(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monovalent anion(out) + Na+(out) = monovalent anion(in) + Na+(in).
monovalent anion:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral/cationic amino acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = neutral/cationic amino acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).
neutral, cationic amino acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine(out) + Na+(out) = glycine(in) + Na+(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (betaine or gamma-aminobutyric acid)(out) + Na+(out) = (betaine or gamma-aminobutyric acid)(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cation(out) + Cl-(out) = cation(in) + Cl-(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = Na+(in) + Cl-(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Cl-(out) = K+(in) + Cl-(in).
Catalysis of the secondary active high affinity transfer of sulfate from one side of the membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind thesolute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity sulphate permease activity
high affinity sulfate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + Na+(out) = sulfate(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + bicarbonate(in) = sulfate(in) + bicarbonate(out).
sulphate:bicarbonate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
pH-dependent sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
pH-dependent sodium:proton antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + H+(out) = K+(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of potassium from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane: K+(out) + energy = K+(in).
potassium uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenine)(out) + Na+(out) = (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenine)(in) + Na+(in).
pyrimidine- and adenine-specific:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: purine(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).
purine-specific nucleoside:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleobase(out) + cation(out) = nucleobase(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: uridine(out) + H+(out) = uridine(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleoside, from one side of a membrane to the other, down the concentration gradient.
equilibrative nucleoside transporter activity
equilibrative nucleoside transmembrane transporter, nitrobenzyl-thioinosine-insensitive activity
equilibrative nucleoside transmembrane transporter, nitrobenzyl-thioinosine-sensitive activity
nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity, down a concentration gradient
Catalysis of the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity secondary active ammonium transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical, electrical and solar sources.
primary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. In low affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
low affinity ammonium transmembrane transporter activity
low affinity secondary active ammonium transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: urea(out) + Na+(out) = urea(in) + Na+(in).
urea active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of thiamine from the outside of a cell to the inside across a membrane.
thiamine uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by the hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond of inorganic pyrophosphate, ATP, or another nucleoside triphosphate. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + monosaccharide(out) = ADP + phosphate + monosaccharide(in). Ribose, xylose, arabinose, galactose and methylgalactoside are imported.
ATP phosphohydrolase (monosaccharide-importing)
monosaccharide-importing ATPase activity
monosaccharide-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Fe3+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Fe3+(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (ferric-ion-transporting)
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mn2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Mn2+(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (manganese-importing)
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + taurine(out) = ADP + phosphate + taurine(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (taurine-importing)
taurine (2-aminoethane sulfonate) porter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + molybdate(out) = ADP + phosphate + molybdate(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (molybdate-importing)
molybdate transmembrane-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ni2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Ni2+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + nitrate(out) = ADP + phosphate + nitrate(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (nitrate-importing)
nitrate transmembrane-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + phosphate(out) = ADP + phosphate + phosphate(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (phosphate-importing)
phosphate ion transmembrane-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + phosphonate(out) = ADP + phosphate + phosphonate(in). A phosphonate is any salt, anion, or ester of phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2).
ATP phosphohydrolase (phosphonate-transporting)
phosphonate transporting ATPase activity
phosphonate-transporting ATPase activity
organic phosphonate transmembrane-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + polyamine(out) = ADP + phosphate + polyamine(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (polyamine-importing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + quaternary amine(out) = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (quaternary-amine-importing) activity
quaternary amine uptake transporter activity
quaternary-amine-transporting ATPase activity
quaternary-ammonium-compound ABC transporter
quaternary-ammonium-compound-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + sulfate(out) = ADP + phosphate + sulfate(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (sulfate-importing) activity
sulfate transmembrane-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + cob(III)alamin(out) = ADP + phosphate + cob(III)alamin(in). Cobalamin is also known as vitamin B12.
ATP phosphohydrolase (vitamin B12-importing)
vitamin B12-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + oligopeptide(out) = ADP + phosphate + oligopeptide(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (oligopeptide-importing)
oligopeptide-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + oligosaccharide(out) = ADP + phosphate + oligosaccharide(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (disaccharide-importing)
oligosaccharide-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + maltose(out) = ADP + phosphate + maltose(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (maltose-importing)
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + amino acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + amino acid(in/out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + nonpolar amino acid(out) = ADP + phosphate + nonpolar amino acid(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (nonpolar-amino-acid-transporting) activity
nonpolar amino acid-transporting ATPase activity
nonpolar-amino-acid-transporting ATPase activity
nonpolar-amino acid-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + polar amino acid(out) = ADP + phosphate + polar amino acid(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (polar-amino-acid-importing) activity
polar amino acid uptake transporter activity
polar amino acid-importing ATPase activity
polar-amino acid-importing ATPase activity
polar-amino-acid-transporting ATPase activity
polar-amino acid-transporting ATPase activity
This term was made obsolete because it describes a gene product and it contains both component and function information.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + glycerol-3-phosphate(out) = ADP + phosphate + glycerol-3-phosphate(in).
ATP phosphohydrolase (glycerol-3-phosphate-importing)
glycerol-3-phosphate-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + glutathione S-conjugate(in) -> ADP + phosphate + glutathione S-conjugate(out).
ATP-dependent glutathione S-conjugate export pump
glutathione S-conjugate-exporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(in) + ATP + H2O -> bile acid(out) + ADP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptide antigen(in) + ATP = peptide antigen(out) + ADP + phosphate.
major histocompatibility peptide transporter activity
peptide antigen-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cd (cytosol) = ADP + phosphate + Cd (vacuole).
ATP phosphohydrolase (heavy-metal-exporting)
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + capsular polysaccharide(in) = ADP + phosphate + capsular polysaccharide(out).
ATP phosphohydrolase (capsular-polysaccharide-exporting)
capsular-polysaccharide-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipopolysaccharide(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipopolysaccharide(out).
ATP phosphohydrolase (lipopolysaccharide-exporting)
lipopolysaccharide-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + teichoic acid(in) = ADP + phosphate + teichoic acid(out).
ATP phosphohydrolase (teichoic-acid-exporting)
teichoic-acid-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + heme(in) = ADP + phosphate + heme(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + peptide(in) = ADP + phosphate + peptide(out). Peptides exported include alpha-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores from Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteriocin, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin from Gram-positive bacteria.
ATP phosphohydrolase (peptide-exporting)
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + beta-glucan(in) = ADP + phosphate + beta-glucan(out).
ATP phosphohydrolase (beta-glucan-exporting)
beta-glucan-transporting ATPase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + (Na+ or H+)(in) = ADP + phosphate + (Na+ or H+)(out).
proton-/sodium-translocating ATPase activity
This term was made obsolete because it is a redundant grouping term based on a TC-DB classification.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out).
sodium-transporting two-sector ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mg2+(out) -> ADP + phosphate + Mg2+(in).
magnesium-translocating P-type ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ag+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Ag+(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + arsenite(in) = ADP + phosphate + arsenite(out).
ATP phosphohydrolase (arsenite-exporting) activity
arsenite-transmembrane transporting ATPase activity
type III protein (virulence-related) secretor activity
type IV protein (DNA-protein) secretor activity
Primary active carrier-mediated transport of a protein across a membrane, driven by the hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond of inorganic pyrophosphate, ATP, or another nucleoside triphosphate. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated.
P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven protein transmembrane transporter activity
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane driven by decarboxylation of a cytoplasmic substrate. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
decarboxylation-driven active transmembrane transporter activity
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane driven by a methyl transfer reaction. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
methyl transfer-driven active transmembrane transporter activity
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by exothermic flow of electrons from a reduced substrate to an oxidized substrate. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
oxidoreduction-driven active transmembrane transporter activity
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by light. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
light-driven active transmembrane transporter activity
Modulates the activity of a potassium channel.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + protein(out) = ADP + phosphate + protein(in).
protein-transmembrane transporting ATPase activity
Combining with acetylcholine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
OBSOLETE. An agent that can lyse the cell in which it is synthesized.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a G protein. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force.
G protein activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity
G protein enhanced inward rectifier potassium channel activity
G-protein enhanced inward rectifier potassium channel activity
G-protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity
G-protein-enhanced inward rectifier potassium channel activity
G-protein activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity
OBSOLETE. Plasmid-encoded bacteriocins which are produced by enteric bacteria. Exert a lethal effect on other bacteria including E. coli strains that lack the Col plasmid. Bind to a cell surface receptor and are transported into the periplasm via an energy-dependent process involving a TonB- or TolA-dependent hetero-oligomeric protein complex. Some colicins kill their target cell by inserting into the cytoplasmic membrane where they form voltage-sensitive (trans-negative) channels that depolarize and deenergize the cell, and thereby kill it.
OBSOLETE. A toxin that exerts its effects by forming a channel in a membrane that allows the unregulated passage of substances into and out of the cell.
OBSOLETE. Polypeptide antibiotic secreted by bacteria and able to kill bacteria of susceptible strains after absorption by specific cell surface receptor.
Enables the energy independent passage of nucleoside, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
nucleoside-specific channel forming porin activity
OBSOLETE. Assists in the correct assembly of fimbria, extracellular organelles that are used to attach a bacterial cell to a surface, but is not a component of the fimbrium when performing its normal biological function.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a class of proteins and a biological process rather than a molecular function.
A porin that acts in the assembly of fimbria together with fimbrial chaperone.
Transports a passenger protein from the periplasm to the external milieu; the passenger protein and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.
Catalysis of the transfer of adhesin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the adhesin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.
Catalysis of the transfer of hemaglutinin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the hemaglutinin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.
OBSOLETE. A porin of the bacterial outer membrane that forms transmembrane pores and transports relatively large molecules from the external milieu to the periplasm in an energized process. Energizing of transport across the outer membrane requires a heterotrimeric complex of proteins, the TonB-ExbB-ExbD complex, or in some cases, the TolA-TolQ-TolR complex. Energizing requires proton motive force across the cytoplasmic membrane.
This term was made obsolete because it combines two functions that are not linked.
Catalysis of the transfer of oligosaccharide, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of the membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
oligosaccharide transporting porin activity
OBSOLETE. Secretins are Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane proteins that form multimeric pores through which macromolecules, usually proteins, can pass. Form homomultimeric ring structures, 10-20 subunits per complex, with large central pores (inner diameters of 5-10 nm).
Catalysis of the transfer of maltose from one side of the membrane to the other. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen and starch. This transporter is a porin so enables the energy independent passage of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
voltage-dependent anion channel porin activity
This term was made obsolete because it wrongly combines voltage-gated anion channel activity and porin activity.
voltage-gated anion channel porin activity
Catalysis of the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of the membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. This transporter is a porin and so enables the energy independent passage of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
long-chain fatty acid transporting porin activity
OBSOLETE. Any substance that causes the lysis of red blood cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (glycoside, pentoside or hexuronide)(out) + monovalent cation(out) = (glycoside, pentoside or hexuronide)(in) + monovalent cation(in). The cation is Na+, Li+ or H+.
glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide:cation symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: melibiose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = melibiose(in) + monovalent cation(in).
melibiose:monovalent cation symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucuronide(out) + monovalent cation(out) = glucuronide(in) + monovalent cation(in).
glucuronide:monovalent cation symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of putrescine from one side of the membrane to the other. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
putrescine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of cadaverine, 1,5-pentanediamine, from one side of the membrane to the other.
cadaverine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cation A(out) + cation B(in) = cation A(in) + cation B(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phenylalanine(out) + H+(out) = phenylalanine(in) + H+(in).
phenylalanine:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: lysine(out) + H+(out) = lysine(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: aromatic amino acid(out) + H+(out) = aromatic amino acid(in) + H+(in).
aromatic amino acid:proton symporter activity
aromatic amino acid:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + H+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + H+(in).
4-aminobutanoate:hydrogen symporter activity
4-aminobutanoate:proton symporter activity
4-aminobutyrate:hydrogen symporter activity
4-aminobutyrate:proton symporter activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid permease activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid:proton symporter activity
See also the molecular function term 'neurotransmitter transporter activity ; GO:0005326'.
gamma-aminobutyric acid:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: putrescine(out) + ornithine(in) = putrescine(in) + ornithine(out).
putrescine-ornithine antiporter activity
putrescine/ornithine antiporter activity
putrescine:ornithine antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: pantothenate(out) + Na+(out) = pantothenate(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of formate from one side of the membrane to the other. Formate is also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
formate transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (threonine or serine)(out) + Na+(out) = (threonine or serine)(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glutamate(out) + Na+(out) = glutamate(in) + Na+(in).
sodium/excitatory glutamate cotransporter activity
sodium/excitatory glutamate symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in), where glutathione maintains the closed state.
glutathione-regulated potassium exporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cytosine(out) + H+(out) = cytosine(in) + H+(in).
cytosine:hydrogen ion symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: uracil(out) + cation(out) = uracil(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleoside(out) + H+(out) = nucleoside(in) + H+(in).
nucleoside:hydrogen ion symporter activity
OBSOLETE. Permease for hydroxy and aromatic amino acids.
Catalysis of the transfer of nitrite from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane.
nitrite uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of nitrite from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
nitrite efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: citrate(out) + succinate(in) = citrate(in) + succinate(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: tartrate(out) + succinate(in) = tartrate(in) + succinate(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: galactose(out) + H+(out) = galactose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: arabinose(out) + H+(out) = arabinose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-xylose(out) + H+(out) = D-xylose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + tetracycline(in) = H+(in) + tetracycline(out).
tetracyclin:hydrogen antiporter activity
tetracycline:hydrogen antiporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (bicyclomycin or sulfathiazole)(in) + H+(out) = (bicyclomycin or sulfathiazole)(out) + H+(in).
bicyclomycin/sulfathiazole:proton antiporter activity
bicyclomycin/sulphathiazole:hydrogen antiporter activity
bicyclomycin/sulfathiazole:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hydrophobic uncoupler(in) + H+(out) = hydrophobic uncoupler(out) + H+(in). Hydrophobic uncouplers include CCCP, benzalkonium and SDS.
hydrophobic uncoupler:proton antiporter activity
hydrophobic uncoupler:hydrogen antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of arabinose from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane: H+(out) + arabinose(in) = H+(in) + arabinose(out).
arabinose efflux transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: H+(out) + (L-arabinose or beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside)(in) = H+(in) + (L-arabinose or beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside)(out).
L-arabinose/beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside:proton antiporter activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product rather than a single discrete molecular function.
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone/nalidixic acid/organomercurials:proton antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = hexose phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
hexose-phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycerol phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = glycerol phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
glycerol-phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: lactose(out) + H+(out) = lactose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: raffinose(out) + H+(out) = raffinose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of shikimate from one side of the membrane to the other. Shikimate is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids.
shikimate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: citrate(out) + H+(out) = citrate(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alpha-ketoglutarate(out) + H+(out) = alpha-ketoglutarate(in) + H+(in).
2-oxoglutarate:hydrogen symporter activity
2-oxoglutarate:proton symporter activity
alpha-ketoglutarate:proton symporter activity
alpha-ketoglutarate:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: shikimate(out) + H+(out) = shikimate(in) + H+(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (proline, glycine or betaine)(out) + (H+ or Na+)(out) = (proline, glycine or betaine)(in) + (H+ or Na+)(in).
proline/glycine/betaine:proton/sodium symporter
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: fucose(out) + H+(out) = fucose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: xanthosine(out) + H+(out) = xanthosine(in) + H+(in).
xanthosine:hydrogen ion symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sialate(out) + H+(out) = sialate(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexuronate(out) + cation(out) = hexuronate(in) + cation(in). The hexuronate may be glucuronate or galacturonate.
hexuronate (glucuronate/galacturonate) porter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 3-hydroxyphenyl propionate(out) + H+(out) = 3-hydroxyphenyl propionate(in) + H+(in).
3-hydroxyphenyl propionate porter activity
3-hydroxyphenyl propionate:hydrogen ion symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cyanate(out) = cyanate(in).
secondary active cyanate uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(in) = sugar(out).
sugar efflux transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: glucose or lactose(in) = glucose or lactose(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phenyl propionate(out) = phenyl propionate(in).
phenyl propionate uptake uniporter activity
Enables the directed movement of bicyclomycin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Bicyclomycin (or bicozamycin) is an antibacterial drug often used as a livestock feed additive.
Enables the directed movement of sulfathiazole across a membrane. Sulfathiazole is an antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.
sulfathiazole transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of nalidixic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Nalidixic acid is a synthetic antibiotic that interferes with DNA gyrase and inhibits prokaryotic replication.
Enables the directed movement of organomercurial compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Organomercurial substances are any organic compound containing a mercury atom.
Enables the directed movement of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone is a proton ionophore, commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of galacturonate from one side of the membrane to the other. Galacturonate is the uronic acid formally derived from galactose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.
galacturonate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of 3-hydroxyphenyl propanoate from one side of the membrane to the other.
3-hydroxyphenyl propionate transmembrane transporter activity
3-hydroxyphenyl propanoate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of propionate from one side of the membrane to the other. Propionate (or propanoate) is the organic acid CH3-CH2-COOH.
propionate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of xanthosine, xanthine riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.
xanthosine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of tartrate from one side of the membrane to the other. Tartrate is the anion of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, one of the aldaric acids. The L(+) enantiomer occurs widely in plants, especially in grape juice, and in fungi and bacteria.
tartrate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of C4-dicarboxylate from one side of the membrane to the other.
C4-dicarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of fully folded proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by targeting the proteins to the transporter via a specialized N-terminal twin arginine signal peptide.
arginine targeting transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane.
p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate uptake permease activity
p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate uptake transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: (L-idonate or D-gluconate)(out) + H+(out) = (L-iodonate or D-gluconate)(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: rhamnose(out) + H+(out) = rhamnose(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from the outside of a cell to the inside across a membrane.
uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of threonine from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
threonine efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of acriflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Acriflavin is a fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.
Enables the directed movement of alkanes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Alkanes are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds.
Catalysis of the transfer of L-idonate from one side of the membrane to the other. L-idonate is an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.
L-idonate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate is the anion of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamic acid.
p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate transporter activity
p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. N-acetylgalactosamine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose, is the n-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.
N-acetylgalactosamine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. The D isomer of N-acetylglucosamine is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.
D-GlcNAc transmembrane transporter activity
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine transmembrane transporter activity
N-acetylchitosamine transmembrane transporter activity
N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of beta-glucosides from one side of the membrane to the other. Beta-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in a beta configuration.
beta-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of trehalose from one side of the membrane to the other. Trehalose is the disaccharide alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside that acts of a reserve carbohydrate in certain fungi, algae and lichens.
trehalose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of mannitol from one side of the membrane to the other. Mannitol is the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
mannitol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of sorbitol from one side of the membrane to the other. Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of glucose.
sorbitol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactitol from one side of the membrane to the other. Galactitol is the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.
galactitol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of mannose from one side of the membrane to the other. Mannose is the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.
mannose transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + beta-glucoside(out) = protein histidine + beta-glucoside phosphate(in). The beta-glucoside may be arbutin, salicin or cellobiose.
This term was made obsolete because it arbitrarily groups three substrates.
beta-glucoside [arbutin-salicin-cellobiose] permease activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-ribose from one side of the membrane to the other. As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.
D-ribose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of methylgalactoside from one side of the membrane to the other. Methylgalactoside is a compound in which the H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.
methylgalactoside transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of allose from one side of the membrane to the other. Allose is an aldohexose similar to glucose, differing only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group of C-3.
allose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + putrescine(out) -> ADP + phosphate + putrescine(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + spermidine(out) -> ADP + phosphate + spermidine(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + quaternary amine(out) = ADP + phosphate + quaternary amine(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + polar amino acid(out) = ADP + phosphate + polar amino acid(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + arginine(out) -> ADP + phosphate + arginine(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + glutamine(out) -> ADP + phosphate + glutamine(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + nonpolar amino acid(out) = ADP + phosphate + nonpolar amino acid(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of an iron chelate from one side of a membrane to the other. An iron chelate is a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions.
iron chelate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of phosphonate from one side of a membrane to the other. A phosphonate is any salt, anion, or ester of phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2).
organic phosphonate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of organophosphate esters from one side of a membrane to the other. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.
organophosphate ester transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, from one side of the membrane to the other.
spermidine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of a fatty acyl CoA group into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. A fatty acyl CoA group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid with a coenzyme A group attached to it.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carbohydrate(out) -> ADP + phosphate + carbohydrate(in).
carbohydrate uptake transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + maltooligosaccharide(out) -> ADP + phosphate + maltooligosaccharide(in).
maltooligosaccharide-importing ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + glycerol-phosphate(out) -> ADP + phosphate + glycerol-phosphate(in).
glycerol phosphate-importing ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-ribose(out) -> ADP + phosphate + D-ribose(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + L-arabinose(out) -> ADP + phosphate + L-arabinose(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-xylose(out) -> ADP + phosphate + D-xylose(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-allose(out) -> ADP + phosphate + D-allose(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule.
Note that some gene products that possess DNA translocase activity, such as members of the FtsK/SpoIIIE family, can be fixed in place by interactions with other components of the cell; the relative movement between the protein and DNA bound to it results in movement of the DNA within the cell, often across a membrane.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + thiamine pyrophosphate(out) = ADP + phosphate + thiamine pyrophosphate(in).
thiamin pyrophosphate transporting ATPase activity
thiamine pyrophosphate-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ferric-enterobactin from one side of a membrane to the other.
ferric-enterobactin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ferric triacetylfusarinine C from one side of a membrane to the other.
ferric triacetylfusarinine C transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of ferric-hydroxamate from one side of a membrane to the other.
ferric-hydroxamate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + iron chelate(out) = ADP + phosphate + iron chelate(in). Fe-enterobactin, Fe-dicitrate, Fe-hydroxamate and other siderophores are imported.
ATP phosphohydrolase (iron-chelate-importing)
iron-chelate-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ferric-enterobactin(out) = ADP + phosphate + ferric-enterobactin(in).
ferric-enterobactin-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ferric-hydroxamate(out) = ADP + phosphate + ferric-hydroxamate(in).
ferric-hydroxamate-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-diaminopimelate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-diaminopimelate is the L-enantiomer anion of 2,6-diaminoheptanedioic acid.
L-diaminopimelate transmembrane transporter activity
A large protein complex, containing 12-15 subunits, that spans the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria and mediates the movement of proteins into the extracellular environment. The complex includes a component in the cytoplasm, an inner membrane subcomplex that reaches into the periplasmic compartment and a secretion pore in the outer membrane. Proteins using the Type II pathway are transported across the cytoplasmic membrane by the Sec or Tat complex.
Sec-dependent secretion system-associated complex
general secretion pathway-associated complex
Note that the type II protein secretion system complex does not include components of the Sec or Tat pathways. For components of these pathways, consider annotating to 'cell envelope Sec complex ; GO:0031522' or 'TAT protein translocation system complex ; GO:0033281'.
type II protein secretion system complex
The process in which proteins are secreted across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria by the type II secretion system. Proteins using this pathway are first translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane via the Sec or Tat pathways.
protein secretion by the type II protein secretion system
protein secretion by the general secretion pathway
protein secretion by the general secretory pathway
Note that this term represents an activity and not a cellular structure. Consider also annotating to the cellular component term 'type II protein secretion system complex ; GO:0015627'. This process refers specifically to secretion across the outer membrane. For components of the Sec and Tat pathways, consider annotating to 'protein transport by the Sec complex ; GO:0043952' and 'protein transport by the Tat complex ; GO:0043953'. Note that this term is used for annotation of proteins that compose the secretion complex but not the proteins being secreted.
protein secretion by the type II secretion system
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Zn2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Zn2+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of lipopolysaccharide from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
Enables the directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
short-chain fatty acid transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
short-chain fatty acid uptake transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a microcin from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Fe2+(out) + energy = Fe2+(in).
ferrous iron uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of peptidoglycan peptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Peptidoglycan peptides are the oligopeptides found in peptidoglycan networks which cross-link the polysaccharide chains.
peptidoglycan peptide transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Acts as to cause lysis of bacterial cells.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a class of gene products and not a molecular function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a toxin, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems.
OBSOLETE. Binds to a lipoprotein toxin, which is usually derived from a microorganism, thereby neutralizing it.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a function distinct from its parent term.
Catalysis of the ligation of a fatty acid to an acceptor, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.
fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity
Enables the directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of lipid-linked peptidoglycans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
lipid-linked murein transporter activity
lipid-linked peptidoglycan transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate(out) + H+(out) = 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate(in) + H+(in).
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate:proton symporter activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: lactate (out) + H+ (out) = lactate (in) + H+ (in).
Catalysis of the transfer of quaternary ammonium groups from one side of a membrane to the other. Quaternary ammonium groups are any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.
quaternary amine transmembrane transporter activity
quaternary ammonium compound transporter activity
quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: quaternary ammonium group(out) + H+(out) = quaternary ammonium group(in) + H+(in).
quaternary ammonium group:proton symporter activity
quaternary ammonium group:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine betaine(out) + H+(out) = glycine betaine(in) + H+(in).
glycine betaine:proton symporter activity
glycine betaine:hydrogen symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of tellurite from the outside of a cell to the inside across a membrane: tellurite(out) + H+(out) = tellurite(in) + H+(in).
tellurite-resistance uptake permease activity
tellurite-resistance uptake transmembrane transporter activity
tellurite uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alanine(out) + Na+(out) = alanine(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: branched-chain amino acid(out) + cation(out) = branched-chain amino acid(in) + cation(in).
branched-chain amino acid:sodium symporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of branched-chain amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.
branched-chain aliphatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
branched-chain aliphatic amino acid transporter activity
branched-chain amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of formate from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane.
formate uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of formate from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
formate efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of L-lysine from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
L-lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid efflux transmembrane transporter activity
L-lysine efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of ions across a membrane. The reaction is characterized by the transient formation of a high-energy aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate.
ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism
Enables the directed movement of nicotinamide mononucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Nicotinamide mononucleotide is a ribonucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-n-glycosidic linkage with the c-1 position of d-ribose. It is a constituent of NAD and NADP.
nicotinamide ribonucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
nicotinamide mononucleotide permease activity
nicotinamide mononucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alcohol from one side of the membrane to the other. An alcohol is any carbon compound that contains a hydroxyl group.
alcohol transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.
restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA cytosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA N4-methylcytosine.
DNA[cytosine-N4]methyltransferase activity
N(4)-cytosine-specific DNA methylase activity
N4-cytosine-specific DNA methylase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:DNA-cytosine 4-N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:DNA-cytosine N4-methyltransferase activity
site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (cytosine-N4-specific) activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. ATP hydrolysis is required. Cleavage is dependent on the presence of two copies of a specific recognition sequence in an inverse orientation in the DNA. Cleavage occurs at a specific distance from one of the recognition sites.
Type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of one into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of silver (Ag) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of nickel (Ni) cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of vanadium (V) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of copper ions into a cell or organelle.
The directed, high-affinity movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The directed movement of copper ions across the plasma membrane.
The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions within a cell.
The directed movement of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed, high-affinity movement of ferric (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The directed movement of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of ferric-enterobactin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of ferric triacetylfusarinine C into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of ferric-hydroxamate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of iron chelates into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An iron chelate is a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions.
The directed movement of molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Molybdate is the bivalent anion derived from molybdic acid.
The directed movement of aluminum (Al) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of cadmium (Cd) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lead (Pb) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of mercury (Hg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of ammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.
The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.
The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of antimonite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of arsenite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of chlorate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of chromate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of nitrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of nitrite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of silicates into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Silicates are the salts of silicic acids, and are usually composed of silicon and oxygen (Si[x]O[y]), one or more metals, and possibly hydrogen. Types of silicate include unisilicates, metasilicates and hydrous silicates.
The directed movement of thiosulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of tellurite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of hexose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of phosphoglycerate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of phosphoenolpyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of nucleotide sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of phosphonates into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A phosphonate is any salt, anion, or ester of phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2).
The directed movement of triose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of allantoate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of formate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of gluconate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Gluconate is the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
The directed movement of L-idonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. L-idonate is an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.
The directed movement of lactate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.
The directed movement of mevalonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of propionate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of 3-hydroxyphenyl propanoate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of shikimate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of uronic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of hexuronate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A hexuronate is any monocarboxylic acid derived from a hexose by oxidation of C-6.
The directed movement of galacturonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of glucuronate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of sialic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
The directed movement of fumarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of malate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of tartrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of urate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.
The directed movement of monosaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The directed movement of pentoses into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A pentose is any aldose with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The directed movement of arabinose, a pentose monosaccharide that occurs in both D and L configurations, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of D-ribose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.
The directed movement of D-xylose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. D-xylose (the naturally occurring enantiomer is always D-) is a constituent of plant polysaccharides.
The directed movement of allose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Allose is an aldohexose similar to glucose, differing only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group of C-3.
The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.
The directed movement of fucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fucose is 6-deoxygalactose and has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.
The directed movement of galactose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of beta-glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Beta-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in a beta configuration.
The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
The directed movement of mannose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Mannose is the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.
The directed movement of rhamnose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids.
The directed movement of N-acetylgalactosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. N-acetylgalactosamine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose, is the n-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.
The directed movement of N-acetylglucosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of methylgalactoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methylgalactoside is a compound in which the H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.
The directed movement of disaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
The directed movement of lactose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactose is a disaccharide 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, and constitutes roughly 5% of the milk in almost all mammals.
The directed movement of maltose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.
The directed movement of melibiose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Melibiose is the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.
The directed movement of sucrose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sucrose is the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.
The directed movement of trehalose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Trehalose is a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.
The directed movement of oligosaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligosaccharides are molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The directed movement of raffinose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Raffinose occurs in plants almost as commonly as sucrose and is present in cereal grains, cotton seeds, and many legumes. It is synthesized from sucrose by transfer of a galactopyranoside from myo-inositol.
The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages.
The directed movement of beta-glucans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Beta-glucans are compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-glucosidic bonds.
The directed movement of capsular polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Capsular polysaccharides make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
The directed movement of teichoic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Teichoic acid is any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues.
The directed movement of hexuronide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexuronides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of a hexuronate.
The directed movement of glucuronosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate.
The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The directed movement of pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The directed movement of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of GDP-fucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The directed movement of GDP-mannose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GDP-mannose is a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-galactose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-galactose is a substance composed of galactose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-glucose is a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-glucuronic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-xylose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The directed movement of polyols, any polyhydric alcohol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of arabitol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Arabitol is the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms.
The directed movement of glycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
The directed movement of glycerol-3-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
The directed movement of sorbitol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of glucose.
The directed movement of galactitol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Galactitol is the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.
The directed movement of mannitol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Mannitol is the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
The directed movement of myo-inositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
The directed movement of propanediol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Propanediol is a sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid; it is also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items, although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects.
The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.
branched-chain aliphatic amino acid transport
branched-chain amino-acid anion transport
branched-chain amino-acid anions transport
The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of S-methylmethionine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of aspartate, the anion of aspartic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
See also the biological process term 'neurotransmitter transport ; GO:0006836'.
The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate, the anion of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of methionine, 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of threonine, (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of diaminopimelate, the anion of 2,6-diaminoheptanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of peptidoglycan peptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Peptidoglycan peptides are the oligopeptides found in peptidoglycan networks which cross-link the polysaccharide chains.
peptidoglycan-associated peptide transport
The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lipid-linked peptidoglycans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of cadaverine, 1,5-pentanediamine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.
The directed movement of amines into, out of or within chromaffin granules.
The directed movement of amines into, out of or within synaptic vesicles.
The directed movement of methylammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The directed movement of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of adenine, 6-aminopurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), within a cell.
The directed movement of a purine nucleoside across a membrane. A purine nucleoside is a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.
purine nucleoside transmembrane transport
The directed movement of cytidine, cytosine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of uridine, uracil riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of xanthosine, xanthine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The directed movement of protein-DNA complexes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of vitamins or cofactors into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The directed movement of acetyl-CoA into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.
The directed movement of biopterin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Biopterin is a growth factor for certain protozoans and some insects; it is widely distributed in tissues and functions in a reduced form, tetrahydrobiopterin, as a hydroxylation coenzyme.
The directed movement of biotin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The directed movement of coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
The directed movement of creatine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.
The directed movement of L-ascorbic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.
The directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.
The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
The directed movement of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate, into, out of, within, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of pantothenate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pantothenate is the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid; it is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of nicotinamide mononucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nicotinamide mononucleotide is a ribonucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-n-glycosidic linkage with the c-1 position of D-ribose. It is a constituent of NAD and NADP.
The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of acriflavine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acriflavine is a fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.
The directed movement of alkanes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alkanes are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds.
The directed movement of nalidixic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nalidixic acid is a synthetic antibiotic that interferes with DNA gyrase and inhibits prokaryotic replication.
The directed movement of organomercurial compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organomercurial substances are any organic compound containing a mercury atom.
The directed movement amiloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Amiloride is a potent and specific inhibitor of sodium ion entry into cells. It is used as a potassium-sparing diuretic.
The directed movement of aminotriazole into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminotriazole is an effective weed killer that also possesses some antithyroid activity.
The directed movement of benomyl into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Benomyl, methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, is a systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit.
The directed movement of cycloheximide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Cycloheximide is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
The directed movement of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone is a proton ionophore, commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone transport
The directed movement of fluconazole into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fluconazole is an antifungal drug used for oral candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis; it is still under study for treatment of vaginal candidiasis and other fungal infections.
The directed movement of tetracycline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).
The directed movement of bicyclomycin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Bicyclomycin (or bicozamycin) is an antibacterial drug often used as a livestock feed additive.
The directed movement of sulfathiazole into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sulfathiazole is an antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.
The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
peroxisomal long-chain fatty acid uptake
peroxisomal long-chain fatty acid import
The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport
The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The directed movement of fatty acyl groups into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A fatty acyl group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid.
The directed movement of fatty acyl coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acyl coenzyme A is an acyl group linked to 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine (coenzyme A).
The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.
The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
The directed movement of substances to, from or across the peroxisomal membrane.
The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides out of a cell or organelle.
Catalysis of the reaction: aspartate + O2 = iminosuccinate + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of mannosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of mannose or a mannose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-D-mannose residues in oligo-mannose oligosaccharides.
mannosyl-oligosaccharide mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of galactosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of galactose or a galactose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of glucose or a glucose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of trehalose or a trehalose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of fucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of fucose or a fucose derivative.
Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.
Catalysis of the formation of L-glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate from L-glutamate, using NADH, NADPH or ferredoxin as hydrogen acceptors.
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
nucleobase-containing compound transport
Catalysis of the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity
nucleobase-containing compound transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. An oxidoreductase which contains either flavin-adenine dinucleotide or flavin mononucleotide as a prosthetic group, utilizes either NADH or NADPH and transfers electrons to other electron transfer proteins.
The larger of the two subunits of a ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).
The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which formate is converted to CO2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methanol, CH3-OH, a colorless, flammable, mobile, poisonous liquid, widely used as a solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of methanol to methyl-Coenzyme M.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.
nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a purine nucleotide is synthesized from another purine nucleotide.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a purine ribonucleotide is synthesized from another purine ribonucleotide.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a purine deoxyribonucleotide is synthesized from another purine deoxyribonucleotide.
purine deoxyribonucleotide interconversion
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a pyrimidine nucleotide is synthesized from another pyrimidine nucleotide.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a pyrimidine ribonucleotide is synthesized from another pyrimidine ribonucleotide.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide interconversion
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide is synthesized from another pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide interconversion
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate, a compound formed of two nucleosides joined together through their 5' carbons by a chain of phosphate molecules.
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate metabolism
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate, a compound formed of two nucleosides joined together through their 5' carbons by a chain of phosphate molecules.
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate anabolism
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate biosynthesis
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate formation
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate synthesis
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate, a compound formed of two nucleosides joined together through their 5' carbons by a chain of phosphate molecules.
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate breakdown
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate catabolism
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate degradation
bis(5'-nucleosidyl) oligophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine polyphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine polyphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine polyphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine triphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with three phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine triphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with three phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine triphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with three phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine triphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine tetraphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.
diadenosine tetraphosphate catabolic process
A specific global change in the metabolism of a bacterial cell (the downregulation of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and the simultaneous upregulation of protein degradation and amino acid synthesis) as a result of starvation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3'), a derivative of guanine riboside with four phosphates.
guanosine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3') metabolic process
guanosine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3') metabolism
guanosine tetraphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3'), a derivative of guanine riboside with four phosphates.
guanosine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3') biosynthesis
guanosine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3') biosynthetic process
guanosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3'), a derivative of guanine riboside with four phosphates.
guanosine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3') catabolic process
guanosine tetraphosphate (5'-ppGpp-3') catabolism
guanosine tetraphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3'), a derivative of guanine riboside with five phosphates.
guanosine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3') metabolic process
guanosine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3') metabolism
guanosine pentaphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3'), a derivative of guanine riboside with five phosphates.
guanosine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3') biosynthesis
guanosine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3') biosynthetic process
guanosine pentaphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3'), a derivative of guanine riboside with five phosphates.
guanosine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3') catabolic process
guanosine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3') catabolism
guanosine pentaphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from inorganic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbon sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbon source and to transport and metabolize alternative carbon sources such as carbon dioxide or carbonic acid. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbon levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbon-containing substances, and ends when carbon is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
carbon utilization by utilization of organic compounds
A metabolic process in which carbon (usually derived from carbon dioxide) is incorporated into organic compounds (usually carbohydrates).
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds
OBSOLETE. The passive movement of protons from areas of high proton concentration and electrical potential to areas where concentration and electrical potential are low.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a passive process which occurs without the aid of gene products.
passive proton transport, down the electrochemical gradient
OBSOLETE. The process of coupled solute translocation in which two solutes equilibrate across an osmotic barrier, the translocation of solute being coupled to the translocation of the other in the opposite direction.
OBSOLETE. The process of solute translocation in which two solutes equilibrate across an osmotic barrier, and the translocation of one solute is coupled to the translocation of the other in the same direction.
OBSOLETE. The process of noncoupled solute translocation or facilitated diffusion.
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that provides energy for the synthesis of ATP or GTP.
energy coupled proton transport, down electrochemical gradient
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers GTP synthesis.
The transport of protons across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport.
energy coupled proton transmembrane transport, against electrochemical gradient
The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from light.
The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from electron transport.
electron transport coupled proton transport
The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis.
The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of molecular hydrogen (H2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, into less complex products.
coenzyme Q biosynthesis monooxygenase activity
coenzyme Q biosynthetic process monooxygenase activity
ubiquinone anabolism monooxygenase activity
ubiquinone formation monooxygenase activity
ubiquinone synthesis monooxygenase activity
This term was made obsolete because it incorporates biological process information.
ubiquinone biosynthetic process monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen sulfide + acceptor + 3 H2O = sulfite + reduced acceptor.
assimilatory-type sulfite reductase activity
hydrogen-sulfide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
hydrogen-sulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Increases the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.
Increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
A product of the fusion of the mitochondria during spermatogenesis. After the completion of meiosis the mitochondria of the spermatid collect along side the nucleus and fuse into two masses; these wrap around each other to produce the spherical Nebenkern. During flagellum elongation the Nebenkern unfolds and the two derivatives (major and minor mitochondrial derivatives) elongate down the axoneme.
The major and minor mitochondrial derivatives are the mitochondria of the sperm tail and derive by the unfolding of the Nebenkern during flagellum elongation.
The larger of the two mitochondrial derivatives that arise by the unfolding of the Nebenkern during flagellum elongation; the major mitochondrial derivative is ovoid and darker than the minor derivative.
The smaller of the two mitochondrial derivatives that arise by the unfolding of the Nebenkern during flagellum elongation.
A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase.
dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex
A protein complex that includes alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, which are alternative products of the same gene; the laminin-binding component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex, providing a link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton (in muscle cells) and the extracellular matrix. Alpha-dystroglycan is an extracellular protein binding to alpha-laminin and to beta-dystroglycan; beta-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein which binds alpha-dystroglycan and dystrophin.
A protein complex formed of four sarcoglycans plus sarcospan; there are six known sarcoglycans: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-sarcoglycan; all are N-glycosylated single-pass transmembrane proteins. The sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex is a subcomplex of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, and is fixed to the dystrophin axis by a lateral association with the dystroglycan complex.
A protein complex that includes alpha-, beta1-, beta2-syntrophins and syntrophin-like proteins; the syntrophin complex binds to the second half of the carboxy-terminal domain of dystrophin; also associates with neuronal nitric oxide synthase.
nitric oxide synthase-dystrophin complex, skeletal muscle
A protein complex comprising alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin; forms part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.
Acts as a trigger for a pattern specification process when present at a specific concentration within a gradient.
OBSOLETE. An opsin with maximal absorption between 400 and 500 nm.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that contains several N-methylated and unusual amino acids.
Combining with a peptidoglycan to initiate a change in cell activity.
Note that only peptidoglycan recognition proteins with receptor activity should be annotated to this term; otherwise use 'peptidoglycan binding ; GO:0042834' instead.
Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane.
A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.
A complex of proteins that are involved in phototransduction and attached to the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel. The protein connections are mediated through inaD.
The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction.
A membrane-bounded compartment that is found at the base of the rhabdomere and contains stored calcium, InsP3 receptors and smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.
The directed movement of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, from the cytoplasm into a mitochondrion.
cytoplasmic tRNA import into mitochondria
cytoplasmic tRNA transport into mitochondrion
cytoplasmic tRNA import into mitochondrion
mitochondrial import of cytoplasmic tRNA
nuclear-encoded tRNA import into mitochondrion
The process in which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
See also the biological process terms 'viral infectious cycle ; GO:0019058' and 'lysogeny ; GO:0030069'.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate.
4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase activity
maleylacetone cis-trans-isomerase activity
A heterodimeric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes error-prone DNA synthesis in contexts such as translesion synthesis and double-stranded break repair. First characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are Rev3p and Rev7p; a third protein, Rev1p, is often associated with the polymerase dimer.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of phosphate.
cellular response to phosphate starvation
The reception of a (visible light) photon by a cell, visible light being defined as having a wavelength within the range 380-780 nm.
The reception of a (UV light) photon by a cell, UV light being defined as having a wavelength within the range 13.6-400 nm.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + L-glutamine + H(+) + NADH.
L-glutamate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (transaminating)
NADH-dependent glutamate synthase activity
glutamate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) synthase
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+. This is a two-step reaction: (a) L-glutamate + NH3 = L-glutamine + H2O, (b) L-glutamate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2O = NH3 + 2-oxoglutarate + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+.
L-glutamate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (transaminating)
ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase activity
glutamate synthase (ferredoxin-dependent)
glutamate synthase (ferredoxin) activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a parasitic fungus (a fungus which spends all or part of its life in or on another organism from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
catabolic carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events that convert the absorbed photons into a cellular response.
Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon.
changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane
regulation of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell
Maintenance of the excited state of a photoreceptor cell to produce a steady-state current as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon.
maintenance of rhodopsin mediated signalling
maintenance of rhodopsin mediated signaling
maintenance of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell by rhodopsin mediated signaling
The process of restoring the photoreceptor cell to its unexcited state after termination of the stimulus (photon).
deactivation of rhodopsin mediated signalling
deactivation of rhodopsin mediated signaling
The process in which metarhodopsin is prevented from generating molecular signals. Activated rhodopsin (R*) is inactivated by a two-step process: first, R* is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase which lowers the activity of R*. Second, the protein arrestin binds to phosphorylated R* to de-activate it.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity.
regulation of light-activated channel activity
The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation.
adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signalling
adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.
An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.
This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was renamed and redefined.
OBSOLETE. The specific immune response mediated by antibodies. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Protostomia (Protostomia, ncbi_taxonomy_id:33317).
humoral defence mechanism (sensu Protostomia)
This term was made obsolete because antibodies are not found in the taxon Protostomia.
humoral defense mechanism (sensu Protostomia)
An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells or basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.
Note that localized and systemic anaphylaxis is usually a result of type I hypersensitivity.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snRNA, small nuclear RNA, low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.
Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
The process in which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.
The initial attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the synaptic vesicle and the target membrane.
synaptic vesicle docking during exocytosis
synaptic vesicle docking involved in exocytosis
The formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
OBSOLETE. Fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the postsynaptic membrane.
The action characteristic of myostimulatory hormone, a peptide hormone that stimulates muscle contraction.
The action characteristic of myostimulatory hormone, a peptide hormone that inhibits muscle contraction.
OBSOLETE. Peptide hormones produced by the corpora allata of insects that reversibly inhibit the production of juvenile hormone.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a gene product.
The action characteristic of ecdysiostatic hormone, a peptide hormone that inhibits ecdysone secretion.
OBSOLETE. A polypeptide hormone that stimulates glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue, and promotes glycogenesis, lipogenesis and the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prenols, isoprenoids of general formula (H-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-)n-OH, any primary monohydroxy alcohol whose carbon skeleton consists of two or more isoprenoid residues linked head to tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prenols, isoprenoids of general formula (H-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-)n-OH, any primary monohydroxy alcohol whose carbon skeleton consists of two or more isoprenoid residues linked head to tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenols, isoprenoids of general formula (H-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-)n-OH, any primary monohydroxy alcohol whose carbon skeleton consists of two or more isoprenoid residues linked head to tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosteroids, steroids of higher plants that differ from animal steroids in having substitutions at C24 and/or a double bond at C22. Phytosteroids are so named because they occur in higher plants; some, notably ergosterol, are also found in fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosteroids, steroids that differ from animal steroids in having substitutions at C24 and/or a double bond at C22. Phytosteroids are so named because they occur in higher plants; some, notably ergosterol, are also found in fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phytosteroids, steroids that differ from animal steroids in having substitutions at C24 and/or a double bond at C22. Phytosteroids are so named because they occur in higher plants; some, notably ergosterol, are also found in fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) group is a terpene or steroid and the sugar group is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) group is a terpene or steroid and the sugar group is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) group is a terpene or steroid and the sugar group is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.
A translation release factor that is specific for one or more particular termination codons; acts at the ribosomal A-site and require polypeptidyl-tRNA at the P-site.
translation release factor activity, codon specific
A translation release factor that is not specific to particular codons; binds to guanine nucleotides.
translation release factor activity, codon nonspecific
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nickel (Ni) cations.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + Hg + NADP(+) = Hg(2+) + NADPH.
reduced NADP:mercuric ion oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate + H(+) = trans-urocanate + H(2)O.
3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate hydro-lyase (urocanate-forming)
3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate hydro-lyase activity
imidazolonepropionate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrimidine nucleoside + phosphate = pyrimidine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
pyrimidine-nucleoside:phosphate alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO(2) + H(+) + NADPH.
10-formyl tetrahydrofolate:NADP oxidoreductase activity
10-formyl-H2PtGlu:NADP oxidoreductase activity
10-formyl-H4folate dehydrogenase activity
10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity
10-formyltetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
N10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity
formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + succinate = fumarate + H(+) + NADH.
NADH-dependent fumarate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
NDP-glucose:D-fructose 2-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-fructose glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-fructose glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose-UDP glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-fructose glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
myo-inositol-hexaphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 3,4-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate.
5-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-2-acetate delta3-delta2-isomerase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.
Catalysis of the reaction: (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n+1) + H2O = (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n-1) + alpha-maltose. This reaction is the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and cellotetraose, releasing cellobiose from the non-reducing ends of the chains.
1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase activity
beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase activity
beta-1,4-glucan cellobiosylhydrolase activity
exo-beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase activity
cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 8 reduced ferredoxin + 8 H+ + nitrogen + 16 ATP = 8 oxidized ferredoxin + 2 NH3 + 16 ADP + 16 phosphate.
reduced ferredoxin:dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing) activity
This term was made obsolete because the differentia from the parent is a gene product feature (specifically, the presence of a molybdopterin cofactor in the protein). It has also never been defined.
Mo-molybdopterin oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate.
linoleate:oxygen 13-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the dehydrogenation of phytoene to produce a carotenoid intermediate such as phytofluene.
Combining with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chlorophyll; any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with bacteriochlorophyll c, a chlorophyll of photosynthetic bacteria, for example green sulfur bacteria.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-15 receptor.
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the formation of ice crystals in organismal fluid (e.g. blood) at below freezing exogenous temperatures.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a biological process.
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the formation of ice crystals.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-.
superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activity
Increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.
superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule.
Budding of synaptic vesicles during the formation of constitutive recycling vesicles from early endosomes.
synaptic vesicle budding involved in synaptic vesicle exocytosis
A protein coat is added to the synaptic vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.
OBSOLETE. Return of a vesicle from the postsynaptic membrane to presynaptic membrane.
Evagination of the presynaptic membrane, resulting in the formation of a new synaptic vesicle.
synaptic vesicle budding from pre-synaptic membrane
synaptic vesicle budding involved in synaptic vesicle endocytosis
synaptic vesicle budding from presynaptic membrane
OBSOLETE. Separation of a synaptic vesicle from the presynaptic membrane.
OBSOLETE. Internalization of the contents of a synaptic vesicle into the postsynaptic membrane following endocytosis.
Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.
Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with the membrane of an endosome.
The removal of the protein coat on a synaptic vesicle.
synaptic vesicle coat protein depolymerization
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.
The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.
The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemoattractant signals from, and grows towards, potential targets.
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemorepellent signals that inhibit its growth toward the source.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
regulation of striated muscle tissue development
The developmental process in which a skeletal muscle attaches to its target (such as bone or body wall).
The process that mediates the transfer of information from the cells of a muscle to those of its intended target, thereby identifying the target site.
Catalysis of the reaction: selenocysteine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = Se-methylselenocysteine + S-adenosyl-homocysteine.
selenocysteine methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase activity
catecholamine O-methyltransferase activity
MB-COMT (membrane-bound form of catechol-O-methyltransferase)
S-COMT (soluble form of catechol-O-methyltransferase)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-coumarate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + 4-coumaroyl-CoA.
caffeolyl coenzyme A synthetase activity
hydroxycinnamoyl CoA synthetase activity
p-coumaryl coenzyme A synthetase activity
p-hydroxycinnamic acid:CoA ligase activity
p-hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A synthetase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3 malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA = 4 CoA + naringenin chalcone + 3 CO2.
malonyl-CoA:4-coumaroyl-CoA malonyltransferase (cyclizing)
Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.
L-kynurenine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
kynurenine 2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
kynurenine--oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
kynurenine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: linoleoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = gamma-linolenoyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O.
delta(6)-fatty acyl-CoA desaturase activity
long-chain fatty acid delta(6)-desaturase activity
delta6-fatty acyl-CoA desaturase activity
linoleoyl-CoA,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
linoleoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity
long-chain fatty acid delta6-desaturase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.14.99.25.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = desaturated-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + O(2) = 2 H(2)O + isopenicillin N.
N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Catalysis of the reaction: deethylsimazine + H2O = N-ethylammeline + chloride + H+.
N-ethylammeline chlorohydrolase activity
This term was made obsolete because the activity it describes does not exist, and the gene product with the name 'polyketide synthase' has multiple functional domains, so using the name to describe a single function would be misleading.
A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline and succinate from procollagen L-proline and 2-oxoglutarate, requiring Fe2+ and ascorbate. Contains two alpha subunits that contribute to most parts of the catalytic sites, and two beta subunits that are identical to protein-disulfide isomerase.
procollagen-proline, 2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase complex
procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase complex
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + 2-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine.
L-alanine:3-oxopropanoate aminotransferase activity
beta-alanine--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
beta-alanine-alpha-alanine transaminase activity
beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
omega-amino acid--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase activity
The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + 'activated' tRNA = L-serine + tRNA containing a thionucleotide.
L-cysteine:tRNA sulfurtransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate sulfurtransferase activity
This term was made obsolete because tRNA thionucleotide formation is a multistep process; there is no single reaction in which cysteine reacts with an activated tRNA directly
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.
Increases the activity of the enzyme sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase.
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activator activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.
Catalysis of the synthesis of the HKK-1 carbohydrate epitope; adds a sulfate group to a precursor, GlcA-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->R), forming sulfo-3GlcA-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->R).
A process in which telomeres are protected from degradation and fusion, thereby ensuring chromosome stability by protecting the ends from both degradation and from being recognized as damaged DNA. May be mediated by specific single- or double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins.
A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.
An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules.
The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure, which then fuse with the lysosome (or vacuole) releasing a single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies which are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Though once thought to be a purely non-selective process, it appears that some types of macroautophagy, e.g. macropexophagy, macromitophagy, may involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.
autophagy in response to cellular starvation
The transfer of cytosolic components into the lysosomal compartment by direct invagination of the lysosomal membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane. In S. cerevisiae, the vacuole is the lysosomal compartment.
Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.
positive regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
The initial attachment of an autophagic vacuole membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
negative regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
Any process that modulates the size of the autophagic vacuole.
The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes.
posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
Note that this term refers specifically to posttranscriptional mechanisms by which small interfering RNAs down-regulate gene expression. Also consider annotating to other descendants of 'gene silencing by RNA ; GO:0031047'.
Modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate.
2-desoxy-D-glucoside-2-sulphamate sulphohydrolase (sulphamate sulphohydrolase)
N-sulfo-D-glucosamine sulfohydrolase activity
N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase activity
N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Any function that supports basal (unregulated) transcription of genes by core RNA polymerase II. Five general transcription factors are necessary and sufficient for such basal transcription in yeast: TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBF).
general RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
OBSOLETE. Any function that supports transcription of genes by RNA polymerase II, and is not specific to a particular gene or gene set.
nonspecific RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
preassembly of GPI anchor in endoplasmic reticulum membrane
preassembly of GPI anchor in ER membrane
A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.
The modification of high-mannose N-glycans by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase and the subsequent removal of the N-acetylglucosamine residues yielding mannose-6-P that occurs in the ER-Golgi apparatus to N-glycans destined for the lysosome.
The modification of high-mannose (Man9-Asn) N-glycans by mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase. This may result in Man8GlcNAc2-Asn N-glycans (which in yeast may be subsequently modified by the addition of further mannose residues) or Man5GlcNAc2-Asn N-glycans that are substrates for further diversification in the Golgi apparatus.
N-glycan processing to secreted and cell-surface N-glycans
The generation, in the Golgi apparatus, of side chain diversity from high mannose Man5GlcNAc2-Asn N-glycans by specific glycosyltransferases and glycosidases.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:protein beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-transferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-protein acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the addition of a galactosyl residue to a non-reducing O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an O-glycan.
UDP-galactose:glycoprotein-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:glycoprotein-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-mucin beta-(1->3)-galactosyltransferase activity
glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.
A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism.
See also the biological process term 'apoptosis ; GO:0006915'.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 1 O-glycan structure, Gal-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 2 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]-GalNAc.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 3 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 4 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)[GalNAc-beta-(1->3)]-GalNAc.
A permanent cessation of all vital functions of a tissue.
A multisubunit chaperone that acts to delivers unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.
protein-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (cytochrome c)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (cytochrome c)-N(omega)-methyl-arginine.
cytochrome c-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cytochrome c-arginine nomega-methyltransferasea
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cytochrome c-arginine omega-N-methyltransferasea
[cytochrome c]-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (myelin basic protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (myelin basic protein)-N(omega)-methyl-arginine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myelin-basic-protein-arginine nomega-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myelin-basic-protein-arginine omega-N-methyltransferase activity
myelin basic protein-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
[myelin basic protein]-arginine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in a protein substrate.
protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome.
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex
A protein complex composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit plus eIF1A, eIF3, and eIF2-GTP-bound methionyl-initiator methionine tRNA.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal amino acid, preferentially alanine, from an oligopeptide or polypeptide.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal amino acid, preferentially alanine, from a wide range of peptides, amides and arylamides.
puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product and refers to cellular component information.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 2 to 20 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
SK calcium-activated potassium channel activity
small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.
acyl-CoA:glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activity
glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: X-CoA + H2O = X + CoA; X may be any group.
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + palmitate.
long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + myristate.
myristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] hydrolase activity
tetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity
myristoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + palmitate.
palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] hydrolase activity
palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + a fatty acid.
S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioesterase activity
acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] hydrolase activity
acyl-acyl carrier protein hydrolase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein hydrolase activity
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
OBSOLETE. Inhibits signal transduction the GTPase activity of G-protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form.
regulator of G protein signaling activity
regulator of G protein signalling activity
regulator of G-protein signalling activity
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a combination of a function and a process.
regulator of G-protein signaling activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a uracil residue in a tRNA molecule.
tRNA (uridine) methyltransferase activity
tRNA (uracil) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase activity
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class I
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class II
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class III
type I phosphatidylinositol kinase activity
type III phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity
OBSOLETE. A heterodimeric phosphoinositide 3-kinase which can phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate or phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Also possesses intrinsic protein kinase activity.
OBSOLETE. A phosphoinositide 3-kinase which can phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; the human form can phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in the presence of phosphatidylserine.
OBSOLETE. A phosphoinositide 3-kinase which can only phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.
phosphatidylinositol monophosphate kinase activity
phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase activity
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase activity
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase activity
phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-5-phosphate 4-phosphotransferase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase activity
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.
inositol bisphosphate phosphatase activity
OBSOLETE. The removal of one of the phosphate groups from an inositol triphosphate to produce an inositol bisphosphate.
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate phosphatase
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate + phosphate.
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphohydrolase activity
inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II activity
phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase activity
The process in which photoreceptors are arranged in ommatidia in the dorsal and ventral fields to be mirror images. The polarity is established in the imaginal discs concurrently with cell fate specification.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mushroom body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mushroom body is composed of the prominent neuropil structures of the insect central brain, thought to be crucial for olfactory associated learning. These consist mainly of a bulbous calyx and tightly packaged arrays of thin parallel fibers of the Kenyon cells.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.
The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.
The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.
The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.
Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organisation
oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization
OBSOLETE. The hydrolysis of ATP (and GTP) that drives the microtubular motor along microtubules.
The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.
The membranes on the sides of epithelial cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.
OBSOLETE. The function held by products which directly regulate any step in the process of apoptosis.
A discrete cell cycle in the third instar eye imaginal disc after progression of the morphogenetic furrow that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. It is essential for generation of a sufficient pool of uncommitted cells to develop complete ommatidia.
second mitotic wave during compound eye morphogenesis
second mitotic wave involved in compound eye morphogenesis
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization of epithelial cells in an embryo.
establishment or maintenance of polarity of embryonic epithelium
The process in which the anatomical structures of a follicular epithelium are generated and organized.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized follicular epithelial sheet.
establishment or maintenance of polarity of follicular epithelium
The process in which the anatomical structures of a larval imaginal disc epithelium are generated and organized.
morphogenesis of larval imaginal disc epithelium
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.
establishment or maintenance of polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.
OBSOLETE. The direct or indirect linkage of cytoskeletal filaments to the plasma membrane.
The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles takes place, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes. This occurs during meiosis.
chromosome migration to spindle pole during meiosis
chromosome movement towards spindle pole during meiosis
meiotic chromosome movement to spindle pole
meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole
The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during female meiosis.
chromosome movement towards spindle pole during female meiosis
female meiotic chromosome movement to spindle pole
female meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole
The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during male meiosis.
chromosome movement towards spindle pole during male meiosis
male meiotic chromosome movement to spindle pole
male meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole
The process in which the anatomical structures of an imaginal disc-derived leg joint are generated and organized. The leg joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a leg to allow movement in a controlled manner. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
imaginal disc-derived leg joint morphogenesis
This term was made obsolete because 'susceptibility/resistance' implies a phenotype rather than a biological process.
organophosphorus susceptibility/resistance
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a sensory organ precursor cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
sense organ precursor cell fate determination
sensory organ precursor cell fate determination
Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.
Combining with activin to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyses the phosphorylation of a type I activin receptor.
The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropalmitoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: pristanoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine + H2O = dimethylamine + L-citrulline.
N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity
NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase activity
NG,NG-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity
dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+.
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase activity
11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase activity
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity
15-hydroxyprostanoic dehydrogenase activity
NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (type I)
NAD-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: substrate + ATP + CoASH = AMP + diphosphate + substrate-CoA.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the carnitine molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the serine molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl (CH3-[CH2]6-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl (HOOC-CH2-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the joining of a carboxyl group to a molecule that is attached to CoA, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m(7)G(5')pppAm = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m(7)G(5')pppm(6)Am.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-6-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity
messenger ribonucleate 2'-O-methyladenosine NG-methyltransferase activity
mRNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylguanine.
tRNA (guanosine) methyltransferase activity
tRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methyladenine.
tRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylcytosine.
tRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity
transfer RNA cytosine 5-methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate cytosine 5-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methyladenine.
1-methyladenine transfer RNA methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (adenine-1-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
transfer RNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase activity
transfer ribonucleate adenine 1-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (adenine-6-N-)-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA uridine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + tRNA 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA-uridine 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)transferase activity
tRNA-uridine aminocarboxypropyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyladenine.
rRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylcytosine.
rRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylguanine.
rRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyluridine.
rRNA (uridine) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + tRNA(n) = diphosphate + tRNA(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + tRNA(Asp)-queuosine = GDP + tRNA(Asp)-O-5''-beta-D-mannosylqueuosine.
GDP-mannose:tRNAAsp-queuosine O-5''-beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity
tRNA-queuosine beta-mannosyltransferase activity
The inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.
Catalysis of the digestion of double-stranded RNAs into 20 to 30-nucleotide products. These products typically associate to the RNA-induced silencing complex and serve as guide RNAs for posttranslational RNA interference.
Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells.
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins
Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.
somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.
somatic recombination of antibody gene segments
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.
An RNA-protein complex localized to the X chromosome of males where it is required for the hyper-transcriptional activation of the X chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
X chromosome located dosage compensation complex, transcription activating
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on the X chromosome of the heterogametic sex, ultimately resulting in a two-fold increase in transcription from this chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
dosage compensation complex assembly during dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome
dosage compensation complex assembly involved in dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome
Any transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
long-term maintenance of gene inactivation
Note that this process is the opposite of long-term maintenance of gene activation.
A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.
A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures.
A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II.
Note that this term is retained because it is widely used by biologists.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond between two phosphate groups, leaving one phosphate on each of the two fragments.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Zn2+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Zn2+(out).
zinc-translocating P-type ATPase activity
Zn(II)-translocating P-type ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; drives the transport of proteins into the chloroplast stroma.
ATP phosphohydrolase (chloroplast protein-importing)
chloroplast protein-transporting ATPase activity
Multisubunit protein complex with 2x7 (Type I, in most cells) or 2x8 (Type II, in Archaea) ATP-binding sites involved in maintaining an unfolded polypeptide structure before folding or to entry into mitochondria and chloroplasts.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out). Found in archae.
proton-translocating A-type ATPase activity
hydrogen-translocating A-type ATPase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out). Found in eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts and in bacteria.
proton-translocating F-type ATPase activity
hydrogen-translocating F-type ATPase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out). Found in eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts and in bacteria.
sodium-translocating F-type ATPase activity
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.
hydrogen-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.
vacuolar hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase complex
See also the cellular component terms 'vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain ; GO:0000221' and 'vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain ; GO:0000220' and the molecular function term 'hydrogen ion transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism ; GO:0046961'.
vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of sodium ions across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0 or V0) that carries out ion transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1 or V1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis.
sodium-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
sodium ion-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
A sodium ion-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism.
sodium-translocating F-type ATPase complex
sodium ion-transporting F-type ATPase complex
A sodium ion-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of sodium ions across a concentration gradient. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.
sodium-translocating V-type ATPase complex
sodium ion-transporting V-type ATPase complex
The process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to its cytoplasm is sensed by a cell.
interpretation of nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of an embryonic cell.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
negative regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
negative regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, or within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Increases the activity of the enzyme tryptophase hydroxylase.
tryptophan hydroxylase activator activity
OBSOLETE. Required for the maturation and activation of proprotein convertase 2.
proprotein convertase 2 activator activity
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage
protein maturation by peptide bond hydrolysis
The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the peritrophic membrane, a tubular sheath of cuticle that shields the epithelial cells of the midgut from the gut contents. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
structural constituent of peritrophic matrix
structural constituent of peritrophic membrane
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other substrates
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.97.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
Combining with the tridecapeptide neurotensin to initiate a G-protein mediated change in cell activity. A G-protein is a signal transduction molecule that alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state.
G protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity
G-protein-coupled neurotensin receptor activity
neurotensin receptor activity, G protein coupled
neurotensin receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity
Combining with a C-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.
Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.
Combining with a C-X3-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X3-C chemokine has three amino acids between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.
Combining with substance P, the peptide Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with substance K, the peptide His-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with neuromedin K, the peptide Asp-Met-His-Asp-Phe-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with prostacyclin (PGI(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.
Combining with a pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity. A pheromone is a substance used in olfactory communication between organisms of the same species eliciting a change in sexual or social behavior.
Increases the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.
Increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the activation of apoptosis.
OBSOLETE. The function held by products which directly activate any step in the process of apoptosis.
A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix.
fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex
long-chain enoyl coenzyme A hydratase activity
long-chain-(3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydro-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a long-chain fatty acid residue. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
long-chain-(S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Also see '3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0003857'.
long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the formation of endothelin 1 by cleavage of the Trp21-Val22 bond in the precursor.
A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that contains an alpha subunit (Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in human) that binds DNA and a non-DNA-binding beta subunit (CBFbeta), and binds to a consensus sequence 5'-YGYGGTY-3' found in several enhancers and promoters; the beta subunit enhances the DNA binding of the alpha subunit.
A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains nine or more proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; the Swi2/Snf2 ATPase is one of the core components.
Combining with interleukin-13 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A protein complex that binds interleukin-4 (IL-4) and consists of an alpha chain that binds IL-4 with high affinity and a gamma common chain that also forms part of the interleukin-2 receptor.
Combining with interleukin-12 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-14 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with gastric inhibitory peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
gastric inhibitory peptide receptor activity
Combining with growth hormone-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor activity
The action characteristic of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, a peptide produced in the hypothalamus that binds to receptors to exert pleiotropic effects including control of neurotransmitter release, vasodilation, bronchodilation, activation of intestinal motility, increase in insulin and histamine secretion, immune modulation, and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.
pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide activity
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide activity
Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
This term was made obsolete because it is based on anatomical information, and describes at least one gene product. It has also never been defined.
brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor activity
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.
See also the cellular component terms 'sarcoplasm ; GO:0016528', 'nuclear envelope ; GO:0005635' and 'endoplasmic reticulum ; GO:0005783'.
Assists in the delivery of metal ions to target proteins or compartments.
Assists in the delivery of copper ions to target proteins or compartments.
A copper chaperone activity that specifically delivers copper to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase.
See also the molecular function term 'superoxide dismutase activity ; GO:0004784'.
superoxide dismutase copper chaperone activity
A protein complex that activates cyclin-dependent kinase 5; composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits.
cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 holoenzyme complex
Increases the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5.
cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator, intrinsic catalyst activity
cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator activity
Modulation of the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator.
cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator, intrinsic regulator activity
cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator regulator activity
Modulates the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase, enzymes of the protein kinase family that are regulated through association with cyclins and other proteins.
cyclin-dependent protein kinase, intrinsic regulator activity
cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
The removal of an internal amino acid sequence (an intein) from a protein during protein maturation; the excision of inteins is precise and the N- and C-terminal exteins are joined by a normal peptide bond. Protein splicing involves 4 nucleophilic displacements by the 3 conserved splice junction residues.
Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.
OBSOLETE. Intervening protein sequence excised from a protein precursor in protein splicing; inteins catalyze their own excision and many also possess endonuclease activity.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a protein sequence feature.
The process during courtship, where the male orients towards a potential partner. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, orientation prior to leg tapping and wing vibration
male courtship behavior, orientation prior to leg tapping and wing vibration
The process during courtship where the male insect taps the female with his frontal leg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, tapping to detect pheromone
male courtship behavior, tapping to detect pheromone
The process during courtship where the male insect vibrates his wings. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, veined wing vibration
male courtship behaviour, wing vibration
male courtship behavior, veined wing vibration
The process during courtship where the male fly licks the genitalia of a stationary female fly with his proboscis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
male courtship behaviour, proboscis-mediated licking
male courtship behavior, proboscis-mediated licking
OBSOLETE. The insertion into or deletion from an RNA molecule of nucleotide residues not encoded in DNA; takes place during or after transcription.
This term was made obsolete because it represents two separate processes (insertion and deletion).
OBSOLETE. The insertion into or deletion from an RNA molecule of nucleotide residues not encoded in DNA; takes place after transcription.
posttranscriptional insertion/deletion editing
posttranscriptional insertion or deletion editing
OBSOLETE. The insertion into or deletion from an RNA molecule of nucleotide residues not encoded in DNA; takes place during transcription.
cotranscriptional insertion/deletion editing
cotranscriptional insertion or deletion editing
Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s).
The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination.
The conversion of a uridine residue to cytosine in an RNA molecule by amination.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The process in which a peroxisome membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.
The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.
The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.
The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the preoxisomal membrane.
peroxisome matrix protein import, docking
protein docking during peroxisome matrix protein import
protein docking during protein import into peroxisome matrix
protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix
protein transport into peroxisome matrix, docking
protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking
The process in which proteins are moved across the peroxisomal membrane into the matrix. It is likely that the peroxisome targeting sequence receptor remains associated with cargo proteins during translocation.
peroxisome matrix protein import, translocation
protein translocation during peroxisome matrix protein import
protein translocation during protein import into peroxisome matrix
protein translocation during protein transport into peroxisome matrix
protein transport into peroxisome matrix, translocation
protein import into peroxisome matrix, translocation
The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol.
peroxisome matrix protein import, receptor recycling
protein transport into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling
receptor recycling during peroxisome matrix protein import
receptor recycling during protein import into peroxisome matrix
receptor recycling during protein transport into peroxisome matrix
protein import into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling
OBSOLETE. Any transcription regulator activity required for initiation or upregulation of transcription.
OBSOLETE. Any transcription regulator activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.
negative transcriptional regulator activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that stops or downregulates transcription of genes globally, and is not specific to a particular gene or gene set.
This term was obsoleted because "general/nonspecific/basal" transcription vs "specific" transcription were determined not to be separable, distinct process. Thus, terms trying to distinguish "general/nonspecific/basal" transcription from "specific" transcription were removed from both the Molecular Function and the Biological Process ontologies. In addition, this Molecular Function term was defined only in terms of the process it acts in and it does NOT convey any information about the molecular nature of the function or whether the function is based on binding DNA, on interacting with other proteins, or some other mechanism. To transfer all annotations without review, the BP term indicated is considered to be equivalent and thus the only appropriate destination for all annotations. To reannotate to a MF term, you will probably need to revisit the original literature or other primary data because this "MF" term was not defined in terms of mechanism of action and there are multiple possibilities in the revised MF structure. In reannotation, please also consider descendent terms of the suggested MF terms as a more specific term may be more appropriate than the MF terms indicated. Please be aware that you may wish to request a new term if the mechanism of action of your repressor is not yet represented or if you are annotating for an RNAP different than one for which there is a specific suggested term. Also note that if there is no information about how the gene product acts, it may be appropriate to annotate to the root term for molecular_function.
general transcriptional repressor activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that stops or downregulates transcription of specific genes or sets of genes.
specific transcriptional repressor activity
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.
The alteration of DNA, protein, or sometimes RNA, in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure.
The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin by the covalent addition or removal of chemical groups.
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein.
The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups.
The modification of histones by addition of phosphate groups.
The modification of a histone by the addition of an acetyl group.
The modification of histones by addition of ubiquitin groups.
The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups.
The modification of histones by removal of phosphate groups.
The modification of histones by removal of methyl groups.
The modification of histones by removal of ubiquitin groups.
The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.
A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins.
An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.
nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation complex
The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin by the non-covalent addition or removal of chemical groups.
This term was made obsolete because it has been replaced by more specific terms.
Ordering of successions of nucleosomes into regular arrays so that nucleosomes are positioned at defined distances from one another.
Any complex that mediates dynamic changes in eukaryotic chromatin.
A protein complex similar to, but more abundant than, the Swi/Snf complex. The RSC complex is generally recruited to RNA polymerase III promoters and is specifically recruited to RNA polymerase II promoters by transcriptional activators and repressors; it is also involved in non-homologous end joining.
A protein complex that contains an ISWI-family ATPase such as Saccharomyces Isw1p, and acts to modify chromatin structure.
A four subunit ISWI-containing protein complex that facilitates nucleosome mobility and transcriptional activation in an ATP-dependent manner. In contrast to other chromatin remodeling complexes, the ATPase activity of NURF requires nucleosomes rather than free DNA or histones.
A chromatin-remodeling complex that catalyzes the ATP-dependent assembly of periodic nucleosome arrays. In Drosophila, the complex comprises ACF1 and ISWI.
ATP-utilizing chromatin assembly and remodeling factor complex
Large protein complex composed of the RNA polymerase core complex and a variety of other proteins including transcription factor complexes TFIIA, D, E, F, and H which are required for promoter recognition, and the Mediator subcomplex. Catalyzes the synthesis of eukaryotic pre-mRNA.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme
A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.
A multiprotein complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complexes and may be involved in both transcriptional initiation and elongation. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Paf1p, Cdc73p, Ctr9p, Rtf1p, and Leo1p.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thienylcyclohexylpiperidine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein; required for the degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae.
See also the cellular component term 'caveola ; GO:0005901'.
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; in Saccharomyces it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source; consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-peptide = 5-oxoprolyl-peptide + NH3.
L-glutaminyl-peptide gamma-glutamyltransferase (cyclizing)
glutaminyl-transfer ribonucleate cyclotransferase activity
glutaminyl-tRNA cyclotransferase activity
glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase activity
Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.
A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.
A nuclear body that is enriched in the lymphoid cell-specific protein LYSp100B; LANDs are globular, electron-dense structures and are morphologically distinct from the annular structures characteristic of PML bodies.
A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.
The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland.
growth hormone-releasing hormone activity
An enzyme complex composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer, and both are associated with metal ions, which differ between species. Both proteins are required for the enzyme activity of the complex, the formation of oxidized ferredoxin and ammonia from reduced ferredoxin and nitrogen.
An enzyme complex containing an iron-iron cluster found in species such as the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. It is composed of two main subunits, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase. Dinitrogenase, the iron-iron containing subunit, has an alpha1-beta2 or alpha2-beta2 structure, and the nitrogenase reductase subunit is a homodimer. Functions in the catalysis of the formation of oxidized ferredoxin and ammonia from reduced ferredoxin and nitrogen.
Note that it is not established whether the nitrogenase exists in vivo in a specific particle or whether the nitrogenase proteins are bound nonspecifically to the membranes of some cells.
An enzyme complex containing a molybdenum-iron cluster found in many species. It is composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase, the molybdenum-iron protein, is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure, and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer.
An enzyme complex containing a vanadium-iron cluster found in some species, such as Azotobacter vinelandii. It is composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase, the vanadium-iron protein, is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure, and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.1.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
Catalysis of the reversible conversion of pyruvate or oxaloacetate to malate.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-L-proline + NAD+ = 4-oxoproline + NADH + H+.
4-hydroxy-L-proline:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + NADP+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADPH + H+.
D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH + H+. Also decarboxylates oxaloacetate.
(S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+ = cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
cinnamaldehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-cinnamoylating)
p-hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, iron-sulphur protein as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than NAD, NADP, oxygen, an iron-sulfur protein, disulphide or a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, other acceptors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.3.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: 8-[(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-{(Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl}cyclopentyl]octanoate + NADP(+) = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate + H(+) + NADPH.
12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase activity
8-[(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-{(Z)-pent-2-enyl}cyclopentyl]octanoate:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADP+ = protochlorophyllide + NADPH + H+.
NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase activity
NADPH-protochlorophyllide reductase activity
NADPH2-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase activity
chlorophyllide-a:NADP+ 7,8-oxidoreductase activity
protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase activity
protochlorophyllide photooxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD(P)+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD(P)H + H+.
enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase activity
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactono-1,4-lactone + 2 ferricytochrome c = L-ascorbate + 2 ferrocytochrome c.
L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase activity
L-galactono-1,4-lactone:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase activity
L-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase activity
L-galactono-gamma-lactone:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase activity
L-galactonolactone dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or related compound.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, quinone or related compound as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, iron-sulphur protein as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than quinone or related compound, a cytochrome, an iron-sulfur protein, NAD, NADP or oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.4.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, disulfide as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, iron-sulphur protein as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than a cytochrome, disulfide, an iron-sulfur protein, NAD, NADP or oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.5.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, disulfide as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or similar compound.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than quinone or similar compound, disulfide, NAD, NADP, oxygen or a flavin.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, other acceptor
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.6.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a heme protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, haem protein as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, heme protein as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, quinone or similar compound as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + 2 monodehydroascorbate = NAD+ + 2 ascorbate.
NADH-semidehydroascorbate oxidoreductase activity
NADH:ascorbate radical oxidoreductase activity
NADH:monodehydroascorbate oxidoreductase activity
NADH:semidehydroascorbic acid oxidoreductase activity
ascorbate free radical reductase activity
ascorbate free-radical reductase activity
ascorbic free radical reductase activity
monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH) activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a nitrogenous group.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, nitrogenous group as acceptor
This term was made obsolete because it was a grouping term taken from EC that no longer has any functions associated with it.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, flavin as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than disulfide, a heme protein, NAD, NADP, a nitrogenous group, a quinone or similar compound or oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.7.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, iron-sulphur protein as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than a cytochrome, an iron-sulfur protein, oxygen, NAD or NADP.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulfur group of donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.8.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, disulfide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors, disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, disulfide as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or a related compound.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors, iron-sulphur protein as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than quinone or a related compound, oxygen, NAD, NADP, an iron-sulfur protein, disulfide or a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on sulphur group of donors, other acceptors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on haem group of donors
oxidoreductase activity, acting on heme group of donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.9.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a heme group of donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on haem group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a heme group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a nitrogenous group.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on haem group of donors, nitrogenous group as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a heme group of donors, nitrogenous group as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than a nitrogenous group or oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on haem group of donors, other acceptors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol or related substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.10.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, oxygen as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than a cytochrome, NAD, NADP or oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate + hydrogen peroxide = dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O.
L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Mn2+ + 2 H+ + hydrogen peroxide = 2 Mn3+ + 2 H2O.
Mn(II):hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Mn-dependent (NADH-oxidizing) peroxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-bis-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol + H(2)O(2) = 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol + H(2)O + veratraldehyde.
1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
diarylpropane:oxygen,hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (C-C-bond-cleaving)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 R-H + 2 chloride + hydrogen peroxide = 2 R-Cl + 2 H2O.
chloride:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O(2) + H(+) + NADH = 2 H(2)O + NAD(+).
NADH:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
diphosphopyridine nucleotide peroxidase activity
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide peroxidase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.12.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, iron-sulphur protein as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen is the electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than a cytochrome, an iron-sulfur protein, NAD, NADP or a quinone or similar compound.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, miscellaneous
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.13.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and one oxygen atom is incorporated into a donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of one atom of oxygen (internal monooxygenases or internal mixed function oxidases)
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for oxidoreductases acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen that cannot be more accurated categorized.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, miscellaneous
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.14.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom each of oxygen into both donors
Catalysis of the reaction: a gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a 3-beta-hydroxy-gibberellin + succinate + CO2.
(gibberellin-20),2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3beta-hydroxylating)
(gibberrellin-20),2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase (3beta-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and two atoms of oxygen are incorporated into one donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-cinnamate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 4-hydroxycinnamate + NADP+ + H2O.
cytochrome P450 cinnamate 4-hydroxylase activity
trans-cinnamate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase activity
trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a flavonoid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3'-hydroxyflavonoid + NADP+ + H2O.
flavonoid,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3'-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced flavin or flavoprotein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase activity
substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidizing)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulphur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for oxidoreductases, acting on paired donors with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, that cannot be more accurately categorized.
Catalysis of the reaction: neurosporene + donor-H2 + O2 = lycopene + acceptor + 2 H2O.
carotene,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + linoleate + O(2) = A + crepenynate + 2 H(2)O.
delta-12 fatty acid acetylenase activity
linoleate delta-12-fatty acid acetylenase (desaturase) activity
linoleate delta12-fatty acid acetylenase (desaturase)
linoleate, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (Delta12-unsaturating)
delta12-fatty acid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on superoxide radicals as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered.
oxidoreductase activity, oxidizing metal ions
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and NAD+ or NADP+ acts as an electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, oxidizing metal ions, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, oxidizing metal ions, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.17.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, disulfide as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than disulfide, NAD, NADP or oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH2 groups, other acceptors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulphur proteins as donors
oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, dinitrogen as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: 8 reduced ferredoxin + 8 H+ + N2 + 16 ATP = 8 oxidized ferredoxin + 2 NH3 + 16 ADP + 16 phosphate.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: 8 reduced ferredoxin + 8 H+ + nitrogen + 16 ATP = 8 oxidized ferredoxin + 2 NH3 + 16 ADP + 16 phosphate.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which reduced flavodoxin acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which reduced flavodoxin acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor, dinitrogen as acceptor
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for oxidoreductase that cannot be more accurately categorized.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
carboxyl- and carbamoyltransferase activity
carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an aldehyde or ketonic group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups
transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl (3-carboxypropanoyl) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose = D-glucose + sinapoyl (S)-malate.
1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose:(S)-malate O-sinapoyltransferase activity
1-sinapoylglucose-L-malate sinapoyltransferase activity
sinapoylglucose:malate sinapoyltransferase activity
sinapoylglucose-malate O-sinapoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups
Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + Glu(-Cys)(n)-Gly = Gly + Glu(-Cys)(n+1)-Gly.
gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase activity
glutathione:poly(4-glutamyl-cysteinyl)glycine 4-glutamylcysteinyltransferase activity
glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups
Note that enzymes of class EC:2.4.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside-disphosphate-glucose + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n) = nucleoside-disphosphate + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n) = UDP + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n+1).
UDP-glucose-1,4-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-beta-D-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-cellulose glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-cellulose glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-1,4-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-cellulose glucosyltransferase activity
cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-glucose + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n) = GDP + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n+1).
GDP-glucose-beta-D-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
GDP-glucose-cellulose glucosyltransferase activity
GDP-glucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
GDPglucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
cellulose synthase (guanosine diphosphate-forming) activity
guanosine diphosphoglucose-1,4-beta-glucan glucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphoglucose-cellulose glucosyltransferase activity
cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-(1->4) bond in the backbone of a xyloglucan and transfers the xyloglucanyl segment on to O-4 of the non-reducing terminal glucose residue of an acceptor, which can be a xyloglucan or an oligosaccharide of xyloglucan.
xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity
xyloglucan:xyloglucan xyloglucanotransferase activity
xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a pentosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring pentosyl groups
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group, other than hexosyl or pentosyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups
transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + prephytoene diphosphate.
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
prephytoene-diphosphate synthase activity
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine.
S-adenosylmethioninamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase activity
spermidine aminopropyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a nitrogenous group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring other nitrogenous groups
Note that enzymes of class EC:2.6.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
Catalysis of the reversible transfer of an oxime group to an acceptor.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transfer of a nitrogenous group, other than amino, amidino or oxime, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides.
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).
phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor).
phosphotransferase activity, carboxyl group as acceptor
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a nitrogenous group (acceptor).
phosphotransferase activity, nitrogenous group as acceptor
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor).
phosphotransferase activity, phosphate group as acceptor
Catalysis of the transfer of a diphosphate group from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.
Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).
phosphotransferase activity, for other substituted phosphate groups
Catalysis of the transfer of two phosphate groups from a donor, such as ATP, to two different acceptors.
phosphotransferase activity, paired acceptors
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups
transferase activity, transferring sulfur-containing groups
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-mercaptopyruvate + cyanide = pyruvate + thiocyanate.
3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase activity
3-mercaptopyruvate:cyanide sulfurtransferase activity
beta-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activity
mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activity
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a selenium-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring selenium-containing groups
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a triphosphoester to give a triphosphate group and a free hydroxyl group.
triphosphoric monoester hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a diphosphoester to give a diphosphate group and a free hydroxyl group.
diphosphoric monoester hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphoric triester.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.
exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5' phosphomonoesters
Note that this activity can catalyze cleavage of DNA or RNA.
exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 3' phosphomonoesters.
exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any N-glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing N-glycosyl compounds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ether or thioether bond, -O- or -S- respectively.
hydrolase activity, acting on ether bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a thioether bond, -S-.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an ether bond, -O-.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of a N-terminal proline from a peptide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal di- or tripeptides from a polypeptide chain.
This term was made obsolete because it represents two activities.
dipeptidyl-peptidase and tripeptidyl-peptidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of C-terminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in other compounds
Note that enzymes of class EC:3.5.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amidines
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amidines
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a nitrile, a compound containing the cyano radical, -CN.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in nitriles
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in substances other than amides, amidines and nitriles.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains a sulfonyl group, -SO2-.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in sulphonyl-containing anhydrides
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in sulfonyl-containing anhydrides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, catalyzing transmembrane movement of substances
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds, in ketonic substances
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid halide bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid halide bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid phosphorus-nitrogen bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid phosphorus-nitrogen bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-nitrogen bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulphur-nitrogen bonds
hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulfur-nitrogen bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-phosphorus bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-phosphorus bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-sulfur bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulphur-sulphur bonds
hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulfur-sulfur bonds
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
Note that enzymes of class EC:4.99.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
Note that enzymes of class EC:4.1.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, of a 3-hydroxy acid.
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for carbon-carbon lyases that cannot be more accurately categorized.
Catalysis of the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond.
Note that enzymes of class EC:4.2.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of water.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by the elimination of an alcohol from a polysaccharide.
carbon-oxygen lyase activity, acting on polysaccharides
Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of a phosphate.
carbon-oxygen lyase activity, acting on phosphates
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond. Enzymes with this activity are 'miscellaneous' carbon-oxygen lyases that cannot be grouped into one of the specific subclasses of the carbon-oxygen lyases.
Catalysis of the release of ammonia or one of its derivatives, with the formation of a double bond or ring. Enzymes with this activity may catalyze the actual elimination of the ammonia, amine or amide, e.g. CH-CH(-NH-R) = C=CH- + NH2-R. Others, however, catalyze elimination of another component, e.g. water, which is followed by spontaneous reactions that lead to breakage of the C-N bond, e.g. L-serine ammonia-lyase (EC:4.3.1.17), so that the overall reaction is C(-OH)-CH(-NH2) = CH2-CO- + NH3, i.e. an elimination with rearrangement. The sub-subclasses of EC:4.3 are the ammonia-lyases (EC:4.3.1), lyases acting on amides, amidines, etc. (EC:4.3.2), the amine-lyases (EC:4.3.3), and other carbon-nitrogen lyases (EC:4.3.99).
Note that enzymes of class EC:4.3.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the release of ammonia by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with ammonia as a substrate.
Catalysis of the release of amides or amidines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amide or amidine as a substrate.
Catalysis of the release of amides by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amine as a substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3alpha(S)-strictosidine + H(2)O = secologanin + tryptamine.
3-alpha(S)-strictosidine tryptamine-lyase (secologanin-forming)
3-alpha(S)-strictosidine tryptamine-lyase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond. Enzymes with this activity are 'miscellaneous' carbon-nitrogen lyases that cannot be grouped into one of the specific subclasses of the carbon-nitrogen lyases.
Catalysis of the elimination of hydrogen sulfide or substituted H2S.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + H(+).
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase activity
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase activity
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming)
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase activity
aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase activity
aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid synthase activity
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase activity
Catalysis of the breakage of a bond between carbon and any halogen atom.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for lyases that cannot be more accurately categorized.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + Mg(2+) + protoporphyrin IX = ADP + 2 H(+) + magnesium protoporphyrin IX + phosphate.
Mg-protoporphyrin IX magnesio-lyase activity
Mg-protoporphyrin IX magnesium-lyase activity
magnesium-protoporphyrin IX chelatase activity
magnesium-protoporphyrin chelatase activity
protoporphyrin IX magnesium-chelatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sirohydrochlorin + Co2+ = cobalt-sirohydrochlorin + 2 H+.
cobalt-sirohydrochlorin cobalt-lyase (sirohydrochlorin-forming)
sirohydrochlorin cobaltochelatase activity
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
Note that enzymes of class EC:5.99.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a molecule.
racemase and epimerase activity, acting on other compounds
Note that enzymes of class EC:5.1.99.- should also be annotated to this term. Note that 'epimerase' refers to the conversion of an epimer into its diastereoisomer, and 'racemase' refers to the interconversion of the two enantiomers of a chiral compound.
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in an amino acid.
racemase and epimerase activity, acting on amino acids and derivatives
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a hydroxy acid molecule.
racemase and epimerase activity, acting on hydroxy acids and derivatives
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a carbohydrate molecule.
racemase and epimerase activity, acting on carbohydrates and derivatives
OBSOLETE. Racemase and epimerase activity on compounds other than amino acids, hydroxy acids, carbohydrates or their derivatives.
Catalysis of a reaction that interconverts cis and trans isomers. Atoms or groups are termed cis or trans to one another when they lie respectively on the same or on opposite sides of a reference plane identifiable as common among stereoisomers.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.
intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, other intramolecular oxidoreductases
Note that enzymes of class EC:5.3.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is an aldose or a ketose, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.
intramolecular isomerase activity, interconverting aldoses and ketoses
intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting aldoses and ketoses
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is a keto- or an enol-group, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.
intramolecular isomerase activity, interconverting keto- and enol-groups
intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting keto- and enol-groups
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.
intramolecular isomerase activity, transposing C=C bonds
intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing C=C bonds
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more sulfur-sulfur bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.
intramolecular isomerase activity, transposing S-S bonds
intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing S-S bonds
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for intramolecular oxidoreductases that cannot be more accurately categorized.
intramolecular isomerase activity, other intramolecular oxidoreductases
Catalysis of the transfer of a functional group from one position to another within a single molecule.
intramolecular transferase activity, transferring other groups
Note that enzymes of class EC:5.4.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one position to another within a single molecule.
intramolecular transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group from one position to another within a single molecule.
phosphotransferase activity, with regeneration of donors, apparently catalyzing intramolecular transfers
intramolecular transferase activity, phosphotransferases
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from one position to another within a single molecule.
intramolecular transferase activity, transferring amino groups
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for intramolecular transferases that cannot be more accurately categorized.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = cycloartenol.
(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, cycloartenol-forming)
2,3-epoxysqualene cycloartenol-cyclase activity
2,3-epoxysqualene--cycloartenol cyclase activity
2,3-oxidosqualene-cycloartenol cyclase activity
oxidosqualene:cycloartenol cyclase activity
squalene-2,3-epoxide-cycloartenol cyclase activity
The catalysis of certain rearrangements of a molecule to break or form a ring.
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for isomerases that cannot be more accurately categorized.
Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-oxygen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
ligase activity, forming carbon-oxygen bonds
Catalysis of the joining of an amino acid and a nucleic acid (usually tRNA) or poly(ribitol phosphate), with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. The reaction forms an aminoacyl-tRNA or a related compound.
ligase activity, forming aminoacyl-tRNA and related compounds
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
ligase activity, forming carbon-sulphur bonds
ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds
Catalysis of the joining of an acid and a thiol via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Note that enzymes of class EC:6.3.4.- should also be annotated to this term.
ligase activity, forming carbon-nitrogen bonds
Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two groups within a single molecule via a carbon-nitrogen bond, forming heterocyclic ring, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
OBSOLETE. A grouping term for carbon-nitrogen ligases that cannot be more accurately categorized.
Catalysis of the transfer of the amide nitrogen of glutamine to a variety of substrates. GATases catalyze two separate reactions at two active sites, which are located either on a single polypeptide chain or on different subunits. In the glutaminase reaction, glutamine is hydrolyzed to glutamate and ammonia, which is added to an acceptor substrate in the synthase reaction.
carbon-nitrogen ligase activity, with glutamine as amido-N-donor
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-carbon bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
ligase activity, forming carbon-carbon bonds
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a phosphoric ester bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
ligase activity, forming phosphoric ester bonds
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction.
complex V (mitochondrial electron transport)
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.
endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters
endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.
endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing other than 5'-phosphomonoesters
endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages at specific sites within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.
site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity, specific for altered base
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.
endoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.
endoribonuclease activity, producing other than 5'-phosphomonoesters
endoribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.
endoribonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.
endoribonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters
endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.
exodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters
exodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.
exoribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters
exoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 3' phosphomonoesters.
exoribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, disulfide as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an acceptor other than a cytochrome, disulfide, NAD, NADP, oxygen or a quinone or similar compound.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.2.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myosin-heavy-chain = ADP + myosin-heavy-chain phosphate.
ATP:myosin heavy-chain O-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:myosin-heavy-chain O-phosphotransferase activity
calmodulin-dependent myosin heavy chain kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + a sterol = UDP + an O-glucosylsterol.
UDP-glucose-sterol beta-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-sterol glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:sterol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:sterol glucosyltransferase activity
UDPG:sterol glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:sterol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
sterol 3beta-glucosyltransferase activity
sterol-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
sterol:UDPG glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-poriferasterol glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-sterol glucosyltransferase activity
sterol 3-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Combining with acetylcholine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
G-protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
acetylcholine receptor activity, G-protein coupled
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of proteins. A family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Strongly activated by stress signals such as heat or osmotic shock, DNA-damaging agents, inhibitors of protein synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
stress-activated protein kinase activity
This term was made obsolete because there are no known gene products that would be described as 'SAP kinase 5', and the term name implies that it refers to a gene product.
The action characteristic of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland. Upon receptor binding, FSH stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in the ovaries in females, and stimulates the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules to increase spermatogenesis.
A gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland; consists of alpha and beta subunits, the latter of which confers hormonal specificity.
OBSOLETE. A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked beta subunits, that is synthesized in the pituitary gland and gonads and stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.
OBSOLETE. Either of two glycoproteins (designated A and B), secreted by the gonads and present in seminal plasma and follicular fluid, that inhibit pituitary production of follicle-stimulating hormone.
Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor activity
See also the molecular function term 'neurotransmitter receptor activity ; GO:0030594'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of polypeptides, preferably at the first bond of Xaa-Arg-Lys, and less commonly at the first bond of Arg-Arg-Xaa, in which Xaa is not Arg or Lys.
Catalysis of the release of the N-terminal pyroglutamyl group from a peptide or protein.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of the N-terminal pyroglutamyl group from pGlu-His-Xaa tripeptides and pGlu-His-Xaa-Gly tetrapeptides.
thyroliberin-hydrolyzing pyroglutamate aminopeptidase activity
thyrotropin-releasing factor pyroglutamate aminopeptidase activity
thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading peptidase activity
thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading pyroglutamate aminopeptidase activity
thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading ectoenzyme activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a ligand dependent manner, with a nuclear receptor protein.
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor interactor activity
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor binding
OBSOLETE. Ligand dependent interaction with the thyroid hormone receptor.
ligand-dependent thyroid hormone receptor interactor activity
The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.
small ubiquitin-related protein 1 conjugation
The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of SUMO, a small ubiquitin-related modifier, from previously sumoylated substrates.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
extracellular-glycine-gated ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
glycine-inhibited chloride channel activity
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'receptor activity ; GO:0004872'.
extracellular-glycine-gated chloride channel activity
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which chloride ions may pass in response to glycine binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any glycoside in which the sugar group is galactose.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor, where the acyl group is a short branched chain fatty acid residue.
short-branched-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
A complex of two kinesin heavy chains and two kinesin light chains.
A complex consisting of two distinct motor subunits that form a heterodimer complexed with a third non-motor accessory subunit, the kinesin associated protein or KAP; the KIF3 heterodimer interacts via its C-terminal portion with KAP, which is thought to regulate the binding of the motor to cargo membranes.
Combining with a natriuretic peptide and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development.
insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex
OBSOLETE. Any activity that modulates the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule catalyzed by RNA polymerase I following transcription initiation.
Pol I transcription elongation factor activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that modulates the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule catalyzed by RNA polymerase II following transcription initiation.
Pol II transcription elongation factor activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity that modulates the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule catalyzed by RNA polymerase III following transcription initiation.
Pol III transcription elongation factor activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Cleavage of substrates with Phe and Leu in P2.
This term was made obsolete because it describes a gene product and not a molecular function.
OBSOLETE. Interaction with the alpha-2 macroglobulin receptor and glycoprotein gp330 forming a complex with the alpha-2 macroglobulin receptor light and heavy chains.
Combining with alpha-2 macroglobulin and delivering alpha-2 macroglobulin into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + 2 ferricytochrome c + nitrous oxide = 2 H(+) + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 nitric oxide.
nitrous-oxide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (NO-forming)
nitrous-oxide:acceptor oxidoreductase (NO-forming)
cytochrome bc nitric oxide reductase activity
OBSOLETE. An oxygen carrier found in a few groups of invertebrates, e.g. sipunculid worms, certain molluscs, and crustaceans.
OBSOLETE. A blue, copper-containing oxygen carrier present in many molluscs and arthropods.
Catalysis of the formation of disulfide bridges.
flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 R'C(R)SH + O2 = 2 R'C(R)S-S(R)CR' + 2 H2O.
The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
poly(A)+ mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
OBSOLETE. Inhibition of proteinase by a mechanism involving a bait region which contains specific sites, cleavage of which induces a conformational change that results in trapping of the proteinase; following cleavage in the bait region a thiolester bond is hydrolyzed and mediates the covalent binding of the protein to the proteinase; subsequently epsilon-amino groups of the proteinase react with thiolester linkages in the inhibitor to form stable amide links; the entrapped proteinase can now only act on low molecular mass substrates.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of beta-1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine residues in a partly acetylated chitosan.
chitosan N-acetylglucosaminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between lipoate (5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoate) and a protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: creatine + H(2)O = sarcosine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + CO2 + H2O = 2 3-phospho-D-glycerate.
3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing)
3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing; D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-forming)
D-ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase activity
D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity
ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase activity
ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity
ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity
ribulose diphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity
ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, galactomannans, glucomannans, and galactoglucomannans.
1,4-beta-D-mannan mannanohydrolase activity
beta-1,4-mannan 4-mannanohydrolase activity
mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase activity
OBSOLETE. Plays a role in regulating transcription initiation.
transcriptional initiation factor activity
A sigma factor is the promoter specificity subunit of eubacterial-type multisubunit RNA polymerases, those whose core subunit composition is often described as alpha(2)-beta-beta-prime. (This type of multisubunit RNA polymerase complex is known to be found in eubacteria and plant plastids). Although sigma does not bind DNA on its own, when combined with the core to form the holoenzyme, this binds specifically to promoter sequences, with the sigma factor making sequence specific contacts with the promoter elements. The sigma subunit is released from the elongating form of the polymerase and is thus free to act catalytically for multiple RNA polymerase core enzymes.
OBSOLETE. The function of binding to a transcription factor and stopping, preventing or reducing the rate of its transcriptional activity.
transcriptional initiation factor antagonist activity
This term was obsoleted because its definition was vague and apparently broader in scope than the name of the term suggested it was intended to be.
transcription initiation factor antagonist activity
The function of binding to a sigma factor and stopping, preventing or reducing the rate of its transcriptional activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-citrulline + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine + 2 sulfur + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosyl.
protein 6-N-(octanoyl)lysine:sulfur sulfurtransferase activity
protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine:sulfur sulfurtransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: precorrin-8X = hydrogenobyrinate.
precorrin-8X 11,12-methylmutase activity
hydrogenobyrinic acid-binding protein activity
Catalysis of the reaction: precorrin-6B + NADP+ = precorrin-6A + NADPH + H+.
precorrin-6B:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
precorrin-6Y:NADP(+) oxidoreductase activity
precorrin-6Y:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + O2 = cholest-5-en-3-one + H2O2.
3beta-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase activity
3beta-hydroxysteroid:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
cholesterol-O(2) oxidoreductase activity
cholesterol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (2->8)-alpha-sialosyl linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.
poly(alpha-2,8-sialoside) alpha-2,8-sialosylhydrolase activity
poly(alpha-2,8-sialosyl) endo-N-acetylneuraminidase activity
polysialoside (2->8)-alpha-sialosylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-glycosidic linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules that form part of a cell wall.
cellular cell wall macromolecule breakdown
cellular cell wall macromolecule catabolic process
cellular cell wall macromolecule catabolism
cellular cell wall macromolecule degradation
cell wall macromolecule catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta.
Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand activin. For binding to other extracellular ligands, consider annotating to terms under 'transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
The covalent linkage of heme and a protein.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 3'-phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between DNA topoisomerase I and DNA.
See also the molecular function term 'DNA topoisomerase type I activity ; GO:0003917'.
3'-tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase activity
The covalent linking of a tetrapyrrole to a protein.
The covalent linkage of bilin and a protein.
The linkage of the chromophore phycobiliviolin to phycoerythrocyanin.
The linkage of the chromophore phycocyanobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin.
The linkage of the chromophore phycourobilin to phycoerythrins.
The linkage of the chromophore phycoerythrobilin to phycoerythrins.
The linkage of the chromophore phytochromobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin.
The addition of a flavin group to a protein amino acid.
The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway
regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases.
Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate.
dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase activity
MAP kinase tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphomyosin + H2O = myosin + phosphate.
myosin phosphatase, intrinsic catalyst activity
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme myosin phosphatase.
myosin phosphatase, intrinsic regulator activity
This term was made obsolete because it describes the binding of myosin phosphatase to myosin, which is not a molecular function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any part of a myosin complex; myosins are any of a superfamily of molecular motor proteins that bind to actin and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of the phosphate group from phosphomyosin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a class I myosin; myosin I heavy chains are single-headed, possess tails of various lengths, and do not self-associate into bipolar filaments.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs).
TBP-related factor (TRF) protein binding
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of the C-terminal propeptide at Ala-Asp in type I and II procollagens and at Arg-Asp in type III.
procollagen C-terminal peptidase activity
procollagen C-terminal proteinase activity
procollagen carboxy-terminal proteinase activity
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase receptor-associated protein activity
OBSOLETE. Strengthening of a bond between proteins. Proteins are large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids. The amino acids are joined in a specific order by peptide bonds.
OBSOLETE. Stabilization of the structure of beta-galactosidase.
beta-galactosidase stabilization activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + K+(out) = amino acid(in) + K+(in).
potassium:amino acid transporter activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rap family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Rap guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
The directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal dipeptide from a peptide comprising four or more residues, with broad specificity; also acts on dipeptidyl 2-naphthylamides.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a fatty acid + sphingosine.
N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = lactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + D-galactose.
D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine galactohydrolase activity
ceramidetrihexoside alpha-galactosidase activity
trihexosyl ceramide galactosidase activity
trihexosylceramide alpha-galactosidase activity
galactosylgalactosylglucosylceramidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a sugar + N-acylsphingosine.
glycosyl ceramide glycosylhydrolase activity
glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine glycohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. A polypeptide hormone which stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoid hormones.
The action characteristic of melanocyte-stimulating hormone, any of three peptide hormones that are produced by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland and, upon receptor binding, cause dispersal of melanosomes in melanophores of poikilothermic vertebrates.
alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone activity
alpha-melanophore stimulating hormone activity
The action characteristic of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), any of a number of peptides released by the mammalian hypothalamus into the hypophyseal-portal circulation in response to neural and/or chemical stimuli. Upon receptor binding, CRH increases the rate of corticotropin secretion by the anterior pituitary.
corticotropin-releasing hormone activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any peptide with hormonal activity in animals.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rho protein, any member of the Rho subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. Proteins in the Rho subfamily are involved in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the GTP-bound form of the Rho protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine + ATP = sphingosine 1-phosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + retinol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + anhydroretinol.
insulin-like growth factor binding protein
A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.
A heterodimeric protein complex that can stably associate with TATA-binding protein on promoters, thereby preventing the assembly of transcription factors TFIIA and TFIIB and leading to repression of RNA polymerase II transcription. The two subunits, NC2alpha (Drap1) and NC2beta (Dr1), dimerize through histone fold domains of the H2A/H2B type present in the amino termini.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.
down regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
down-regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
downregulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex assembly
negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex biosynthesis
negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex formation
inhibition of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the nuclear pore complex.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H(2)O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate + H(+).
6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone lactonohydrolase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a FH1 domain of a protein, a proline-rich domain, usually located in front of a FH2 domain.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a palmitoyl on to serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = GDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,4)]-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.
(Le(a))-dependent (alpha-3/4)-fucosyltransferase activity
(Lea)-dependent (alpha-3/4)-fucosyltransferase activity
Lewis alpha-(1,3/4)-fucosyltransferase activity
Lewis alpha-(1->3/4)-fucosyltransferase activity
Lewis blood group alpha-(1,3/4)-fucosyltransferase activity
Lewis blood group alpha-(1->3/4)-fucosyltransferase activity
Lewis(Le) blood group gene-dependent alpha-(1,3/4)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
alpha(1,4)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
alpha-(1,3/1,4) fucosyltransferase III activity
alpha-(1,4)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
alpha-(1->4)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
beta-acetylglucosaminylsaccharide fucosyltransferase activity
blood group Lewis alpha-4-fucosyltransferase activity
blood-group substance Le(a)-dependent fucosyltransferase activity
blood-group substance Lea-dependent fucosyltransferase
galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
3-alpha-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-fucose:3-beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R 4I-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-beta-L-fucose:3-beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R 4I-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-beta-acetylglucosaminylsaccharide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-glycoprotein 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-glycoprotein 4-alpha-fucosyltransferase activity
Lewis(Le) blood group gene-dependent alpha-(1->3/4)-L-fucosyltransferase activity
3-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-methylthioadenosine + phosphate = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity
5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity
5'-methylthioadenosine:phosphate methylthio-D-ribosyl-transferase activity
S-methyl-5-thioadenosine:phosphate S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase activity
methylthioadenosine nucleoside phosphorylase activity
methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity
S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex, a transmembrane lipoprotein complex that it catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by accepting reducing equivalents from Coenzyme Q, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.
coenzyme Q and cytochrome c reductase complex assembly
coenzyme Q and cytochrome c reductase complex biogenesis
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a fatty acid anion.
This term was made obsolete because the definition does not match the term name.
phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a fatty acid amide to yield a fatty acid.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases present in single-stranded DNA.
single-strand selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase activity
single-strand selective uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + L-tyrosine methyl ester = L-tyrosine methyl ester 4-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H(+).
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:L-tyrosine-methyl-ester sulfotransferase activity
L-tyrosine methyl ester sulfotransferase activity
tyrosine-ester sulphotransferase activity
tyrosine-ester sulfotransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small nuclear RNA (snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA).
Note that this term may be useful for annotating small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which cations ions may pass in response to an intracellular cyclic nucleotide binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated cation channel complex
OBSOLETE. Assists in the correct, non-covalent assembly of tubulin-containing structures in vivo, but is not a component of the assembled structures when performing its normal biological function.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-propeptide of collagen chain alpha-1(I) at Pro-Gln and of alpha-1(II) and alpha-2(I) chains at Ala-Gln.
aminoterminal procollagen peptidase activity
procollagen N-terminal peptidase activity
procollagen N-terminal proteinase activity
procollagen aminoterminal protease activity
type I/II procollagen N-proteinase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-1.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with purine nucleotides, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis.
mitochondrial uncoupling protein activity
oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity
OBSOLETE. Binds to and modulates the activity of the molecular chaperone Hsc70.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a non-existent molecular function term, 'Hsp70 protein activity'.
Modulates the activity of a sodium channel.
Modulates the activity of a chloride channel.
Combining with a mineralocorticoid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-beta-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = GDP + 1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,4)]-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.
GDP-L-fucose:1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R 3-L-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-beta-L-fucose:1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R 3-L-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-beta-L-fucose:1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
galactoside 3-L-fucosyltransferase activity
galactoside 3-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-glucoside alpha-1->3-fucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphofucose-glucoside alpha1->3-fucosyltransferase activity
lewis-negative alpha-3-fucosyltransferase activity
plasma alpha-3-fucosyltransferase activity
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + NADPH = ADP + L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate.
D1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase activity
delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.
A protein complex that catalyzes the reaction 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide + carbon dioxide (CO2). This requires thiamine diphosphate; the enzyme also acts on (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and 4-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoate.
branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) complex
A protein complex that consists of a catalytic alpha subunit (alpha-MPP) and a regulatory beta subunit (beta-MPP), and catalyzes the release of N-terminal targeting peptides from precursor proteins imported into the mitochondrion.
Note that monomeric mitochondrial processing peptidases have been observed.
mitochondrial processing peptidase complex
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of Xaa-Pro-Xaa motifs to release unblocked, N-terminal dipeptides from substrates including Ala-Pro-para-nitroanilide and (sequentially, at the second, fourth and sixth bonds) of the motif Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile.
X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity
Enables the directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
A protein complex that is located in the cell membrane, and is involved in the metabolism of peptides, including neuropeptides. The complex has metalloendopeptidase activity that catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates, preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of RNA containing frequent adenine and uridine bases.
Adenylate/uridylate-rich element binding
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage, within the membrane-spanning helix, of the amino-terminal half (the intermediate form) of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). This activity releases the transcription factor domain of SREBP from the membrane, freeing it to enter the nucleus.
sterol regulatory element-binding protein site 2 protease activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within a sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). SREBPs are transcription factors that bind sterol regulatory elements (SREs), DNA motifs found in the promoters of target genes.
sterol regulatory element-binding protein protease activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a Leu-Ser bond within the luminal loop of a sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). This activity is the first of two sequential cleavage reactions and cleaves SREBP into two membrane-bound halves.
sterol regulatory element-binding protein site 1 protease activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfate; results in 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate.
heparan sulphate 6-O-sulphotransferase activity
heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-acetylserotonin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + melatonin. Melatonin is also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine.
N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase activity
acetylserotonin methyltransferase activity
hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase activity
hydroxyindole methyltransferase activity
acetylserotonin N-methyltransferase activity
acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the sulfonylurea receptor, a regulatory subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium ion channel.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor, where the acyl group is a very long chain fatty acid residue. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
very-long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
A multienzyme complex found in all multicellular eukaryotes composed of eight proteins with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (abbreviated as: ArgRS, AspRS, GluProRS, GlnRS, IleRS, LeuRS, LysRS, MetRS where RS is the enzyme, preceded by the amino acid it uses as a substrate) as well as three non-synthetase proteins (p43, p38, and p18) with diverse functions. Several of these subunits are known dimers, so the total polypeptide count in the multisynthetase complex is at least fifteen. All of the enzymes in this assembly catalyze the same reaction, the covalent attachment of an amino acid to either the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA, but using different substrates.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex
A complex consisting of methionyl- and glutamyl-tRNA synthetases. The tRNA synthetases present in the complex bind to their cognate tRNAs more efficiently than they do as monomers.
methionyl glutamyl tRNA synthetase complex
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-D-galactose.
UTP:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UTP-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UTP:alpha-D-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity
galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphate galactose pyrophosphorylase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose pyrophosphorylase activity
UTP:galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = delta11-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O.
OBSOLETE. Acts to negatively regulate the activity of activin, a nonsteroidal regulator synthesized in the pituitary gland and gonads that stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to an obsolete molecular function term, 'activin'.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together an anion exchanger and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a 5' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 5' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine.
gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase complex
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside diphosphate + H2O = a nucleotide + phosphate.
nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase activity
nucleoside diphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
nucleoside-diphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside triphosphate + H2O = nucleoside diphosphate + phosphate.
nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase activity
nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
nucleoside-5-triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
unspecific diphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rab family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Rab guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+.
4,5-dihydrothymine: oxidoreductase activity
5,6-dihydrouracil:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase activity
dehydrogenase, dihydrouracil (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity
dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protease by a wide-spectrum protease inhibitor. A wide-spectrum protease inhibitor is a protein having a peptide stretch which contains specific cleavage sites for different proteinases enabling inhibition of all four classes of proteinases by formation of a covalent bond between the inhibitor and the protease.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a regulator of non-existent molecular function.
wide-spectrum protease inhibitor activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.
ssDNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity
single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity
A protein complex that possesses single-stranded DNA-dependent DNA helicase activity.
ssDNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase complex
single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase complex
Catalysis of the transfer of the lipoyl group from lipoyl-AMP to the lysine residue of lipoate-dependent enzyme.
A complex of proteins that, in vitro, stimulates intra-Golgi transport; a 13S complex, about 800 kDa in size and consists of at least five polypeptides. In yeast, this complex is called the Sec34/35 complex and is composed of eight subunits (Sec34p, Sec35p, Dor1p, Cod1p, Cod2p, Cod3p, Cod4p, and Cod5p).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the conversion of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, but not PI-4,5-bisphosphate, to phosphatidylinositol; PPIPase activity is a key regulator of membrane trafficking and actin cytoskeleton organization.
polyphosphoinositide phosphatase activity
polyphosphatidylinositol phosphatase activity
The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
Note that this term describes the transbilayer motion of a population of phospholipid molecules, and should not be confused with 'phospholipid translocation ; GO:0045332'.
Heterotrimeric enzyme complex, which in humans is composed of two large subunits of the same size, and one smaller subunit. Functions in the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars onto the polypeptide.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase complex
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Ral family.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.
Catalysis of the insertion of a dCMP residue opposite a template abasic site in DNA.
deoxycytidyl transferase activity, template-dependent
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Enables the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Cholesterol is the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any triester of glycerol.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of cytosine residues in an RNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with U-rich sequence in the 3'-end of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs; required for cytoplasmic polyadenylylation.
uridine-rich cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding
uridine-rich cytoplasmic polyadenylylation element binding
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase; dependent on the presence of a cyclic nucleotide.
cyclic nucleotide-dependent guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
A protein complex located in the mitochondrion. It contains flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that, together with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, forms a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport system.
mitochondrial electron transfer flavoprotein complex
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a fibroblast growth factor.
OBSOLETE. The interaction with synapse-associated membrane-associated protein with guanylate kinase activity.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a molecular function and the term name appears to make no sense.
membrane-associated protein with guanylate kinase activity interacting
Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Rab protein, any member of the Rab subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving insecticides, chemicals used to kill insects.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease; as used here antibiotic substances (see antibiotic metabolism) are considered to be drugs, even if not used in medical or veterinary practice.
The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.
An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1 subunits (Figure 3) and NR2 subunits, which can be one of four separate gene products (NR2A-D). Expression of both subunits are required to form functional channels. The glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions as well as being permeable to other ions. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD.
N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor complex
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.
down regulation of protein biosynthetic process
down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
downregulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein anabolism
negative regulation of protein biosynthesis
negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein formation
negative regulation of protein synthesis
inhibition of protein biosynthetic process
protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA-uracil + acceptor = tRNA-dihydrouridine + reduced acceptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme DEAD/H-box RNA helicase.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).
sodium:dicarboxylate cotransporter activity
Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
sodium:hydrogen antiporter regulator activity
The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, requiring the presence of calcium ions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.
regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantetheine + H(2)O = (R)-pantothenate + cysteamine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ral protein, any member of the Ral subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,3-bisphosphate + phosphate.
inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 4-phosphatase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
OBSOLETE. Any transcription regulator activity that prevents or downregulates basal transcription. Basal transcription results from transcription that is controlled by the minimal complement of proteins necessary to reconstitute transcription from a minimal promoter.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-associated protein activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of dipeptides Asp-Xaa; does not act on peptides with N-terminal Glu, Asn or Gln, nor does it cleave isoaspartyl peptides.
PepE gene product (Salmonella typhimurium) activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vinculin, a protein found in muscle, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells that binds actin and appears to mediate attachment of actin filaments to integral proteins of the plasma membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxo-L-proline + ATP + 2 H(2)O = L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
5-oxo-L-proline amidohydrolase (ATP-hydrolysing)
pyroglutamase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity
5-oxoprolinase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP + alcohol = CMP + phosphatidyl alcohol.
CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ku70, a protein involved in non-homologous DNA end joining.
This term was made obsolete because it represents binding to an individual protein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + O(2) = 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine methyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the conversion of 5'-ribonucleotides to ribonucleosides and phosphate, with specificity for IMP or GMP 5'-ribonucleotides and H2O as a nucleophile.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product with two different activities.
IMP-GMP specific 5'-nucleotidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + phosphatidylinositol = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)transferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:phosphatidylinositol N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine alpha-1,6-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine alpha1,6-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
A heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the trimming of glucose residues from N-linked core glycans on newly synthesized glycoproteins.
Note that alpha-glucosidase I functions as a monomer, and therefore does not have a corresponding cellular component term.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphthine + NH(4)(+) = ADP + diphthamide + H(+) + phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidyl-diphthine, a modified histidine residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-diphthine from other compounds, including peptidyl-histidine.
peptidyl-diphthine anabolism from peptidyl-histidine
peptidyl-diphthine formation from peptidyl-histidine
peptidyl-diphthine synthesis from peptidyl-histidine
peptidyl-diphthine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidyl-diphthine, a modified histidine residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidyl-diphthamide, a modified histidine residue.
The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor eEF-2.
peptidyl-diphthamide anabolism from peptidyl-histidine
peptidyl-diphthamide formation from peptidyl-histidine
peptidyl-diphthamide synthesis from peptidyl-histidine
peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidyl-diphthamide, a modified histidine residue.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid, catalyzed by glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase.
2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid biosynthesis
2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid biosynthetic process
peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid anabolism, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase
peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid formation, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase
peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid synthesis, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase
See also the molecular function term 'glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase activity ; GO:0016603'.
peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid biosynthetic process, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase
The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.
See also the molecular function term 'gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity ; GO:0008488'.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-aspartate + CoA + H(+).
L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase activity
The acetylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins; catalyzed by peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase or other enzymes of this class, such as ribosomal-protein-alanine N-acetyltransferase.
See also the molecular function terms 'peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0004596' and 'ribosomal-protein-alanine N-acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0008999'.
The acetylation of the N-terminal aspartic acid of proteins; catalyzed by aspartate N-acetyltransferase.
See also the molecular function term 'aspartate N-acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0017188'.
N-terminal peptidyl-aspartic acid acetylation
The acetylation of a glutamine residue in protein to form the N5-methyl-L-glutamine derivative. The occurrence of this modification has not been confirmed. Its annotation in sequence databases is either due to the misidentification of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, or to inappropriate homolog comparisons when proteolytic modification is more probable.
N-terminal peptidyl-glutamine acetylation
The acetylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetylglycine.
The acetylation of the N-terminal isoleucine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-isoleucine. The occurrence of this modification has not been confirmed.
N-terminal peptidyl-isoleucine acetylation
The acetylation of the N-terminal lysine of proteins to form the derivative N2-acetyl-L-lysine. The occurrence of this modification has not been confirmed.
N-terminal peptidyl-lysine N2-acetylation
The acetylation of the N-terminal methionine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-methionine.
N-terminal peptidyl-methionine acetylation
The acetylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-proline.
The acetylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-serine.
The acetylation of the N-terminal threonine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-threonine; catalyzed by peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase.
See also the molecular function term 'peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0004596'.
N-terminal peptidyl-threonine acetylation
The acetylation of the N-terminal tyrosine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-tyrosine.
N-terminal peptidyl-tyrosine acetylation
The acetylation of the N-terminal tyrosine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-valine.
The acetylation of the N-terminal glutamic acid of proteins to form the derivate acetyl-glutamic acid.
N-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid acetylation
The acetylation of the peptidyl-lysine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
See also the molecular function term 'tubulin N-acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0019799'.
The formylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.
The formylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-formylglycine.
N-terminal peptidyl-glycine N-formylation
The glucuronylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.
N-terminal protein amino acid glucuronylation
The glucuronylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative D-glucuronyl-N-glycine.
N-terminal peptidyl-glycine N-glucuronylation
The myristoylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-myristoyl-glycine.
N-terminal peptidyl-glycine N-myristylation
N-terminal peptidyl-glycine N-myristoylation
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen (N) atom in an N-terminal cysteine residue to form N-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.
N-terminal peptidyl-L-cysteine N-palmitoylation
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + glycoprotein = CoA + N-palmitoylglycoprotein.
palmitoyl-CoA:glycoprotein N-palmitoyltransferase activity
mucus glycoprotein fatty acyltransferase
glycoprotein N-palmitoyltransferase activity
The methylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins.
The trimethylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-L-alanine.
N-terminal peptidyl-alanine trimethylation
The methylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-methylglycine.
The methylation of the N-terminal methionine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-methionine.
N-terminal peptidyl-methionine methylation
The methylation of the N-terminal phenylalanine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-phenylalanine.
N-terminal peptidyl-phenylalanine methylation
The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethyl-L-proline.
N-terminal peptidyl-proline dimethylation
The methylation of a glutamine residue in proteins to form the peptidyl-N5-methyl-L-glutamine derivative.
N-terminal peptidyl-glutamine methylation
The addition of a methyl group to a glutamic acid residue in a protein.
The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine) or peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine).
The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.
The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone N6-methyl-L-lysine. The methylation of peptidyl-lysine in histones forms N6-methyl-L-lysine, N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine and N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine derivatives.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:histone-L-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:histone-L-lysine N6-methyltransferase activity
histone H1-specific S-adenosylmethionine:protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
protein (lysine) methyltransferase activity
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + calmodulin L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + calmodulin N6-methyl-L-lysine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:calmodulin-L-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:calmodulin-L-lysine N6-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine:calmodulin (lysine) N-methyltransferase activity
calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.
The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.
The myristoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-myristoyl-L-lysine.
The palmitoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-palmitoyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.
peptidyl-lysine N6-myristoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.
peptidyl-lysine N6-palmitoyltransferase activity
Addition of an amide group from a glycine to a protein amino acid.
The formation of a C-terminal amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-alanine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Ala-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-arginine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Arg-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-asparagine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Asn-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-asparagine amidation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-aspartic acid 1-amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Asp-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-aspartic acid amidation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-cysteine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Cys-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-glutamine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Gln-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Glu-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid amidation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-glycine acid amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Gly-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-histidine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior His-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-isoleucine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Ile-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-isoleucine amidation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-leucine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Leu-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-lysine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Lys-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-methionine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Met-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-methionine amidation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-phenylalanine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Phe-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-phenylalanine amidation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-proline amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Pro-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-serine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Ser-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-threonine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Thr-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-tryptophan amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Trp-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-tryptophan amidation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-tyrosine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Tyr-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-valine amide by hydrolysis and oxidation of an interior Val-Gly peptide in a secreted protein.
The covalent modification of peptidyl-lysine by biotin to form peptidyl-N6-biotinyl-L-lysine.
The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.
The oxidation of the terminal amino-methylene groups of peptidyl-L-lysine or peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine to aldehyde groups to form allysine or hydroxyallysine residues, respectively; these are intermediates in the formation of covalent cross-links between adjacent polypeptide chains in proteins such as collagens.
The oxidative deamination of the alpha carbon of an encoded N-terminal amino acid, to form pyruvic acid retaining an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the adjacent residue. The pyruvate 2-oxo group may become an enzyme active site, or it may be reduced to an alcohol.
N-terminal protein amino acid deamination, from amino carbon
The oxidative deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-serine to form pyruvic acid with an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the N-terminal residue.
The oxidative deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine to form pyruvic acid with an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the N-terminal residue.
N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine deamination
The modification of a N-terminal peptidyl-phenylalanine residue by either oxidative deamination or by transamination and subsequent reduction to form peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid.
peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid anabolism from peptidyl-phenylalanine
peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid formation from peptidyl-phenylalanine
peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid synthesis from peptidyl-phenylalanine
peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid biosynthetic process from peptidyl-phenylalanine
The modification of an N-terminal peptidyl-tryptophan residue to form peptidyl-N2-succinyl-L-tryptophan.
The linkage of cytochromes and other heme proteins to heme.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein N-methyl-L-histidine.
S-adenosyl methionine:protein-histidine N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-L-histidine N-tele-methyltransferase activity
actin-specific histidine methyltransferase activity
peptidyl-histidine N-methyltransferase activity
protein (histidine) methyltransferase activity
protein-histidine N-methyltransferase activity
The covalent attachment of a cofactor to a protein.
The modification of protein tyrosine to peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).
peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine formation from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine
The modification of protein tyrosine to L-2',4',5'-topaquinone, characteristic of the active site of copper amine oxidases.
peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone formation from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine
The cross-linking of a tryptophan residue to tryptophyl quinone to form 4'-(L-tryptophan)-L-tryptophyl quinone, a cofactor found at the active site of methylamine dehydrogenase.
peptide cross-linking via 4'-(L-tryptophan)-L-tryptophyl quinone
The phosphopantetheinylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phosphopantetheine-L-serine.
peptidyl-serine phosphopantetheinylation
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-cysteine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-cysteine.
NAD(P)-cysteine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid residues by the covalent attachment of ethanolamine, itself further modified by the addition of a phosphoglycerol unit.
peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine anabolism from peptidyl-glutamic acid
peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine formation from peptidyl-glutamic acid
peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine synthesis from peptidyl-glutamic acid
peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-glutamic acid
The addition of one or more bromine atoms to an amino acid residue in a protein.
The bromination of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-L-bromohistidine; the position of the bromine substitution is unknown.
The acetylation of the N-terminal lysine of proteins.
The addition of one or more iodine atoms to an amino acid residue in a protein.
The iodination of peptidyl-thyronine, formed from tyrosine.
The addition of a halogen to a protein amino acid.
The bromination of peptidyl-tryptophan, to form peptidyl-L-6'-bromotryptophan.
The synthesis of (2R,6R)-lanthionine, sn-(2S,6R)-lanthionine or (2S,3S,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine, forming an intra-polypeptide cross-link between peptidyl-cysteine, and peptidyl-serine or peptidyl-threonine; dehydration of the serine or threonine residue to the alpha,beta-unsaturated amino acid is the first step; a bond then forms between the ethylene (ethene) group thus formed and the sulfur atom of a cysteine, with the inversion of the configuration of the alpha carbon of the serine or threonine occurring during the process.
peptide cross-linking via the thioethers lanthionine or 3-methyl-lanthionine
peptide cross-linking via the thiolethers lanthionine or 3-methyl-lanthionine
peptide cross-linking via lanthionine or 3-methyl-lanthionine
The formation of (Z)-dehydrobutyrine by the dehydration of peptidyl-threonine.
peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine anabolism from peptidyl-threonine
peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine formation from peptidyl-threonine
peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine synthesis from peptidyl-threonine
peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-threonine
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine to peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine; characteristic of the active sites of arylsulfatases.
peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine formation from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine
The modification of N-terminal peptidyl-serine to lactic acid.
peptidyl-lactic acid anabolism from peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-lactic acid formation from peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-lactic acid synthesis from peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-lactic acid biosynthetic process from peptidyl-serine
The process of conversion of a L-amino acid into its enantiomer, the corresponding D-amino acid.
This term was made obsolete because it was replaced with more appropriate terms.
The racemization of peptidyl-asparagine.
The addition of glycyl units covalently bound to the gamma carboxyl group peptidyl-glutamic acid.
The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.
The synthesis of (S,Z)-S-(2-aminovinyl)cysteine forming an intra-polypeptide cross-link between serine and cysteine.
peptide cross-linking via S-(2-aminovinyl)-D-cysteine
The synthesis of the chromophore S-4-hydroxycinnamyl-L-cysteine.
protein-chromophore linkage via peptidyl-S-4-hydroxycinnamyl-L-cysteine
The hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline.
peptidyl-citrulline anabolism from peptidyl-arginine
peptidyl-citrulline formation from peptidyl-arginine
peptidyl-citrulline synthesis from peptidyl-arginine
peptidyl-citrulline biosynthetic process from peptidyl-arginine
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-4-hydroxy-L-arginine.
peptidyl-arginine hydroxylation to peptidyl-4-hydroxy-L-arginine
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via a C atom.
protein amino acid C-linked glycosylation
The process of covalently linking peptidoglycan (murein) to proteins.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-phosphohistidine, tele-phosphohistidine) or peptidyl-3'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-phosphohistidine, pros-phosphohistidine).
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-arginine to form omega-N-phospho-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone L-arginine + ATP = histone N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine = D-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline = D-proline.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine = D-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine = D-threonine.
The modification of cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine.
peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The adenylylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-lysine.
The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid.
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine by covalent addition of glutathione to form peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide.
peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulphide biosynthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulphide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The covalent addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to the sulphur (S) atom of a cysteine residue in a protein, to form peptidyl-S-nitrosyl-L-cysteine.
The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to peptidyl-arginine to form omega-N-(ADP-ribosyl)-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-asparagine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-asparagine.
NAD(P)-asparagine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to peptidyl-asparagine to form peptidyl-N4-(ADP-ribosyl)-L-asparagine.
The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-(ADP-ribosyl)-L-cysteine.
The cross-linking of the epsilon-amino group of a peptidyl-lysine with peptidyl-topaquinone, a modified tyrosine residue.
peptide cross-linking via 5'-(N6-L-lysine)-L-topaquinone
The methylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine.
The addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-serine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-serine.
NAD(P)-serine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reduction of a peptide-linked oxazoline to oxazole.
peptidyl-oxazoline dehydrogenase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oxazole or thiazole, five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen and a sulfur, respectively, in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.
oxazole or thiazole biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl cysteine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide cross-linking via L-cysteine oxazolecarboxylic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl cysteine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue.
peptide cross-linking via L-cysteine oxazolinecarboxylic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl glycine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide cross-linking via glycine oxazolecarboxylic acid
Catalysis of the reduction of a peptide-linked thiazoline to thiazole.
peptidyl-thiazoline dehydrogenase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl glycine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide cross-linking via glycine thiazolecarboxylic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl serine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide cross-linking via L-serine thiazolecarboxylic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl phenylalanine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide cross-linking via L-phenylalanine thiazolecarboxylic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl cysteine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide cross-linking via L-cysteine thiazolecarboxylic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl lysine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide cross-linking via L-lysine thiazolecarboxylic acid
The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a protein.
The formation of a covalent cross-link between a nucleic acid and a protein.
nucleic acid-protein covalent cross-linking
The formation of a covalent cross-link between RNA and a protein.
The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-serine residue by the formation of O-(phospho-5'-DNA)-L-serine.
DNA-protein covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-serine
protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-serine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-selenocysteinyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide).
molybdenum incorporation via L-selenocysteinyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)
The formation of a covalent cross-link between RNA and a peptidyl-tyrosine residue by the formation of O4'-(phospho-5'-RNA)-L-tyrosine.
RNA-protein covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-tyrosine
The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.
The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-tyrosine to form a 3-(3'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via 3-(3'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine
The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-tyrosine to form a protein cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via L-histidyl-L-tyrosine
The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-tyrosine to form a 3'-(1'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via 3'-(1'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine
The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glutamine to produce N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine.
isopeptide cross-linking via N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine
The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-serine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of (2R,6R)-lanthionine (L-lanthionine).
peptide cross-linking via (2R,6R)-lanthionine
The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-serine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of sn-(2S,6R)-lanthionine (meso-lanthione).
peptide cross-linking via sn-(2S,6R)-lanthionine
The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-threonine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of (2S,3S,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine (3-methyl-L-lanthionine).
peptide cross-linking via (2S,3S,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl glycine, or peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl glycine cross-link by the condensation of the serine hydroxyl or cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.
peptide heterocycle biosynthetic process
peptide cross-linking via an oxazole or thiazole
The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation.
The oxidation of peptidyl-L-methionine to peptidyl-L-methionine sulfone.
The covalent binding of a pyrromethane (dipyrrin) cofactor to protein via the sulfur atom of cysteine forming dipyrrolylmethanemethyl-L-cysteine.
peptidyl-pyrromethane cofactor linkage via dipyrrolylmethanemethyl-L-cysteine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dipyrrins (pyrromethanes), compounds containing two pyrrole rings linked through a methine, -CH=, group.
The formation of a cross-link between peptidyl-cysteine and peptidyl-threonine via the formation of S-(2-aminovinyl)-3-methyl-D-cysteine.
peptide cross-linking via S-(2-aminovinyl)-3-methyl-D-cysteine
The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-tyrosine residue by the formation of O4'-(phospho-5'-DNA)-L-tyrosine.
DNA-protein covalent cross-linking via the 5' end to peptidyl-tyrosine
protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via the 5'-end to peptidyl-tyrosine
The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-threonine residue by the formation of O-(phospho-5'-DNA)-L-threonine.
DNA-protein covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-threonine
protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-threonine
The uridylylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-tyrosine, found in glutamine synthetase.
The ATP-dependent addition of a tyrosine residue to the C-terminus of a protein; typically the addition of tyrosine to the C-terminus of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin by the enzyme tubulin-tyrosine ligase.
See also the molecular function term 'tubulin-tyrosine ligase activity ; GO:0004835'.
The linkage of the chromophore phycoerythrobilin to phycoerythrin via phycoerythrobilin-bis-L-cysteine.
protein-phycoerythrobilin linkage via phycoerythrobilin-bis-L-cysteine
The linkage of the chromophore phycoerythrobilin to phycoerythrocyanin via S-phycoerythrobilin-L-cysteine.
protein-phycoerythrobilin linkage via S-phycoerythrobilin-L-cysteine
Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamic acid residues to the C-terminus of ribosomal protein S6.
ribosomal S6-glutamic acid ligase activity
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-polyglutamic acid to form a peptidyl-N-L-glutamyl-poly-L-glutamic acid C-terminus.
C-terminal peptidyl-polyglutamic acid amidation
The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfinic acid or peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfenic acid.
The modification of protein tyrosine to peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-dihydroxyphenylalanine.
peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine formation from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-1-thioglycine from other compounds, including peptidyl-glycine.
peptidyl-1-thioglycine anabolism from peptidyl-glycine
peptidyl-1-thioglycine formation from peptidyl-glycine
peptidyl-1-thioglycine synthesis from peptidyl-glycine
peptidyl-1-thioglycine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-glycine
The addition of a nucleotide to a protein amino acid.
The addition of phospho-uridine to a protein amino acid.
The adenylylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-threonine.
OBSOLETE. The desulfurization of peptidyl-L-cysteine to yield L-alanine and elemental sulfur; peptidyl-L-cysteine persulfide is an intermediate.
This term was made obsolete because to does not correspond to a real process.
The removal of a sulfur group from a protein amino acid.
The methylation of peptidyl-arginine on the carbon 5 (C5) residue to form peptidyl-5-methyl-L-arginine.
The covalent linkage of heme and a protein via 3'-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-heme-histidine, pros-heme-histidine).
OBSOLETE. The transient selenylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form S-selenyl-L-cysteine.
This term was made obsolete because this structure does not exist.
enzyme active site formation via S-selenyl-L-cysteine
The modification of a protein amino acid by polyamination.
The modification of peptidyl-lysine by the addition of an N6-propylamino and of propylmethylamino units, forming N6-(propylamino-poly(propylmethylamino)-propyldimethylamine)-L-lysine, typical of the silicate binding protein silaffin.
The covalent linkage of heme to peroxidase.
The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein by L-cysteinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide.
molybdenum incorporation via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide
The modification of peptidyl-proline to form trans-2,3-cis-3,4-dihydroxy-L-proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ); it is synthesized from a small peptide containing tyrosine and glutamic acid; these amino acids in the peptide are multiply cross-linked and the rest of the peptide is removed.
coenzyme pyrroloquinoline-quinone biosynthesis
coenzyme pyrroloquinoline-quinone biosynthetic process
pyrroloquinoline-quinone biosynthetic process
pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthetic process
The modification of a protein amino acid by formation of an ester or amide with octanoic acid.
The octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin.
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine persulfide. A persulfurated cysteine promotes active site reactivity in Azotobacter vinelandii Rhodanese.
enzyme active site formation via L-cysteine persulphide
enzyme active site formation via L-cysteine persulfide
The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.
The modification of peptidyl-asparagine.
The modification of peptidyl-aspartic acid.
The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid.
The modification of peptidyl-isoleucine.
The modification of peptidyl-methionine.
The modification of peptidyl-phenylalanine.
The chemical alteration of a tryptophan residue in a peptide.
The addition of a carboxy group to a protein amino acid.
The modification of a protein amino acid by phosphopantetheinylation.
protein amino acid phosphopantetheinylation
The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-phospho-L-cysteine.
The acetylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-acetyl-L-cysteine.
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen (O) atom in a threonine residue to form peptidyl-O-palmitoyl-L-threonine.
Palmitoylation of a non-terminal threonine residue always occurs on an oxygen (O) atom.
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen (O) atom in a serine residue to form peptidyl-O-palmitoyl-L-serine.
Palmitoylation of a non-terminal serine residue always occurs on an oxygen (O) atom.
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide.
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulphide biosynthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulphide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine; formation of S-farnesycysteine may be coupled with subsequent cleavage of a carboxy-terminal tripeptide for the CXXX motif and methyl esterification of the farnesylated cysteine; the residue may be found at the first position in the sequence motif C-X-X-(SAQCMT)* where the second and third positions are usually aliphatic.
peptidyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form S-12-hydroxyfarnesyl-L-cysteine; formation of S-farnesycysteine may be coupled with subsequent cleavage of a carboxy-terminal tripeptide for the CXXX motif and methyl esterification of the farnesylated cysteine.
peptidyl-S-12-hydroxyfarnesyl-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-12-hydroxyfarnesyl-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-12-hydroxyfarnesyl-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-12-hydroxyfarnesyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-geranylgeranylcysteine; formation of S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine may be coupled with subsequent cleavage of a carboxy-terminal tripeptide for the CAAX motif and methyl esterification of the geranylgeranylated cysteine; methyl esterification but not cleavage occurs for the CXC motif. For the type II geranylgeranyltransferase the residue may be found at the first and final positions in the sequence motif C-X-C* or at the final position in the sequence motif C-C*. These motifs are necessary but not sufficient for modification.
peptidyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The modification of a C-terminal peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl ester.
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl ester anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl ester formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl ester synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur (S) atom within a cysteine residue to form peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.
peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
Palmitoylation of a non-terminal cysteine residue always occurs on a sulfur (S) atom.
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine; the oleate and palmitate actually represent mixtures of saturated (generally at 3') and unsaturated (generally at 2') fatty acids.
peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
The modification of peptidyl-glutamine and peptidyl-cysteine to form a S-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-cysteine protein cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via S-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-cysteine
The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-cysteine to form a 2'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-histidine protein cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via 2'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-histidine
The thioether cross-linking of a cysteine residue to a tyrosine residue to form 3'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tyrosine, found in galactose oxidase.
peptide cross-linking via 3'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tyrosine
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-carboxy-L-lysine.
Increases the activity of urease by promoting the incorporation of nickel into the active site.
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-1-carboxyethyl-L-lysine.
The glycosylation of protein via the sulfur atom of peptidyl-cysteine, forming S-glycosyl-L-cysteine.
protein amino acid S-linked glycosylation via cysteine
protein S-linked glycosylation via cysteine
The glycosylation of protein via the O5 atom of peptidyl-hydroxylysine, forming O5-glycosyl-L-hydroxylysine; the most common form is galactosyl hydroxylysine.
protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation via hydroxylysine
protein O-linked glycosylation via hydroxylysine
The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine.
protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation via serine
protein O-linked glycosylation via serine
The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine.
protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation via threonine
protein O-linked glycosylation via threonine
The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-tryptophan, 1'-glycosyl-L-tryptophan; results in the formation of an (S)-2-amino-3-(1-D-mannopyranosyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid residue.
protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation via tryptophan
protein N-linked glycosylation via tryptophan
The glycosylation of protein via the O4' atom of peptidyl-tyrosine, O4'-glycosyl-L-tyrosine; the carbohydrate is glucose, the origin for glycogen.
protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation via tyrosine
protein O-linked glycosylation via tyrosine
The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and coenzyme A.
The linkage of phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A to protein via peptidyl-serine, to form O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine; it is uncertain whether the phosphoribosyl glycosidic attachment to the dephospho-coenzyme A is alpha or beta, and through the 2' or the 3' position.
protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage
The transient sulfation of peptidyl-cysteine to form S-sulfo-L-cysteine.
enzyme active site formation via S-sulpho-L-cysteine
enzyme active site formation via S-sulfo-L-cysteine
The removal of a water group from a protein amino acid.
The formation of peptidyl-dehydroalanine from either peptidyl-tyrosine by phenyl transfer, or from peptidyl-serine, which is coupled with the formation of 5-imidazolinone by the two neighboring residues, produces an 4-methylidene-imidazole-5-one active site of some amino acid ammonia-lyases; the 4-methylidene-imidazole-5-one, is formed autocatalytically by cyclization and dehydration of the sequence ASG.
peptidyl-dehydroalanine anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine or peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-dehydroalanine formation from peptidyl-tyrosine or peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-dehydroalanine synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine or peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-dehydroalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine or peptidyl-serine
The oxidation of the C alpha-C beta bond of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-dehydrotyrosine coupled with cyclization of neighboring residues.
See also the biological process terms 'peptide cross-linking via L-seryl-5-imidazolinone glycine ; GO:0018252' and 'peptide cross-linking via 2-imino-glutaminyl-5-imidazolinone glycine ; GO:0019729'.
The formation of the green fluorescent protein chromophore cross-link from the alpha-carboxyl carbon of residue n, a serine, to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+2, a glycine, and a dehydration to form a double bond to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+1. This cross-linking is coupled with a dehydrogenation of residue n+1 to form a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons.
biosynthesis of protein-protein cross-link via L-seryl-5-imidazolinone glycine
biosynthetic process of protein-protein cross-link via L-seryl-5-imidazolinone glycine
See also the biological process term 'peptidyl-tyrosine dehydrogenation ; GO:0018251'.
peptide cross-linking via L-seryl-5-imidazolinone glycine
The formation of a protein active site cross-link from the alpha-carboxyl carbon of residue n, an alanine, serine or cysteine, to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+2, a glycine, and a dehydration to form a double bond to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+1. This cross-linking is coupled with an oxidation of residue n+1 to form an active aldehyde.
biosynthesis of protein-protein cross-link via 5-imidazolinone glycine
biosynthetic process of protein-protein cross-link via 5-imidazolinone glycine
peptide cross-linking via 5-imidazolinone glycine
The adenylylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-tyrosine.
The formation of S-(peptidyl-glycyl)-peptidyl-cysteine cross-links by the formation of a thiolester between cysteine and the carboxy-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and other proteins.
peptide cross-linking via S-glycyl-L-cysteine
The addition of a formyl group to a protein amino acid.
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-formyl-L-lysine.
The glycosylation of proteins via 04 atom of hydroxyproline to form O4-glycosyl-L-hydroxyproline; the most common form is arabinofuranosyl-4-proline.
protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation via hydroxyproline
protein O-linked glycosylation via hydroxyproline
The formation of a covalent cross-link between RNA and a peptidyl-serine residue by the formation of O-(phospho-5'-5NA)-L-serine.
RNA-protein covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-serine
The addition of phospho-guanosine to a protein amino acid.
The guanylylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-(phospho-5'-guanosine)-L-lysine.
The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within peptide chains, where either the amino group or the carboxyl group, or both, are not attached to the alpha carbon.
The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-asparagine and peptidyl-cysteine to produce N-(L-isoaspartyl)-L-cysteine.
isopeptide cross-linking via N-(L-isoaspartyl)-L-cysteine
The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-asparagine and peptidyl-glycine to produce N-(L-isoaspartyl)-glycine.
isopeptide cross-linking via N-(L-isoaspartyl)-glycine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-asparagine ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a asparaginyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.
GPI anchor anabolism via N-asparaginyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor formation via N-asparaginyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor synthesis via N-asparaginyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-asparaginyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-aspartic acid ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a aspartyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.
GPI anchor anabolism via N-aspartyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor formation via N-aspartyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor synthesis via N-aspartyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-aspartyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-cysteine ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a cysteinyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.
GPI anchor anabolism via N-cysteinyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor formation via N-cysteinyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor synthesis via N-cysteinyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-cysteinyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-glycine ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a glycyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.
GPI anchor anabolism via N-glycyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor formation via N-glycyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor synthesis via N-glycyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-glycyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-serine ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a seryl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.
GPI anchor anabolism via N-seryl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor formation via N-seryl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor synthesis via N-seryl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-seryl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-alanine ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of an alanyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.
GPI anchor anabolism via N-alanyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor formation via N-alanyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor synthesis via N-alanyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-alanyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + protein = AMP + diphosphate + biotin-protein.
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine.
protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage via peptidyl-N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form N6-retinal-L-lysine.
protein-chromophore linkage via peptidyl-N6-retinal-L-lysine
The modification of peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-serine to form a (2Xi,9S)-L-lysinoalanine cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via L-lysinoalanine
The acetylation of the N-terminal cysteine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine acetylation
The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glycine to produce N6-glycyl-L-lysine. This is distinct from the formation of the thiolester intermediate, which occurs during ubiquitination.
See also the biological process term 'peptide cross-linking via S-glycyl-L-cysteine ; GO:0018255'.
isopeptide cross-linking via N6-glycyl-L-lysine
The removal of an amino group from a protein amino acid.
The deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-2-oxobutanoic acid.
N-terminal peptidyl-threonine deamination
The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.
protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation via asparagine
protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via a sulfur atom of a peptidyl-amino-acid such as cysteine or methionine.
protein amino acid S-linked glycosylation
The formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-serine ethanolamide-linked glycosylsphingolipidinositol (GSI) anchor following hydrolysis of a seryl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.
GSI anchor anabolism via N-seryl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine
GSI anchor formation via N-seryl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine
GSI anchor synthesis via N-seryl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine
GSI anchor biosynthetic process via N-seryl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine
The formation of a cluster of several metal atoms, including iron, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, or copper, with one or more bridging (mu-bond) sulfur atoms; amino acids residues in proteins that may ligate the metal sulfur cluster are cysteine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, serine and cysteine persulfide.
metal incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster
metal incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of iron into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
iron incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster
iron incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of iron into a protein via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl iron (there is no exogenous sulfur, so this modification by itself does not produce an iron-sulfur protein).
iron incorporation into protein via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl iron
The incorporation of iron into a 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl diiron disulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl diiron disulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl diiron disulfide
OBSOLETE. The incorporation of iron into a 3Fe-3S iron-sulfur cluster via hexakis-L-cysteinyl triiron trisulfide. The three-iron three-sulfur cluster probably does not exist except as an intermediate form.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl triiron trisulphide
This term was made obsolete because the three-iron three-sulfur cluster is now thought not to exist except possibly as an intermediate form.
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via hexakis-L-cysteinyl triiron trisulfide
The incorporation of iron into a 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulfide
The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl tetrairon tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl tetrairon tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl tetrairon tetrasulfide
The incorporation of molybdenum into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
molybdenum incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster
molybdenum incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of iron and molybdenum into a Mo-7Fe-8S iron-molybdenum-sulfur cluster via L-cysteinyl homocitryl molybdenum-heptairon-nonasulfide, found in nitrogenase.
iron and molybdenum incorporation into iron-molybdenum-sulphur cluster via L-cysteinyl homocitryl molybdenum-heptairon-nonasulphide
iron and molybdenum incorporation into iron-molybdenum-sulfur cluster via L-cysteinyl homocitryl molybdenum-heptairon-nonasulfide
The incorporation of molybdenum into an iron-sulfur cluster.
molybdenum incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster
molybdenum incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin.
molybdenum incorporation via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin
The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via S-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-cysteine.
protein-FAD linkage via S-(8alpha-FAD)-L-cysteine
The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via 3'-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-histidine.
protein-FAD linkage via 3'-(8alpha-FAD)-L-histidine
The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via O4'-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-tyrosine.
protein-FAD linkage via O4'-(8alpha-FAD)-L-tyrosine
The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via 1'-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-histidine.
protein-FAD linkage via 1'-(8alpha-FAD)-L-histidine
The covalent or noncovalent attachment of a chromophore to a protein.
The incorporation of iron into a Rieske 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via bis-L-cysteinyl bis-L-histidino diiron disulfide.
iron incorporation into the Rieske iron-sulphur cluster via bis-L-cysteinyl bis-L-histidino diiron disulphide
iron incorporation into the Rieske iron-sulfur cluster via bis-L-cysteinyl bis-L-histidino diiron disulfide
OBSOLETE. The incorporation of iron into a 6Fe-6S cluster by hexakis-L-cysteinyl hexairon hexasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via hexakis-L-cysteinyl hexairon hexasulphide
This term was made obsolete because the prismane 6Fe-6S cluster is now thought not to exist.
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via hexakis-L-cysteinyl hexairon hexasulfide
The incorporation of iron into an iron-sulfur cluster by tris-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteine persulfido-bis-L-glutamato-L-histidino tetrairon.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteine persulphido-bis-L-glutamato-L-histidino tetrairon
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteine persulfido-bis-L-glutamato-L-histidino tetrairon
The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N1'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N1'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N1'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulfide
The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N3'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N3'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N3'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulfide
The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato tetrairon tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato tetrairon tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato tetrairon tetrasulfide
The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-serinyl tetrairon tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-serinyl tetrairon tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-serinyl tetrairon tetrasulfide
The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via bis-L-cysteinyl-L-N3'-histidino-L-serinyl tetrairon tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via bis-L-cysteinyl-L-N3'-histidino-L-serinyl tetrairon tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via bis-L-cysteinyl-L-N3'-histidino-L-serinyl tetrairon tetrasulfide
The modification of part of an enzyme to form the active site.
OBSOLETE. The transient modification of lysine by pyruvate to form N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine, found in the active site of dihydrodipicolinate synthase.
This term was made obsolete because this process does not occur: the modification occurs before it can be an active site.
enzyme active site formation via N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine
The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and flavin mononucleotide (FMN).
The formation of a protein-FMN linkage via S-(6-FMN)-L-cysteine.
protein-FMN linkage via S-(6-FMN)-L-cysteine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N4-hydroxymethyl-L-asparagine from other compounds, including peptidyl-asparagine.
peptidyl-N4-hydroxymethyl-L-asparagine anabolism from peptidyl-asparagine
peptidyl-N4-hydroxymethyl-L-asparagine formation from peptidyl-asparagine
peptidyl-N4-hydroxymethyl-L-asparagine synthesis from peptidyl-asparagine
peptidyl-N4-hydroxymethyl-L-asparagine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-asparagine
The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-(ADP-ribosyl)-L-serine.
The formation of a protein active site cross-link from the alpha-carboxyl carbon of residue N, an alanine, to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue N+2, a glycine, coupled with the formation of a double bond to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue N+1 which loses one hydrogen, and the loss of a molecule of water.
peptide cross-linking via L-alanyl-5-imidazolinone glycine
OBSOLETE. The covalent cross-linking of pyrroloquinoline-quinone to peptidyl-glutamic acid and peptidyl-tyrosine.
protein-pyrroloquinoline-quinone linkage
The incorporation of molybdenum into a molybdenum-molybdopterin complex.
molybdenum incorporation into metallo-pterin complex
molybdenum incorporation into molybdenum-molybdopterin complex
The oxidation of two peptidyl-cysteine residues to form a peptidyl-L-cystine (dicysteine) in which segments of peptide chain are linked by a disulfide bond; the cross-link may be between different or the same peptide chain.
The glycosylation of a carbon atom of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue.
protein amino acid C-linked glycosylation via tryptophan
protein C-linked glycosylation via tryptophan
The transient methylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form S-methyl-L-cysteine.
enzyme active site formation via S-methyl-L-cysteine
The modification of a protein by amino acid glucuronylation, the addition of a glucuronate group, the uronic acid derived from glucose.
The addition of a tyrosine molecule to a protein amino acid.
The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfinic acid.
enzyme active site formation via L-cysteine sulphinic acid
enzyme active site formation via L-cysteine sulfinic acid
The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfenic acid, found in the active site of NADH peroxidase, nitrile hydratase, and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase.
enzyme active site formation via L-cysteine sulphenic acid
enzyme active site formation via L-cysteine sulfenic acid
The transient phosphorylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form S-phospho-L-cysteine.
enzyme active site formation via S-phospho-L-cysteine
The transient acetylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form S-acetyl-L-cysteine.
enzyme active site formation via S-acetyl-L-cysteine
The transient phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form 1'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-phosphohistidine, tele-phosphohistidine).
enzyme active site formation via 1'-phospho-L-histidine
The transient phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form 3'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-phosphohistidine, pros-phosphohistidine).
enzyme active site formation via 3'-phospho-L-histidine
The transient adenylylation of lysine to form N6-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-lysine, found in the active site of DNA ligase and RNA ligase.
enzyme active site formation via N6-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-lysine
The transient guanylylation of lysine to form N6-(phospho-5'-guanosine)-L-lysine, found in the guanylyltransferase active site of mRNA capping enzyme.
enzyme active site formation via N6-(phospho-5'-guanosine)-L-lysine
The transient phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form O-phospho-L-serine.
enzyme active site formation via O-phospho-L-serine
The transient adenylylation of threonine to form N6-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-threonine, found in the active site of bovine phosphodiesterase I.
enzyme active site formation via O-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-threonine
The transient phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form O-phospho-L-threonine.
enzyme active site formation via O-phospho-L-threonine
The transient phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form O-phospho-L-tyrosine.
enzyme active site formation via O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine
The modification of a protein by the addition of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) to an amino acid residue.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-dihydroxyphenylalanine.
enzyme active site formation via L-2',4',5'-topaquinone
OBSOLETE. The modification of a protein amino acid by cinnamylation.
The modification of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid, typical of bacterial ribosomal protein S12.
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid anabolism from peptidyl-aspartic acid
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid formation from peptidyl-aspartic acid
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid synthesis from peptidyl-aspartic acid
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid biosynthetic process from peptidyl-aspartic acid
The modification of peptidyl-serine to peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine.
peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine anabolism from peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine formation from peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine synthesis from peptidyl-serine
peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-serine
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine.
peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine anabolism
peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine biosynthesis
peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine biosynthetic process
peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine formation
peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine synthesis
peptidyl-lysine modification to peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine
The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a protein; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.
The covalent attachment of a farnesyl group to a protein.
The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl group to a protein.
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.
The addition of an ester group to a protein amino acid.
The addition of an ester group to a cysteine residue in a protein.
The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and pyridoxal-5-phosphate.
The linkage of the chromophore phycocyanobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin via S-phycocyanobilin-L-cysteine.
protein-phycocyanobilin linkage via S-phycocyanobilin-L-cysteine
The formation of a protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage via O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine.
protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage via O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine
The linkage of the chromophore phycobiliviolin to phycoerythrocyanin via S-phycobiliviolin-L-cysteine.
protein-phycobiliviolin linkage via S-phycobiliviolin-L-cysteine
The linkage of the chromophore phycourobilin to phycoerythrins via phycourobilin-bis-L-cysteine.
protein-phycourobilin linkage via phycourobilin-bis-L-cysteine
The linkage of the chromophore phytochromobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin via S-phytochromobilin-L-cysteine.
protein-phytochromobilin linkage via S-phytochromobilin-L-cysteine
The linkage of protein to heme P460 via heme P460-bis-L-cysteine-L-tyrosine.
protein-haem P460 linkage via haem P460-bis-L-cysteine-L-tyrosine
protein-heme P460 linkage via heme P460-bis-L-cysteine-L-tyrosine
The linkage of protein to heme P460 via heme P460-bis-L-cysteine-L-lysine.
protein-haem P460 linkage via haem P460-bis-L-cysteine-L-lysine
protein-heme P460 linkage via heme P460-bis-L-cysteine-L-lysine
The methylation of glutamine to form 2-methyl-L-glutamine.
The covalent linkage of heme to peroxidase via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester.
peroxidase-haem linkage via dihydroxyhaem-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester
peroxidase-heme linkage via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester
The covalent linkage of heme to peroxidase via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester-L-methionine sulfonium.
peroxidase-haem linkage via dihydroxyhaem-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester-L-methionine sulfonium
peroxidase-heme linkage via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester-L-methionine sulphonium
peroxidase-heme linkage via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester-L-methionine sulfonium
The addition of a methyl group to a glutamine residue in a protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: (protein)-L-serine = (protein)-D-serine.
The formation of a mixture of the two possible enantiomers from the D- or L-enantiomer of a chiral amino acid.
This term was made obsolete because it is not clear that this process occurs.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-asparagine to form peptidyl-L-erythro-beta-hydroxyasparagine; catalyzed by peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase (EC:1.14.11.16).
See also the molecular function term 'peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase activity ; GO:0004597'.
peptidyl-asparagine hydroxylation to form L-erythro-beta-hydroxyasparagine
The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to a protein.
The linkage of cytochromes and other heme proteins to heme via heme-L-cysteine.
cytochrome c-haem linkage via haem-L-cysteine
cytochrome c-heme linkage via heme-L-cysteine
The linkage of cytochromes and other heme proteins to heme via heme-bis-L-cysteine.
cytochrome c-haem linkage via haem-bis-L-cysteine
cytochrome c-heme linkage via heme-bis-L-cysteine
The condensation of pyruvate through the 2-oxo group with the N-terminal cysteine of proteins to form the derivative N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-cysteine.
N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine condensation with pyruvate to form N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-cysteine
The oxidative deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine, or peptidyl-serine, to form pyruvic acid with an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the N-terminal residue.
N-terminal peptidyl-amino acid deamination to pyruvic acid
The condensation of pyruvate through the 2-oxo group with the N-terminal valine of proteins to form the derivative N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-valine.
N-terminal peptidyl-valine condensation with pyruvate to form N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-valine
The deamination of the N-terminal valine residue of a protein to form isobutyrate.
The methyl esterification of peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine to form the derivative glutamic acid 5-methyl ester.
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester anabolism from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester formation from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester synthesis from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine
The ATP-dependent addition of a tyrosine residue to a glutamic acid residue at the C-terminus of a protein.
C-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid tyrosinylation
Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP-L-fucose = N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->3)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP + H(+).
GDP-L-Fuc:Asn-linked GlcNAc alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-Fuc:Asn-linked GlcNAc alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-fucose:asparagine-linked N-acetylglucosamine alpha(1,3)-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-L-fucose:glycoprotein (L-fucose to asparagine-linked N-acetylglucosamine of 4-N-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine) 3-alpha-L-fucosyl-transferase activity
GDP-L-fucose:glycoprotein (L-fucose to asparagine-linked N-acetylglucosamine of N4-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine) 3-alpha-L-fucosyl-transferase activity
GDP-fucose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine (Fuc to (Fuc-alpha-1->6-GlcNAc)-Asn-peptide) alpha-1->3-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-fucose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine (Fuc to (Fucalpha1->6-GlcNAc)-Asn-peptide) alpha1->3-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-fucose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine (Fuc to (Fucalpha1->6GlcNAc)-Asn-peptide) alpha1->3-fucosyltransferase activity
glycoprotein 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal lysine residue in a protein.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine.
peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 5-hydroxy-L-lysine
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-4-hydroxy-L-lysine.
peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-lysine
The bromination of peptidyl-phenylalanine to form L-2'-bromophenylalanine.
peptidyl-phenylalanine bromination to L-2'-bromophenylalanine
The bromination of peptidyl-phenylalanine to form L-3'-bromophenylalanine.
peptidyl-phenylalanine bromination to L-3'-bromophenylalanine
The bromination of peptidyl-phenylalanine to form L-4'-bromophenylalanine.
peptidyl-phenylalanine bromination to L-4'-bromophenylalanine
The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 3-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase.
See also the molecular function term 'procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase activity ; GO:0019797'.
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 3-hydroxy-L-proline
The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 4-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase.
See also the molecular function term 'procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity ; GO:0004656'.
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline
Chondroitin sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and serine residues.
protein-chondroitin sulphate linkage via chondroitin sulphate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine
protein-chondroitin sulfate linkage via chondroitin sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine
Dermatan sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and serine residues.
protein-dermatan sulphate linkage via dermatan 4-sulphate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine
protein-dermatan sulfate linkage via dermatan 4-sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine
Heparan sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and serine residues.
protein-heparan sulphate linkage via heparan sulphate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine
protein-heparan sulfate linkage via heparan sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine
Keratan sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and threonine residues.
protein-keratan sulphate linkage via keratan sulphate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-threonine
protein-keratan sulfate linkage via keratan sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-threonine
The glycosylation of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue by the transfer of alpha-mannopyranose from dolichyl-activated mannose to the indole ring.
protein amino acid C-linked glycosylation via 2'-alpha-mannosyl-L-tryptophan
protein amino acid C-linked mannosylation
protein C-linked glycosylation via 2'-alpha-mannosyl-L-tryptophan
The iodination of peptidyl-thyronine to form peptidyl-3',3'',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (triiodothyronine).
peptidyl-thyronine iodination to form triiodothyronine
peptidyl-thyronine iodination to form 3',3'',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine
The iodination of peptidyl-thyronine to form peptidyl-3',3'',5',5''-tetraiodo-L-thyronine (L-thyroxine).
peptidyl-thyronine iodination to form 3',3'',5',5''-tetraiodo-L-thyronine
The alteration of the C-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.
peptide or protein carboxyl-terminal blocking
peptide/protein carboxyl-terminal blocking
C-terminal protein amino acid modification
The modification of a protein by amino acid glucuronidation.
The modification of a protein by glucuronidation on an amino acid oxygen atom.
The O-glucuronidation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-D-glucuronyl-L-serine.
The incorporation of nickel into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
nickel incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster
nickel incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of iron into a 3Fe-2S cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido bis-L-glutamato L-histidino nickel triiron disulfide trioxide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulphido bis-L-glutamato L-histidino nickel triiron disulphide trioxide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido bis-L-glutamato L-histidino nickel triiron disulfide trioxide
The incorporation of nickel into a 3Fe-2S complex by tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido bis-L-glutamato L-histidino nickel triiron disulfide trioxide.
nickel incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulphido bis-L-glutamato L-histidino nickel triiron disulphide trioxide
nickel incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido bis-L-glutamato L-histidino nickel triiron disulfide trioxide
The incorporation of iron into a 3Fe-2S cluster by tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido L-glutamato L-histidino L-serinyl nickel triiron disulfide trioxide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulphido L-glutamato L-histidino L-serinyl nickel triiron disulphide trioxide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido L-glutamato L-histidino L-serinyl nickel triiron disulfide trioxide
The incorporation of nickel into a 3Fe-2S complex by tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido L-glutamato L-histidino L-serinyl nickel triiron disulfide trioxide.
nickel incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulphido L-glutamato L-histidino L-serinyl nickel triiron disulphide trioxide
nickel incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-cysteine persulfido L-glutamato L-histidino L-serinyl nickel triiron disulfide trioxide
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a protein structure comprising two or more rings that are interlocked but not covalently joined; resembling the links of a chain.
The formation of isopeptide bonds by ligation of peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-asparagine residues.
peptide cross-linking via N6-(L-isoaspartyl)-L-lysine
Catalysis of the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate to a serine residue in a protein.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:serine-protein N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of mannose-1-phosphate to a serine residue in a protein.
GDP-mannose:serine-protein mannose-1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-leucine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-leucine methyl ester. This modification occurs only at the oxygen atoms of the free alpha carboxyl group of a leucine residue at the C-terminus of the protein.
protein-leucine O-methyltransferase activity
protein phosphatase methyltransferase activity
protein C-terminal leucine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity
This modification produces peptidyl-glutamic acid poly-ADP-ribose found in a number of nuclear proteins under certain conditions including the repair of single strand DNA breaks. The activated form of the generating enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is itself modified in this way.
peptidyl-glutamic acid poly-ADP-ribosylation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of O3-(N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine. The recovery of O-phosphorylserine from acid hydrolysates suggests N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate residues are esterified to peptidyl serines through phosphoester bonds.
O3-(N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine anabolism
O3-(N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine biosynthesis
O3-(N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine formation
O3-(N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine synthesis
O3-(N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of O3-(phosphoglycosyl-D-mannose-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine. The polypeptide backbones of glycoproteins and mucin-like proteoglycans are extensively modified with a complex array of phosphoglycan chains that are linked to Ser/Thr-rich domains via a common Man-alpha1-PO4-Ser linkage.
O3-(phosphoglycosyl-D-mannose-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine anabolism
O3-(phosphoglycosyl-D-mannose-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine biosynthesis
O3-(phosphoglycosyl-D-mannose-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine formation
O3-(phosphoglycosyl-D-mannose-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine synthesis
O3-(phosphoglycosyl-D-mannose-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine biosynthetic process
The incorporation of copper into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
copper incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster
copper incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of copper into a copper-sulfur cluster.
copper incorporation into copper-sulphur cluster
copper incorporation into copper-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of copper into a 4Cu-S copper-sulfur cluster via heptakis-L-histidino tetracopper mu4-sulfide hydroxide.
copper incorporation into copper-sulphur cluster via heptakis-L-histidino tetracopper mu4-sulphide hydroxide
copper incorporation into copper-sulfur cluster via heptakis-L-histidino tetracopper mu4-sulfide hydroxide
The modification of a C-terminal peptidyl-leucine to form peptidyl-L-leucine methyl ester.
peptidyl-L-leucine methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-leucine
The incorporation of iron into a 8Fe-7S iron-sulfur cluster via hexakis-L-cysteinyl L-serinyl octairon heptasulfide, found in nitrogenase.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via hexakis-L-cysteinyl L-serinyl octairon heptasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via hexakis-L-cysteinyl L-serinyl octairon heptasulfide
The addition of an ester group to a glutamic acid residue in a protein.
The transient phosphorylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form L-aspartic 4-phosphoric anhydride.
enzyme active site formation via L-aspartic 4-phosphoric anhydride
A heterodimeric complex involved in the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.
The action characteristic of prothoracicotrophic hormone, a peptide hormone that is secreted by the brain and, upon receptor binding, acts on the prothoracic gland to stimulate the release of ecdysone in insects.
Catalysis of the reaction: pinocarveol = pinocarvone + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
Catalysis of the reactions: chloral hydrate = 3 H+ + 2 e- + trichloroacetate, and chloral hydrate + H2 = H2O + trichloroethanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylmethylsilanediol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = formylmethylsilanediol + 2 H2O.
hydroxymethylmethylsilanediol oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-1-phenylethanol = acetophenone + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: myrtenol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 2 H2O + myrtenal.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethene oxide + NAD+ + CoA-SH = NADH + H+ + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-exo-hydroxycamphor + NAD+ = NADH + H+ + 2,5-diketocamphane.
5-exo-hydroxycamphor dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran = 2 H+ + 2 e- + butyrolactone.
2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
(R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
(R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyryl CoA-NADP oxidoreductase activity
NADP-linked acetoacetyl CoA reductase activity
NADPH:acetoacetyl-CoA reductase activity
acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase activity
hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase activity
short chain beta-ketoacetyl(acetoacetyl)-CoA reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD(P)+ = an aldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+.
alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic alcohol + NAD+ = an aromatic aldehyde + NADH + H+.
aryl-alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity
aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + perillyl alcohol = H(+) + NADH + perillyl aldehyde.
perillyl-alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,6R)-isopiperitenol + NAD(+) = (6R)-isoperitenone + H(+) + NADH.
(-)-trans-isopiperitenol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,5R)-carveol + NADP(+) = (R)-carvone + H(+) + NADPH.
(-)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase activity
(-)-trans-carveol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohexanol + NAD+ = cyclohexanone + NADH + H+.
cyclohexanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: fluoren-9-ol + 2 NADP+ = fluoren-9-one + 2 NADPH + 2 H+.
fluoren-9-ol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonate + NAD(+) = 4-formylbenzenesulfonate + H(+) + NADH.
4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulphonate dehydrogenase activity
4-sulfobenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity
4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxyhexanoate + NAD(+) = 6-oxohexanoate + H(+) + NADH.
6-hydroxyhexanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
6-hydroxyhexanoate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypimelyl-CoA + NAD(+) = 3-oxopimelyl-CoA + H(+) + NADH.
3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + vanillyl alcohol = H(2)O(2) + vanillin.
4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzyl alcohol oxidase activity
vanillyl alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,2S,4R)-limonene-1,2-diol + DCPIP+ = DCPIPH + H+ + (1S,4R)-1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene.
limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: formaldehyde + H(2)O + NAD(+) = formate + 2 H(+) + NADH.
formaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
glutathione-independent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a primary alcohol + acceptor = an aldehyde + reduced acceptor.
PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity
alcohol:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
alcohol:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase activity
quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase activity
quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase activity
alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myrtenal + H2O = 2 H+ + 2 e- + myrtenic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde + H2O = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 4-hydroxybutanoate.
4-hydroxybutaraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzaldehyde + 2 H2O = 4-chlorobenzoate + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = NADH + H+ + 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate.
1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal + NAD+ + H2O = NADH + H+ + cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid.
cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-carboxybenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = NADH + 2 H+ + phthalate.
2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal + NAD+ + H2O = NADH + H+ + trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid.
trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = benzoate + NADPH + H+.
benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NADP+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADPH + H+.
3-oxopropanoate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, CoA-acetylating)
malonic semialdehyde oxidative decarboxylase activity
malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = benzoate + NADH + H+.
benzaldehyde (NAD) dehydrogenase activity
benzaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H2O + NAD+ = 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate + NADH + H+.
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
carboxymethylhydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis,trans -4-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 2 H(+) + maleylacetate + NADH.
4-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
4-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-formylbenzenesulfonate + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 4-sulfobenzoate + 2 H(+) + NADH.
4-formylbenzenesulfonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
4-formylbenzenesulphonate dehydrogenase activity
toluene-sulfonate aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
4-formylbenzenesulfonate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-oxohexanoate + NADP+ + H2O = adipate + NADPH + H+.
6-oxohexanoate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADH + H+.
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = salicylate + NADH + H+.
salicylaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methyl ethyl ketone + O2 = H2O + ethyl acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: vanillate + Co+ = Co3+-CH3 + 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate.
vanillate O-demethylase (anaerobic) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + O2 + H2O = an aromatic acid + hydrogen peroxide.
aryl-aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + vanillate = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + formaldehyde + H(2)O + NAD(+).
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate demethylase activity
vanillate demethylase (aerobic) activity
vanillate:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O(2) = 2 (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + 2 CO(2).
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.
2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propionylating)
2-oxobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
alpha-ketobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + acceptor = CO2 + reduced acceptor.
anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity
carbon-monoxide:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-formylmethanofuran + A + H(2)O + H(+) = AH(2) + CO(2) + methanofuran.
formylmethanofuran:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
formylmethanofuran:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: carvone + 2 H+ + 2 e- = dihydrocarvone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA.
2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 6-oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA.
2,6-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane. 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene is also known as DDMU; 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane is also known as DDMS.
1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol + NAD+ = NADH + H+ + 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate.
2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-phenylpropionate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT + NADP+ = NADPH + 2,3-dihydroxy DDT.
cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + NAD+ = NADH + H+ + 9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene.
trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiolphenanthrene dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the conversion of a di- or tetrachlorinated dienol to the corresponding catechol.
cis-chlorobenzene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diol + NAD+ = NADH + H+ + 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone.
2,5-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-1,2-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + 1,2-dihydroxyphenanthrene.
trans-1,2-dihydrodiolphenanthrene dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol + NAD+ = catechol + NADH + H+.
cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
cis-1,2-dihydrocyclohexa-3,5-diene (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidoreductase activity
cis-benzene glycol dehydrogenase activity
cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol + NAD+ = naphthalene-1,2-diol + NADH + H+.
(+)-cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase activity
cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol:NAD+ 1,2-oxidoreductase activity
cis-dihydrodiol naphthalene dehydrogenase activity
cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxoadipate + NAD(P)+ = 2-maleylacetate + NAD(P)H + H+.
3-oxoadipate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + phenanthrene-3,4-diol.
(+)-cis-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol:NAD+ 3,4-oxidoreductase activity
cis-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene dehydrogenase activity
cis-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate + NAD+ = catechol + CO2 + NADH + H+.
benzoate cis-diol dehydrogenase activity
cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD+ = biphenyl-2,3-diol + NADH + H+.
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dehydrogenase activity
biphenyl-2,3-dihydro-2,3-diol dehydrogenase activity
cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
cis-2,3-dihydrobiphenyl-2,3-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrophloroglucinol + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + phloroglucinol.
dihydrophloroglucinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate + NAD(+) = 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate + H(+) + NADH.
cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: 1,6-dihydroxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylate + NAD+ = 3-methylcatechol + CO2 + NADH + H+.
1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
This term was made obsolete because, according to the Enzyme Commission, there is no evidence that this enzymatic activity exists.
1,6-dihydroxy-5-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene + NAD(+) = 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene + H(+) + NADH.
cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
dibenzothiophene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 2,3-didehydropimeloyl-CoA + H(+) + NADH.
pimeloyl-CoA:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + chloride + NADP(+) = 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA + NADPH.
4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase (halogenating)
2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,6-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate + NAD(+) = 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate + H(+) + NADH.
cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
phthalate 4,5-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5,6-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one + NAD(+) = 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline + H(+) + NADH.
5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroquinoline:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
5,6-dihydrodiol-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline dehydrogenase
5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroquinoline dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydro-3-ethylcatechol + NAD(+) = 3-ethylcatechol + H(+) + NADH.
cis-1,2-dihydro-3-ethylcatechol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
cis-ethylbenzene glycol dehydrogenase activity
cis-dihydroethylcatechol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate + NADP+ = 4-methylcatechol + NADPH + H+ + CO2.
4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-cis-diol-1-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity
cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,6-dihydroxy-2-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylate + NAD(+) = 3-methylcatechol + CO(2) + NADH.
1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ADP + cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA + oxidized ferredoxin + 2 phosphate = 2 ATP + 2 H(2)O + benzoyl-CoA + reduced ferredoxin.
benzoyl-CoA reductase (dearomatizing) activity
cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (aromatizing, ATP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: quinoline + acceptor + H2O = isoquinolin-1(2H)-one + reduced acceptor.
quinoline:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetophenone + CO2 = H+ + benzoyl acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoyl-CoA + oxidized ferredoxin + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + reduced ferredoxin.
4-hydroxybenzoyl-coA reductase (dehydroxylating) activity
4-hydroxybenzoyl-coA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e- = NH3 + benzoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohexylamine + O2 + H2O = cyclohexanone + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
cyclohexylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: iminodiacetate + OH- = H+ + 2 e- + glyoxylate + glycine.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrilotriacetate + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + H2O + glyoxylate + iminodiacetate.
nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + H(2)O + O(2) = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H(2)O(2).
(R)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + H(2)O + O(2) = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H(2)O(2).
(S)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
6-hydroxy-L-nicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin + H2 = N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin.
F420-independent 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
F420-independent methylene-H4MPT dehydrogenase activity
coenzyme F420-independent 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
coenzyme F420-independent methylene-H4MPT dehydrogenase activity
5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrilotriacetate + OH- = H+ + 2 e- + glyoxylate + iminodiacetate.
nitrilotriacetate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotine + acceptor + H2O = (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + reduced acceptor.
nicotine:(acceptor) 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
nicotine:acceptor 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F420 + H(+) = 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + reduced coenzyme F420.
5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase activity
5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-F420 oxidoreductase activity
N(5),N(10)-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase activity
N(5),N(10)-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-F420 oxidoreductase activity
N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase activity
N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-F420 oxidoreductase activity
coenzyme F420-dependent N(5),N(10)-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin reductase activity
methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase activity
coenzyme F420-dependent N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin reductase activity
Catalysis of the generic reaction: epoxide + CO2 + NAD+ + electron donor = beta-keto acid + NADH + reduced electron donor; the electron donor may be NADPH or a dithiol. This reaction is the ring opening and carboxylation of an epoxide; for example: epoxypropane + CO2 + NAD+ + NADPH = acetoacetate + NADH + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-benzoquinone + H(+) + NADPH = hydroquinone + NADP(+).
NADPH:p-benzoquinone oxidoreductase activity
p-benzoquinone reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxy DDT + O2 = 6-oxo-2-hydroxy-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,8,8,8-tetrachloroocta-2E,4E-dienoate.
2,3-dihydroxy DDT 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-2-hydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene + NADP+ = NADPH + H+ + 4-amino-2-nitroso-6-nitrotoluene.
4-amino-2-nitroso-6-nitrotoluene reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxy-4'-sulfoazobenzene + 4 H+ + 4 e- = 4-aminobenzoate + 4-aminobenzenesulfonate.
4-carboxy-4'-sulphoazobenzene reductase activity
4-carboxy-4'-sulfoazobenzene reductase activity
Catalysis of the conversion of a nitrate group to an amino or hydroxylamino group on toluene or a toluene derivative.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrobenzene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ = hydroxyaminobenzene + 2 NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the removal of one or more nitrite (NO2-) groups from nitroglycerin or a derivative.
Catalysis of the reaction: pentaerythritol trinitrate + NADPH = NADP+ + nitrate + pentaerythritol dinitrate.
pentaerythritol trinitrate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methanethiol + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + hydrogen sulfide + hydrogen peroxide.
methanethiol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorohydroquinone + 2 glutathione = 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone + glutathione disulfide + HCl.
tetrachlorohydroquinone reductive dehalogenase activity
tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trithionate + acceptor + 2 H2O + OH- = 3 HSO3- + reduced acceptor.
dissimilatory sulfite reductase activity
dissimilatory-type sulfite reductase activity
trithionate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
trithionate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate + O2 = 2-hydroxy-6-keto-nona-2,4-dienedioate.
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene + O2 = 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate. C6 of the substrate molecular may have an NH2 group attached.
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzenoid + O2 = H+ + distal extradiol ring cleavage. Substrates are 2,2',3-trihydroxybiphenyl (forms 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate) and 2,2',3-trihydroxydiphenylether (forms 2,3-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate).
2,2',3-trihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxyfluorene + O2 = 2-hydroxy-4-(2-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-inden-1-ylidene) but-2-enoic acid.
1,2-dihydroxyfluorene 1,1-alpha-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline + O2 = 3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-(3-carboxy-3-oxopropenyl)-1H-2-pyridon.
5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1-dichloro-2-(dihydroxy-4'-chorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethene + O2 = 6-oxo-2-hydroxy-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,8,8-trichloroocta-2E,4E,7-trienoate.
1,1-dichloro-2-(dihydroxy-4-chlorophenyl)-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene 1,2-dioxygenase activity
1,1-dichloro-2-(dihydroxy-4-chlorophenyl)-(4-chlorophenyl)ethene 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-sulfocatechol + O2 = 3-sulfomuconate.
protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase type II activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol + O2 = H+ + 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-(2'-aminophenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate.
2'-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyfluorene + O2 = 2-hydroxy-4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-inden-2-ylidene) but-2-enoic acid.
3,4-dihydroxyfluorene 4,4-alpha-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxyethylbenzene + O2 = H+ + 2-hydroxy-6-oxoocta-2,4-dienoate.
2,3-dihydroxy-ethylbenzene 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: carbazole + NADH + O2 + H+ = NAD+ + 2'-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene + O2 = cis-4-(2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate.
dihydroxydibenzothiophene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate + O2 = H+ + (Z)-4-(2-hydroxy-5-sulfonatophenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate.
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulphonate 1,8a-dioxygenase activity
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate 1,8a-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: styrene + O2 + NADH + H+ = NAD+ + styrene cis-glycol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene + O2 = H+ + 2-hydroxy-2 H-benzo[h]chromene-2-carboxylate.
3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydroquinone + O2 = cis,trans-4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: p-cumate + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate + O2 = 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate.
2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-dichlorocatechol + O2 = 2 H+ + 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate.
3,5-dichlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminophenol + O2 = 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone + O2 + H2O = HCl + 2 H+ + 2-chloromaleylacetate.
2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,6-dichlorocatechol + O2 = 2 H+ + 2,5-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate.
Catalysis of the reaction: catechol + O2 = cis,cis-muconate.
catechol-oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase activity
catechol:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: catechol + O2 = 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde.
catechol:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + O2 = 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.
protocatechuate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protocatechuate + O2 = 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde.
protocatechuate:oxygen 4,5-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ethylnitronate + FMNH(2) + O(2) = acetaldehyde + FMN + H(2)O + H(+) + nitrite.
nitronate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (nitrite-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzene-1,2,4-triol + O2 = 3-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate.
benzene-1,2,4-triol:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate + O2 = (3E)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate.
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenase activity
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid dioxygenase activity
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate-degrading enzyme activity
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: biphenyl-2,3-diol + O2 = 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate + H2O.
2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase activity
2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase activity
biphenyl-2,3-diol:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid + 1/2 O2 = glyoxylate + 2,4,5-trichlorophenol.
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid oxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: fluorene + 2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 = H2O + 9-fluorenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: butyltin + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + beta-hydroxybutyltin.
This term was made obsolete because it was derived from a UM-BBD enzyme entry that has been deleted, and no other information can be found to suggest that it is a naturally occurring activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: tri-n-butyltin + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + beta-hydroxybutyldibutyltin.
Catalysis of the reaction: dibutyltin + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + beta-hydroxybutylbutyltin.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylsilanetriol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + hydroxymethylsilanetriol.
Catalysis of the reaction: methyl tert-butyl ether + 1/2 O2 = tert-butyl alcohol + formaldehyde.
methyl tertiary butyl ether 3-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-nitrocatechol + O2 + 4 e- + 3 H+ = H2O + nitrite + 1,2,4-benzenetriol.
4-nitrocatechol 4-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorophenoxyacetate + 1/2 O2 = glyoxylate + 4-chlorophenol.
4-chlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tert-butanol + 1/2 O2 = 2-methyl-2-hydroxy-1-propanol.
tert-butyl alcohol 2-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-pinene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + pinocarveol.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylsilanediol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + hydroxymethylmethylsilanediol.
Catalysis of the oxidation of alkanes (up to C8) to alcohols and alkenes (up to C5) to epoxides and alcohols in the presence of ammonium ions.
Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylsilanetriol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 2 H2O + formylsilanetriol.
hydroxymethylsilanetriol oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyisobutyrate + 1/2 O2 = 2,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl propionate.
2-hydroxyisobutyrate 3-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-pinene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + myrtenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-nitrophenol + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = 4-nitrocatechol + H(2)O + NAD(+).
4-nitrophenol,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate + 2-oxoglutarate + oxygen = 2,4-dichlorophenol + glyoxylate + succinate + CO2.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrobenzene + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + nitrite + catechol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 e- = NH3 + 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate.
4-aminobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase (deaminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: toluene-4-sulfonate + NADH + O2 + H+ = NAD+ + HSO3(-) + 4-methylcatechol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-indanone + NADPH + 1/2 O2 = NADP+ + 3,4-dihydrocoumarin.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-indanone + NADPH + 1/2 O2 = NADP+ + 3-hydroxy-1-indanone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-unsubstituted benzenoid + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ = 2,3-cis-dihydroxydihydrobenzenoid + NAD(P)+. Substrates include 1,4-dichlorobenzene (forms 3,6-dichloro-cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene), 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (forms cis-chlorobenzene dihydrodiol) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (forms 3,4,6-trichloro-cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene).
Catalysis of the reaction: dibenzofuran + NADH + H+ + O2 = 2,2',3-trihydroxybiphenyl + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylbenzoate + NADH + O2 + H+ = NAD+ + 1,2-dihydroxymethylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dibenzothiophene + NADH + O2 + H+ = NAD+ + cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-fluorenone + 2 NADPH + O2 = 2 NADP+ + 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-9-fluorenone.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethylbenzene + O2 + NADH + H+ = NAD+ + cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydroethylbenzene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-indanone + NADPH + 1/2 O2 = NADP+ + 3-isochromanone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,5-trihydroxytoluene + O2 = 2,4,6-trioxoheptanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzenesulfonate + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 e- = NH3 + 4-sulfocatechol.
4-aminobenzenesulphonate 3,4-dioxygenase (deaminating) activity
4-aminobenzenesulfonate 3,4-dioxygenase (deaminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: anthranilate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = catechol + CO2 + NADP+ + NH3.
anthranilate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating, deaminating, decarboxylating)
anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzene + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = cis-cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD(+).
benzene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + phthalate = cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,6-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate + NAD(+).
phthalate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4,5-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-sulfobenzoate + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + NAD(+) + sulfite.
4-sulfobenzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3,4-hydroxylating, sulfite-forming)
4-sulphobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
4-sulfobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorophenylacetate + NADH + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + chloride + NAD(+).
4-chlorophenylacetate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3,4-hydroxylating, dechlorinating)
4-chlorophenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + NADH + H+ + O2 = catechol + CO2 + NAD+.
benzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
benzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + toluene = (1S,2R)-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD(+).
toluene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: naphthalene + NADH + H+ + O2 = (1R,2S)-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol + NAD+.
naphthalene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chlorobenzoate + NADH + H+ + O2 = catechol + chloride + NAD+ + CO2.
2-chlorobenzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating, dechlorinating, decarboxylating)
2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminobenzenesulfonate + 2 H(+) + NADH + O(2) = 2,3-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate + NAD(+) + NH(4)(+). 2,3-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate is also known as 3-sulfocatechol.
2-aminobenzenesulfonate dioxygenase activity
2-aminobenzenesulfonate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating, ammonia-forming)
2-aminobenzenesulphonate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
2-aminobenzenesulphonate dioxygenase activity
2-aminosulfobenzene 2,3-dioxygenase activity
2-aminobenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + terephthalate = (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate + NAD(+).
1,4-dicarboxybenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: quinolin-2-ol + NADH + H+ + O2 = 2,5,6-trihydroxy-5,6-dihydroquinoline + NAD+.
2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase activity
quinolin-2(1H)-one 5,6-dioxygenase activity
quinolin-2-ol,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5,6-hydroxylating)
2-hydroxyquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxytoluene + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + OH- + 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenylacetate + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + OH- + 2-hydroxyphenylacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: p-nitrophenol + O2 + NADPH = H2O + NADP+ + nitrite + p-benzoquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethyl sulfide + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + OH- + methanethiol + formaldehyde.
dimethyl sulphide monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-pinene + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + H2O + alpha-pinene oxide.
alpha-pinene monooxygenase [NADH] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (4R)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + H2O + (4R)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.
(+)-limonene,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
(R)-limonene,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + O2 + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + phenanthrene-9,10-oxide.
phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate + O2 + NADPH + 2 H+ = NADP+ + H2O + CO2 + 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene.
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: toluene + 1/2 O2 = 4-hydroxytoluene.
Catalysis of the reactions: toluene + 1/2 O2 = benzyl alcohol, and xylene + 1/2 O2 = methylbenzyl alcohol.
Catalysis of the reaction: dibenzothiophene + NADH + H+ + O2 = dibenzothiophene-5-oxide + NAD+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline.
6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 6-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the addition or substitution of an OH group on C4 of a halogenated phenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: carbon disulfide + NADH + H+ + O2 = [S] + H2O + NAD+ + carbonyl sulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: toluene + 1/2 O2 = 2-hydroxytoluene.
Catalysis of the reaction: propene + NADH + H+ + O2 = 1,2-epoxypropane + NAD+ + H2O.
alkene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,4R)-1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene + NADPH + O2 = NADP+ + OH- + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate.
1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene 1,2-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + O2 + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + phenanthrene-1,2-oxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: methanesulfonate + NADH + H+ + O2 = formaldehyde + NAD+ + sulfite + H2O.
methanesulfonate,FMNH2:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
methanesulfonate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
methanesulfonic acid monooxygenase activity
methanesulphonic acid monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tetrahydrofuran + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran.
Catalysis of the reaction: styrene + NADPH + FADH + O2 = NADP+ + FAD+ + H2O + styrene oxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: toluene-4-sulfonate + 1/2 O2 + H+ = HSO3(-) + 4-hydroxytoluene.
toluene-4-sulphonate monooxygenase activity
toluene-4-sulfonate monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: toluene-4-sulfonate + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + OH- + 4-sulfobenzyl alcohol.
toluene-sulphonate methyl-monooxygenase activity
toluene-sulfonate methyl-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + 6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline.
3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 6-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyphenylacetate + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + OH- + homogentisate.
2-hydroxy-phenylacetate hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + H2O + delta2,5-3,4,4-trimethylpimelyl-CoA.
2-oxo-delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + O2 + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + phenanthrene-3,4-oxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: toluene + 1/2 O2 = 3-hydroxytoluene.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylate + NADH + H+ + O2 = catechol + NAD+ + H2O + CO2.
salicylate hydroxylase (decarboxylating)
salicylate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = protocatechuate + NADP+ + H2O.
4-hydroxybenzoate 3-hydroxylase activity
p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydroxylase activity
para-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate monooxygenase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
p-hydroxybenzoate-3-hydroxylase activity
p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrolase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + NADH + H+ + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + NAD+ + H2O.
4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase activity
p-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase activity
p-hydroxyphenylacetate hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + orcinol = 2,3,5-trihydroxytoluene + H(2)O + NAD(+).
orcinol,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: phenol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = catechol + NADP+ + H2O.
phenol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine + H(2)O + NAD(+).
2,6-dihydroxypyridine,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 4-hydroxybenzoate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
benzoate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = homogentisate + NADP+ + H2O.
4-hydroxyphenyl-acetate 1-hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating)
4-hydroxyphenylacetic 1-hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichlorophenol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3,5-dichlorocatechol + NADP+ + H2O.
2,4-dichlorophenol monooxygenase activity
2,4-dichlorophenol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohexanone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 6-hexanolide + NADP+ + H2O.
cyclohexanone 1,2-monooxygenase activity
cyclohexanone:NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating, 1,2-lactonizing) activity
cyclohexanone:NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (lactone-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
3-hydroxybenzoate 4-hydroxylase activity
3-hydroxybenzoate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADH + O(2) = 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate + H(2)O + NAD(+).
3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase activity
3-hydroxybenzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
3-hydroxybenzoic acid-6-hydroxylase activity
m-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase activity
3-hydroxybenzoate 6-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 4-hydroxyaniline + NADP+ + H2O + CO2.
4-aminobenzoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
4-aminobenzoate 1-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate))
4-hydroxybenzoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
4-hydroxybenzoate-3-hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase [NAD(P)H] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: anthranilate + 2 H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + NADP(+) + NH(4)(+).
anthranilate 2,3-dioxygenase (deaminating)
anthranilate 2,3-hydroxylase (deaminating) activity
anthranilate hydroxylase (deaminating) activity
anthranilate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating, deaminating)
anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + O2 = 2-amino-5-oxocyclohex-1-enecarboxyl-CoA + H2O + 2 NADP+.
2-aminobenzoyl-CoA monooxygenase/reductase activity
2-aminobenzoyl-CoA,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (de-aromatizing)
anthraniloyl coenzyme A reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (1S,6R)-isopiperitenol + H(2)O + NADP(+).
(-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
(S)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-limonene + NADPH + H+ + O2 = (-)-trans-carveol + NADP+ + H2O.
(-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating) activity
(S)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (4S)-perillyl alcohol + H(2)O + NADP(+).
(-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating) activity
(S)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: pentachlorophenol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = tetrachlorohydroquinone + NADP+ + chloride.
pentachlorophenol 4-monooxygenase activity
pentachlorophenol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, dechlorinating)
pentachlorophenol monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = hydroquinone + NADP+ + H2O + CO2.
4-hydroxybenzoate 1-monooxygenase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide + O2 + 2 NADH + H+ = 2 NAD+ + H2O + 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate.
dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 deethylatrazine + O2 = 2 CH3COCH3 + 2 deisopropyldeethylatrazine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 deisopropylatrazine + O2 = 2 acetaldehyde + 2 deisopropyldeethylatrazine.
deisopropylatrazine monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: atrazine + O2 + 2 H+ = deethylatrazine + acetaldehyde + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-camphor + putidaredoxin + O2 = (+)-exo-5-hydroxycamphor + oxidized putidaredoxin + H2O.
(+)-camphor,reduced putidaredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
camphor 5-exo-methylene hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1R)-bornane-2,5-dione + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 5-oxo-1,2-campholide + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.
(+)-camphor,reduced-rubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-lactonizing)
2,5-diketocamphane lactonizing enzyme activity
Catalysis of the reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.
alkane,reduced-rubredoxin:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase activity
fatty acid (omega-1)-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + O2 = 2 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine.
6-hydroxy pseudo-oxynicotine monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: biphenyl + NADH + H+ + O2 = (2R,3S)-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD+. This reaction requires Fe2+.
biphenyl,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT. 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane is also known as DDT.
Catalysis of the reaction: (1/2)-unsubstituted naphthalenoid-(2/1)-sulfonate + 2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 = 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene derivative + HSO3(-). Substrates include naphthalene-1,6-disulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate), naphthalene-1-sulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene), naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate) and naphthalene-2-sulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene).
naphthalene disulphonate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
naphthalene disulfonate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methoxybenzoate + AH(2) + O(2) = 4-hydroxybenzoate + A + formaldehyde + H(2)O.
4-methoxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase (O-demethylating)
4-methoxybenzoate O-demethylase activity
4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase activity
4-methoxybenzoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (O-demethylating)
4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase (O-demethylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: A + ethylbenzene + H(2)O = (S)-1-phenylethanol + AH(2).
ethylbenzene:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: p-cymene + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + OH- + p-cumic alcohol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-cresol + acceptor + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + reduced acceptor.
4-cresol:acceptor oxidoreductase (methyl-hydroxylating)
p-cresol-(acceptor) oxidoreductase (hydroxylating) activity
4-cresol dehydrogenase (hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: carbonyl sulfide + 2 H+ + 2 e- = hydrogen sulfide + carbon monoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: vinyl chloride + 2 H+ + 2 e- = HCl + ethene.
vinyl chloride reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1,1-trichloroethane + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,1-dichloroethane + HCl.
1,1,1-trichloroethane reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide + H+ + 2 e- = Cl- + N-isopropylacetanilide.
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: organohalide + 2 H+ + 2 e- = R-H + HCl. Reactants include chlorohydroquinone (forms hydroquinone) and 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone (forms chlorohydroquinone).
2,5-dichlorohydroquinone reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene + H+ + 2 e- = Cl- + 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene. 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene is also known as DDE; 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene is also known as DDMU.
1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene dehalogenase activity
1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid + H+ + 2 e- = Cl- + 4-chlorophenoxyacetate.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde + H+ + 2 e- = Cl- + 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde.
5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dichloroethene + 2 H+ + 2 e- = HCl + vinyl chloride.
1,2-dichloroethylene reductive dehalogenase activity
1,2-dichloroethene reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene + 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene = 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene + 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene.
1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene hydroxyltransferase activity
1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene-pyrogallol hydroxyltransferase (transhydroxylase)
1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene hydroxyltransferase activity
1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene hydroxytransferase activity
1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:pyrogallol transhydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phenanthrol + X-CH3 = X + 1-methoxyphenanthrene.
1-phenanthrol methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thioether.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:thiol S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetone + ATP + CO(2) + 2 H(2)O = acetoacetate + AMP + 4 H(+) + 2 phosphate.
acetone:carbon-dioxide ligase (AMP-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoyl acetyl-CoA + CoA = acetyl-CoA + benzoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-5-oxohexanoyl-CoA + CoASH = 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-ketopimeloyl-CoA + CoA = glutaryl-CoA + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-phenanthrol + UDP-glucuronate = 9-phenanthryl-beta-D-glucuronide + UDP.
9-phenanthrol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phenanthrol + glucose = 1-phenanthryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside + H2O.
1-phenanthrol glycosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-phenanthrol + glucose = 9-phenanthryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside + H2O.
9-phenanthrol glycosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxyphenanthrene + UDP-glucose = 2-hydroxy-1-phenanthryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP.
1,2-dihydroxy-phenanthrene glycosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-aminohexanoate + alpha-ketoglutarate = glutamate + 6-oxohexanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenol + X-HPO3- = XH + phenylphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + 2 X-SO3(-) = 2 HX + phenanthrene-9,10-dihydrodiolsulfate conjugate.
trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiolphenanthrene sulphotransferase activity
trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiolphenanthrene sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phenanthrol + X-SO3(-) = HX + 1-phenanthrylsulfate.
1-phenanthrol sulphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenanthrol + X-SO3(-) = HX + 3-phenanthrylsulfate.
3-phenanthrol sulphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-phenanthrol + X-SO3(-) = HX + 4-phenanthrylsulfate.
4-phenanthrol sulphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-3,4-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + 2 X-SO3(-) = 2 HX + phenanthrene-3,4-dihydrodiolsulfate conjugate.
trans-3,4-dihydrodiolphenanthrene sulphotransferase activity
trans-3,4-dihydrodiolphenanthrene sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-phenanthrol + X-SO3(-) = HX + 9-phenanthrylsulfate.
9-phenanthrol sulphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phenanthrol + X-SO3(-) = HX + 2-phenanthrylsulfate.
2-phenanthrol sulphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA:propanoate CoA-transferase activity
propionate coenzyme A-transferase activity
propionate-CoA:lactoyl-CoA transferase activity
propionyl CoA:acetate CoA transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (E)-glutaconate = acetate + glutaconyl-1-CoA.
acetyl-CoA:(E)-glutaconate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane + H2O = 6-hydroxyhexanoate.
1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane lactonase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-sulfolactone + OH- = HSO3(-) + maleylacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydrocoumarin + H2O = 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionate.
Catalysis of the reaction: butyrolactone + H2O = 4-hydroxybutanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA + H2O = 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA.
6-oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA + H2O = pimeloyl-CoA.
2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-formylglutathione + H(2)O = formate + glutathione + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + H(2)O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + CoA + H(+).
4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thiolesterase activity
4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate + H(2)O = biphenyl-2-ol + sulfite.
2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate sulfinolyase activity
2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate sulfohydrolase activity
2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulfinate desulfinase activity
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzenesulfinate sulfohydrolase activity
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzenesulfinate:H2O hydrolase activity
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulfinate desulfinase activity
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulfinate hydrolase activity
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulphinate hydrolase activity
dibenzothiophene desulfurization enzyme B
2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dodecyl sulfate + H2O = sulfate + H+ + 1-dodecanol.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the ether in chloro- or hydroxyepoxypropane to produce chloropropane diol or glycerol. Acts on R enantiomers.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-9,10-oxide + H2O = trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.
phenanthrene-9,10-epoxide hydrolase (9R,10R-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: limonene-1,2-epoxide + H2O = limonene-1,2-diol. Other substrates include alicyclic and 1-methyl-substituted epoxides, such as 1-methylcyclohexene oxide, indene oxide and cyclohexene oxide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the ether in chloro-, bromo- or hydroxyepoxypropane to produce a chloro- or bromopropane diol or glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-3,4-oxide + H2O = trans-3,4-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.
phenanthrene-3,4-epoxide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-1,2-oxide + H2O = trans-1,2-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.
phenanthrene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: iprodione + OH- = 3,5-dichlorophenylcarboximide + N-isopropylcarbamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3,5-dichlorophenylurea)acetate + OH- = 3,5-dichloroaniline + N-carboxyglycine.
(3,5-dichlorophenylurea)acetate amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: biuret + H2O = urea + CO2 + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-dichlorophenylcarboximide + OH- = (3,5-dichlorophenylurea)acetate.
3,5-dichlorophenylcarboximide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: epsilon-caprolactam + H2O = H+ + 6-aminohexanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanuric acid + H2O = biuret + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammelide + H2O = cyanuric acid + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chloro-4-hydroxy-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine + OH- = 2,4-dihydroxy-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine + Cl-.
2-chloro-4-hydroxy-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine aminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ammeline + H2O = ammelide + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: deisopropylhydroxyatrazine + H2O = NH3 + 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(N'-ethyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine.
deisopropylhydroxyatrazine aminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(N'-ethyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine + H2O = CH3CH2NH2 + cyanuric acid.
2,4-dihydroxy-6-(N'-ethyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine aminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H(2)O = N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H(+).
5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin 10-hydrolase (decyclizing)
5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase activity
N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase activity
methenyl-H(4)MPT cyclohydrolase activity
methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + 2 H(+) + thiocyanate = carbonyl sulfide + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile + 2 H(2)O = 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate + NH(4)(+). Involved in the bacterial degradation of the herbicide bromoxynil.
3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile aminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: R-CN + H2O = R-COOH + NH3.
aliphatic nitrile aminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine + H2O = N-isopropylammelide + ethylamine.
4-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine ethylaminohydrolase activity
hydroxyatrazine ethylaminohydrolase activity
hydroxydechloroatrazine ethylaminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-isopropylammelide + H2O = cyanuric acid + isopropylamine.
N-isopropylammelide isopropylaminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis,cis-2-hydroxy-6-oxohept-2,4-dienoate + OH- = cis-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate + acetate.
2-hydroxy-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrophloroglucinol + OH- = 3-hydroxy-5-oxohexanoate.
dihydrophloroglucinol hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate + H2O = cis-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate + isobutyrate.
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-(2'-aminophenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate + H2O = 2-aminobenzoate + cis-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate.
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2'-aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-6-oxoocta-2,4-dienoate + H2O = H+ + propanoate + cis-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate.
2-hydroxy-6-oxoocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-oxo-2-hydroxy-7-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3,8,8-trichloroocta-2Z,4Z,7-trienoate + H2O = 2-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dichloropropenoate + cis-2-Hydroxy-3-chloropenta-2,4-dienone + H+.
6-oxo-2-hydroxy-7-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3,8,8-trichloroocta-2E,4E,7-trienoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,4Z)-2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-dienedioate + H2O = (2E)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate + H+ + succinate.
(2E,4Z)-2-hydroxy-6-oxona-2,4-dienedioate succinylhydrolase activity
2-hydroxy-6-ketonona-2,4-dienedoic acid hydrolase activity
2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-dienedioate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,6-trioxoheptanoate + H2O = acetylpyruvate + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylpyruvate + H(2)O = acetate + H(+) + pyruvate.
2,4-dioxopentanoate acetylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate + H2O = benzoate + 2-oxopent-4-enoate.
2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate benzoylhydrolase activity
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H2O = formate + 2-oxopent-4-enoate.
2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde formylhydrolase activity
2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase activity
2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-3-chloroacrylic acid + H2O = H+ + malonate semialdehyde.
trans-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alkyl halide + H2O = alcohol + HCl. Substrates are 1,3(R),4,6(R)-tetrachloro-1,4-cyclohexadiene (forms 2,4,5-trichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-ol) and 2,4,5-trichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-ol (forms 2,5-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diol).
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-1,4-cyclohexadiene halidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trichloroacetate + 2 H2O = 3 H+ + 3 Cl- + oxalate.
2-chloro-4,6-dihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dichloroacetate + H2O = 2 HCl + glyoxylate.
dichloroacetate halidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-halo or 1-pseudohalo-S-triazine = 1-hydroxy-S-triazine.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-3-chloroacrylic acid + H2O = H+ + HCl + malonate semialdehyde.
cis-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: deisopropyldeethylatrazine + H2O = 2-chloro-4-hydroxy-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine + NH3.
deisopropyldeethylatrazine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-haloacid + H2O = (R)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.
2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase activity
2-haloalkanoid acid halidohydrolase activity
2-halocarboxylic acid dehalogenase II activity
halocarboxylic acid halidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: haloacetate + H2O = glycolate + halide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-haloalkane + H2O = a primary alcohol + halide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoyl CoA + chloride.
4-chlorobenzoyl CoA chlorohydrolase activity
4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: atrazine + H(2)O = 4-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine + chloride + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohexylsulfamate + H(2)O = cyclohexylamine + sulfate.
cyclohexylsulfamate sulfamidase activity
cyclohexylsulfamate sulfohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate = CO2 + 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate.
2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetate + H+ = CO2 + bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane. Bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetate is also known as DDA; bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane is also known as DDM.
bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate + H+ = CO2 + 2,6-dibromophenol.
3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyisobutyrate + H+ = CO2 + 2-propanol.
2-hydroxyisobutyrate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dicarbonate + H+ = CO2 + L-lactate.
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dicarbonate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + CO2.
4,5-dihydroxyphthalate carboxy-lyase (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate-forming)
4,5-dihydroxyphthalate carboxy-lyase activity
4,5-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: gallate + H(+) = CO(2) + pyrogallol.
gallate carboxy-lyase (pyrogallol-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + H(+) = CO(2) + phenol.
4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase (phenol-forming)
4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase activity
p-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate = 2-oxohept-3-enedioate + CO2.
5-carboxymethyl-2-oxo-hex-3-ene-1,6-dioate decarboxylase activity
5-carboxymethyl-2-oxo-hex-3-ene-1,7-dioate decarboxylase activity
5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate carboxy-lyase (2-oxohept-3-enedioate-forming)
5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate carboxy-lyase activity
5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-glutaconyl-CoA + H(+) = but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO(2).
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA carboxy-lyase (but-2-enoyl-CoA-forming)
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA carboxy-lyase activity
glutaconyl coenzyme A decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dihydroxy-hept-trans-2-ene-1,7-dioate = pyruvate + succinic semialdehyde.
2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-ene-1,7-dioate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3E)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate = 2-carboxybenzaldehyde + pyruvate.
(3Z)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate 2-carboxybenzaldehyde-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
2'-carboxybenzalpyruvate aldolase activity
trans-2'-carboxybenzalpyruvate hydratase-aldolase activity
(3E)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate 2-carboxybenzaldehyde-lyase activity
(3Z)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate 2-carboxybenzaldehyde-lyase activity
4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: fumarate + toluene = 2-benzylsuccinate.
benzylsuccinate fumarate-lyase (toluene-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA + H2O = 2,6-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA.
6-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-(1'-hydroxynaphth-2'-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate + H2O = pyruvate + 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde.
trans-4-(1'-hydroxynaphth-2'-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate hydratase-aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: E-phenylitaconyl-CoA + H2O = (hydroxymethylphenyl)succinyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-(2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate + H2O = pyruvate + 3-hydroxy-2-formylbenzothiophene.
trans-4-[2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl]-2-oxo-3-butenoate hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA + H2O = 2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA.
cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alkene-CoA + H2O = alcohol-CoA. Substrates are crotonoyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) and 2,3-didehydro-pimeloyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-3-enoate-4-benzenoid + H2O = pyruvate + benzaldehyde derivative. Substrates are (3E)-4-(5-amino-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-but-3-ene-1-oic-acid (forms 5-aminosalicylaldehyde) and trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate (forms salicylaldehyde).
trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase-aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (trans)-phenylacetaldoxime = H(2)O + phenylacetonitrile.
(Z)-phenylacetaldehyde-oxime hydro-lyase (phenylacetonitrile-forming) activity
(Z)-phenylacetaldehyde-oxime hydro-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-(3-carboxy-3-oxopropenyl)-1H-2-pyridon + H2O = 2-oxobut-3-enanoate + 2,5,6-trihydroxy-3-methylpyridine.
3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-(3-carboxy-3-oxopropenyl)-1H-2-pyridon hydratase-aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyisobutyrate = H2O + methacrylate.
2-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2-oxohept-3-ene-1,7-dioate + H2O = 2,4-dihydroxy-hept-trans-2-ene-1,7-dioate.
2-oxo-hepta-3-ene-1,7-dioate hydratase activity
2-oxo-hepta-3-ene-1,7-dioic acid hydratase activity
2-oxo-hept-3-ene-1,7-dioate hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde = acetylene + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: lactoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O.
lactoyl-CoA hydro-lyase (acryloyl-CoA-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: urea = cyanamide + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic amide = a nitrile + H2O.
aliphatic-amide hydro-lyase (nitrile-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA + H(2)O = 6-hydroxycyclohex-1-enecarbonyl-CoA.
cyclohex-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA hydratase activity
cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA hydratase activity
cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase activity
cyclohexa-1,5-dienecarbonyl-CoA hydro-lyase activity
6-hydroxycyclohex-1-enecarbonyl-CoA (cyclohexa-1,5-dienecarbonyl-CoA-forming)
cyclohexa-1,5-dienecarbonyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (hydroxyamino)benzene = 2-aminophenol.
(hydroxyamino)benzene hydroxymutase activity
hydroxylaminobenzene hydroxymutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: triethanolamine = diethanolamine + acetaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine = methanethiol + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate.
L-methionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)
L-methionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane = HCl + unsym-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene. 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane is also known as DDMS; unsym-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene is also known as DDNU.
1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane dehydrochlorinase activity
Catalysis of the elimination of HCl from a chloro- or bromopropanol, yielding an epoxypropane.
halohydrin hydrogen-halide-lyase A activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane = HCl + 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene. 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane is also known as DDD; 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene is also known as DDMU.
1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane dehydrochlorinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane + HCl = 1,3(R),4(S),5(S),6(R)-pentachlorocyclohexene.
gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-chloro-1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene = Cl- + H+ + 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone.
5-chloro-1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene dechlorinase activity
Catalysis of the elimination of HCl from a chloropropanol, yielding an epoxypropane.
halohydrin hydrogen-halide-lyase B activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane = 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene + chloride + H(+).
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane chloride-lyase activity
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane chloride-lyase [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene-forming]
Catalysis of the reaction: dichloromethane + H(2)O = 2 chloride + formaldehyde + 2 H(+).
dichloromethane chloride-lyase (adding H2O; chloride-hydrolysing; formaldehyde-forming)
dichloromethane chloride-lyase (chloride-hydrolysing)
Catalysis of the reaction: alkylphosphonic acid = R-CH3 + phosphate. Substrates include aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) (forms methylamine), dimethylphosphinic acid (forms methylphosphonic acid), glyphosate (forms sarcosine) and methylphosphonic acid (forms phosphate).
Catalysis of the reaction: R-Hg+ + H+ = R-H + Hg2+.
alkylmercury mercuric-lyase (alkane-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-2 H-benzo[h]chromene-2-carboxylate = cis -4-(1'-hydroxynaphth-2'-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate.
2-hydroxy-2H-benzo[h]chromene-2-carboxylate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-mandelate = (R)-mandelate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-4-(2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate = trans-4-(2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate.
cis-4-[2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl]-2-oxo-3-butenoate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfomuconate = 4-sulfolactone.
3-carboxymuconate cycloisomerase type II activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran = 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde.
2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate = (3E)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate. (3E)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate is also known as trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate.
2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: styrene oxide = phenylacetaldehyde.
styrene-oxide isomerase (epoxide-cleaving)
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-pinene = limonene.
Catalysis of the reaction: pinocarveol = carveol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = cis,cis-hexadienedioate.
2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate lyase (decyclizing)
4-carboxymethyl-4-hydroxyisocrotonolactone lyase (decyclizing)
cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase activity
cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme I activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chloro-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 3-chloro-cis,cis-muconate.
2-chloro-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate lyase (decyclizing)
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-pinene oxide = (Z)-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienal.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichloro-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate.
2,4-dichloro-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate lyase (decyclizing)
dichloromuconate cycloisomerase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: perillic acid + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP/AMP + mono/diphosphate + perillyl-CoA.
This term was made obsolete because it represents two reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP/AMP + mono/diphosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA.
3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetate + ATP + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + 2-oxo-delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA.
2-oxo-delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxo-3-phenylpropionate + CoA + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + benzoyl acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichlorobenzoate + ATP + CoASH = AMP + diphosphate + 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA.
2,4-dichlorobenzoate-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + benzoate + CoA = AMP + benzoyl-CoA + diphosphate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-hydroxybenzoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA.
4-hydroxybenzoate-CoA synthetase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate-coenzyme A ligase (AMP-forming)
4-hydroxybenzoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
4-hydroxybenzoyl coenzyme A synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + anthranilate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + anthranilyl-CoA.
2-aminobenzoate coenzyme A ligase activity
2-aminobenzoate-coenzyme A ligase activity
anthraniloyl coenzyme A synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzoate + CoA + ATP = 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate. This reaction requires magnesium and is part of the bacterial 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation pathway.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenylphosphate + CO2 + H2O = H+ + phosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-9,10-oxide + H2O = trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.
phenanthrene-9,10-epoxide hydrolase (9S,10S-forming) activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylene, formula CH2CH2, the simplest of the alkynes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acrylonitrile, a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent odor. Acrylonitrile is used in the production of acrylic fibers, plastics, and synthetic rubbers.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving adamantanone, tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)decanone, a white crystalline solid used as an intermediate for microelectronics in the production of photoresists.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-pinene, a monoterpene that may be a significant factor affecting bacterial activities in nature. It is a major component in tea-tree oils, and gives off a piney smelling odor.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, aniline-o-sulfonic acid, an aromatic sulfonate used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.
2-aminobenzenesulphonate metabolic process
2-aminobenzenesulfonate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-aminobenzoate, a derivative of benzoic acid with an NH2 group attached to C2, that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic 2-aminobenzoate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the anion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate metabolism
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving arsonoacetate, a synthetic, organic compound containing a single arsenic atom. Arsonoacetate and other arsenic containing compounds are used in agricultural applications as animal feed additives, cotton defoliants and post-emergence grass herbicides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving atrazine, a triazine ring-containing compound, widely used as a herbicide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid), a fungistatic compound widely used as a food preservative; it is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) that occur in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzonitrile. Benzonitrile is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate in the pharmaceutical, dyestuffs and rubber industries. It is highly toxic and harmful in contact with skin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, a halogenated organic insecticide that has been used worldwide for agriculture and public health.
beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolism
beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane that occur in presence of oxygen.
aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolism
aerobic beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biphenyl, a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon used as a heat transfer agent, as a fungistat in packaging citrus fruits and in plant disease control. Biphenyl can be chlorinated with 1-10 chlorine molecules to form polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-chlorobiphenyl, a member of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) group of compounds, a very stable group of synthetic organic compounds composed of a biphenyl nucleus with 1-10 chlorine substituents. 4-chlorobiphenyl has been used as a model substrate to investigate PCB degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bromoxynil, C7H3Br2NO, a dibrominated phenol derivative with a cyano (-CN) group attached. Bromoxynil is used as a herbicide for post-emergent control of annual broadleaf weeds and works by inhibiting photosynthesis in the target plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (+)-camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene ketone which is one of the major components in the leaves of common sage. Camphor exists in two enantiomers, but the (+)-isomer is more widely distributed.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving caprolactam, hexahydro-2h-azepin-2-one, a cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. It can cause local irritation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbazole, a heterocyclic aromatic compound containing a dibenzopyrrole system that is produced during coal gasification and is present in cigarette smoke. Coal tar produced at high temperature contains an average of 1.5% carbazole. It is used widely in synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and plastics and is a suspected carcinogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations, that occur in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic carbon tetrachloride metabolism
anaerobic carbon tetrachloride metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-carboxy-4'-sulfoazobenzene, a sulfonated azo compound synthesized by nitro-amine condensation from sulfanilic acid and 4-nitrobenzoic acid.
4-carboxy-4'-sulphoazobenzene metabolic process
4-carboxy-4'-sulphoazobenzene metabolism
4-carboxy-4'-sulfoazobenzene metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-chloroacrylic acid, ClHC=CHCOOH, a chlorinated derivative of acrylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide, an acylanide herbicide widely used to protect corn, onion, cabbage, rose bushes, and ornamental plants.
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide metabolism
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanamide, NCNH2, a cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclohexanol, the monohydroxy derivative of cyclohexane. It is used as a solvent and blending agent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclohexylsulfamate, also known as cyclamic acid. Sodium cyclohexylsulfamate (CHS-Na) was a widely used sweetening agent but was banned because of the suspicion of carcinogenicity and metabolic conversion to cyclohexylamine (CHA), a toxic substance. It is now used as a fungicide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dibenzofuran, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by one ether bond and one carbon-carbon bond. Dibenzofuran is a white crystalline solid created from the production of coal tar and used as an insecticide and an intermediate in the production of other chemicals.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds. Dibenzo-p-dioxins are generated as by-products in the manufacturing of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, paper pulp bleaching, and in incineration, and can accumulate in milk and throughout the food chain, creating significant health concern.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dibenzothiophene, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by one sulfide bond and one carbon-carbon bond. Dibenzothiophene derivatives can be detected in diesel oil following hydrodesulfurization treatment to remove sulfur compounds that would otherwise generate sulfur oxides during combustion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzothiophene, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by one sulfide bond and one carbon-carbon bond.
The removal of the sulfur atom from dibenzothiophene, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by one sulfide bond and one carbon-carbon bond.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, a chlorinated aromatic compound which is a key intermediate in the aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,2-dichloroethane, a major commodity chemical used, for example, in the manufacture of vinyl chloride.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dichloromethane, a dichlorinated derivative of methane. It is a colorless organic liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor, often used as a paint remover.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a chlorinated phenoxy compound which functions as a systemic herbicide and is used to control many types of broadleaf weeds.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolism
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP), a halohydrin suspected of being carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic. DCP is used as a general solvent, as an intermediate in organic synthesis and in paints, varnishes, lacquers, water colors, binders and photographic lacquers.
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving members of the 1,3-dichloropropene family, which includes cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene. The 1,3-dichloropropenes are chlorinated hydrocarbons and the major active ingredients of commercial products for control of plant-parasitic nematodes.
gamma-chloroallylchloride metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethyl ether, CH3-O-CH3, the simplest ether. Dimethyl ether, also known wood ether and methyl ether, is a colorless gas that has been used in refrigeration applications.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl tert-butyl ether, 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane. Methyl tert-butyl ether is a synthetic chemical which is mixed with gasoline for use in reformulated gasoline. It was first introduced as an additive for unleaded gasoline in the 1980s. It is also used as a laboratory reagent and a pharmaceutical agent.
methyl tert-butyl ether metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO (C2H6OS), an alkyl sulfoxide that is practically odorless in its purified form. As a highly polar organic liquid, it is a powerful solvent. Its biological activities include the ability to penetrate plant and animal tissues and to preserve living cells during freezing.
A cyclic series of interconversions involving dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and hydrogen sulfide. Dimethylsulfoxide can also be converted to dimethyl sulfide, which enters the cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dodecyl sulfate, commonly found as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a component of a variety of synthetic surfactants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, a derivative of benzene with chlorine atoms attached to positions 1, 2 and 4 of the ring. It is a colorless liquid used as a solvent in chemical manufacturing, in dyes and intermediates, dielectric fluid, synthetic transformer oils, lubricants, heat-transfer medium and insecticides.
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene or paramoth), a derivative of benzene with two chlorine atoms attached at opposite positions on the ring. It forms white crystals at room temperature and is used as an insecticidal fumigant, particularly in mothballs.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylbenzene (phenylethane), a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, that occur in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic ethylbenzene metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorobenzene, a derivative of benzene with a chlorine atoms attached to the ring. It is a colorless liquid that is manufactured for use as a solvent. It quickly evaporates in the air and is degraded by hydroxyl radicals that are produced photochemically. The gas acts as a source of ClOx, which helps in the breakdown of stratospheric ozone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylbenzene (phenylethane), a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used as a solvent and as a component of automotive and aviation fuels.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrobenzene (nitrobenzol), a derivative of benzene with an NO2 group attached to the ring. It is a yellow aromatic liquid used in perfumery and manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fluorene, a tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing a five-membered ring. It is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives and is also a by-product of coal-conversion and energy-related industries. It is commonly found in vehicle exhaust emissions, crude oils, motor oils, coal and oil combustion products, waste incineration, and industrial effluents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gallate, the anion of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid). The esters and polyesters are widely distributed in angiosperms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (also known as Lindane), the most common form of hexachlorohexane, a halogenated organic insecticide that has been used worldwide for agriculture and public health.
gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolism
gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide also known by the trade name Roundup. It is a member of a broad class of compounds known as phosphonic acids, which contain a direct carbon-to-phosphorus (C-P) bond.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, an aromatic compound which is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of patulin, a toxin and antiviral agent produced by some moulds such as Penicillium patulinum.
3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prodione, a colorless, odorless crystal. It is used as a dicarboximide contact fungicide to control a wide variety of crop diseases by inhibiting the germination of spores and the growth of the fungal mat (mycelium).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol. Used to produce agricultural chemicals, and in specialty resins, pharmaceuticals and pressure-sensitive dyes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methanesulfonic acid, a strong acid produced by the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide.
This term was made obsolete because its use of 'and' was causing violations to the true-path rule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl ethyl ketone, a clear, colorless liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor. It is used as a solvent and in making plastics, textiles and paints.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl fluoride, fluorine-substituted methane, a gaseous halogenated hydrocarbon that has been investigated as an inhibitor of methanotrophy and nitrification in soils.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-methylquinoline, C10H9N, an aromatic compound composed of a benzene ring and a heterocyclic N-containing ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving naphthalene, a fused ring bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon commonly found in crude oil and oil products. Naphthalene is familiar as the compound that gives mothballs their odor; it is used in the manufacture of plastics, dyes, solvents, and other chemicals, as well as being used as an antiseptic and insecticide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrilotriacetate, an aminotricarboxylic acid that binds bivalent metal ions in a ratio of 1:1. As an important industrial chelating agent, NTA has been widely used for various radionuclide processing and decontamination procedures, such as textile, paper and pulp processing and water treatment.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrilotriacetate, the aminotricarboxylic acid N(CH2COO-)3, that occur in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic nitrilotriacetate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrilotriacetate, the aminotricarboxylic acid N(CH2COO-)3, that occur in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic nitrilotriacetate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitroglycerin, a well-known nitrate ester and an important component of dynamite and other propellants. Toxic to algae, invertebrate, and vertebrates.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-nitropropane, a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, fruity odor. 2-nitropropane is used principally as a solvent and chemical intermediate. As a solvent, it is used in inks, paints, adhesives, varnishes, polymers, and synthetic materials. It is a feedstock for the manufacture of 2-nitro-2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving n-octane, the 8 carbon straight chain alkane used in organic syntheses, calibrations, and azeotropic distillations. It is a common component of gasoline and other petroleum products and the engine fuel antiknocking properties of an isomer of n-octane are used as a comparative standard in the Octane Rating System.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol), an aromatic compound derived from the fermentation of lichen, and synthesized, probably as a fungicide, by some higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organomercury compound, any organic compound containing a mercury atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organometals, any metal-containing organic compound, especially one in which the metal atom is linked directly to one of more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organotin, an organic compound containing a tin atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tri-n-butyltin, an organometallic compound composed of three butyl chains attached to a tin atom. Tri-n-butyltin is used as an antifouling agent in ship bottom paints and can be toxic to many marine organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organosilicon, organic compounds that contain silicon, a nonmetal element analogous to carbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organosilicons, organic compounds that contain silicon, in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic organosilicone metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organosilicons, organic compounds that contain silicon, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic organosilicone metabolic process
anaerobic organosilicon metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylene, a mixture of three colorless, aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, ortho-, meta- and para-xylene.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving m-xylene, (1,3-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving o-xylene, (1,2-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving p-xylene, (1,4-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving parathion, a highly toxic organophosphate compound formerly used as a broad spectrum insecticide, acaricide, fumigant and nematocide. Degradation of parathion by sunlight or liver enzymes can result in the formation of the active compound paraoxon which interferes with the nervous system through cholinesterase inhibition.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving p-cymene, 1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene, one of the alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons found in volatile oils from over 100 plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentaerythritol tetranitrate, C(CH2-O-NO2)4, a substance produced for use as an explosive and a vasodilator.
pentaerythritol tetranitrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon used in explosives and in the synthesis of dyes and drugs. Although phenanthrene is not mutagenic or carcinogenic, it has been shown to be toxic to marine diatoms, gastropods, mussels, crustaceans, and fish.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, where trans-9(R),10(R)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene is the principal intermediate metabolite.
phenanthrene breakdown via trans-9(R),10(R)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene
phenanthrene degradation via trans-9(R),10(R)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene
phenanthrene catabolic process via trans-9(R),10(R)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, where trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene is the principal intermediate metabolite.
phenanthrene breakdown via trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene
phenanthrene degradation via trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene
phenanthrene catabolic process via trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds.
phenol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic phenol-containing compound metabolism
aerobic phenol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-nitrophenol, a nitroaromatic compound which is used in the production of dyes, leather treatment agents, fungicides and as an intermediate in the production of the insecticide parathion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentachlorophenol, a chlorinated insecticide and fungicide used primarily to protect timber from fungal rot and wood boring insects. Pentachlorophenol is significantly toxic to mammals, plants, and many microorganisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-phenylpropionate, the anion of phenylpropanoic acid. It is produced from putrefaction of proteins in soil or breakdown of several constituents of plants, such as lignin, various oils and resins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phthalate, the anion of phthalic acid. Phthalic acid diesters are used industrially in the production of a variety of household and consumer goods including plastic polymers, lubricating oils, and carriers for perfumes in cosmetics, while phthalic acid itself is used industrially as a plasticizer. Terephthalate is used in the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate (polyethene terephthlate, abbreviated PET or PETE), a plastic polymer with many commercial uses.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving propylene, an alkene produced by catalytic or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons or as a by-product of petroleum refining. It is used mainly in the preparation of alkylates for gasoline and in the production of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide and a number of other industrial chemicals.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any s-triazine compound. These compounds include many pesticides of widespread use in agriculture, and are characterized by a symmetrical hexameric ring consisting of alternating carbon and nitrogen atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving styrene, an aromatic hydrocarbon liquid soluble in ether and alcohol. When heated, exposed to light or added to a peroxide catalyst, it undergoes polymerization to form polystyrene, a versatile material used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic rubber, thermal insulation, and packaging. Styrene is a classified mutagen and a suspected carcinogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrachloroethylene (tetrachloroethene), a derivative of ethene with the hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorines. Tetrachloroethene has been used primarily as a solvent in dry-cleaning industries and to a lesser extent as a degreasing solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofuran, a cyclic 4 carbon ether. It is one of the most polar ethers and is a widely used solvent for polar reagents. Since THF is very soluble in water and has a relatively low boiling point, significant amounts are often released into the environment, causing contamination problems.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiocyanate, the anion of thiocyanic acid, a toxic cyanide derivative commonly formed as a by-product in the production of gas for fuel, coke, and substances for chemical industries.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products such as gasoline and commonly used as a paint thinning agent and in other solvent applications.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products, that occur in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving toluene-4-sulfonate, the anion of 4-toluene sulfonic acid, a white crystalline solid which is highly hygroscopic and soluble in water.
4-methylbenzenesulfonate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trinitrotoluene, a methylated benzene molecule with three NO2 groups attached to it. This includes the explosive TNT, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, a highly explosive pale yellow crystalline solid. It is prepared from toluene treated with concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids and is used in shells, bombs, and blasting explosives.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, a highly explosive pale yellow crystalline solid, that occur in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene metabolism
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,2,3-tribromopropane, a toxic and volatile organic compound commonly used as a nematocide in agriculture.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), a chlorinated broad spectrum contact insecticide.
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane metabolism
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), a chlorinated, broad spectrum, contact insecticide, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane metabolism
anaerobic 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trichloroethylene, a toxic, colorless, photoreactive, chlorinated hydrocarbon liquid, commonly used as a metal degreaser and solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a chlorinated aromatic compound which is widely used as a herbicide, often as a weed killer for home lawns.
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolism
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triethanolamine, a combustible, hygroscopic, colorless liquid commonly used in dry-cleaning solutions, cosmetics, detergents, textile processing, wool scouring, and as a corrosion inhibitor and pharmaceutical alkalizing agent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods and can be obtained as a by-product of the pulp and paper industry by the oxidative breakdown of lignin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving Z-phenylacetaldoxime, a member of the glucosinolate group of compounds, a class of natural products that are gaining increasing interest as cancer-preventing agents and crop protectants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving naphthalenesulfonate, sulfonated derivatives of naphthalene.
Synthesis and ordering of the envelope of pronuclei.
OBSOLETE. The periodic shedding of part or all of a protein-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new protein-based cuticle. A cuticle is the outer layer of an animal which acts to prevent water loss.
The first process of molting, characterized by the detachment of the old cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells.
The shedding of the old chitin-based cuticlar fragments during the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The deposition of eggs (either fertilized or not) upon a surface or into a medium such as water.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in an organism's germ line.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in an organism's soma.
Any organism in which another organism, especially a parasite or symbiont, spends part or all of its life cycle and from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection.
The periodic shedding of part or all of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in the Nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle
molting cycle, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle
This term was made obsolete because the parent terms cover its function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with guanyl nucleotides, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A protein complex that possesses molybdopterin synthase activity. In E. coli, the complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two MoaD and two MoaE subunits.
Catalysis of the reaction: farnesoic acid + S-adenosyl-methionine = methyl farnesoate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-methionine:farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase activity
farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase activity
The complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle.
The complete protein-nucleic acid complex that is the packaged form of the genome in a virus particle.
The whole of the genetic information of a virus, contained as either DNA or RNA.
A viral genome that consists of one continuous nucleic acid molecule.
A viral genome that is divided into two or more physically separate molecules of nucleic acid and packaged into a single virion.
A segmented viral genome consisting of two sub-genomic nucleic acids but each nucleic acid is packaged into a different virion.
A segmented viral genome consisting of three sub-genomic nucleic acids but each nucleic acid is packaged into a different virion.
A segmented viral genome consisting of more than three sub-genomic nucleic acids but each nucleic acid is packaged into a different virion.
A viral genome composed of deoxyribonucleic acid.
A viral genome composed of ribonucleic acid. This results in genome replication and expression of genetic information being inextricably linked.
A viral genome composed of double stranded RNA.
A viral genome composed of single stranded RNA of either positive or negative sense.
A single stranded RNA genome with the same nucleotide polarity as mRNA.
A single stranded RNA genome with the opposite nucleotide polarity as mRNA.
A RNA genome that contains coding regions that are either positive sense or negative sense on the same RNA molecule.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles. It comprises numerous regularly arranged subunits, or capsomeres.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles; the subunits are arranged to form a protein helix with the genetic material contained within. Tobacco mosaic virus has such a capsid structure.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles; the subunits are arranged to form an icosahedron, a solid with 20 faces and 12 vertices. Icosahedral capsids have 12 pentamers plus 10(T-1) hexamers, where T is the triangulation number. Tobacco satellite necrosis virus has such a capsid structure.
The lipid bilayer of a virion that surrounds the protein capsid. May also contain glycoproteins.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a type of gene product and not a location or complex.
A structure lying between the capsid and envelope of a virus, varying in thickness and often distributed asymmetrically.
Specific locations and structures in the virus infected cell involved in replicating the viral genome.
Virus-specific complex of protein required for integrating viral genomes into the host genome.
Specific locations and structures in the virus infected cell involved in transcribing the viral genome.
Specific locations and structures in the virus infected cell involved in assembling new virions.
The name given to a viral genome after it has been integrated into the host genome; particularly applies to retroviruses and is a required part of the retroviral replication cycle.
The process by which, after initial infection, a virus lies dormant within a cell and viral production ceases. The process ends when the virus switches from latency and starts to replicate.
A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host, either as an integrated provirus within the host genome or as an episome, where viral genome remains in the cytoplasm or nucleus as distinct objects.
The perpetuation of a latent state, generally by repressing the viruses own lytic genes expression and ensuring expression of viral genes which function to keep the viral genome from being detected by the host defense mechanisms.
Any process required for latent viral replication in a cell.
The process by which a virus switches from latency and begins to replicate. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell lipopolysaccharides, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, various chemicals and super-infecting viruses.
Interactions, directly with the host cell macromolecular machinery, to allow virus replication.
Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the virus or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of host defenses by virus
Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication.
negative regulation by virus of host apoptosis
negative regulation of apoptosis by virus
suppression of apoptosis in host by virus
suppression by virus of host apoptotic process
The set of viral processes that induce an apoptotic process in infected host cells, facilitating release and spread of progeny virions.
activation by virus of host apoptotic programmed cell death
activation of apoptosis in host by virus
induction by virus of host apoptotic programmed cell death
induction by virus of host apoptotic process
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of intracellular (innate immune response) antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.
negative regulation by virus of intracellular antiviral response
negative regulation of host intracellular antiviral response by virus
suppression of host intracellular antiviral response by virus
viral inhibition of intracellular antiviral response
suppression by virus of host intracellular antiviral response
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of extracellular (adaptive immune response) antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.
inhibition of extracellular antiviral response
negative regulation by virus of extracellular antiviral response
negative regulation of host extracellular antiviral response by virus
suppression of host extracellular antiviral response by virus
suppression by virus of host extracellular antiviral response
The process in which a virus effects a change in the cellular pathways and activities of its host organism.
modification by virus of host cellular process
regulation by virus of host cellular process
regulation of cellular process in host by virus
regulation of host cellular process by virus
modulation of cellular process in host by virus
modulation by virus of host cellular process
Interactions, directly with the host cell macromolecular machinery, to allow a virus to modulate the rate of the host cell cycle to facilitate virus replication.
viral perturbation of cell cycle regulation
modification by virus of host cell cycle regulation
The modulation by viral gene products of host RNA polymerase II facilitated transcription.
modification by virus of host transcription
viral perturbation of host cell transcription
modulation by virus of host transcription
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of host mRNA.
modification by virus of host cell mRNA translation
regulation of host mRNA translation by virus
regulation of translation in host by virus
viral perturbation of host cell mRNA translation
A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.
OBSOLETE. The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells.
This term was made obsolete because it is ambiguous, and more specific terms have been created.
The directed movement of viral proteins within the host cell.
intracellular transport of viral proteins in host cell
A general term applied to the events that occur after penetration; refers to the 'uncoating' of the viral genome from the nucleocapsid core.
The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface.
virion attachment to host cell surface receptor
The penetration of an enveloped virus into a host cell by the fusing of the viral envelope with the host cell plasma membrane, releasing the virion contents into the cell.
viral envelope fusion with host cell membrane
viral envelope fusion with host membrane
viral envelope fusion with host plasma membrane
viral entry into host cell via membrane fusion with the plasma membrane
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process in which a host cell takes up a virus particle; successive instances of virus endocytosis result in the accumulation of virus particles within the cell.
receptor mediated endocytosis by host of virus particle
receptor mediated endocytosis of virus by host
receptor mediated endocytosis of virus particle by host
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host
viral entry into host cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis
OBSOLETE. The translocation of an entire virus particle across the host cell plasma membrane.
Any process involved in the assembly, maturation, egress, and release of progeny virions.
viral assembly, maturation, egress, and release
A late phase of viral replication during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed.
The assembly of a virus capsid from its protein subunits.
Any viral process that occurs on newly synthesized viral genomes.
The cleavage of viral DNA into singular functional units.
viral DNA cleavage involved in viral genome maturation
The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid.
The packaging of viral RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) into a nucleocapsid.
The assembly of the component viral parts into an infectious virion.
The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.
A viral infection and replication that leads to the destruction (lysis) of the infected cell with the release of virions.
OBSOLETE. A form of viral release in which the viral particles bud out through cellular membranes, resulting in cell lysis. It is also a form of viral envelopment.
This term was made obsolete because it does not appear to correspond to a real biological process.
Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.
The achievement of highly specific, quantitative, temporal and spatial control of virus gene expression within the limited genetic resources of the viral genome.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of viral proteins.
The posttranslational processing of viral proteins.
The mechanisms involved in viral gene transcription, especially referring to those with temporal properties unique to viral transcription.
The second round of viral gene transcription; most genes transcribed in this round are necessary for genome replication.
(delayed) early viral mRNA transcription
The transcriptional period of the earliest expressed viral genes, mainly encoding transcriptional regulators.
immediate early viral mRNA transcription
The last group of viral genes to be transcribed during the viral life cycle; genes consist mainly of those encoding structural proteins.
Any virus-induced change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth parameters of a cell.
A virus-induced cellular transformation arising in immortalized cells, or cells capable of indefinite replication, due to their ability to produce their own telomerase.
The transfer of virions in order to create new infection.
The directed movement of mitochondrial rRNA out of a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial rRNA export from mitochondria
mitochondrial rRNA export out of mitochondrion
mitochondrial rRNA transport from mitochondrion
mitochondrial rRNA, mitochondrial export
mitochondrial rRNA export from mitochondrion
The directed movement of mitochondrial lrRNA out of a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial lrRNA export from mitochondria
mitochondrial lrRNA export out of mitochondrion
mitochondrial lrRNA transport from mitochondrion
mitochondrial lrRNA, mitochondrial export
mitochondrial lrRNA export from mitochondrion
The directed movement of mitochondrial srRNA out of a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial srRNA export from mitochondria
mitochondrial srRNA export out of mitochondrion
mitochondrial srRNA transport from mitochondrion
mitochondrial srRNA, mitochondrial export
mitochondrial srRNA export from mitochondrion
Any process in which mitochondrial RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of mitochondrial RNA localization
Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
establishment and maintenance of mRNA localization in pole plasm
establishment and maintenance of pole plasm mRNA localization
Any process in which mitochondrial ribosomal RNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
establishment and maintenance of mitochondrial rRNA localization in pole plasm
oocyte pole plasm mitochondrial rRNA localization
pole plasm mitochondrial rRNA localisation
pole plasm mitochondrial rRNA localization
Any process in which mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
establishment and maintenance of mitochondrial lrRNA localization in pole plasm
oocyte pole plasm mitochondrial lrRNA localization
pole plasm mitochondrial lrRNA localisation
pole plasm mitochondrial lrRNA localization
Any process in which mitochondrial small ribosomal RNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
establishment and maintenance of mitochondrial localization in pole plasm
oocyte pole plasm mitochondrial srRNA localization
pole plasm mitochondrial srRNA localisation
pole plasm mitochondrial srRNA localization
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in a female organism's germ line.
sex determination, female germ-line determination
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in a male organism's germ line.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a female organism's soma.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a male organism's soma.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl (CH3-[CH2]12-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an aromatic acid + NADH + H+.
aryl-aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrol + X-SO3(-) = HX + phenanthrylsulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrol + glucose = phenanthryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside + H2O.
phenanthrol glycosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of a monooxygenase reaction in which oxygen is incorporated into limonene.
Catalysis of the reaction: catechol + O2 = a muconate.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = benzoate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxynicotine + H2O + O2 = 1-(6-hydroxypyrid-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroxyfluorene + O2 = the corresponding 2-hydroxy-4-(oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-inden-ylidene) but-2-enoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phenanthrene dioxide + H2O = a dihydrodiolphenanthrene.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-9,10-oxide + H2O = trans-9,10-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.
phenanthrene-9,10-epoxide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid halide bond in substances containing halogen atoms in organic linkage.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid halide bonds, in C-halide compounds
The process of linking a protein to peptidoglycan via the epsilon amino group of lysine to the diaminopimelic acid of the peptidoglycan.
peptidoglycan-protein cross-linking via N6-mureinyl-L-lysine
The formation of peptidyl-D-alanine, by either racemization or from peptidyl-L-serine.
See also the biological process terms 'peptidyl-D-alanine racemization, direct ; GO:0019916' and 'peptidyl-D-alanine racemization via peptidyl-L-serine ; GO:0019917'.
The racemization of peptidyl-methionine.
The racemization of peptidyl-isoleucine.
The racemization of peptidyl-phenylalanine.
The racemization of peptidyl-tryptophan.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide; requires acid pH.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of peptides after specific recognition of a C-terminal tripeptide, Xaa-Yaa-Zaa, in which Xaa is preferably Ala or Leu, Yaa is preferably Ala or Tyr, and Zaa is preferably Ala. Cleavage is at a variable distance from the C-terminus; a typical cleavage is -Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Asn-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala.
photosystem II D1 protein processing peptidase
C-terminal processing peptidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: choline + 2 reduced ferredoxin + O2 + 2 H+ = betaine aldehyde hydrate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2O.
choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + CoA + H(+).
acetyl-CoA:D-glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:alpha-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine + donor-H2 + O2 = protein N6-((R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine + acceptor + H2O.
deoxyhypusine,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 2'-deoxynucleoside = ADP + 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate.
ATP:deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphotransferase activity
D. melanogaster deoxynucleoside kinase activity
multifunctional deoxynucleoside kinase activity
multispecific deoxynucleoside kinase activity
multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a thioglucoside + H2O = a thiol + a sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: N6-dimethylallyladenine + acceptor + H2O = adenine + 3-methylbut-2-enal + reduced electron acceptor.
6-N-dimethylallyladenine:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
N6-dimethylallyladenine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
N6-dimethylallyladenine:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myo-inositol = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate.
ATP:myo-inositol 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantolactone + NADP+ = 2-dehydropantolactone + NADPH + H+. The reaction is B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NADP+.
2-ketopantoyl lactone reductase activity
(R)-pantolactone:NADP+ oxidoreductase (B-specific)
2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (B-specific) activity
2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxylate + H(2)O + propanoyl-CoA = 2-hydroxyglutarate + CoA + H(+).
2-hydroxyglutarate glyoxylate-lyase (CoA-propanoylating) activity
alpha-hydroxyglutarate synthase activity
propanoyl-CoA:glyoxylate C-propanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 2-carboxyethyl-forming)
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.9.
Catalysis of the reaction: 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + H(2)O = 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + phosphate.
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate 8-phosphohydrolase activity
3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-sugar + H2O = AMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
nucleoside diphosphate-sugar hydrolase activity
ADP-sugar sugarphosphohydrolase activity
adenosine diphosphosugar pyrophosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+.
4-aminobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
4-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydroganase activity
aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate + 2 H(+).
D-arabinose-5-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
D-arabinose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity
arabinose-5-phosphate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol + NAD(+) = aminoacetone + H(+) + NADH.
(R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
1-aminopropan-2-ol-NAD+ dehydrogenase activity
1-aminopropan-2-ol-dehydrogenase activity
DL-1-aminopropan-2-ol: NAD+ dehydrogenase activity
L(+)-1-aminopropan-2-ol-NAD/NADP oxidoreductase activity
L(+)-1-aminopropan-2-ol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
(R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-cysteine + H2O = sulfide + NH3 + pyruvate.
D-cysteine sulfide-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-chloro-D-alanine + H2O = pyruvate + chloride + NH3.
3-chloro-D-alanine chloride-lyase (deaminating)
3-chloro-D-alanine chloride-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming)
beta-chloro-D-alanine dehydrochlorinase activity
3-chloro-D-alanine dehydrochlorinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribulose = ADP + D-ribulose 5-phosphate.
ATP:D-ribulose 5-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + NAD+ = D-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+.
D-galactose:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
NAD-dependent D-galactose dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetoin + NAD+ = diacetyl + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + protein-disulfide = oxidized glutathione + protein-dithiol.
glutathione--insulin transhydrogenase activity
glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity
glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
glutathione:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase activity
protein disulfide reductase (glutathione)
protein disulfide transhydrogenase activity
protein-disulfide isomerase/oxidoreductase activity
protein-disulphide reductase (glutathione) activity
reductase, protein disulfide (glutathione)
thiol-protein disulphide oxidoreductase activity
thiol:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase activity
protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: A + glycolate = AH(2) + glyoxylate.
glycolate:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase activity
glycolate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate + NADP+ = 3-(imidazol-5-yl)pyruvate + NADPH + H+.
(S)-3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
imidazol-5-yl lactate dehydrogenase activity
3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin and their beta-limits dextrins.
glycogen alpha-1,6-glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + O(2) = H(2)O(2) + oxaloacetate.
(S)-malate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-mannose = ADP + D-mannose 6-phosphate.
ATP:D-mannose 6-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide + H2O = beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + NH3.
nicotinamide mononucleotide amidohydrolase activity
nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase activity
nicotinamide-D-ribonucleotide amidohydrolase activity
nicotinamide-nucleotide amidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + nicotinamide mononucleotide = D-ribose 5-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinamide.
nicotinamide mononucleotide nucleosidase activity
nicotinamide-nucleotide phosphoribohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha,omega-diamine + 2-oxoglutarate = an omega-aminoaldehyde + L-glutamate.
diamine-ketoglutaric transaminase activity
diamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate + pyridoxamine = L-aspartate + pyridoxal.
pyridoxamine--oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamine-oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamine:oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + D-glutamate.
pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate transaminase activity
pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
pyridoxamine phosphate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (D-glutamate-forming)
pyridoxamine-phosphate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamine-phosphate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+.
pyruvate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
pyruvic-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine = ADP + 2 H(+) + thiamine phosphate.
ATP:thiamine phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
NADPH-dependent trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activity
acyl-CoA:NADP+ trans-2-oxidoreductase activity
trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 2-octaprenylphenol + O2 = 2 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lactaldehyde + NAD+ = methylglyoxal + NADH + H+.
(R)-lactaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
methylglyoxal reductase (NADH-dependent) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = H2O + a trans-delta2-enoyl-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein].
3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase activity
3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methylglyoxal + H2O = D-lactate.
Note that this term was reinstated from obsolete.
Catalysis of the reaction: tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide + reduced acceptor = tetrahydrothiophene + acceptor.
tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin monophosphate = dihydroneopterin + phosphate.
dihydroneopterin monophosphate dephosphorylase activity
dihydroneopterin monophosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin triphosphate = dihydroneopterin phosphate + diphosphate.
dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NADP+ = NAD+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + 2-oxoglutarate = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + L-glutamate.
TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase activity
TDP-4-oxo-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase activity
dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose aminotransferase activity
dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
thymidine diphospho-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose aminotransferase activity
thymidine diphospho-4-amino-6-deoxyglucose aminotransferase activity
thymidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase activity
thymidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-glutamic transaminase activity
dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose = L-glutamate + dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-galactose.
dTDP-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxygalactose aminotransferase activity
dTDP-fucosamine aminotransferase activity
thymidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase activity
thymidine diphosphoaminodideoxygalactose aminotransferase activity
dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxygalactose transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a halohydrin = an epoxide + a hydrogen halide.
halohydrin hydrogen-halide-lyase activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when histamine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
histamine-gated chloride channel activity
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which chloride ions may pass in response to histamine binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
histamine-gated chloride channel complex
The biosynthetic process in which peptide bond formation occurs in the absence of the translational machinery. Examples include the synthesis of antibiotic peptides, and glutathione.
non-ribosomal peptide biosynthetic process
nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process
A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from acyl-CoA to a nitrogen atom on an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-(1->4) linkage.
Catalysis of the transfer of cellobiose from one side of the membrane to the other. Cellobiose, or 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose, is a disaccharide that represents the basic repeating unit of cellulose.
cellobiose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of sorbose from one side of the membrane to the other. Sorbose is the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose; L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.
sorbose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of galactosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Galactosamine is an aminodeoxysugar; D-galactosamine is a constituent of some glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans, commonly as its N-acetyl derivative.
galactosamine transmembrane transporter activity
Includes phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphatase (enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system) and protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase (enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system).
phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase complex
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate.
transmembrane receptor protein phosphatase activity
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a carbohydrate substrate molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an amino acid substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: carbohydrate phosphate + H2O = carbohydrate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = polynucleotide + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide kinase activity
nucleobase-containing compound kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside = ADP + nucleoside monophosphate.
Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.
Increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Increases the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.
OBSOLETE. The action of reducing the surface tension of a liquid.
This term was made obsolete because it represents involvement in a process.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
regulation of phosphate metabolic process
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by synaptic transmission and the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation.
A neurological process that causes the sequential depolarization of a neuron's cell membrane along an axon.
The process that modulates the membrane potential involved in the propagation of a signal in a neuron.
regulation of action potential in neuron
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.
The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors.
The perception of the orientation of different parts of the body with respect to one another.
The series of events by which an organism senses the speed and direction of movement of the body and its parts.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a fast pain stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Fast pain is often subjectively described as a sharp or stabbing pain; in humans, the signals from a fast pain stimulus are perceived and relayed along myelinated A-delta fibers to the central nervous system, reaching their target in about 0.1 seconds.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a slow pain stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Slow pain is often subjectively described as an aching or throbbing pain; in humans, the signals from a slow pain stimulus are perceived and relayed along unmyelinated C fibers to the central nervous system, reaching their target in about 1 second. Slow pain is often associated with tissue destruction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2, in a reaction that involves the opening of a ring.
Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing ammonia (NH3).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, into D-lactate via the intermediate S-lactoyl-glutathione. Glutathione is used in the first step of the pathway and then regenerated in the second step.
D-lactate biosynthesis from methylglyoxal
D-lactate biosynthetic process from methylglyoxal
methylglyoxal catabolic process to D-lactate via S-lactoyl-glutathione
methylglyoxal catabolism to D-lactate via S-lactoyl-glutathione
methylglyoxal catabolic process to D-lactate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate.
lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D(-)-lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate.
D(-)-lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L(+)-lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate.
S-lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate
L(+)-lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate
Partial conversion of one lactate enantiomer into another so that the specific optical rotation is decreased, or even reduced to zero, in the resulting mixture.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-lactate from other compounds, including methylglyoxal, via the intermediate (R)-lactaldehyde.
D-lactate anabolism from methylglyoxal via (R)-lactaldehyde
D-lactate formation from methylglyoxal via (R)-lactaldehyde
D-lactate synthesis from methylglyoxal via (R)-lactaldehyde
D-lactate biosynthetic process from methylglyoxal via (R)-lactaldehyde
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate, the anion of lactic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic vitamin B12 biosynthetic process
vitamin B12 biosynthetic process, aerobic
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic vitamin B12 biosynthetic process
cobalamin biosynthetic process, anaerobic
vitamin B12 biosynthetic process, anaerobic
anaerobic cobalamin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.
The fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as glucose in the chloroplasts of C3 plants; uses ATP and NADPH formed in the light reactions of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (catalyzed by the function of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase) to yield two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate; these are then phosphorylated by ATP to 1,3-bisphosphateglyceraldehyde which, in turn, is then reduced by NADPH to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to fructose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate by aldolase and other enzymes; the ribulose 5-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.
See also the molecular function term 'ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase activity ; GO:0016984'.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine, where metabolism is linked to CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 1-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-1.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acrylonitrile, a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent odor. Acrylonitrile is used in the production of acrylic fibers, plastics, and synthetic rubbers.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-nitrotoluene, 1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene. It is a light yellow liquid with a weak aromatic odor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-nitrotoluene, 1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,2-dichloroethane, a major commodity chemical used, for example, in the manufacture of vinyl chloride.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene or paramoth), a derivative of benzene with two chlorine atoms attached at opposite positions on the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adamantanone, tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)decanone, a white crystalline solid used as an intermediate for microelectronics in the production of photoresists.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine from other compounds, including serine.
glycine biosynthetic process from serine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate.
glycine anabolism, by transamination of glyoxylate
glycine formation, by transamination of glyoxylate
glycine synthesis, by transamination of glyoxylate
glycine biosynthetic process, by transamination of glyoxylate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine from other compounds, including oxaloacetate.
asparagine biosynthetic process from oxaloacetate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine from other compounds, including cysteine.
asparagine biosynthetic process from cysteine
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+).
glutamate anabolism, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
glutamate formation, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
glutamate synthesis, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate synthase (NADPH).
glutamate anabolism, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
glutamate formation, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
glutamate synthesis, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a molecular function.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aerobactin (C22H36N4O13), a hydroxamate iron transport compound. It is a conjugate of 6-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamine)-2-aminohexanoic acid and citric acid.
The directed movement of the hydroxamate iron transport compound aerobactin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aerobactin (C22H36N4O13) is a conjugate of 6-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamine)-2-aminohexanoic acid and citric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine from other compounds, including pyruvate.
L-alanine biosynthetic process from pyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-alanine, via the intermediate ornithine.
L-alanine biosynthetic process via ornithine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including L-homoserine, via the intermediate cystathionine.
L-methionine anabolism from L-homoserine via cystathionine
L-methionine formation from L-homoserine via cystathionine
L-methionine synthesis from L-homoserine via cystathionine
methionine biosynthetic process from L-homoserine via cystathionine
L-methionine biosynthetic process from L-homoserine via cystathionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine from other compounds, including homoserine, via the intermediates O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine.
L-methionine anabolism from homoserine via O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine formation from homoserine via O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine synthesis from homoserine via O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including homoserine, via the intermediates O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine.
L-methionine anabolism from homoserine via O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine formation from homoserine via O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine synthesis from homoserine via O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine.
L-methionine anabolism from O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine formation from O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine synthesis from O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
methionine biosynthetic process from O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine biosynthetic process from O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including S-adenosylmethionine.
L-methionine anabolism from S-adenosylmethionine
L-methionine biosynthesis from S-adenosyl methionine
L-methionine biosynthetic process from S-adenosyl methionine
L-methionine formation from S-adenosylmethionine
L-methionine synthesis from S-adenosylmethionine
methionine biosynthetic process from S-adenosylmethionine
L-methionine biosynthetic process from S-adenosylmethionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of betaine (N-trimethylglycine) from the oxidation of choline.
N-trimethylglycine biosynthesis from choline
N-trimethylglycine biosynthetic process from choline
glycine betaine biosynthetic process from choline
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine betaine from other compounds, including glycine.
N-trimethylglycine biosynthesis from glycine
N-trimethylglycine biosynthetic process from glycine
glycine betaine biosynthetic process from glycine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, via the intermediate mevalonate. This pathway converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis, through a series of mevalonate intermediates.
isopentenyl diphosphate anabolism, mevalonate pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate formation, mevalonate pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate synthesis, mevalonate pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
isopentenyl diphosphate anabolism, mevalonate-independent pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis, mevalonate-independent
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, non-mevalonate pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate formation, mevalonate-independent pathway
isopentenyl diphosphate synthesis, mevalonate-independent pathway
mevalonate-independent isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis
mevalonate-independent isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhizobactin 1021, (E)-4-((3-(acetylhydroxyamino)propyl)-amino)-2-hydroxy-(2-(2-(3-(hydroxy(1-oxo-2-decenyl)amino)propyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid, a siderophore produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti.
rhizobactin 1021 biosynthetic process, peptide formation
rhizobactin 1021 biosynthetic process, peptide modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
siderophore biosynthetic process, peptide formation
siderophore biosynthetic process, peptide modification
See also the biological process term 'nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process ; GO:0019184'.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
tyrosine anabolism from chorismate via 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
tyrosine biosynthetic process from chorismate via p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
tyrosine formation from chorismate via 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
tyrosine synthesis from chorismate via 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
tyrosine biosynthetic process from chorismate via 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine by the oxidation of phenylalanine.
tyrosine anabolism from chorismate via L-phenylalanine
tyrosine anabolism, by oxidation of phenylalanine
tyrosine biosynthetic process from chorismate via L-phenylalanine
tyrosine formation from chorismate via L-phenylalanine
tyrosine formation, by oxidation of phenylalanine
tyrosine synthesis from chorismate via L-phenylalanine
tyrosine synthesis, by oxidation of phenylalanine
tyrosine biosynthetic process, by oxidation of phenylalanine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, an acidic sugar present in lipopolysaccharides of the outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria.
keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid anabolism
keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthesis
keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid formation
keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid synthesis
keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-ribose, (ribo-pentose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-ribose (ribo-pentose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose, that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-D-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving allose, allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose, differing only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group of C-3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-lyxose, the L-enantiomer of aldopentose lyxo-pentose, the C-2 epimer of xylose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrotoluene, any methylbenzene molecule with NO2 group(s) attached.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of lead sulfide to lead sulfate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which ammonia or ammonium is converted to molecular nitrogen or another nitrogen compound, with accompanying loss of electrons.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldoximes, compounds derived by the reaction of an aldose with hydroxylamine, thus containing the aldoxime group -HC=NOH.
The oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrogen (N2) in the absence of oxygen, using nitrite (NO2) as the electron acceptor. It is suggested that hydroxylamine and ammonium are combined to yield hydrazine, which is subsequently oxidized to N2.
anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor
The oxidation of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Nitrite oxidation is the final step in nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, and nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR) is the key enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to nitrate in nitrite oxidizing species.
aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor
The reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen by four reactions; each intermediate is transformed to the next lower oxidation state; also part of cellular bioenergetics; the nitrogen compounds can serve as terminal acceptors for electron transport phosphorylation in place of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-cymene, 1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene, one of the alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons found in volatile oils from over 100 plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-methylquinoline, C10H9N, an aromatic compound composed of a benzene ring and a heterocyclic N-containing ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tetrachloroethylene, a derivative of ethene with the hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorines.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentachlorophenol, a chlorinated insecticide and fungicide used primarily to protect timber from fungal rot and wood boring insects. Pentachlorophenol is significantly toxic to mammals, plants, and many microorganisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of parathion, a highly toxic organophosphate compound. Degradation of parathion by sunlight or liver enzymes can result in the formation of the active compound paraoxon which interferes with the nervous system through cholinesterase inhibition.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzofuran, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by one ether bond and one carbon-carbon bond.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trypanothione (N1,N6,-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine) in two steps from glutathione and spermidine via an N1- or N8-glutathionylspermidine intermediate. Trypanothione appears to be an essential redox intermediate in intracellular thiol redox regulation. It also plays a role in protecting against oxidative stress.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine.
cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate S-sulfo-L-cysteine.
cysteine anabolism via S-sulfo-L-cysteine
cysteine biosynthesis via S-sulpho-L-cysteine
cysteine biosynthetic process via S-sulpho-L-cysteine
cysteine formation via S-sulfo-L-cysteine
cysteine synthesis via S-sulfo-L-cysteine
cysteine biosynthetic process via S-sulfo-L-cysteine
The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol, a substance composed of mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol anabolism
GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol biosynthesis
GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol formation
GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol synthesis
GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribitol, a pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose. It occurs free in some plants and is a component of riboflavin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of teichoic acid, any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dethiobiotin, a derivative of biotin in which the sulfur atom has been replaced by two hydrogen atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX from other compounds, including glycine.
protoporphyrinogen IX anabolism from glycine
protoporphyrinogen IX formation from glycine
protoporphyrinogen IX synthesis from glycine
protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process from glycine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX from other compounds, including glutamate.
protoporphyrinogen IX anabolism from glutamate
protoporphyrinogen IX formation from glutamate
protoporphyrinogen IX synthesis from glutamate
protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process from glutamate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotide from other compounds, including aspartate.
nicotinamide nucleotide anabolism from aspartate
nicotinamide nucleotide formation from aspartate
nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis from aspartate
nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process from aspartate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinate nucleotide from other compounds, including tryptophan.
nicotinate nucleotide anabolism from tryptophan
nicotinate nucleotide formation from tryptophan
nicotinate nucleotide synthesis from tryptophan
nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process from tryptophan
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinate (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid).
nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process
The generation of nicotinate nucleotide without de novo synthesis.
nicotinate nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage pathway
nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process, salvage pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.
nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotide from other compounds, including niacinamide.
nicotinamide nucleotide anabolism from niacinamide
nicotinamide nucleotide formation from niacinamide
nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis from niacinamide
nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process from niacinamide
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A.
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA anabolism
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA biosynthesis
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA formation
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA synthesis
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
Any process that generates a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain.
fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid
Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.
fatty acid elongation, unsaturated fatty acid
The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) (EC:1.8.4.8).
sulphate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulphate reduction by a phosphoadenylyl-sulphate reductase (thioredoxin)
sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-phenylpropionate, the anion of phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (+)-camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene ketone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of caprolactam, hexahydro-2h-azepin-2-one, a cyclic amide of caproic acid.
The formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other components, including acetate.
methane biosynthetic process from acetate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other compounds, including carbon dioxide (CO2).
methane biosynthesis from carbon dioxide
methane biosynthetic process from carbon dioxide
The formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other components, including methanol.
methane biosynthetic process from methanol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronosides, any compound formed by combination in glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound with the anomeric carbon atom of a glucuronate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucarate, the dianion of glucaric acid, an aldaric acid derived from either glucose or gulose. There are two enantiomers L- and D-glucarate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucarate, the anion of glucaric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucarate, the anion of glucaric acid.
The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, via the intermediate 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate.
gallate breakdown via 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate
gallate degradation via 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate
gallic acid catabolic process via 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate
gallic acid catabolism via 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate
gallate catabolic process via 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, where the first step is the conversion of gallate to (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate catalyzed by gallate dioxygenase.
gallate catabolic process via 4-carboxy-2-hydroxhexa-2,3-dienedioate
gallate breakdown via 4-carboxy-2-hydroxhexa-2,3-dienedioate
gallate degradation via 4-carboxy-2-hydroxhexa-2,3-dienedioate
gallic acid catabolic process via 4-carboxy-2-hydroxhexa-2,3-dienedioate
gallic acid catabolism via 4-carboxy-2-hydroxhexa-2,3-dienedioate
gallate catabolic process via gallate dioxygenase activity
The cyclohexanol metabolic process in which cyclohexanol is converted to adipate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.
The metabolic process in which ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to nitrite (NO2) in the presence of oxygen; enzymatic reactions convert ammonia to hydrazine, and hydrazine to nitrite.
aerobic ammonia oxidation to nitrite via hydrazine
aerobic respiration, using ammonia as electron donor
The metabolic process in which carbon monoxide (CO) is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate energy. Conservation of energy in this process likely uses sodium ion gradients for ATP synthesis and is coupled to quantitative sulfide methylation.
aerobic respiration, using carbon monoxide as electron donor
The metabolic process in which ferrous ions (Fe2+) are oxidized to ferric ions (Fe3+) to generate energy, coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide.
aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor
The oxidation of hydrogen (H2) to water (H2O), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. A hydrogenase enzyme binds H2 and the hydrogen atoms are passed through an electron transfer chain to O2 to form water.
aerobic respiration, using hydrogen as electron donor
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
An aerobic respiration process in which a sulfur-containing molecule (hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, thiosulfate, and various polythionates) is oxidized.
aerobic respiration, using sulphur or sulphate as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using sulfur or sulfate as electron donor
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate from other compounds, including carbon monoxide.
acetate biosynthetic process from carbon monoxide
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of thiosulfate to tetrathionate, using cytochrome c as an electron acceptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting the addition of oxygen to elemental sulfur.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of sulfide to elemental sulfur in a higher oxidation state, or to sulfite or sulfate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the reduction of sulfate to another sulfur-containing ion or compound such as hydrogen sulfide, adenosine-phosphosulfate (APS) or thiosulfate.
The reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, which acts as a terminal electron acceptor. Sulfate is activated to adenosine-phosphosulfate (APS) which is then reduced to sulfite, which is in turn reduced to hydrogen sulfide.
The process in which sulfur compounds with an intermediate oxidation state serve as both electron donors and electron acceptors in an energy-generating redox process. The reaction takes place anaerobically, in light and in the absence of CO2.
A sulfur oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfur:ferric ion oxidoreductase, and requires the presence of ferric ion (Fe3+).
A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by siroheme sulfite reductase.
sulfide oxidation, using sirohaem sulfite reductase
sulphide oxidation, using siroheme sulphite reductase
sulfur oxidation, using sirohaem sulfite reductase
sulfur oxidation, using siroheme sulfite reductase
sulphur oxidation, using siroheme sulphite reductase
sulfide oxidation, using siroheme sulfite reductase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the reduction of sulfate to thiosulfate via bisulfite.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate, either directly or via acetylphosphate.
acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from acetate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fluorene, a tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing a five-membered ring. It is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives and is also a by-product of coal-conversion and energy-related industries. It is commonly found in vehicle exhaust emissions, crude oils, motor oils, coal and oil combustion products, waste incineration, and industrial effluents.
Any process involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from ethanol via acetaldehyde.
acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from ethanol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate, an aromatic hydrocarbon.
sophorosyloxydocosanoate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate.
sophorosyloxydocosanoate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate.
sophorosyloxydocosanoate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.
tryptophan breakdown to indole-3-acetate
tryptophan catabolic process to indoleacetic acid
tryptophan catabolism to indoleacetic acid
tryptophan degradation to indole-3-acetate
tryptophan catabolic process to indole-3-acetate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine.
tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.
tryptophan catabolic process to acetyl-CoA
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, catalyzed by the enzyme tryptophanase (EC:4.1.99.1).
tryptophan breakdown, using tryptophanase
tryptophan degradation, using tryptophanase
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a one-step pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including catechol.
tryptophan catabolic process to catechol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine into other compounds, including fumarate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine into other compounds, including phosphoenolpyruvate.
tyrosine breakdown to phosphoenolpyruvate
tyrosine degradation to phosphoenolpyruvate
tyrosine catabolic process to phosphoenolpyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-cysteine, (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, which occurs naturally in firefly luciferin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine into other compounds, including hypotaurine.
L-cysteine catabolic process to hypotaurine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine into other compounds, including pyruvate.
L-cysteine catabolic process to pyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into pyruvate of L-cystine, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.20).
L-cysteine breakdown to pyruvate, using cysteine dioxygenase
L-cysteine degradation to pyruvate, using cysteine dioxygenase
L-cysteine catabolic process to pyruvate, using cysteine dioxygenase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine into other compounds, including taurine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, via the intermediate cystine.
L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase (EC:1.8.4.4).
L-cysteine breakdown via cystine, using glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase
L-cysteine degradation via cystine, using glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase
L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme cystine reductase (EC:1.8.1.6).
L-cysteine breakdown via cystine, using cystine reductase
L-cysteine degradation via cystine, using cystine reductase
L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using cystine reductase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine transaminase (EC:2.6.1.3).
L-cysteine breakdown via cystine, using cysteine transaminase
L-cysteine degradation via cystine, using cysteine transaminase
L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using cysteine transaminase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine into other compounds, including succinyl-CoA.
methionine catabolic process to succinyl-CoA
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine, via the intermediate 2-oxobutanoate.
methionine degradation via 2-oxobutanoate
methionine catabolic process via 2-oxobutanoate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into other compounds, including fumarate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into fumarate, beginning with the conversion of glutamine to glutamate catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate synthase (NADPH) (EC:1.4.1.13).
glutamine breakdown to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
glutamine degradation to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
glutamate catabolic process to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
glutamine catabolic process to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into fumarate, beginning with conversion of glutamine into glutamate catalyzed by the enzyme glutaminase (EC:3.5.1.2).
glutamine breakdown to fumarate, using glutaminase
glutamine degradation to fumarate, using glutaminase
glutamate catabolic process to fumarate, using glutaminase
glutamine catabolic process to fumarate, using glutaminase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine into other compounds, including creatine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine by oxidative cleavage to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and a methylene group, mediated by enzymes of the glycine cleavage complex.
glycine decarboxylation via glycine cleavage system
The exchange of the amino group of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, for another amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, via the intermediate proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine by decarboxylation.
ornithine degradation, by decarboxylation
ornithine catabolic process, by decarboxylation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nopaline (N-(I-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)glutamic acid), a rare amino-acid derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopine (N-(1-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)-L-alanine), an amino acid derived opine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline. The presence of hydroxyproline is essential to produce stable triple helical tropocollagen, hence the problems caused by ascorbate deficiency in scurvy. This unusual amino acid is also present in considerable amounts in the major glycoprotein of primary plant cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including glutarate, by acetylation.
L-lysine breakdown to glutarate, by acetylation
L-lysine degradation to glutarate, by acetylation
L-lysine catabolic process to glutarate, by acetylation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.
L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-lysine, the D-enantiomer of lysine; i.e. (2R)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine to D-lactate and ammonia.
L-alanine oxidation to D-lactate and ammonia
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine to pyruvate, with D-alanine as an intermediate.
L-alanine oxidation to pyruvate via D-alanine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination.
L-alanine degradation, by transamination
L-alanine catabolic process, by transamination
The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine into other compounds, including L-alanine.
beta-alanine catabolic process to L-alanine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine into other compounds, including mevalonate semialdehyde, by transamination.
beta-alanine breakdown to mevalonate semialdehyde, by transamination
beta-alanine degradation to mevalonate semialdehyde, by transamination
beta-alanine catabolic process to mevalonate semialdehyde, by transamination
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylene, a colorless, volatile, explosive gas, that occur in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ribitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. Ribitol is initially converted to D-ribulose, which is phosphorylated to form ribulose 5-phosphate, which is then converted into xylulose 5-phosphate.
ribitol breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate
ribitol degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate
ribitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.
The removal of the sulfonate group from 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, an aromatic sulfonate used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria.
Any process which produces the amino acid proline from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.
proline catabolic process to 2-ketoglutarate
proline catabolic process to alpha-ketoglutarate
proline catabolic process to alpha-oxoglutarate
proline catabolism to alpha-ketoglutarate
proline catabolism to alpha-oxoglutarate
proline catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate
A one-carbon metabolic process in which acetyl-CoA is produced from formaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexachlorocyclohexane, a cyclohexane derivative with 6 chlorine atoms attached to the hexane ring. Hexachlorocyclohexane consists of a mixture of 8 different isomers and was used a commercial insecticide. It is persistent in the environment, causing serious soil pollution.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of n-octane to octanoyl-CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration, reacting with the ferric form of cytochrome aa3 and thus blocking the electron transport chain.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arsonoacetate, a synthetic, organic compound containing a single arsenic atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving stachydrine, N-methylproline methylbetaine, the betaine derivative of L-proline found in alfalfa, chrysanthemum, and citrus plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stachydrine, N-methylproline methylbetaine, the betaine derivative of L-proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of stachydrine, N-methylproline methylbetaine, the betaine derivative of L-proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving resorcinol (C6H4(OH)2), a benzene derivative with many applications, including dyes, explosives, resins and as an antiseptic.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylmercury acetate, an organomercurial compound composed of a mercury atom attached to a benzene ring and an acetate group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine to form fumarate. 2,5-dihydroxypyridine is dioxygenated to give maleamate and formate; the maleamate from this reaction is then converted to maleate, which is then isomerized to fumurate.
2,5-dihydroxypyridine breakdown to fumarate
2,5-dihydroxypyridine degradation to fumarate
pyridine-2,5-diol catabolic process to fumarate
2,5-dihydroxypyridine catabolic process to fumarate
The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.
methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine
L-methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine, forming homocysteine and then methionine.
S-adenosylhomocysteine catabolic process
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate tagatose-6-phosphate.
lactose breakdown via tagatose-6-phosphate
lactose degradation via tagatose-6-phosphate
lactose catabolic process via tagatose-6-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, catalyzed by the enzyme glucoside 3-dehydrogenase (EC:1.1.99.13).
lactose breakdown, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
lactose degradation, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
lactose catabolic process, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
This term was made obsolete because hydrolysis is a reaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.
lactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of lactate to other compounds, such as pyruvate, with concomitant loss of electrons.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L- threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form the compound methylglyoxal, which is subsequently converted to D-lactate.
L-threonine catabolic process to (R)-lactate
threonine catabolic process to D-lactate
L-threonine catabolic process to methylglyoxal
L-threonine catabolic process to pyruvate
L-threonine catabolic process to D-lactate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form to form 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate, which is subsequently converted to glycine.
L-threonine catabolic process to glycine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. D-arabitol is converted into D-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to form D-xylulose-5-phosphate.
D-arabitol breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate
D-arabitol degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate
D-arabitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.
Catalysis of the transfer of oxalate from one side of the membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.
oxalate transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.
The directed movement of cellobiose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Cellobiose, or 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose, is a disaccharide that represents the basic repeating unit of cellulose.
Enables the directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
Catalysis of the transfer of ferric-vibriobactin ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
ferric-vibriobactin transmembrane transporter activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vibriobactin, the major siderophore produced by Vibrio cholerae.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vibriobactin, the major siderophore produced by Vibrio cholerae.
vibriobactin biosynthetic process, peptide formation
vibriobactin biosynthetic process, peptide modification
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification.
protein metabolic process and modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a siderophore from other compounds, including hydroxamic acid.
siderophore anabolism from hydroxamic acid
siderophore formation from hydroxamic acid
siderophore synthesis from hydroxamic acid
siderochrome biosynthesis from hydroxamic acid
siderochrome biosynthetic process from hydroxamic acid
siderophore biosynthetic process from hydroxamic acid, peptide formation
siderophore biosynthetic process from hydroxamic acid, peptide modification
siderophore biosynthetic process from hydroxamic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a siderophore from other compounds, including catechol.
siderochrome biosynthetic process from catechol
siderophore biosynthetic process from catechol, peptide formation
siderophore biosynthetic process from catechol, peptide modification
siderophore biosynthetic process from catechol
The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionate, the anion derived from propionic (propanoic) acid, a carboxylic acid important in the energy metabolism of ruminants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including glutamate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including succinate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including ornithine and CO2, using the enzyme arginine deiminase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including ornithine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into succinate, that includes the conversion of 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde by the pyruvate-dependent gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) transaminase.
glutamate catabolic process to succinate via pyruvate-dependent GABA-transaminase activity
While mammals only have 2-oxoglutarate-dependent GABA-transaminase, both 2-oxoglutarate-dependent and pyruvate-dependent GABA-transaminase activities have been detected in plants.
glutamate catabolic process to succinate via succinate semialdehyde
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including aspartate.
glutamate catabolic process to aspartate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.
glutamate catabolic process to 2-ketoglutarate
glutamate catabolic process to alpha-ketoglutarate
glutamate catabolic process to alpha-oxoglutarate
glutamate catabolism to alpha-ketoglutarate
glutamate catabolism to alpha-oxoglutarate
glutamate catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-hydroxyglutarate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glutamate fermentation via 2-hydroxyglutarate
glutamate catabolic process via 2-hydroxyglutarate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate L-citramalate.
glutamate catabolic process via L-citramalate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including oxaloacetate.
glutamate catabolic process to oxaloacetate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including ornithine.
glutamate catabolic process to ornithine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formamide.
histidine breakdown to glutamate and formamide
histidine degradation to glutamate and formamide
histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formamide
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formate.
histidine breakdown to glutamate and formate
histidine degradation to glutamate and formate
histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.
histidine catabolic process to 2-ketoglutarate
histidine catabolic process to alpha-ketoglutarate
histidine catabolic process to alpha-oxoglutarate
histidine catabolism to alpha-ketoglutarate
histidine catabolism to alpha-oxoglutarate
histidine catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including imidazol-5-yl-lactate.
histidine breakdown to imidazol-5-yl-lactate
histidine degradation to imidazol-5-yl-lactate
histidine catabolic process to imidazol-5-yl-lactate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including hydantoin-5-propionate.
histidine breakdown to hydantoin-5-propionate
histidine degradation to hydantoin-5-propionate
histidine catabolic process to hydantoin-5-propionate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine under anaerobic conditions; occurs via the intermediates phenylpyruvate and phenylacetaldehyde.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine into other compounds, including phosphoenolpyruvate.
phenylalanine breakdown to phosphoenolpyruvate
phenylalanine degradation to phosphoenolpyruvate
phenylalanine catabolic process to phosphoenolpyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, in the presence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabinose, arabino-pentose. L-Arabinose occurs both free, for example in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, as a constituent of plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc. D-arabinose is a constituent of arabinonucleosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arabinose, arabino-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabinose, arabino-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including xylulose 5-phosphate.
L-arabinose breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate
L-arabinose degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate
L-arabinose catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.
L-arabinose catabolic process to 2-ketoglutarate
L-arabinose catabolic process to alpha-ketoglutarate
L-arabinose catabolic process to alpha-oxoglutarate
L-arabinose catabolism to 2-ketoglutarate
L-arabinose catabolism to alpha-ketoglutarate
L-arabinose catabolism to alpha-oxoglutarate
L-arabinose degradation to 2-oxoglutarate
L-arabinose catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose, the L-enantiomer of arabino-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabinose to form xylulose 5-phosphate. D-arabinose is converted into D-ribulose, which is phosphorylated to ribulose-5-phosphate, which is isomerized to give D-xylulose-5-phosphate.
D-arabinose breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate
D-arabinose degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate
D-arabinose catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, which proceeds via the conversion of sucrose to 3'-ketosucrose. 3'-ketosucrose is hydrolyzed to 3-ketoglucose and fructose, and the 3-ketoglucose can then be converted to glucose.
sucrose breakdown, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
sucrose catabolic process, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
sucrose catabolism, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
sucrose degradation, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
sucrose catabolic process via 3'-ketosucrose
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, catalyzed by the enzyme beta-fructofuranosidase (EC:3.2.1.26).
sucrose breakdown, using beta-fructofuranosidase
sucrose catabolism, using beta-fructofuranosidase
sucrose degradation, using beta-fructofuranosidase
This term was made obsolete because beta-fructofuranosidase (also known as invertase) catalyzes the first step in multiple routes of sucrose catabolism.
sucrose catabolic process, using beta-fructofuranosidase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose that occurs in the presence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactarate, an anion of galactaric acid, the meso-aldaric acid derived from both D- and L-galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-galactarate, the D-enantiomer of the anion of galactaric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid, an organic acid derived from the sugar galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from galactose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol into propane-1,3-diol and water.
glycerol fermentation to 1,3-propanediol
glycerol fermentation to propane-1,3-diol
anaerobic glycerol catabolic process to propane-1,3-diol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. L-arabitol is converted into L-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to L-xylulose-5-phosphate. This is converted to D-xylulose-5-phosphate via the intermediate L-ribulose-5-phosphate.
L-arabitol breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate
L-arabitol degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate
L-arabitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-phosphorylated forms of glucose.
non-phosphorylated glucose catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (R)-mandelate into other compounds, including benzoate.
(R)-mandelate catabolic process to benzoate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (R)-mandelate into other compounds, including catechol.
(R)-mandelate catabolic process to catechol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (R)-4-hydroxymandelate, the anion of (R)-4-hydroxymandelic acid.
(R)-4-hydroxymandelate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in toluene.
The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 2-hydroxytoluene (o-cresol).
The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 3-hydroxytoluene (m-cresol).
The degradation of toluene to form p-hydroxybenzoate; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 4-hydroxytoluene (4-cresol).
The formation from toluene of catechol, dihydroxybenzene, by successive oxidations followed by loss of carbon dioxide (CO2).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any butyrate, the anions of butyric acid (butanoic acid), a saturated, unbranched aliphatic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxyphenylacetate, 1,3-benzenediol monoacetate, also known as resorcinol monoacetate.
3-hydroxyphenylacetate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-hydroxyphenylacetate, 1,3-benzenediol monoacetate, also known as resorcinol monoacetate.
3-hydroxyphenylacetate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-toluenecarboxylate, 4-methylbenzenecarboxylate, the anion of carboxylic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-toluenecarboxylate, 4-methylbenzenecarboxylate, the anion of carboxylic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol via the ortho-cleavage pathway, in which the catechol aromatic ring is broken between the two carbon atoms bearing hydroxyl groups.
catechol catabolic process, ortho-cleavage
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol via the meta-cleavage pathway, in which the catechol aromatic ring is broken between a hydroxylated carbon atom and an adjacent unsubstituted carbon atom.
catechol catabolic process, meta-cleavage
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of protocatechuate, the anion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, to yield oxaloacetate and pyruvate.
protocatechuate breakdown, meta-cleavage
protocatechuate degradation, meta-cleavage
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate catabolic process, meta-cleavage
protocatechuate catabolic process, meta-cleavage
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of protocatechuate, the anion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, to yield beta-ketoadipate.
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate catabolic process, ortho-cleavage
protocatechuate breakdown, ortho-cleavage
protocatechuate degradation, ortho-cleavage
protocatechuate catabolic process, ortho-cleavage
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of protocatechuate, the anion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) that occur in the presence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine into other compounds, including formate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate, a hydroxylated derivative of phenylpropionate.
3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate catabolism
3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate degradation
3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide, into urea.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide, into isopropylamine.
atrazine catabolic process to isopropylamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide, into cyanuric acid.
atrazine catabolic process to cyanuric acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
short-chain fatty acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate that occurs in the 2-methylcitrate cycle.
propionate breakdown, 2-methylcitrate cycle
propionate degradation, 2-methylcitrate cycle
propionate catabolic process, 2-methylcitrate cycle
The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinate, the anion of quinic acid. The acid occurs commonly in plants, either free or as esters, and is used as a medicine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinate, the anion of quinic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid. It is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonates, any organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Metabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-aminoethylphosphonate, also known as ciliatine.
2-aminoethylphosphonate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonoacetate, C2H4PO5, a substance composed of an acetate and a phosphonic acid residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 6-hydroxycineole (6-hydroxy-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane), a hydrocarbon with the formula C10H18O2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 6-hydroxycineole (6-hydroxy-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane), a hydrocarbon with the formula C10H18O2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate into other compounds, including xylulose 5-phosphate.
glucuronate breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate
glucuronate degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate
glucuronate catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
A pathway leading to the fixation of two molecules of CO2 and the production of one molecule of acetyl-CoA; essentially the oxidative TCA cycle running in reverse. Acetyl-CoA is reductively carboxylated to pyruvate, from which all other central metabolites can be formed. Most of the enzymes of reductive and oxidative TCA cycle are shared, with the exception of three key enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, and fumarate reductase the reduction of fumarate forming succinate.
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
The pathway in which formaldehyde is used as a carbon source in the ribulose monophosphate cycle. Methanotrophic bacteria produce formaldehyde from the oxidation of methane and methanol, and then assimilate it via the ribulose monophosphate cycle to form intermediates of the central metabolic routes that are subsequently used for biosynthesis of cell material. Three molecules of formaldehyde are assimilated, forming a three-carbon intermediate of central metabolism; in this pathway, all cellular carbon is assimilated at the oxidation level of formaldehyde.
formaldehyde assimilation via RuMP cycle
formaldehyde assimilation via ribulose monophosphate cycle
The pathway in which formaldehyde is used as a carbon source in the xylulose monophosphate cycle. Methylotrophic yeasts, but not bacteria, utilize the xylulose monophosphate cycle to fix formaldehyde and convert it into metabolically useful organic compounds.
formaldehyde assimilation via xylulose-5-phosphate cycle
formaldehyde assimilation via xylulose monophosphate cycle
The pathways in which formaldehyde is processed and used as a carbon source for the cell.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into 2,3-butanediol and other substances; effected by some members of the Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, and Serratia.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of citrate to diacetyl, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of lactate to propionate, concomitant with the oxidation of lactate to acetate and CO2 and yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
lactate fermentation to propionate and acetate
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
anaerobic purine nucleobase catabolic process
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose; it is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2), producing two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the enzymatic breakdown of D-glucose to D-lactate and ethanol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at the rate of one ATP per glucose molecule.
glucose fermentation to D-lactate and ethanol
glucose catabolic process to D-lactate and ethanol
The anaerobic conversion of pyruvate to propionate, yielding energy in the form of ATP; an alternative to the acrylate pathway to produce propionate.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate and acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glucose fermentation to lactate and acetate
glucose catabolic process to lactate and acetate
The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, and possibly ethanol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Fermentation that includes the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway.
The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, via pyruvate, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
glucose fermentation to lactate via pyruvate
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate
Fermentation that does not include the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into ethanol, lactate, formate, succinate, and acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glucose catabolic process to mixed acids
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nitrogen-containing compound, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids; in these reactions, one amino acid is oxidised (acts as an electron donor) and a different amino acid is reduced (acts as an electron acceptor); oxidation of the electron-donating amino acid yields energy in the form of ATP.
anaerobic catabolism of pairs of amino acids
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate via the intermediates mesaconate and S-citramalate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glutamate fermentation via mesaconate and citramalate
glutamate catabolic process via mesaconate and citramalate
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol and acetate to butyrate and caproate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
ethanol-acetate fermentation to butyrate and caproate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic process
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic process
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism
OBSOLETE. The addition or removal of a phosphate group from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
This term was made obsolete because it represents a process, NAD dephosphorylation, that does not exist.
The pathway by which ammonia is processed and incorporated into a cell. In an energy-rich (glucose-containing), nitrogen-poor environment, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase form an ammonia assimilatory cycle, in which ammonia is incorporated into L-glutamate to form L-glutamine, which then combines with alpha-ketoglutarate to regenerate L-glutamate. This ATP-dependent cycle is essential for nitrogen-limited growth and for steady-state growth with some sources of nitrogen.
glutamate metabolic process via glutamine and ammonia
glutamate metabolism via glutamine and ammonia
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide catabolic process
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide catabolism
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide catabolic process
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide catabolism
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide catabolic process
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide catabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionate that occur in the methylmalonyl pathway.
propionate metabolism, methylmalonyl pathway
propionate metabolic process, methylmalonyl pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionate that occur in the methylcitrate cycle.
propionate metabolism, methylcitrate cycle
propionate metabolic process, methylcitrate cycle
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methylmalonyl-CoA, the L-enantiomer of 2-carboxypropanoyl-CoA.
L-methylmalonyl-CoA biosynthetic process
The pathways by which acetyl-CoA is processed and converted into alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate); methanogenic archaea use these pathways to assimilate acetyl-CoA into the cell.
acetyl-CoA catabolic process to 2-ketoglutarate
acetyl-CoA catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate
acetyl-CoA catabolic process to alpha-ketoglutarate
acetyl-CoA catabolic process to alpha-oxoglutarate
acetyl-CoA catabolism to 2-ketoglutarate
acetyl-CoA catabolism to alpha-ketoglutarate
acetyl-CoA catabolism to alpha-oxoglutarate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate metabolic process
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate catabolic process
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate catabolic process
The light reactions of photosynthesis, which take place in photosystems II and I. Light energy is harvested and used to power the transfer of electrons among a series of electron donors and acceptors. The final electron acceptor is NADP+, which is reduced to NADPH. NADPH generated from light reactions is used in sugar synthesis in dark reactions. Light reactions also generate a proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane, and the proton gradient is used to synthesize ATP. There are two chemical reactions involved in the light reactions: water oxidation in photosystem II, and NADP reduction in photosystem I.
A complex cycle of enzyme-mediated reactions which catalyzes the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar. As well as carbon dioxide the cycle requires reducing power in the form of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The reduced NADP (NADPH) and ATP are produced by the 'light' reactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a purine nucleoside is synthesized from another purine nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyruvate from other compounds, including acetate.
pyruvate biosynthetic process from acetate
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a purine deoxyribonucleoside is synthesized from another purine deoxyribonucleoside.
purine deoxyribonucleoside interconversion
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a pyrimidine nucleoside is synthesized from another pyrimidine nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside is synthesized from another deoxyribopyrimidine nucleoside.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside interconversion
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form toluene-cis-1,2-dihydrodiol.
toluene oxidation via toluene-cis-1,2-dihydrodiol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. L-xylitol is converted into L-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to L-xylulose-5-phosphate. This is converted to D-xylulose-5-phosphate via the intermediate L-ribulose-5-phosphate.
L-xylitol breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate
L-xylitol degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate
L-xylitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-galacturonate, the D-enantiomer of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphonates, any organic compound containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Catabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.
The methylation of peptidyl-arginine on the internal nitrogen-5 (N5) atom (also called delta-nitrogen) to form peptidyl-N5-methyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the delta-nitrogen atom of peptidyl-arginine residues.
protein-arginine delta-N-methyltransferase activity
type IV protein arginine methyltransferase activity
protein-arginine N5-methyltransferase activity
The covalent linkage of coenzyme A and peptidyl-cysteine to form L-cysteine coenzyme A disulfide.
coenzyme A-peptidyl-cysteine covalent linking
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-myristoyl-L-cysteine.
peptidyl-S-myristoyl-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-myristoyl-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-myristoyl-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-myristoyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to a sulfur atom on a cysteine residue of a protein molecule.
protein-cysteine S-myristoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoleyl group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule.
protein-cysteine S-palmitoleyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule.
protein-cysteine S-acyltransferase activity
The synthesis of peptidyl-glycine cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol ester at the carboxy-terminus of autolytically cleaved proteins.
peptidyl-glycine cholesteryl ester anabolism from peptidyl-glycine
peptidyl-glycine cholesteryl ester formation from peptidyl-glycine
peptidyl-glycine cholesteryl ester synthesis from peptidyl-glycine
peptidyl-glycine cholesteryl ester biosynthesis from peptidyl-glycine
The incorporation of iron into a nickel-iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide, found in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide
The methylation of peptidyl-asparagine to form peptidyl-N4-methyl-L-asparagine or peptidyl-N4,N4-dimethyl-L-asparagine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-beta-carboxyaspartic acid from other compounds, including peptidyl-aspartic acid.
peptidyl-beta-carboxyaspartic acid anabolism from peptidyl-aspartic acid
peptidyl-beta-carboxyaspartic acid formation from peptidyl-aspartic acid
peptidyl-beta-carboxyaspartic acid synthesis from peptidyl-aspartic acid
peptidyl-beta-carboxyaspartic acid biosynthetic process from peptidyl-aspartic acid
The methyl esterification of peptidyl-glutamic acid.
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester anabolism from glutamic acid
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester formation from glutamic acid
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester synthesis from glutamic acid
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester biosynthetic process from glutamic acid
The coupled methyl esterification and deamidation of peptidyl-glutamine.
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester anabolism from glutamine
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester formation from glutamine
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester synthesis from glutamine
peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester biosynthetic process from glutamine
The addition of an ester group to a glutamine residue in a protein.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid; catalyzed by peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase (EC:1.14.11.16).
peptidyl-aspartic acid hydroxylation to form L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid
The monomethylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N-methyl-L-alanine.
N-terminal peptidyl-alanine monomethylation
OBSOLETE: Any of the discrete particles (nerve-ending particles) formed from the clublike presynaptic nerve endings that resist disruption and are snapped or torn off their attachments when brain tissue is homogenized in media isosmotic to plasma.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a result of cell homogenization and not a bona fide cellular component.
OBSOLETE: Vesicular particles formed from disrupted endoplasmic reticulum membranes and studded with ribosomes on the outside.
OBSOLETE: Vesicular particles formed from disrupted endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes without any adhering ribosomes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
Mo-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.
Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.
B lymphocyte mediated immune effector process
B-lymphocyte mediated immune effector process
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + NADP(+) = H(+) + mevaldate + NADPH.
mevaldate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + NAD(+) = H(+) + mevaldate + NADH.
The oxidation of allysine to 2-aminoadipic acid.
peptidyl-allysine oxidation to 2-aminoadipic acid
The formation of the fluorescent protein FP583 chromophore cross-link from the alpha-carboxyl carbon of residue n, a glutamine, to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+2, a glycine, and a dehydration to form a double bond to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+1. This cross-linking is coupled with a dehydrogenation of residue n+1 to form a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons.
biosynthesis of protein-protein cross-link via 2-imino-glutaminyl-5-imidazolinone glycine
biosynthetic process of protein-protein cross-link via 2-imino-glutaminyl-5-imidazolinone glycine
peptide cross-linking via 2-imino-glutaminyl-5-imidazolinone glycine
An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.
An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.
The incorporation of sarcosine (N-methylglycine) into non-coded peptides.
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary nitrogen source, usually ammonia, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary nitrogen source and to transport and metabolize alternative nitrogen sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects nitrogen levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize nitrogen-containing substances, and ends when nitrogen is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.
pentacyclic triterpenoid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.
pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hopanoids, pentacyclic sterol-like compounds based on the hopane nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hopanoids, pentacyclic sterol-like compounds based on the hopane nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.
pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hopanoids, pentacyclic sterol-like compounds based on the hopane nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids.
regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal elements, such as microfilaments or microtubules, from a nurse cell to an oocyte.
cytoskeleton-dependent cytoplasmic transport, nurse cell to oocyte
Any process in which a chloroplast is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. A chloroplast is a chlorophyll-containing plastid found in cells of algae and higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanogenic glycosides, any glycoside containing a cyano group that is released as hydrocyanic acid on acid hydrolysis; such compounds occur in the kernels of various fruits.
cyanogenic glycoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosinolates, substituted thioglycosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosinolates, substituted thioglycosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosinolates, substituted thioglycosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.
Combining with the Fc region of an immunoglobulin protein and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
This term was made obsolete because it is an unnecessary grouping term.
This term was made obsolete because it is undefined and is an unnecessary grouping term.
Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two outer rings of the proteasome core complex. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.
proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two inner rings of the proteasome core complex. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.
proteasome core complex, beta-subunit complex
Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 to other proteins.
Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 to substrate molecules; phosphatidylethanolamine is a known substrate.
Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg12 to other proteins.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG12, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG8, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier FAT10, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the initiation of the NEDD8 (RUB1) conjugation cascade.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide or isopeptide bonds within small proteins such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO), or between the small protein and a larger protein to which it has been conjugated.
ubiquitin-like specific protease activity
ubiquitin-like-protein-specific protease activity
small conjugating protein-specific protease activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of NEDD8, a small ubiquitin-related modifier, from previously neddylated substrates.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ISG15, a small ubiquitin-related modifier, from previously modified substrates.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of APG8, a small ubiquitin-related modifier.
Catalysis of ATP-dependent isopeptide bond formation between the carboxy-terminal residues of a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, and a substrate lysine residue. This function may be performed alone or in conjunction with an E3, ubiquitin-like protein ligase.
small protein conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme activity
small conjugating protein ligase activity
Catalysis of ATP-dependent isopeptide bond formation between the carboxy-terminal residues of the small ubiquitin-related modifier NEDD8 and a substrate lysine residue.
Catalysis of ATP-dependent isopeptide bond formation between the carboxy-terminal glycine residues of the small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO and a substrate lysine residue, leading to the formation of predominately monosumoylated proteins with modified function.
This term was made obsolete because it cannot be determined what its intended meaning was, because the term name is not found in the literature.
Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene-15) from one side of the membrane to the other.
interferon-stimulated gene-15 carrier activity
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid not found, or rarely found, in peptide linkage in proteins.
This term was made obsolete because it was a grouping term that was poorly defined and did not provide a particularly meaningful grouping, since even for those amino acids commonly found in proteins, not all molecules necessarily end up incorporated into proteins. The term also violated the principle of positivity.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that does not normally occur as a constituent residue of proteins.
nonprotein amino acid biosynthetic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid not found, or rarely found, in peptide linkage in proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
procollagen-L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate 3-dioxygenase activity
proline,2-oxoglutarate 3-dioxygenase activity
prolyl-4-hydroxyprolyl-glycyl-peptide, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase, 3-hydroxylating activity
protocollagen proline 3-hydroxylase activity
procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
procollagen-proline dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (alpha-tubulin) L-lysine = CoA + (alpha-tubulin) N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
acetyl-CoA:alpha-tubulin-L-lysine 6-N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:alpha-tubulin-L-lysine N6-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:alpha-tubulin-lysine N-acetyltransferase activity
alpha-tubulin N-acetyltransferase activity
alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase activity
The formation of a cross-link between peptide chains mediated by a chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan that originates from a typical O-glycosidic link to serine of one chain; the other chain is esterified, via the alpha-carbon of its C-terminal Asp, to C-6 of an internal N-acetylgalactosamine of the glycosaminoglycan chain.
peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulphate glycosaminoglycan
peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan
The cyclization of asparagine to yield an L-aspartimide (otherwise known as alpha-aminosuccinimide) residue at the C-terminus of an excised intein during protein splicing.
cyclization of asparagine, during protein splicing
See also the biological process term 'intein-mediated protein splicing ; GO:0016539'.
cyclization of asparagine involved in intein-mediated protein splicing
The cyclization of glutamine to yield an L-glutamimide residue at the C-terminus of an excised intein during protein splicing.
cyclization of glutamine, during protein splicing
Note that this term should not be confused with 'peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid biosynthesis, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase ; GO:0017186'. See also the biological process term 'intein-mediated protein splicing ; GO:0016539'.
cyclization of glutamine involved in intein-mediated protein splicing
The carboxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-beta-carboxyaspartic acid.
OBSOLETE. A heterodimer which acts as a quinolinate synthetase; quinolinate synthetase B (L-aspartate oxidase) catalyzes the oxidation of L-aspartate to L-iminoaspartate; quinolinate synthetase A condenses L-imidoaspartate and dihydroxyacetone to quinolinate.
This term was made obsolete because there is no evidence that a physical complex forms; although the phrase "quinolinate synthetase complex" is occasionally used in the literature, it refers to two enzymes that act as monomers.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 R-H + 2 bromide + hydrogen peroxide = 2 R-Br + 2 H2O. Enzymes with this activity often accept other halide ions as substrates, including chloride and iodide.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acyl-L-aspartate + H2O = a fatty acid anion + L-aspartate.
N-acetylaspartate amidohydrolase activity
N-acyl-L-aspartate amidohydrolase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cocaine (2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-benzoxytropane), an alkaloid obtained from dried leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca or by chemical synthesis.
A multisubunit complex composed of two copies of a restriction (R) subunit, two copies of a methylation (M) subunit, and one copy of a specificity (S) subunit. This complex recognizes specific short DNA sequences (through the S subunit), and binds to them. If the recognition site is hemimethylated, the complex acts as a methyltransferase which modifies the recognition site, using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. Only the M and S subunits are required for this reaction. If the complex binds to an unmethylated recognition site, then the complex translocates the DNA bidirectionally in an ATP-dependent manner. When the translocation is stalled by impact with another complex or unusual DNA structure, the enzyme functions as an endonuclease and cleavage of the DNA will occur, hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site. These DNA restriction systems are used by bacteria to defend against phage and other foreign DNA that may enter a cell.
Type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease complex
A heterodimeric enzyme complex composed of two subunits, Res and Mod, that functions as an endonuclease and cleaves DNA. Cleavage will only occur when there are two un-methylated copies of a specific recognition site in an inverse orientation on the DNA. Cleavage occurs at a specific distance away from one of the recognition sites. The Mod subunit can act alone as a methyltansferase. DNA restriction systems such as this are used by bacteria to defend against phage and other foreign DNA that may enter a cell.
Type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease complex
A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.
An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.
B cell receptor accessory molecule complex
This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecule and not a location or complex.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the peroxisome.
A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P1 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content; they contain fewer peroxisomal proteins than the other subforms.
Note that this peroxisome assembly pathway is described in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. See also the cellular component terms 'P2 peroxisome ; GO:0019820', 'P3 peroxisome ; GO:0019821', 'P4 peroxisome ; GO:0019822', 'P5 peroxisome ; GO:0019823', and 'P6 peroxisome ; GO:0019824'.
A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P2 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content; they are the least dense of the subforms observed.
Note that this peroxisome assembly pathway is described in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. See also the cellular component terms 'P1 peroxisome ; GO:0019819', 'P3 peroxisome ; GO:0019821', 'P4 peroxisome ; GO:0019822', 'P5 peroxisome ; GO:0019823', and 'P6 peroxisome ; GO:0019824'.
A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P3 peroxisomes are formed by fusion of P1 and P2 peroxisomes, and are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content.
Note that this peroxisome assembly pathway is described in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. See also the cellular component terms 'P1 peroxisome ; GO:0019819', 'P2 peroxisome ; GO:0019820', 'P4 peroxisome ; GO:0019822', 'P5 peroxisome ; GO:0019823', and 'P6 peroxisome ; GO:0019824'.
A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P4 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content.
Note that this peroxisome assembly pathway is described in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. See also the cellular component terms 'P1 peroxisome ; GO:0019819', 'P2 peroxisome ; GO:0019820', 'P3 peroxisome ; GO:0019821', 'P5 peroxisome ; GO:0019823', and 'P6 peroxisome ; GO:0019824'.
A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P5 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content.
Note that this peroxisome assembly pathway is described in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. See also the cellular component terms 'P1 peroxisome ; GO:0019819', 'P2 peroxisome ; GO:0019820', 'P3 peroxisome ; GO:0019821', 'P4 peroxisome ; GO:0019822', and 'P6 peroxisome ; GO:0019824'.
A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P6 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content, and are equivalent to mature peroxisomes.
Note that this peroxisome assembly pathway is described in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. See also the cellular component terms 'P1 peroxisome ; GO:0019819', 'P2 peroxisome ; GO:0019820', 'P3 peroxisome ; GO:0019821', 'P4 peroxisome ; GO:0019822', and 'P5 peroxisome ; GO:0019823'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of oxygen (O2).
The process in which an organism retains a population of stem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aspartic-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; the optimum reaction pH is below 5 due to an aspartic residue involved in the catalytic process.
aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the formation of ice crystals in extracellular fluid at relatively high temperatures (up to -2 degrees C) to protect the organism from damage by intracellular ice formation. Ice nucleation proteins function by binding an ice crystal and then encouraging it to form larger crystals. Ice nucleation is a chemical process but these proteins can positively regulate it. There are two different uses of ice nucleation proteins: bacteria secrete them extracellularly to cause a host organism's cells to freeze and die, and fish use them to protect themselves from intracellular ice formation.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in the host organism by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
hemolysis by symbiont of host red blood cells
regulation of cytolysis of host cells by symbiont
hemolysis by symbiont of host erythrocytes
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinol, vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. Retinol is an intermediate in the vision cycle and it also plays a role in growth and differentiation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ribosomal RNA.
OBSOLETE. The function of any microbial toxin that cannot be easily separated from the structure of the cell.
OBSOLETE. The function of a toxin formed by a microorganism and secreted into the surrounding medium.
OBSOLETE. Acts as to cause injury to the intestinal mucosa of other living organisms.
OBSOLETE. Acts to inhibit neural function in another living organism.
OBSOLETE. Acts to inhibit neural function in another organism by inhibiting voltage-gated calcium ion channels and neurotransmitter release. This function is thought to be specific to the venom of two marine snail species.
OBSOLETE. Acts as to cause injury to other living cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions.
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a calcium channel.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.
pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.
Long whiplike or feathery structures borne either singly or in groups by the motile cells of many bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes and by the motile male gametes of many eukaryotic organisms, which propel the cell through a liquid medium.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites.
See also the cellular component term 'outer membrane ; GO:0019867'.
The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a chloride channel.
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel.
Stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a sodium channel.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of streptomycin, a commonly used antibiotic in cell culture media; it acts only on prokaryotes and blocks transition from initiation complex to chain elongating ribosome.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione + H(2)O = N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoate.
1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione lactamhydrolase activity
6-aminohexanoate-cyclic-dimer hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoate + H2O = 2 6-aminohexanoate.
6-aminohexanoic acid oligomer hydrolase activity
N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-6-aminohexanoate amidohydrolase activity
6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nylon, a polymer where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups; these compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids and amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diaminopimelate, both as an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis and as a component (as meso-diaminopimelate) of the peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine by the aminoadipic pathway.
lysine biosynthesis, aminoadipic acid pathway
lysine biosynthesis, aminoadipic pathway
lysine biosynthetic process, aminoadipic acid pathway
lysine biosynthetic process, aminoadipic pathway
lysine biosynthetic process via aminoadipic acid
The formation of peptidyl-thyronine from peptidyl-tyrosine in thyroglobulin by phenyl transfer coupled with the formation of peptidyl-dehydroalanine.
peptidyl-thyronine anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-thyronine formation from peptidyl-tyrosine
peptidyl-thyronine synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine
See also the biological process term 'peptidyl-dehydroalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine or peptidyl-serine ; GO:0018250'.
peptidyl-thyronine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
antigen presentation, endogenous antigen
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
antigen presentation, endogenous peptide antigen
antigen processing, endogenous antigen via MHC class I
antigen processing, endogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I
endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class II
antigen presentation, exogenous peptide antigen
antigen processing, exogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class II
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II
Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
Modulates the activity of a protein phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a protein substrate molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.
The activity of linking kinesins, cytoplasmic proteins responsible for moving vesicles and organelles towards the distal end of microtubules, to mitochondria.
kinesin-associated mitochondrial adaptor activity
The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.
Loosely bound to one surface of the plasma membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Loosely bound to one surface of a membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Note that proteins extrinsic to membranes can be removed by treatments that do not disrupt the membrane, such as salt solutions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any phosphatase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse.
A protein complex that phosphorylates cyclin-dependent kinases such as Cdc2 on Thr161 (or an equivalent residue); contains a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, and some examples also include an assembly factor.
cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase holoenzyme complex
Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the nucleus.
nuclear cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex
Modification of the activity of the enzyme [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase.
[pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase, intrinsic regulator activity
[pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase regulator activity
A mitochondrial complex of a regulatory and catalytic subunit that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.
See also the cellular component term 'mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; GO:0005967'.
mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) phosphatase complex
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the myelin sheath of a nerve.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein; increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK).
cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase, intrinsic catalyst activity
cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase activity
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase.
cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase, intrinsic regulator activity
cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase regulator activity
The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
The dehydration of peptidyl-serine, followed by hydrogenation to produce peptidyl-D-alanine.
peptidyl-D-alanine racemization via peptidyl-L-serine
The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.
peptidyl-arginine methylation, to symmetrical-dimethyl arginine
The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.
peptidyl-arginine methylation, to unsymmetrical-dimethyl arginine
peptidyl-arginine methylation, to asymmetrical-dimethyl arginine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of internal peptidyl-1-thioglycine, which has an internal C=S bond, instead of an internal C=O bond, in the peptide.
peptidyl-1-thioglycine anabolism, internal
peptidyl-1-thioglycine formation, internal
peptidyl-1-thioglycine synthesis, internal
peptidyl-1-thioglycine biosynthetic process, internal
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxy-terminal peptidyl-1-thioglycine, which has a carboxy-terminal thiocarboxy-C(=O)-SH bond.
peptidyl-1-thioglycine anabolism, carboxy-terminal
peptidyl-1-thioglycine formation, carboxy-terminal
peptidyl-1-thioglycine synthesis, carboxy-terminal
peptidyl-1-thioglycine biosynthetic process, carboxy-terminal
The covalent linking of a chromophore to a protein via peptidyl-cysteines.
protein-chromophore linkage via peptidyl-cysteine
The covalent linking of the alpha-1-microglobulin chromophore to the protein; the structure of the chromophore is not known. It is probably heterogeneous and involving two cysteines in thioether bonds.
alpha-1-microglobulin-chromophore linkage
The oxidation of peptidyl-tryptophan to form tryptophan-6,7-dione, otherwise known as tryptophyl quinone, which is further modified by cross-linking to either tryptophan or cysteine.
See also the biological process term 'peptide cross-linking via 4'-(L-tryptophan)-L-tryptophyl quinone ; GO:0018069'.
peptidyl-tryptophan oxidation to tryptophyl quinone
The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to tryptophyl quinone to form 4'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tryptophyl quinone, a cofactor found at the active site of amine dehydrogenase.
peptide cross-linking via 4'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tryptophyl quinone
The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an aspartic acid residue to form 3-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-aspartic acid.
peptide cross-linking via 3-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-aspartic acid
The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to a glutamic acid residue to form 4-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-glutamic acid.
peptide cross-linking via 4-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-glutamic acid
The modification of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-cis-14-hydroxy-10,13-dioxo-7-heptadecenoic acid aspartate ester, typical of the barley lipid transfer protein 1.
cis-14-hydroxy-10,13-dioxo-7-heptadecenoic acid peptidyl-aspartate ester anabolism from peptidyl-aspartic acid
cis-14-hydroxy-10,13-dioxo-7-heptadecenoic acid peptidyl-aspartate ester formation from peptidyl-aspartic acid
cis-14-hydroxy-10,13-dioxo-7-heptadecenoic acid peptidyl-aspartate ester synthesis from peptidyl-aspartic acid
cis-14-hydroxy-10,13-dioxo-7-heptadecenoic acid peptidyl-aspartate ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-aspartic acid
The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form N6-3,4-didehydroretinylidene-L-lysine.
protein-chromophore linkage via peptidyl-N6-3-dehydroretinal-L-lysine
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-mediated signaling
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-mediated signalling
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a cyclic nucleotide. Includes production or release of the cyclic nucleotide, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
inositol phospholipid-mediated signalling
This term was made obsolete because it did not adequately describe phosphoinositide-mediated signaling.
inositol phospholipid-mediated signaling
The autocatalytic formation of isopeptide bonds by ligation of peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-asparagine residues; known to occur in the capsid of some bacteriophage, such as HK97, where it is thought to provide a mechanism for stabilizing the capsid.
protein catenane formation via N6-(L-isoaspartyl)-L-lysine, autocatalytic
The formation of isopeptide bonds by ligation of peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-asparagine residues; occurs in mammals in proteins as yet unidentified by a mechanism probably analogous to that of transglutaminase reactions.
peptide cross-linking via N6-(L-isoaspartyl)-L-lysine, presumed catalytic
The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-palmitoleyl-L-cysteine specifically.
peptidyl-S-palmitoleyl-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-palmitoleyl-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-palmitoleyl-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine
peptidyl-S-palmitoleyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine
This term was made obsolete because it does not reflect an accurate biological process, as sumoylation of a protein does not lead to catabolism of that protein.
SUMO-dependent protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
modification-dependent protein breakdown
modification-dependent protein catabolism
modification-dependent protein degradation
modification-initiated protein catabolic process
modification-initiated protein catabolism
protein-ligand-dependent protein catabolic process
protein-ligand-dependent protein catabolism
modification-dependent protein catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to the target protein.
NEDD8 class-dependent protein catabolism
NEDD8 class-dependent protein degradation
RUB1-dependent protein catabolic process
This term was made obsolete because NEDD8-class tags do not target proteins for proteolytic destruction.
NEDD8 class-dependent protein catabolic process
Catalysis of the activation of the proteolytically processed small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein SMT3 to the target protein.
SMT3-dependent protein catabolic process
The covalent addition to a protein of Smt3, a ubiquitin-like protein.
The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times.
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by either a single cell or a group of cells, in the absence of any sexual process.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chemokine, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a C-C chemokine; C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a C-X-C chemokine; C-X-C chemokines have a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-8.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a C-X3-C chemokine; C-X3-C chemokines have three amino acids between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an interferon, a protein produced by the immune systems of many animals in response to a challenge by a foreign agent.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interferon-gamma. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-1.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-10.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-11.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-12.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-13.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-14.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-21.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-3.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-4.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-5.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-6.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-7.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-9.
The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide.
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis.
This term was made obsolete because it was ill-defined.
The covalent alteration of an amino acid charged on a tRNA before it is incorporated into a protein, as in N-formylmethionine, selenocysteine or pyrrolysine.
pre-translational amino acid modification
pretranslational amino acid modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.
The assembly of a septate junction, an intercellular junction found in invertebrate epithelia that is characterized by a ladder like appearance in electron micrographs and thought to provide structural strength and to provide a barrier to diffusion of solutes through the intercellular space.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids.
The plasma membrane surrounding a host cell.
Membrane-bounded vacuole within a host cell in which a symbiont organism resides. The vacuole membrane is derived from both the host and symbiont.
Note that this term does not have a relationship to 'vacuole ; GO:0005773' because it does not fit the definition of a vacuole; the parasitophorous vacuole was so named because it resembles a vacuole in the microscope.
The space between a symbiont plasma membrane and the symbiont-containing vacuole membrane.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a symbiont-containing vacuole, derived from both the host and symbiont.
Tubular network of extensions from the symbiont-containing vacuole membrane that protrude into the host cytoplasm.
parasitophorous vacuolar membrane network
symbiont-containing vacuole membrane network
symbiont-containing vacuolar membrane network
A group of cytoskeletal structures and associated membrane-bounded organelles found at the anterior end of adult obligate intracellular protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. The apical complex is involved in attachment to and penetration of the host cell, and in parasite proliferation.
A large, club-shaped secretory organelle that forms part of the apical complex of an apicomplexan parasite, and consists of a bulbous body and a narrow electron-dense neck that extends through the conoid at the apical tip of the parasite. The rhoptry necks serve as ducts through which the contents of the rhoptries are secreted after attachment to the host has been completed and at the commencement of invasion. Rhoptry proteins function in the biogenesis and host organellar association of the parasitophorous vacuole.
A small, elongated secretory organelle that forms part of the apical complex, located along the main axis of an apicomplexan parasite cell within the extreme apical region and at the periphery under the inner membrane complex. Of the specialized secretory compartments identified in apicomplexans, micronemes discharge their contents first, during initial contact of the parasite's apical pole with the host cell surface. Micronemal proteins function during parasite attachment and penetration into the target cell.
A spiral cytoskeletal structure located at the apical end of the apical complex in some apicomplexan parasites. Fibers form a left-handed spiral, and are comprised of tubulin protofilaments organized in a ribbon-like structure that differs from the conventional tubular structure characteristic of microtubules.
The plastid organelle found in apicomplexans.
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of host immune response
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte aggregation in its host organism, e.g. the binding of parasite-infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes.
Please note that this term does not refer to the in vitro assay called erythrocyte rosetting.
modulation by symbiont of host erythrocyte aggregation
Cell division by multiple fission in which nuclei and other organelles in the parent cell divide repeatedly and move to the cell periphery before internal membranes develop around them, producing a large number of daughter cells simultaneously.
A membrane-bounded organelle found in organisms from the order Kinetoplastida that houses the enzymes of glycolysis.
Invagination of the plasma membrane from which a flagellum protrudes.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the flagellum.
That part of the plasma membrane found in the flagellar pocket.
Vacuole within a parasite used for digestion of the host cell cytoplasm. An example of this component is found in the Apicomplexa.
The modification of a host cell into an immortal cell line as a consequence of infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
An electron-dense acidic membrane-bounded organelle which contains a matrix of pyrophosphate and polyphosphates with bound calcium and other cations.
A sub-structure within the large single mitochondrion of kinetoplastid parasites and which is closely associated with the flagellar pocket and basal body of the flagellum.
Singlet microtubules that lie underneath the inner membrane complex and emanate from the basal ring of the conoid.
Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix found throughout the merozoite life cycle stage of apicomplexan parasites; contains proteins destined to be secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole following parasite invasion of a host cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemoglobin, including its uptake and utilization.
The directed movement into a tissue, cell or organelle of externally available hemoglobin.
Protrusion that develops in the plasma membrane of a parasitized erythrocyte. An example of this component is found in Plasmodium species.
An electron dense ring at the most anterior position of the apical complex, from which the conoid fibers originate; formed during an invasive life cycle stage of an apicomplexan parasite.
An electron dense ring at the most posterior position of the apical complex, from which the subpellicular microtubules originate; formed during an invasive life cycle stage of an apicomplexan parasite.
Any process involved in the biological strategy of changing antigenic determinants on the surface that are exposed to another organism's immune system.
The adherence of symbiont-infected erythrocytes to microvascular endothelium via symbiont proteins embedded in the membrane of the erythrocyte.
cytoadherence to microvasculature, mediated by symbiont protein
symbiont-protein-mediated cytoadherence to microvasculature
parasite-protein-mediated cytoadherence to microvasculature
cytoadherence to microvasculature, mediated by parasite protein
A disk-like structure that appears at the periphery of a red blood cell infected by an apicomplexan parasite, characterized by a translucent lumen and an electron-dense coat of variable thickness; often appears to be tethered to the host cell membrane by fibrous connections with the erythrocyte cytoskeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
A mechanically stable cytoskeletal structure associated with the cytoplasmic face of the pellicle and surrounding the microtubule-based cytoskeleton.
The structure enclosing an apicomplexan parasite cell; consists of the cell membrane with its associated infrastructure of microtubules, microfilaments and other organelles.
The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.
The process in which the lateral borders of the neural plate begin to migrate upwards to form the neural folds, caused by the proliferation of the underlying mesoderm.
The morphogenesis of the neural fold elevations that results in the movement of the tips of the elevations towards each other in order to fuse.
The formation of the median and lateral hinge points in the neural folds. These are created by apical constriction and basal expansion of the underlying neural cells. The median hinge point extends for the entire length of the neural tube, and the lateral hinge points do not form in the spinal cord region of the neural tube.
The process of folding the neuroepithelium around the medial hinge point to create the neural elevations, and around the lateral hinge points to produce convergence of the folds.
The joining together of the neural folds of the rostral opening of the neural tube. The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete.
The joining together of the neural folds of the caudal opening of the neural tube. The posterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete.
The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.
The formation of a single row of glia at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube. This region provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types and of the specification of neural crest cells. The cells comprising the roof plate are the precursors to radial glial cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.
The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.
spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning
spinal cord anterior/posterior patterning
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a commissural neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
spinal cord commissural neuron specification
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an association neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
spinal cord association neuron specification
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
spinal cord motor neuron differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of visceral motor neurons. Visceral motor neurons innervate glandular targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which differentiating motor neurons in the neural tube acquire the specialized structural and/or functional features of lateral motor column neurons. Lateral motor column neurons are generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
lateral motor column neuron differentiation
The process in which differentiating motor neurons in the neural tube acquire the specialized structural and/or functional features of medial motor column neurons. Medial motor column neurons are generated at all rostrocaudal levels and send axons to the axial muscles (medial group) and to the body wall muscles (lateral group). Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
medial motor column neuron differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
spinal cord dorsal interneuron differentiation
spinal cord association neuron differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of commissural neurons. Commissural neurons in both vertebrates and invertebrates transfer information from one side of their bodies to the other through the midline. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
commissural neuron differentiation in spinal cord
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are non-neuronal cells. The primary function of oligodendrocytes is the myelination of nerve axons in the central nervous system. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
spinal cord oligodendrocyte cell differentiation
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
spinal cord oligodendrocyte cell fate specification
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of radial glial cells. Radial cell precursors differentiate into both neuronal cell types and mature radial glial cells. Mature radial glial cells regulate the axon growth and pathfinding processes that occur during white matter patterning of the developing spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
radial glial cell differentiation in spinal cord
spinal cord radial glial cell differentiation
The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain.
The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.
The progression of the epithalamus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subthalamus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subthalamus is the anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ammon gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ammon gyrus, often subdivided into the CA1 and CA3 regions, is one of the two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus that is rich in large pyramidal neurons.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary biosynthesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary structural organisation
midbrain-hindbrain boundary structural organization
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oculomotor nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the abducens nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives off nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the accessory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 1 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 2 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 3 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 5 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 6 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 7 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 8 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the hindbrain. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
medulla oblongata structural organisation
medulla oblongata structural organization
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the pons. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
The process that gives rise to the cerebellum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellum. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellum to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the rhombomere structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the central nervous system structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
central nervous system structural organisation
central nervous system structural organization
The process in which the anatomical structure of the abducens nerve is generated and organized. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.
The process that gives rise to the abducens nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the abducens nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the abducens nerve to attain its fully functional state. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the accessory nerve to attain its fully functional state. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the accessory nerve is generated and organized. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process that gives rise to the accessory nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the accessory nerve This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
The process that gives rise to the facial nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the facial nerve to attain its fully functional state. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the glossopharyngeal nerve to attain its fully functional state. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process that gives rise to the glossopharyngeal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the glossopharyngeal nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
glossopharyngeal nerve structural organisation
glossopharyngeal nerve structural organization
The process in which the anatomical structure of the hypoglossal nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hypoglossal nerve to attain its fully functional state. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
The process that gives rise to the hypoglossal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the hypoglossal nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
hypoglossal nerve structural organisation
hypoglossal nerve structural organization
The process in which the anatomical structure of the oculomotor nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.
The process that gives rise to the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.
oculomotor nerve structural organisation
oculomotor nerve structural organization
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the oculomotor nerve to attain its fully functional state. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the olfactory nerve is generated and organized. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
The process that gives rise to the olfactory nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the olfactory nerve to attain its fully functional state. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the optic nerve to attain its fully functional state. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the optic nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
The process that gives rise to the optic nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
trigeminal nerve structural organisation
trigeminal nerve structural organization
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the trochlear nerve is generated and organized. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trochlear nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the trochlear nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
The process that gives rise to the trochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the vagus nerve is generated and organized. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
The process that gives rise to the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the vestibulocochlear nerve to attain its fully functional state. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the vestibulocochlear nerve is generated and organized. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
vestibulocochlear nerve structural organisation
vestibulocochlear nerve structural organization
The process that gives rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 1 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 1. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 1. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 2 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 2. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 2. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 3 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 3. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 3. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 4 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 4. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 4. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structures of rhombomere 5 are generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 6 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 6. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 6. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 7 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 7. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 7. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 8 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 8. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
The process that gives rise to rhombomere 8. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar molecular layer nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
cerebellar granular layer structural organisation
cerebellar granular layer structural organization
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar granular layer to attain its fully functional state. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar molecular layer is generated and organized. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
cerebellar molecular layer morphogenesis
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar molecular layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar molecular layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
cerebellar molecular layer structural organisation
cerebellar molecular layer structural organization
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar molecular layer to attain its fully functional state. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer to attain its fully functional state. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer maturation
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer morphogenesis
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer structural organisation
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer structural organization
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer formation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
cerebellar cortex structural organisation
cerebellar cortex structural organization
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar cortex to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Golgi cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Golgi cell fate. A cerebellar Golgi cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.
cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature Lugaro cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Lugaro cell fate. A Lugaro cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar basket cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a cerebellar basket cell fate. A cerebellar basket cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar stellate cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a cerebellar stellate cell fate. A cerebellar stellate cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
cerebellar stellate cell differentiation
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature unipolar brush cell in the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a unipolar brush cell fate. A unipolar brush cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
cerebellar unipolar brush cell differentiation
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature candelabrum cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a candelabrum cell fate. A candelabrum cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the inferior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.
The process that gives rise to the inferior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the inferior olivary nucleus structure. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.
inferior olivary nucleus structural organisation
inferior olivary nucleus structural organization
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the inferior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the superior olivary nucleus structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
superior olivary nucleus structural organisation
superior olivary nucleus structural organization
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medullary reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medullary reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata.
rhombencephalic reticular formation development
medullary reticular formation development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior raphe nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior raphe nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral reticular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
intermediate reticular nucleus development
intermediate reticular formation development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
inferior reticular formation development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
superior reticular formation development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal sensory nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. Note that this term was placed as a child of 'brain development' because the nucleus spans multiple brain regions from midbrain to spinal cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal motor nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the globose nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the emboliform nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fastigial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pontine nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. Note that this term was placed as a child of 'brain development' because the nucleus spans multiple brain regions.
principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal trigeminal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the abducens nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nucleus ambiguus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the solitary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature eurydendroid cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a eurydendroid cell fate. A eurydendroid cell is an efferent neuron found in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts.
The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.
The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
The progression of the globus pallidus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The globus pallidus is one of the basal ganglia involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.
The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis).
The progression of the subthalamic nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The subthalamic nucleus is the lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.
The progression of the amygdala over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The amygdala is an almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that play a key role in processing emotions such as fear and pleasure.
The progression of the cingulate gyrus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cingulate gyrus is a ridge in the cerebral cortex located dorsal to the corpus callosum.
The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
The progression of the mammillary body over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mammillary body is a protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei.
The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia.
The progression of the orbitofrontal cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The orbitofrontal cortex is a cerebral cortex region located in the frontal lobe.
The progression of the parahippocampal gyrus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The parahippocampal gyrus is a ridge in the cerebral cortex.
The progression of the lateral geniculate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina.
The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.
striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a retinoic acid receptor in a precursor cell in the ventral spinal cord that contributes to the commitment of the precursor cell to an interneuron fate.
retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the ventral spinal cord that contributes to the commitment of the precursor cell to an interneuron fate.
hedgehog signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
hh signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
smoothened signalling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the spinal cord that contributes to the process of a precursor cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
hedgehog signaling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification
hh signaling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification
smoothened signalling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification
smoothened signaling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to its commitment to an association neuron fate.
BMP signalling pathway involved in spinal cord association neuron specification
bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway involved in spinal cord association neuron specification
bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway involved in spinal cord association neuron specification
BMP signaling pathway involved in spinal cord association neuron specification
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an oligodendrocyte.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the preganglionic portion of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.
preganglionic parasympathetic nervous system development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the postganglionic portion of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.
postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system development
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
special visceral motor neuron axon guidance
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
branchiomotor neuron axon guidance in neural tube
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
negative chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
chemorepulsion of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube in response to an attractive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
positive chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
chemoattraction of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
branchiomotor neuron axon guidance in branchial arch mesenchyme
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
negative chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
chemorepulsion of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme in response to an attractive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
positive chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
chemoattraction of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
positive chemotaxis of branchiomotor axon
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
negative chemotaxis of branchiomotor axon
The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.
The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.
The regionalization process that results in the creation of areas within the cerebral cortex that will direct the behavior of cell migration and differentiation as the cortex develops.
The creation of specific areas of progenitor domains along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing forebrain.
forebrain anterior-posterior pattern specification
forebrain anterior/posterior pattern specification
The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain.
forebrain dorsal-ventral pattern formation
forebrain dorsoventral pattern formation
forebrain dorsal/ventral pattern formation
The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.
cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration
The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.
The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The radial migration of cells from the ventricular zone that is independent of radial glial cells. Cells extend processes that terminate at the pial surface and follow the processes as they migrate.
The extension of a long process to the pial surface as a cell leaves the ventricular zone.
The process that results in the loss of attachments of a cell in the ventricular zone.
down regulation of cell adhesion in ventricular zone
down-regulation of cell adhesion in ventricular zone
downregulation of cell adhesion in ventricular zone
inhibition of cell adhesion in ventricular zone
negative regulation of cell adhesion in ventricular zone
The movement of a cell body from the ventricular zone to the pial surface with a concomitant shortening of the process that extends to the pial surface.
cell motility involved in somal translocation
cell movement involved in somal translocation
The initial stages of cell motility involved in the glial-mediated movement of cells in the developing cerebral cortex.
initiation of movement involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
initiation of movement involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The interaction of soluble factors and receptors that result in the movement of cells in the primitive cerebral cortex.
motogenic signalling initiating cell movement in the cerebral cortex
motogenic signaling initiating cell movement in cerebral cortex
The process that results in the fluctuations in intracellular calcium that are responsible for the initiation of movement as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
cytosolic calcium signalling involved in the initiation of cell movement in glial-mediated radial cell migration
cytosolic calcium signaling involved in initiation of cell movement in glial-mediated radial cell migration
Signaling between members of the neurotrophin family and their receptors that result in the start of cell motility as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
neurotrophic factor signalling initiating cell movement, involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
neurotrophic factor signaling initiating cell movement, involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
Signaling by neurotransmitters and their receptors that results in the initiation of movement of cells as a component of the process of glial-mediated radial migration.
neurotransmitter signalling initiating cell movement, involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
neurotransmitter signaling initiating cell movement, involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
Signaling between growth factors and their receptors that results in the start of cell movement, where this process is involved in glial-mediated radial migration in the cerebral cortex.
growth factor signaling initiating cell movement involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
growth factor signalling initiating cell movement involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
growth factor signaling initiating cell movement involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The changes in adhesion between neuronal cells and glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration.
neuronal-glial interaction involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
neuronal-glial interaction involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The interaction between two cells that modulates the association of a neuronal cell and a glial cell involved in glial-mediated radial cell migration in the cerebral cortex.
cell-cell adhesion involved in neuronal-glial interactions involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
cell-cell adhesion involved in neuronal-glial interactions involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
Rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that contribute to the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that result in the extension of a leading process, where this process is involved in the movement of cells along radial glial cells.
extension of a leading process involved in cell motility in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The microtubule-mediated movement of the nucleus that is required for the movement of cells along radial glial fibers as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration.
nucleokinesis involved in cell locomotion in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
nucleokinesis involved in cell locomotion in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
nucleokinesis involved in cell motility in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The changes in the actin cytoskeleton that are necessary for the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration.
modulation of the microfilament cytoskeleton involved in cell locomotion in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
modulation of the microfilament cytoskeleton involved in cell locomotion in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex.
The process that leads to the deposition of extracellular matrix signals in the marginal zone of the developing cerebral cortex. This extracellular matrix controls the movement of migrating cells. In mammals, the matrix is modified by Cajal-Retzius cells.
extracellular matrix organisation in marginal zone involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
organization of extracellular matrix in the marginal zone involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
extracellular matrix organization in marginal zone involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The process that results in the release of migrating cells from their interaction with radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration.
down regulation of cell-glial cell adhesion involved in cerebral cortex lamination
down-regulation of cell-glial cell adhesion involved in cerebral cortex lamination
downregulation of cell-glial cell adhesion involved in cerebral cortex lamination
inhibition of cell-glial cell adhesion involved in cerebral cortex lamination
negative regulation of cell-glial cell adhesion involved in cerebral cortex lamination
The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.
down regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
down-regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
downregulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
negative regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration
inhibition of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration
negative regulation of cell locomotion involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration
The process in which neurons interact with each other to promote migration along a tangential plane.
cerebral cortex tangential migration using cell-cell interactions
The movement of cerebral cortex neuronal precursors tangentially through the cortex using interaction of the migrating cells with axons of other neurons.
cerebral cortex tangential migration using cell-axon interactions
The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the cerebral cortex, primarily guided through physical cell-cell interactions.
substrate-dependent cerebral cortex tangential migration
The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the telencephalon, primarily guided by interactions that do not require cell-cell contact.
substrate-independent telencephalic tangential migration
The migration of olfactory bulb interneuron precursors in the cerebral cortex that occurs after birth.
postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration
The directional movement of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone producing neuron from the nasal placode to the hypothalamus.
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuronal migration to the hypothalamus
The directed movement of oligodendrocytes from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex during forebrain development.
oligodendrocyte cell migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The directed movement of interneurons from the subpallium to the cortex during forebrain development.
interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The directed movement of individual interneuron precursors during the embryonic development of the olfactory bulb.
embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
The attachment of cells to one another to form groups of cells involved in cerebral cortex tangential migration.
cell-cell adhesion involved in cerebral cortex tangential migration using cell-cell interactions
The interaction of a cell and the extracellular matrix involved in the directed tangential movement of cells mediated by cell-cell interactions in the developing cerebral cortex.
cell-matrix adhesion involved in tangential migration using cell-cell interactions
The creation and reception of signals that guide olfactory bulb interneuron precursors down concentration gradients towards the olfactory bulb.
negative chemotaxis involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
chemorepulsion involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
The creation and reception of signals that result in the migration of interneuron precursors up a concentration gradient towards the olfactory bulb.
positive chemotaxis involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
chemoattraction involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
The creation and reception of signals that repel olfactory bulb interneurons from the subventricular zone as a component process in tangential migration.
negative chemotaxis involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration
chemorepulsion involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration
The signaling that results in the stimulation of cell movement in the rostral migratory stream.
motogenic signalling involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration
motogenic signaling involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration
The creation and reception of signals that result in the directional movement of interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cortex.
motogenic signalling involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
motogenic signaling involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The process in which migrating interneurons interact with an external substratum as a component of migration from the subpallium to the cortex.
interneuron-substratum interaction involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The creation and reception of signals that control the direction of migration of interneurons as a component of the process of migration from the subpallium to the cortex.
directional guidance of interneurons involved in migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The creation and reception of signals that result in the movement of interneurons toward the signal, where this process is involved in migration from the subpallium to the cortex.
positive chemotaxis involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
chemoattraction involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The creation and reception of signals that result in the movement of interneurons away from the signal during migration from the subpallium to the cortex.
negative chemotaxis involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
chemorepulsion involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The directional movement of tangentially migrating interneurons that are not guided by attaching to extracellular substrates.
substrate-independent telencephalic tangential interneuron migration
The establishment and response to guidance cues that distribute interneurons to different cerebral cortex structures.
interneuron sorting involved in substrate-independent cerebral cortex tangential migration
The response of migrating interneurons to neurotransmitters that alter electrical activity in cells in calcium dependent manner.
neurotransmitter-mediated guidance of interneurons involved in substrate-independent cerebral cortex tangential migration
The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.
The proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The neuronal progenitors of these cells will migrate radially.
The division of neuroblasts in the subpallium area of the forebrain. The interneuron precursors that these cells give rise to include GABAergic interneurons and will migrate tangentially.
neuroblast division in the ventral telencephalon
The division of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone of the forebrain. The interneuron precursors that these cells give rise to include adult olfactory bulb interneurons and migrate tangentially.
neuroblast division in subventricular zone
The division of glioblasts in the subpallium. These cells will give rise to oligodendrocytes.
glioblast division in ventral telencephalon
The division of neuroblasts in the dorsal region of the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells give rise to embryonic interneuron precursors that will migrate tangentially to the olfactory bulb.
neuroblast division in dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence
The migration of pyramidal a neuron precursor from the ventricular zone to the correct layer of the cerebral cortex.
The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration
The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state.
The directed movement of a cell into the hypothalamus region of the forebrain.
The movement of a hypothalamic neuronal precursor tangentially through the forebrain using an interaction of the migrating cells with axons of other neurons.
hypothalamic tangential migration using cell-axon interactions
The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic inhibitory neuron in the basal ganglia. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a GABAergic neuron.
GABAergic neuron differentiation in basal ganglia
The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.
The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
radial glial cell differentiation in forebrain
forebrain radial glial cell differentiation
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of neurons. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
early neuron differentiation in forebrain
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of basal progenitor cells, neuroblasts that lose their contacts with the ventricular surface. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
abventricular progenitor cell differentiation
intermediate progenitor cell differentiation
non-surface dividing progenitor cell differentiation
The mitotic division of radial glial cells in the developing forebrain.
The mitotic division of a radial glial cell giving rise to two new radial glial cells in the forebrain.
symmetric radial glial cell division in forebrain
The mitotic cell division of a radial glial cell giving rise to a radial glial cell and another cell type.
asymmetric radial glial cell division in forebrain
The unequal mitotic division of a radial glial cell in the forebrain that gives rise to a radial glial cell and a post-mitotic neuronal progenitor.
neuron-producing asymmetric radial glial cell division in forebrain
The unequal mitotic division of a forebrain radial glial cell that gives rise to a radial glial cell and a ventricular zone cell.
ventricular zone cell-producing asymmetric radial glial cell division in forebrain
The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons.
forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division
The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Cajal-Retzius cell, one of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene.
The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.
The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.
The division of a neuroblast located in the forebrain. Neuroblast division gives rise to at least another neuroblast.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the self renewal of neuroblasts in the forebrain.
Wnt receptor signalling pathway in forebrain neuroblast division
Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuroblast division
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the self renewal of neuroblasts in the forebrain.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway in forebrain neuroblast division
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuroblast division
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the self renewal of neuroblasts in the forebrain.
Notch signalling pathway in forebrain neuroblast division
Notch signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuroblast division
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
Notch signalling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
Notch signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to aneuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
The process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) in a cell that has been committed to become a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.
cell cycle arrest of committed forebrain neuronal progenitor cell
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron located in the hypothalamus. These neurons release gonadotrophin-releasing hormone as a neural transmitter.
hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron differentiation
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a hypothalamus neuron that releases gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron fate commitment
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron over time, from initial commitment of its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron development
The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.
olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation
The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.
olfactory bulb interneuron fate commitment
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation
The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron over time, from initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte residing in the forebrain. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain, from initial commitment of the cell to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The initial commitment of cells whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into some type of neuron in the forebrain.
commitment of multipotent stem cells to neuronal lineage in forebrain
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
The commitment of neuroblast to become a basal progenitor cell. Basal progenitor cells are neuronal precursor cells that are committed to becoming neurons.
The commitment of neuroepithelial cell to become a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.
early neuron fate commitment in forebrain
The commitment of neuronal precursor cells to become specialized types of neurons in the forebrain.
commitment of neuronal cell to specific neuron type in forebrain
The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.
anterior-posterior neural tube patterning
The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.
The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.
hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord anterior/posterior pattern formation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.
retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord anterior/posterior pattern formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.
hedgehog signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning
hh signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning
smoothened signalling pathway in ventral spinal cord patterning
smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the synthesis and degradation of retionic acid that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.
retinoic acid metabolism in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning
retinoic acid metabolic process in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results the commitment of a cell to become a motor neuron in the ventral spinal cord.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in spinal cord motor neuron fate specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results in the commitment of a cell to become an interneuron in the ventral spinal cord.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling that is involved in the patterns of cell differentiation in the ventral spinal cord.
down regulation of smoothened signaling pathway in ventral spinal cord patterning
down-regulation of smoothened signaling pathway in ventral spinal cord patterning
downregulation of smoothened signaling pathway in ventral spinal cord patterning
negative regulation of hedgehog signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning
negative regulation of hh signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning
negative regulation of smoothened signalling pathway in ventral spinal cord patterning
inhibition of smoothened signaling pathway in ventral spinal cord patterning
negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.
Short range signaling between cells of the paraxial mesoderm and motor neuron precursors in the spinal cord that specifies the fate of the motor column neuron precursors along the anterior-posterior axis.
inductive cell-cell signalling between paraxial mesoderm and motor neuron precursors
inductive cell-cell signaling between paraxial mesoderm and motor neuron precursors
The commitment of unspecified motor neurons to specific motor neuron cell along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord and their capacity to differentiate into specific motor neurons.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of spinal cord motor neurons to specific motor neuron types along the anterior-posterior axis.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in somatic motor neuron fate commitment
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.
BMP signaling pathway in spinal cord dorsoventral patterning
BMP signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning
BMP signalling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning
bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning
bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning
BMP signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of neuronal precursors to association neurons in the dorsal spinal cord.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in spinal cord association neuron specification
The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the dorsal spinal cord.
regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of a cell in the dorsal spinal cord that affects the rate of its division.
Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain region that is adjacent to the ventricular cavity.
cell proliferation in hindbrain ventricular zone
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere.
cell proliferation in external granule layer
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to Purkinje cells. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.
cerebellar Purkinje cell precursor proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to Golgi cells. A Golgi cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to deep nuclear neurons.
deep nuclear neuron precursor proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to basket cells. A cerebellar basket cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to stellate cells. A cerebellar stellate cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to neurons of the lateral pontine nucleus and the locus ceruleus.
rostral hindbrain neuronal precursor cell proliferation
The radially directed movement of a cell along radial glial cells in the hindbrain. Radial migration refers to a directed movement from the internal ventricular area to the outer surface of the hindbrain.
hindbrain radial glia guided cell migration
The inward migration of postmitotic granule cells along a radial glial cell from the external granule layer to the internal granule cell layer.
radial glia guided migration of cerebellar granule cell
The migration of a cell in the hindbrain in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration.
The early migration of granule cell precursors in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration and ultimately cover the superficial zone of the cerebellar primordium.
cerebellar granule cell precursor tangential migration
The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.
regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation
The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.
Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signalling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation
cerebellar Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in cerebellar granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells.
hedgehog signaling pathway involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation
hh signaling pathway involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation
smoothened signalling pathway in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation
smoothened signaling pathway involved in regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor cell proliferation
The process that mediates the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to granule cell precursors resulting in a decrease in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.
extracellular matrix-granule cell signalling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
extracellular matrix-granule cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.
up regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
up-regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
upregulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
activation of granule cell precursor proliferation
stimulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation
The process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.
down regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
down-regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
downregulation of granule cell precursor proliferation
inhibition of granule cell precursor proliferation
negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation
The migration of postmitotic a Purkinje cell along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer.
radial glia guided migration of Purkinje cell
The formation of scaffolds from a radial glial cell. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
The changes in adhesion between a neuronal cell and a glial cell as a component of the process of hindbrain glial-mediated radial cell migration.
neuronal-glial interaction involved in hindbrain glial-mediated radial cell migration
The process that increases the extent of granule cell motility using intracellular calcium signaling mechanisms during radial migration.
calcium-mediated positive regulation of granule cell migration
calcium-mediated up regulation of granule cell migration
calcium-mediated up-regulation of granule cell migration
calcium-mediated upregulation of granule cell migration
calcium-mediated activation of granule cell migration
calcium-mediated stimulation of granule cell migration
positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell migration by calcium
The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from the ventricular zone to the deep hindbrain nuclei.
The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from their ventrolateral origin to a rostrodorsal region of the cerebellar plate.
outward migration of deep nuclear neurons
The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from the rostrodorsal region of the cerebellar plate to their final more ventral position.
inward migration of deep nuclear neurons
The early migration of a precerebellar neuronal precursor in which a cell move from the rhombic lip, orthogonal to the direction of radial migration and ultimately reside in the brainstem.
brainstem precerebellar neuron precursor migration
The creation and reception of signals that repel a precerebellar neuron as a component of the process of tangential migration.
negative chemotaxis involved in precerebellar neuron migration
chemorepulsion involved in precerebellar neuron migration
The creation and reception of signals that guide a precerebellar neuron towards their signals, where this process is involved in tangential migration.
positive chemotaxis involved in precerebellar neuron migration
chemoattraction involved in precerebellar neuron migration
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.
central nervous system axon tract development
central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.
central nervous system neuron differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
central nervous system neuron development
Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.
central nervous system neuron axonogenesis
Generation of a long process that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells from a neuron located in the central nervous system whose axons remain within a single brain region.
central nervous system interneuron axonogenesis
Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion towards target cells in the medulla. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the gracilis tract, a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the lower trunk and lower limb.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion towards target cells in the medulla. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the cuneatus tract, a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the upper trunk and upper limb.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the midbrain towards target cells in the diencephalon.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the vestibular nucleus of the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the spinothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive signaling.
dorsolateral tract of Lissauer morphogenesis
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the red nucleus of the midbrain towards target cells in the spinal cord.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the spinal cord ventral commissure are generated and organized.
spinal cord ventral commissure morphogenesis
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from the cerebral cortex layer V to the spinal cord dorsal funiculus in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from its cell body in layer V through the cerebral cortex in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
corticospinal neuron axon pathfinding through the cerebral cortex
corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the cerebral cortex
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the cerebral cortex through the internal capsule in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
corticospinal neuron axon pathfinding through the internal capsule
corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the internal capsule
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the internal capsule through the cerebral peduncle in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
corticospinal neuron axon pathfinding through the cerebral peduncle
corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the cerebral peduncle
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the cerebral peduncle through the basilar pons in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
corticospinal neuron axon pathfinding through the basilar pons
corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the basilar pons
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the basilar pons through the medullary pyramid in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
corticospinal neuron axon pathfinding through the medullary pyramid
corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the medullary pyramid
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after decussation through the spinal cord in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
corticospinal neuron axon pathfinding through spinal cord
corticospinal neuron axon guidance through spinal cord
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed to cross the midline to the contralateral side.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the trigeminothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive and temperature signaling from the face.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord.
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the medulla towards target cells in the spinal cord.
medulla reticulospinal tract morphogenesis
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the superior colliculus of the midbrain towards target cells in the ventral spinal cord.
The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.
The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus.
The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the subpallium.
The migration of cells in the developing subpallium in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.
The progression of the pineal gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms.
The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.
The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.
The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.
The progression of the habenula over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The habenula is the group of nuclei that makes up the stalk of the pineal gland.
The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.
The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell.
The progression of the olfactory cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory cortex is involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and is responsible for the identification of odors.
The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The process of apical-basal elongation of individual ectodermal cells during the formation of the neural placode.
The process of expansion of cell numbers in the neural plate due to cell division of progenitor cells preferentially in the rostrocaudal direction, resulting in the elongation of the tissue.
cell proliferation involved in neural plate elongation
The process in which closure points are established at multiple points and along the neural rostrocaudal axis.
The process in which the neural folds are fused extending from the initial closure points.
The process of joining together the neural folds at either end of the neural tube.
The process in which the anterior-most portion of the neural axis is formed by closure of the anterior neuropore.
The pattern specification process in which the axes of the nervous system are established.
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random mediolateral spatial arrangement of the neural plate.
neural plate mediolateral pattern formation
neural plate mediolateral regionalization
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.
neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation
neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization
The close range interaction of the anterior neural ridge to the caudal region of the neural plate that specifies the forebrain fate.
forebrain induction by the anterior neural ridge
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which a cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate.
down regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
down-regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
downregulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
inhibition of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate
The series of molecular signals that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which a cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate, initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell.
Wnt receptor signaling involved in down regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
Wnt receptor signaling involved in down-regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
Wnt receptor signaling involved in downregulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
Wnt receptor signaling involved in negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
Wnt receptor signalling involved in negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
Wnt receptor signaling involved in inhibition of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate by Wnt receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate, generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
fgf receptor signaling involved in down regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
fgf receptor signaling involved in down-regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
fgf receptor signaling involved in downregulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
fgf receptor signaling involved in negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
fgf receptor signalling involved in negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
fgf receptor signaling involved in inhibition of anterior neural cell fate of the neural plate
negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
A developmental process occurring after the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development
A developmental process occurring before the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation involved in neural plate development
midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during neural plate development
The formation of the narrow stripe of cells that lies between the prospective dorsal and ventral thalami. This boundary contains signals that pattern the prethalamic and thalamic territories of the future mid-diencephalon.
The process of directed cell movement in the neural plate resulting in tissue elongation via intercalation of adjacent cells in an epithelial sheet at the midline, leading to narrowing and lengthening of the neural plate.
convergent extension involved in neural plate elongation
Generation of cells within the nervous system.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.
The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
myelination in peripheral nervous system
The multiplication or reproduction of subpallium cells in the forebrain, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
subpallium cell proliferation in forebrain
The multiplication or reproduction of pallium cells in the forebrain, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.
The division of a radial glial cell in the subpallium. A radial glial cell is a precursor cell that gives rise to neurons and astrocytes.
radial glial cell division in subpallium
The division of a radial glial cell in the pallium. A radial glial cell is a precursor cell that gives rise to neurons and astrocytes.
The division of a glioblast in the pallium. A glioblast is a dividing precursor cell that gives rise to glial cells.
The division of neuroblasts in the pallium. Neuroblasts are precursor cells that give rise to neurons.
The multiplication or reproduction of lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.
lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.
dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of medial ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
medial ganglionic eminence cell proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of caudal ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
caudal ganglionic eminence cell proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of septal cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a radial glial cell in the forebrain.
radial glial cell fate commitment in forebrain
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
BMP signalling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
BMP signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leukemia inhibitory factor to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
leukemia inhibitory factor signalling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
leukemia inhibitory factor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
epidermal growth factor signalling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
epidermal growth factor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment
The movement of the nucleus of the ventricular zone cell between the apical and the basal zone surfaces. Mitosis occurs when the nucleus is near the apical surface, that is, the lumen of the ventricle.
The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.
tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.
The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon.
The orderly movement of an astrocyte cell through the telencephalon.
The multiplication or reproduction of telencephalon oligodendrocyte cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
telencephalon oligodendrocyte cell migration
The orderly movement of microglial cells through the telencephalon.
The multiplication or reproduction of rhombomere cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.
The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a rhombomere cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.
regulation of rhodopsin mediated signalling
regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway
The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.
negative adaptation of signal transduction pathway
negative adaptation of signalling pathway
negative adaptation of signaling pathway
A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.
A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.
The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
cellular component disassembly at cellular level
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.
reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a single-celled organism.
reproductive process in single-celled organism
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
A reproductive process involved in viral reproduction. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chaeta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A chaeta is a sensory multicellular cuticular outgrowth of a specifically differentiated cell.
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The menstrual cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is shed if pregnancy does not occur.
A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.
negative regulation of cell shape and cell size
positive regulation of cell shape and cell size
A reproductive process that is a step in the formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell.
The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its proximal/distal axis.
establishment of proximal/distal cell polarity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
cellular component assembly at cellular level
The attachment of a multicellular organism to a substrate or other organism.
The attachment of a multicellular organism to a surface or material.
multicellular organism adhesion to substrate
The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate or other organism.
A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.
In plants and animals, dormancy may be a response to environmental conditions such as seasonality or extreme heat, drought, or cold. In plants, dormancy may involve the formation of dormant buds, and may be preceded by the senescence of plant parts such as leaves in woody plants or most of the shoot system in herbaceous perennials. The exit from dormancy in vascular plants is marked by resumed growth of buds and/or growth of vascular cambium.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.
ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly
The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere.
The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
The DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a generative cell. The generative cell gives rise to the sperm cells in the male gametophyte.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vegetative cell. The vegetative cell is gives rise to the pollen tube.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the shoot system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the root system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A multisubunit complex that recognizes and unfolds core proteasome substrate proteins, and translocates them to the core complex in an ATP dependent manner.
proteasome-activating nucleotidase complex
A protein complex, that caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex and regulates entry into, or exit from, the proteasome core complex.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome contained within a chloroplast.
chloroplast ribosomal large subunit complex
The small subunit of a ribosome contained within a chloroplast.
chloroplast ribosomal small subunit complex
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, down the solute's concentration gradient.
passive transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
active transmembrane transporter activity
This is a type of carrier produced by bacteria. It enables passive transport by shielding the ion that is being transported from the lipid membrane. It carries an ion across the membrane by enclosing the ion and travelling across the membrane. It does not form a fully open pore across the membrane.
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.
membrane potential driven uniporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a single solute from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transfer of a large uncharged polar molecule from one side of a membrane to the other.
This term was made obsolete because 'large uncharged polar molecule' is not a useful chemical grouping term.
large uncharged polar molecule transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the active transport of a sodium ion across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.
Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.
Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor activity
This term was made obsolete because it was a placeholder during work on transporter terms, and was not defined.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to phosphorylation of one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that opens in response to a particular stimulus.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
extracellular substance gated channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.
Catalysis of energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a specific solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.
Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.
Catalysis of the transport of a potassium ion across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.
Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that may be gated or ungated.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when acetylcholine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when serotonin has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when GABA has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
glycine-gated chloride ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
active ion transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the transfer of a large uncharged polar molecule from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
active large uncharged polar molecule transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + glucose(out) = protein histidine + glucose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-glucose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sorbitol(out) = protein histidine + sorbitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sorbitol phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the transfer of alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid.
alanine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to dephosphorylation of one of its constituent parts.
dephosphorylation-gated channel activity
Enables electron flow across a biological membrane, from donors localized on one side of the membrane to acceptors localized on the other side. These systems contribute to or subtract from the membrane potential, depending on the direction of electron flow. They are therefore important to cellular energetics.
Enables transfer of one electron across a membrane.
transmembrane one-electron transfer carrier
transmembrane 1-electron transfer carrier
Enables transfer of two electrons across a membrane.
transmembrane two-electron transfer carrier
transmembrane 2-electron transfer carrier
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + lactose(out) = protein histidine + lactose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-lactose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + mannose(out) = protein histidine + mannose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-mannose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sorbose(out) = protein histidine + sorbose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sorbose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + mannitol(out) = protein histidine + mannitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-mannitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + maltose(out) = protein histidine + maltose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-maltose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + cellobiose(out) = protein histidine + cellobiose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-cellobiose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + galactitol(out) = protein histidine + galactitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-galactitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + galactosamine(out) = protein histidine + galactosamine phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-galactosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + fructose(out) = protein histidine + fructose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-fructose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sucrose(out) = protein histidine + sucrose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + trehalose(out) = protein histidine + trehalose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-trehalose phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + N-acetylglucosamine(out) = protein histidine + N-acetylglucosamine phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
N-acetylglucosamine PTS transporter activity
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + N-acetylgalactosamine(out) = protein histidine + N-acetylgalactosamine phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
N-acetylgalactosamine PTS transporter activity
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-N-acetylgalactosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + beta-glucoside(out) = protein histidine + beta-glucoside phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-beta-glucoside phosphotransferase system transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
zinc efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of the membrane to the other.
macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a bacteriocin from one side of the membrane to the other.
bacteriocin transmembrane transporter activity
Enables transport of a solute across a membrane. This kind of transporter interacts much more weakly with the solute than the carrier does. It is an aqueous pore that extends across the membrane. It may change from closed to open and back. It transports faster than a carrier. It is always passive.
Catalysis of the transfer of serine from one side of a membrane to the other. Serine is 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
serine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other.
substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of a specific substance or group of related substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Catalysis of the low-affinity transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
low-affinity tryptophan permease activity
low-affinity tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 20 to 85 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
IK calcium-activated potassium channel activity
Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by proton movement.
proton-dependent peptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of transmembrane transporter activity
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Migration of the nuclei of the two-nucleate embryo sac to opposite poles of the cell.
nuclear migration to female gametophyte poles
nuclear migration to megagametophyte poles
nucleus migration to female gametophyte poles
nucleus migration to megagametophyte poles
Migration of one of the four nuclei at each pole of the eight-nucleate embryo sac, to the center of the cell.
nuclear migration to the embryo sac centre
nuclear migration to the female gametophyte center
nuclear migration to the female gametophyte centre
nuclear migration to the megagametophyte center
nuclear migration to the megagametophyte centre
nucleus migration to the female gametophyte center
nucleus migration to the female gametophyte centre
nuclear migration to the embryo sac center
OBSOLETE. Any process that initiates the dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway through stimulation of the dopamine receptor.
activation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway
stimulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway
initiation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway
activation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway
OBSOLETE. The process in which a neurotransmitter signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. The process in which an amino acid signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. Binding of a diffusible ligand to a T cell receptor as part of a signaling process.
This term was made obsolete because it is describing a binding molecular function.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal causes activation of T cell receptor signaling.
initiation of T cell receptor signalling
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the initiation of T cell receptor signaling.
regulation of initiation of T cell receptor signalling
regulation of initiation of T cell receptor signaling
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the initiation of T cell receptor signaling.
positive regulation of initiation of T cell receptor signalling
positive regulation of initiation of T cell receptor signaling
OBSOLETE. The process in which binding of an MHC complex to T cell receptor causes activation of T cell receptor signaling.
initiation of T cell receptor signalling by binding of a MHC complex to T cell receptor
initiation of T cell receptor signaling by binding of a MHC complex to T cell receptor
A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate.
signal transduction via phosphorylation event
signal transmission via phosphorylation event
A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups by a kinase to a residue in the same kinase molecule transmits a signal. For example, ligand-binding can induce autophosphorylation of the activated receptor, creating binding sites for intracellular signaling molecules.
signal transduction via a cis-phosphorylation event
signal transmission via a cis-phosphorylation event
signal transmission via auto-phosphorylation
signal transduction by cis-phosphorylation
A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups by a kinase to a residue in a different molecule transmits a signal.
signal transduction via a trans-phosphorylation event
signal transmission via a trans-phosphorylation event
signal transduction by trans-phosphorylation
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via a diffusible molecule.
signal transmission via diffusible molecule
OBSOLETE. The process in which signal transmission via a diffusible molecule is initiated by a T cell.
T cell activation of signal transmission via diffusible molecule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission
signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a T cell signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
regulation of gene expression as a consequence of T cell signal transmission
The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.
Note that this term encompasses both the control point when the instruction is given for the process to cease and the actual cessation of the process. A process can persist for some time after that signal that induced the process is withdrawn.
The signaling process in which T cell signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.
termination of T cell signal transduction
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the major histocompatibility complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the class I major histocompatibility complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the class Ib major histocompatibility complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the class II major histocompatibility complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules via the antigen binding groove.
MHC class I protein binding, via antigen binding groove
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules via the lateral surface.
MHC class I protein binding, via lateral surface
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the antigen binding groove.
MHC class Ib protein binding, via antigen binding groove
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the lateral surface.
MHC class Ib protein binding, via lateral surface
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal causes activation of a receptor, for example, via a conformation change.
This term was made obsolete because the meaning of the term is ambiguous. Note that this term was intended for the annotation of both ligands and receptors.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a light signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a diffusible signal causes activation of a receptor.
signal initiation by diffusible mediator
OBSOLETE. The process in which a physical damage signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. The process in which information is sent from one location to another, within a living organism or between living organisms, via ionic flux.
The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.
OBSOLETE. The process in which information is sent from one location to another, within a living organism or between living organisms, via a protein/peptide mediator.
OBSOLETE. The process in which information is sent from one location to another, within a living organism or between living organisms, via a lipid mediator.
OBSOLETE. The process in which information is sent from one location to another, within a living organism or between living organisms, via a chemical mediator.
A process where induction of a conformational change in a molecule transmits a signal to that molecule.
signal transduction via conformational transition
signal transmission via conformational transition
signal transduction by conformational transition
OBSOLETE. The process in which a chemical signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a lipid signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a protein/peptide signal causes activation of a receptor.
signal initiation by protein/peptide mediator
OBSOLETE. The steps whereby the downstream processes started by a signal are brought to a conclusion. Examples include destruction of cAMP by PDE, or endocytosis resulting from receptor phosphorylation. The termination process ends when the receptor has returned to its inactive state.
This term was made obsolete because the term is no longer needed.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a mechanical signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a stretch signal causes activation of a receptor.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is initiated by a peptide hormone.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
positive regulation of signalling process
positive regulation of signaling process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
negative regulation of signaling process
negative regulation of signalling process
The regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.
The positive regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.
positive adaptation of signalling pathway
positive adaptation of signaling pathway
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via transcytosis. Transcytosis is the directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via blood.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via the vascular system.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via the lymphatic system.
signal transmission via lymphatic system
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via the phloem.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via the xylem.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is conveyed via the air.
The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations at the level of a cell.
cellular monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent or trivalent cations at the level of a cell.
cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis
OBSOLETE. Regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of ions of a heavy metal, a metal that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell.
A large complex present on the cis-Golgi that acts prior to SNARE complex assembly to mediate vesicle docking and fusion. Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity has been demonstrated for this complex in S. cerevisiae.
OBSOLETE. A cofactor for the serine protease complement factor I.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
The evolutionarily conserved CCR4-NOT complex is involved in several aspects of mRNA metabolism, including repression and activation of mRNA initiation, control of mRNA elongation, and the deadenylation and subsequent degradation of mRNA. In Saccharomyces the CCR4-NOT complex comprises a core complex of 9 proteins (Ccr4p, Caf1p, Caf40p, Caf130p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p), Caf4p, Caf16p, and several less well characterized proteins.
The core of the CCR4-NOT complex. In Saccharomyces the CCR4-NOT core complex comprises Ccr4p, Caf1p, Caf40p, Caf130p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p.
The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage of Arg-Xaa, Lys-Xaa, but with more restricted specificity than trypsin.
mast cell serine proteinase tryptase activity
A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress.
extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength
A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist compressive forces; often a proteoglycan.
extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring compression resistance
OBSOLETE. A constituent of the extracellular matrix that facilitates attachment of cells to the matrix.
adhesive extracellular matrix constituent
A component of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.
extracellular matrix constituent conferring elasticity
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of manganese ions at the level of a cell.
A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
cell projection organization and biogenesis
cell surface structure organization and biogenesis
Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
Assembly of the parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.
Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.
Although in some literature 'microspike' and 'filopodium' are used synonymously, in GO microspike refers to a cell projection that is distinct from a filopodium. For the assembly of filopodia, use 'filopodium assembly ; GO:0046847'.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
The cell cycle process in which rearrangement of the spatial distribution of actin filaments and associated proteins occurs.
actin filament reorganisation involved in cell cycle
actin filament reorganization during cell cycle
actin filament reorganization involved in cell cycle
Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.
contractile actin filament bundle assembly
Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.
Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.
The severing of actin filaments into numerous short fragments, usually mediated by actin severing proteins.
Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.
Covalent modification of an actin molecule.
Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.
The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.
Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
OBSOLETE. Interacts selectively with the immunosuppressant FK506, and possesses peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity (catalysis of the reaction: peptidoproline (omega=180) = peptidylproline (omega=0)).
OBSOLETE. A peptidyl-prolyl isomerase isolated from Escherichia coli. It does not have any function as an immunophilin.
OBSOLETE. Any member of a family of receptors that includes the major FK506 binding protein FKBP and cyclophilin. These two proteins are unrelated in amino-acid sequence, but both possess peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity which is blocked by immunosuppressants that block signal-transduction pathways leading to T cell activation such as FK506 and rapamycin, which block FKBP, or cyclosporin A, which blocks cyclophilin.
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
A cell-substrate junction that forms a point of contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the basal lamina. Morphologically resembles desmosomes; attached to intermediate filaments.
A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.
Catalysis of the reaction: R-CH2-NH2 + H2O + acceptor = R-CHO + NH3 + reduced acceptor.
amine: (acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)
primary-amine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)
primary-amine:acceptor oxidoreductase (deaminating)
This term represents a transferred EC activity and is scheduled for obsoletion.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + arCH(2)NH(2) + 2 azurin = 2 reduced azurin + ArCHO + NH(3). The symbol arCH(2)NH(2) represents an aralkylamine and ArCHO is an aryl aldehyde.
aralkylamine:(azurin) oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
aromatic amine dehydrogenase (azurin) activity
dehydrogenase, arylamine (azurin) activity
tyramine dehydrogenase (azurin) activity
aralkylamine dehydrogenase (azurin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.
NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent malic dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase activity
Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria.
Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the mitochondrion, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex
OBSOLETE. A structure formed of the cross-linked polymer peptidoglycan (also called murein) that forms a covalently closed net around a bacterial cell, and imparts structural stability to the bacterial cell wall.
OBSOLETE. The peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.
The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell or organ.
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin.
OBSOLETE. A thylakoid; as in, but not restricted to, the purple bacteria and relatives (Proteobacteria, ncbi_taxonomy_id:1224).
This term was made obsolete because thylakoids are not found in organisms of the Phylum Proteobacteria.
A thylakoid that is derived from and attached to, but not necessarily continuous with, the plasma membrane, and is not enclosed in a plastid. It bears the photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
A protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center.
A plasma membrane protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. Examples of this complex are found in bacterial species.
plasma membrane light-harvesting complex
Light harvesting complex associated with the reaction complex of photosynthetic purple bacteria.
Bacteriochlorophyll a binding complex that is peripherally associated to the bacterial reaction center.
light-harvesting complex, peripheral complex
Protein complex that surrounds and transfers excitation energy directly to the bacterial reaction center; binds bacteriochlorophyll a and has a single absorption band between 870 and 890 nm.
Protein-pigment complex that absorbs light at 800 and 820 nm; is peripherally associated to the bacterial reaction center; transfers excitation energy to the B875 antenna complex.
Protein-pigment complex that absorbs light at 800 and 850 nm; is peripherally associated to the bacterial reaction center; transfers excitation energy to the B875 antenna complex.
A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem I associated light-harvesting complex I; contains two proteins (usually about 24 and 21.5 kDa); has a fluorescence maximum between 680 and 690 nm.
PSI associated light-harvesting complex I, LHCIa subcomplex
A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem I associated light-harvesting complex I; contains two proteins (usually about 20 kDa); has a fluorescence maximum of 730 nm.
PSI associated light-harvesting complex I, LHCIb subcomplex
A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem II associated light-harvesting complex II; contains two proteins (usually about 28 and 27 kDa), and may contain a third; peripherally located relative to other LHC polypeptides.
PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, peripheral complex, LHCIIb subcomplex
This term was made obsolete because the 'complex' it refers to contains only one gene product.
Any of the granules, approximately 32 nm x 48 nm and consisting of highly aggregated phycobiliproteins, that are attached in arrays to the external face of a thylakoid membrane in algae of the phyla Cyanophyta and Rhodophyta, where they function as light-harvesting devices in photosynthesis. Excitation energy in the phycobilisome flows in the sequence: phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin before passing to the antenna chlorophyll of photosystem II.
The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a flagellum.
Photosystem located in the chloroplast that functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A protein complex located in the plasma membrane-derived thylakoid. The photosystem functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. Examples of this complex are found in bacterial species.
An integral chloroplast membrane complex containing the P680 reaction center. In the light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone.
A protein complex, located in the membrane-derived thylakoid, containing the P680 reaction center. In the light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone.
plasma membrane-derived thylakoid photosystem II
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The regulated release of vasopressin from secretory granules into the blood.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell.
OBSOLETE. Extreme immunological sensitivity of the body or tissues to the reintroduction of an antigen. It is a form of anamnestic reaction and is accompanied by pathological changes in tissues or organs due to the release of pharmacologically active substances.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a an abnormal process that is harmful to the organism.
OBSOLETE. A major histocompatibility complex class I receptor. These display processed antigens from the endocytosed bacteria. MHC class I proteins can form complexes with processed antigen peptides only if the antigen is synthesized in the same cell. As a consequence, T lymphocytes can only bind to class-I-positive cells that are synthesizing the antigen (e.g. virus-infected cells).
major histocompatibility complex class I receptor
This term was made obsolete because the definition is ambiguous and contains incorrect information. To update annotations of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class I protein complexes, use the molecular function term 'MHC class I receptor activity ; GO:0032393'; to update annotations of gene products which are components of MHC class I protein complexes, use the cellular component term 'MHC class I protein complex ; GO:0042612'.
Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.
HLA-A specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity
Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.
HLA-A specific activating MHC class I receptor activity
Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-B subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.
HLA-B specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity
Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-C subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.
HLA-C specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway.
regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway
regulation of frizzled signaling pathway
regulation of frizzled signalling pathway
regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
A viscous, carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell.
A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell. Specifically this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
A crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.
A growth factor that binds selectively and non-covalently to glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptors.
glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor ligand
glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding
Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules.
A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes.
Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).
A membrane coat found on a coated vesicle.
A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).
A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).
A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).
An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta4, epsilon, mu4 and sigma4 subunits and is found associated with membranes in the trans-Golgi network; it is not clear whether AP-4 forms clathrin coats in vivo.
One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state.
One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state.
A clathrin coat found on an endocytic vesicle.
A clathrin coat found on a synaptic vesicle.
A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network.
clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle
A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane.
The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex.
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, or to destinations within or outside the cell.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'secretory granule ; GO:0030141'.
A vesicle that mediates transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex; bears a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins; such vesicles found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state, and are involved in ER to Golgi (anterograde) vesicle transport.
ER to Golgi constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport vesicle
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport vesicle
Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins.
A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.
A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.
A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.
trans-Golgi network constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.
Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'transport vesicle ; GO:0030133'.
A vesicle that mediates transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi to ER constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle
Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle
A vesicle that mediates transport of cargo within the Golgi complex (for example, between cisternae of the Golgi stack).
inter-Golgi transport constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:6-[2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-alpha-D-mannosyl]-glycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-mannoside-beta-1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-mannoside-beta1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,3(6)-mannosylglycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-mannoside beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-alpha-mannoside beta-1->6-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-alpha-mannoside beta1->6-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V activity
alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with manganese (Mn) ions.
OBSOLETE. The process of renal water excretion.
positive regulation of renal water excretion
OBSOLETE. The process of renal sodium excretion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together.
protein transport into mitochondrial matrix
protein import into mitochondrial matrix
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with molybdenum (Mo) ions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriocin, any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.
A process that mediates resistance to a bacteriocin: any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
cell adhesion receptor regulator activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR).
The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.
UDP-D-xylose:core protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase activity
UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase activity
UDP-D-xylose:protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase activity
UDP-D-xylose:proteoglycan core protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase activity
UDP-xylose-core protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoxylose-core protein beta-xylosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoxylose-protein xylosyltransferase activity
Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.
receptor signaling complex scaffold protein activity
receptor signalling complex scaffold activity
receptor signaling complex scaffold activity
Functions as a physical support bridging the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-PSD-95-GKAP complex and the mGluR-Homer complex, which are involved in receptor signaling in synapses.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the enzyme calpain, which catalyzes of the preferential cleavage of Tyr-Xaa, Met-Xaa or Arg-Xaa with Leu or Val as the P2 residue.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a regulator of a non-existent molecular function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children.
Structural change in proteins which destroys the native, active configuration without rupture of peptide bonds.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a low-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle that is rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides, is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE, and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm.
low-density lipoprotein particle binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
voltage-dependent proton channel activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with troponin C, the calcium-binding subunit of the troponin complex.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the Golgi complex membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.
regulation of DNA replication initiation
regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
Thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone; usually approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, can be up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contains a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
integral to endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of frizzled signaling pathway
positive regulation of frizzled signalling pathway
up regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
up regulation of frizzled signaling pathway
up-regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of frizzled signaling pathway
upregulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of frizzled signaling pathway
activation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
activation of frizzled signaling pathway
stimulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of frizzled signaling pathway
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity.
down regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
down regulation of frizzled signaling pathway
down-regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of frizzled signaling pathway
downregulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of frizzled signaling pathway
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of frizzled signaling pathway
negative regulation of frizzled signalling pathway
inhibition of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
inhibition of frizzled signaling pathway
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
OBSOLETE. Exchange diffusion of two solutes between the inside and outside of a cell or subcellular compartment, in which movement of one solute down a concentration gradient drives movement of the other solute in the opposite direction.
OBSOLETE. Exchange diffusion sodium and calcium ions in which influx of sodium ions to the cytosol drives the efflux of calcium ions from the cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
Enables the directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, from one side of a membrane to the other.
nitric oxide transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
OBSOLETE. Modulates the activity of a molecular chaperone.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a obsolete molecular function term, 'chaperone activity'.
OBSOLETE. Increases the activity of a molecular chaperone.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a molecular chaperone.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of chaperones of the Hsp70/Hsc70 class.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to a non-existent molecular function term, 'Hsp70/Hsc70 protein activity'.
OBSOLETE. Modulates the activity of chaperones of the Hsp70/Hsc70 class.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
positive regulation of blood coagulation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
negative regulation of blood coagulation
Catalysis of the reaction: formamide = H(2)O + hydrogen cyanide.
Functions as a lubricant for an extracellular matrix, such as a mucous membrane.
extracellular matrix constituent, lubricant activity
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan degradation
heparan sulphate proteoglycan catabolic process
heparan sulphate proteoglycan catabolism
heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.
heparan sulphate proteoglycan metabolic process
heparan sulphate proteoglycan metabolism
heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
chondroitin sulphate biosynthetic process
chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
chondroitin sulfate B biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with semaphorin receptors.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that the term 'thymocyte differentiation' was merged into this term because thymocytes are T cells, and thus the term was essentially redundant. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.
The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.
Combining with an apolipoprotein to initiate a change in cell activity.
OBSOLETE. Combining with apolipoprotein E to initiate a change in cell activity.
This term was made obsolete because no known receptor binds apolipoprotein E; instead, receptors bind holo-lipoprotein E (apolipoprotein E + bound lipid).
Combining with a lipoprotein particle and delivering the lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.
plasma lipoprotein particle receptor activity
This term is intended for cell surface receptors that bind and internalize a lipoprotein particle. For members of the lipoprotein receptor family that transduce a signal rather than endocytose their ligand, consider instead the terms 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children, or 'reelin receptor activity ; GO:0038025'.
Combining with a very-low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the very-low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.
very-low-density lipoprotein receptor activity
very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity
Transcription factor complex that binds to the insulin control element (ICE), a DNA sequence element found within the 5'-flanking region of the insulin gene, and activates ICE-mediated transcription.
insulin control element activator complex
Catalyzes transport of all four deoxy (d) NDPs, and, less efficiently, the corresponding dNTPs, in exchange for dNDPs, ADP, or ATP.
deoxynucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
Modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase.
nitric oxide synthase regulator activity
See also 'regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity ; GO:0050999'.
nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity
The specification of female sex of an individual organism.
The specification of male sex of an individual organism.
Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.
skeletal muscle myosin thick filament assembly
The process in which peroxisomes are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing nutrient conditions.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any polysaccharide, a polymer of more than 20 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cellulose.
Modulates the activity of guanylate cyclase.
Increases the activity of guanylate cyclase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of guanylate cyclase.
The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.
The process in which proteins are secreted into the extracellular milieu via the type I secretion system; secretion occurs in a continuous process without the distinct presence of periplasmic intermediates and does not involve proteolytic processing of secreted proteins.
protein secretion by the type I protein secretion system
Note that this term represents an activity and not a cellular structure. Consider also annotating to the cellular component term 'type I protein secretion system complex ; GO:0030256'.
protein secretion by the type I secretion system
The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells by the bacterial type III secretion system; secretion occurs in a continuous process without the distinct presence of periplasmic intermediates and does not involve proteolytic processing of secreted proteins.
protein secretion by the type III protein secretion system
Note that this term represents an activity and not a cellular structure. Consider also annotating to the cellular component term 'type III protein secretion system complex ; GO:0030257'. Note that this term is used for annotation of proteins that compose the secretion complex but not the proteins being secreted.
protein secretion by the type III secretion system
The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells, via the type IV protein secretion system.
protein secretion by the type IV protein secretion system
Note that this term represents an activity and not a cellular structure. Consider also annotating to the cellular component term 'type IV protein secretion system complex ; GO:0043684'.
protein secretion by the type IV secretion system
A complex of three secretory proteins that carry out secretion in the type I secretion system: an inner membrane transport ATPase (termed ABC protein for ATP-binding cassette), which provides the energy for protein secretion; an outer membrane protein, which is exported via the sec pathway; and a membrane fusion protein, which is anchored in the inner membrane and spans the periplasmic space.
A complex of approximately 20 proteins, most of which are located in the cytoplasmic membrane that carries out protein secretion in the bacterial type III secretion system; type III secretion also requires a cytoplasmic, probably membrane-associated ATPase.
type III protein secretion system complex
The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.
Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule.
The invasion by an organism of a cell of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level and that contribute to the execution phase of apoptosis.
The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.
The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA.
nuclear fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a rhodopsin molecule being activated by a photon, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
PLC-activating rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway
phospholipase C-activating rhodopsin mediated G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
rhodopsin mediated G protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger
rhodopsin mediated G protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger
rhodopsin mediated G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger
rhodopsin mediated G-protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger
phospholipase C-activating rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway
Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-quinate + NAD+ = (-)-3-dehydroquinate + NADH + H+.
quinate:NAD(+) 3-oxidoreductase activity
quinate:NAD(+) 5-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NADP+ = glyoxylate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F420 + 2 H(+) = 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + reduced coenzyme F420.
5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-F420 oxidoreductase activity
N(5),N(10)-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme M = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + methyl-coenzyme M. 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate is also known as methyl-CoM.
5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate 2-methyltransferase activity
N(5)-methyltetrahydromethanopterin--coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
N5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin--coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
tetrahydromethanopterin methyltransferase activity
tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + N-formylmethanofuran + H(+) = N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + methanofuran.
N-formylmethanofuran(CHO-MFR):tetrahydromethanopterin(H4MPT) formyltransferase activity
formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase activity
formylmethanofuran:5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin 5-formyltransferase activity
formylmethanofuran:5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin N5-formyltransferase activity
formylmethanofuran:tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase activity
formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the preferential cleavage: Phe-Xaa > Tyr-Xaa > Trp-Xaa > Leu-Xaa.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formyltetrahydrofolate + ATP = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + H(+) + phosphate.
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity
5-Formyltetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase activity
5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming)
formyltetrahydrofolic cyclodehydrase activity
5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase activity
Combining with the cyclic peptide hormone melanin-concentrating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
melanin-concentrating hormone receptor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a LRR domain (leucine rich repeats) of a protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles.
Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.
maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation.
negative regulation of bone biosynthesis
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an epidermal cutaneous structure.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of cutaneous epidermal structures such as hairs, scales, or feathers.
structural constituent of cutaneous appendage
The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue.
Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD(P)+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NAD(P)H + H+.
3(or 17)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3(or 17)beta-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
testosterone dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activity
Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.
For estrogen receptors that function within the nucleus to modulate transcription, consider instead annotating to the child terms 'estrogen-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0038052' or 'estrogen-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038053'.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a synaptic vesicle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity.
The region between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, as found in organisms such as yeast and Gram positive bacteria. The region is thinner than the equivalent in Gram negative bacteria.
The region between the inner (cytoplasmic or plasma) membrane and outer membrane of organisms with two membranes such as Gram negative bacteria. These periplasmic spaces are relatively thick and contain a thin cell wall.
outer membrane bounded periplasmic space
outer membrane-enclosed periplasmic space
outer membrane-bounded periplasmic space
The complex formed by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 plus a regulatory subunit.
Any of a group of peptide cofactors of enzymes for the lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids. They stimulate various enzymes, including glucosylceramidase, galactosylceramidase, cerebroside-sulfatase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.
protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase.
protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase.
receptor signalling protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity
receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity
Increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.
protein tyrosine kinase activator activity
Increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity
Increases the activity of a receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase.
receptor signalling protein tyrosine kinase activator activity
receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activator activity
Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption.
regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption
The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a deoxynucleotide, a deoxyribonucleoside in ester linkage to phosphate, commonly at the 5' position of deoxyribose, into, out of or within a cell.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of peptide bonds in collagen with preferential cleavage where P1', P2' and P3' are hydrophobic residues; action on collagen types III, IV and V is weak.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the serine endopeptidase trypsin.
Catalysis of the cleavage of heparan sulfate; can degrade both heparan sulfate and heparin glycosaminoglycan chains.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ARF, ADP-ribosylation factor, a small monomeric cytosolic GTPase that, when bound to GTP, binds to the membranes of cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.
poly-N-acetyllactosamine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.
poly-N-acetyllactosamine catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.
poly-N-acetyllactosamine biosynthetic process
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell.
An envelope that surrounds a bacterial cell and includes the cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
Complex formed in muscle cells between the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and invaginations of the plasma membrane (T-tubules).
Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.
OBSOLETE. Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent or trivalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell.
This term was made obsolete because it has been split.
cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell.
cellular monovalent inorganic anion homeostasis
The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.
The accomplishment of a non-fluctuating membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an estrogen receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
An enzyme regulator activity that increases the processivity of polymerization by DNA polymerase, by allowing the polymerase to move rapidly along DNA while remaining topologically bound to it.
DNA polymerase processivity factor activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = CMP-N-glycoloylneuraminate + NADP+ + H2O.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate hydroxylase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate,ferrocytochrome-b5:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-acetyl-hydroxylating)
CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase activity
N-acetylneuraminic monooxygenase activity
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate monooxygenase activity
cytidine-5'-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain-acyl ethyl ester + H2O = a long-chain carboxylic acid + ethanol.
long-chain-fatty-acyl-ethyl-ester acylhydrolase activity
fatty-acyl-ethyl-ester synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hyaluronate = n 3-(4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
glucuronoglycosaminoglycan lyase activity
hyaluronidase [but cf. EC 3.2.1.35 (hyalurononglucosaminidase) and EC 3.2.1.36 (hyaluronoglucuronidase)]
Catalysis of the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 1-alpha,25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; calcitriol).
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: vitamin D3 + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcidiol + NADP+ + H2O.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of tooth enamel.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme protein phosphatase 2B.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-3.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + phosphate.
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate + phosphate.
inositol-1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate 6-phosphatase activity
Interacts with the fibroblast growth factor receptor to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist.
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist activity
The action characteristic of melanin-concentrating hormone, a cyclic peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, induces melanin aggregation in melanocytes, and is also involved in regulating food intake and energy balance in mammals.
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B.
protein phosphatase type 2B, intrinsic regulator activity
protein phosphatase type 2B regulator activity
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 4.
protein phosphatase type 4, intrinsic regulator activity
protein phosphatase type 4 regulator activity
OBSOLETE. Any activity required for the process of mRNA cleavage.
OBSOLETE. A factor required in mRNA 3' end processing for both the cleavage and poly(A) addition reactions and, consistent with this function, recognizes AAUAAA, a signal also essential for both reactions.
cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor activity
cleavage/polyadenylation specificity factor activity
OBSOLETE. A factor is necessary for cleavage but not for poly(A) addition in mRNA 3' end processing; can stimulate poly(A) addition on substrates with a CstF binding site upstream of the AAUAAA hexanucleotide.
Catalysis of the conversion of precursor Z to molybdopterin, the final step in molybdopterin biosynthesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-17 receptor.
Combining with any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with ICAM-3, intercellular adhesion molecule 3, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. ICAM-3, or CD50, are constitutively expressed on monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes; on physiological stimulation, they become transiently phosphorylated on serine residues.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with receptors for intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3), such as DC-SIGN and LFA-1.
intercellular adhesion molecule-3 receptor ligand
intercellular adhesion molecule-3 receptor binding
Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor.
high molecular weight B lymphocyte growth factor receptor binding
high molecular weight B-cell growth factor receptor binding
high molecular weight B-lymphocyte growth factor receptor binding
high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor ligand
high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor binding
Combining with a high molecular weight B cell growth factor and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
high molecular weight B lymphocyte growth factor receptor activity
high molecular weight B-cell growth factor receptor activity
high molecular weight B-lymphocyte growth factor receptor activity
high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor activity
The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself.
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription co-activator activity
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity
The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjunction with a thyroid hormone-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself.
thyroid hormone receptor co-activator activity
thyroid hormone receptor coactivator activity
Combining with the urokinase plasminogen activator to initiate a change in cell activity.
urokinase plasminogen activator receptor
U-plasminogen activator receptor activity
Catalysis of the synthesis of free D-serine from L-serine.
Combining with neurotensin, a neuropeptide active in the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of coupling to G proteins.
neurotensin receptor activity, non G protein coupled
non G protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity
non-G-protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity
non-G-protein-coupled neurotensin receptor activity
neurotensin receptor activity, non-G-protein coupled
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-17E receptor.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the structural pattern of a chorion-containing eggshell such as those found in insects.
chorion-containing eggshell pattern formation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of sperm mitochondria; the process in which they take on their characteristic morphology; they are flattened, elongated, and arranged circumferentially into a tight helical coil around the tail-dense fibers of the mature sperm.
sperm mitochondria organization and biogenesis
sperm mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
OBSOLETE. Any interaction between a pathogen and its host organism.
Catalysis of the two-electron reduction of the disulfide of thioredoxins with electrons from ferredoxin involving a 4Fe-4S cluster and an adjacent active-site disulfide.
ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase activity
A protein complex that possesses ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase activity.
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function possessed by this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase activity ; GO:0030385'.
ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase complex
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of fructosamine to form fructosamine-3-kinase.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructoselysine, a fructose molecule containing a lysine group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructoseglycine, a fructose molecule containing a glycine group in place of a hydroxyl group.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, the carbohydrate of milk.
The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.
The controlled breakdown of the membranes of cargo-carrying vesicles formed during peroxisome degradation.
The controlled breakdown of the membranes of autophagic vacuoles.
OBSOLETE. A recruiting factor or adaptor molecule associated with the proteasome that activates degradation of specific proteasomal substrates and links them to the degradation machinery; it is not involved in ubiquitination; does not possess proteolytic activity.
protease substrate recruitment factor activity
OBSOLETE. Functions to prevent the termination of RNA synthesis. Acts as a regulatory device, e.g. in phage lambda, enabling a terminator to be masked from RNA polymerase so that distal genes can be expressed.
Catalysis of the transfer of a formimino group from 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate to an acceptor molecule such as an amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + glycine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoylglycine.
5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate:glycine N-formimidoyltransferase activity
formiminoglycine formiminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate = tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate.
5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate:L-glutamate N-formimidoyltransferase activity
formiminoglutamic acid transferase activity
formiminoglutamic formiminotransferase activity
glutamate formimidoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 3 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + 3 H(+) + nicotianamine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine 3-amino-3-carboxypropyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: scytalone = 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene + H(2)O.
scytalone 7,8-hydro-lyase (1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + 2 H(+) = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NH(4)(+).
5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate ammonia-lyase (cyclizing)
5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate ammonia-lyase (cyclizing; 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate-forming)
formiminotetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase activity
formimidoyltetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase activity
A small peptide excreted by a naturally transformable bacterium (e.g. Bacillus subtilis) that transmits a signal required for the establishment of competence.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the enzyme carboxypeptidase A.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylamine (CH3NH2).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotianamine, 2(S),3'2(S),3''(S)-N-(N-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotianamine, 2(S),3'2(S),3''(S)-N-(N-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotianamine, 2(S),3'2(S),3''(S)-N-(N-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.
The process in which a naturally transformable bacterium acquires the ability to take up exogenous DNA. This term should be applied only to naturally transformable bacteria, and should not be used in the context of artificially induced bacterial transformation.
establishment of competence for transformation
Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides, in the context of RNA interference.
RNA interference, production of guide RNAs
production of guide RNAs involved in RNA interference
production of siRNA involved in RNA interference
The process in which small interfering RNAs target cognate mRNA molecules for degradation.
RNA interference, targeting of mRNA for destruction
targeting of mRNA for destruction involved in RNA interference
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite.
Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.
A structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine.
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.
A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. This process acts on misfolded proteins as well as in the regulated degradation of correctly folded proteins.
endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein catabolic process
endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein catabolism
See also the biological process terms 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968' and 'retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol ; GO:0030970'.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a cellular spore, a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
Note that the synonym 'spore differentiation', like the term name and definition, refers to differentiation into a spore rather than any subsequent developmental changes that a spore may undergo.
sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
The formation of spores derived from the products of mitosis. Examples of this process are found in Bacterial species.
The process in which cells that are products of meiosis acquire the specialized features of ascospores. Ascospores are generally found in clusters of four or eight spores within a single mother cell, the ascus, and are characteristic of the ascomycete fungi (phylum Ascomycota).
Note that ascospores and asci are separate biological structures. The ascus is the structure that contain the ascospores, but the development of the ascus is a different process than the formation of the ascospores themselves; for instance, some mutations affect sporulation without affecting ascus development. For this reason, GO:0030437 ascospore formation and GO:0075317 ascus development are different terms and are not linked.
MAPKKK cascade during sporulation (sensu Fungi)
activation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Fungi)
activation of MAPKK during sporulation (sensu Fungi)
activation of MAPKKK during sporulation (sensu Fungi)
inactivation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Fungi)
nuclear translocation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Fungi)
This term was made obsolete because the entire branch of the ontology was changed.
The wall surrounding a cell of a dimorphic fungus growing in the single-cell budding yeast form, in contrast to the filamentous or hyphal form.
See also the Fungal Anatomy Ontology term 'vegetative cell ; FAO:0000032'.
The cell wall surrounding a fungal hypha.
See also the Fungal Anatomy Ontology term 'hypha ; FAO:0001001'.
The process in which a multicellular organism, a unicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
Growth of fungi as threadlike, tubular structures that may contain multiple nuclei and may or may not be divided internally by septa, or cross-walls.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation.
regulation of complement cascade, classical pathway
regulation of complement activation, classical pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the alternative pathway of complement activation.
regulation of complement cascade, alternative pathway
regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
OBSOLETE. MAPKKK cascade involved in transducing mating pheromone signal in a fungus.
activation of MAPKK (mating sensu Fungi)
activation of MAPKKK (mating sensu Fungi)
inactivation of MAPK (mating sensu Fungi)
nuclear translocation of MAPK (mating sensu Fungi)
Repression of transcription at silent mating-type loci by alteration of the structure of chromatin.
heterochromatic silencing at silent mating-type cassette
silent mating-type cassette chromatin silencing
chromatin silencing at silent mating-type cassette
OBSOLETE. Process of breakdown or opening of the spore-containing structure, modification of the spore wall, and resumption of growth of the spore. As in, but not restricted to, the fungi (Fungi, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4751).
This term was made obsolete because a sensu term was not needed.
OBSOLETE. The dynamics of the spindle pole body and microtubule cytoskeleton during the cell cycle. Includes spindle pole body duplication and separation and formation and elongation of the mitotic spindle. As in, but not restricted to, the fungi (Fungi, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4751).
spindle pole body and microtubule cycle (sensu Saccharomyces)
spindle pole body and microtubule cycle (sensu Fungi)
A process resulting in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle in the nucleus. The process occurs during a mitotic cell cycle and takes place at the cellular level.
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in cell nucleus
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus
spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus during mitosis
The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning
microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning
microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning
microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning
transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated
Construction of a new spindle pole body.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an ascospore wall. During sporulation in Ascomycota, each ascospore nucleus becomes surrounded by a specialized spore wall, formed by deposition of spore wall components in the lumenal space between the outer and inner leaflets of the prospore membrane. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A discrete actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells, at sites of endocytosis; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
OBSOLETE. The contractile fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.
This term was made obsolete because a muscle fiber is a cell type rather than a cell component. To update annotations, consider the external ontology term 'muscle cell ; CL:0000187'.
The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.
Electron-dense region associated with a smooth muscle contractile fiber.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.
inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.
This term was made obsolete because it was not defined and did not correspond to the production of a single specific mature rRNA product.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule.
The formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a bacteriochlorophyll, any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria. They differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriochlorophyll, any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria. They differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants.
bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bacteriochlorophyll, any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria. They differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants.
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.
The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
positive regulation of bone mineralization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
negative regulation of bone mineralization
Catalysis of the transfer of inorganic diphosphate across a membrane.
inorganic pyrophosphate transporter activity
inorganic diphosphate transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.
OBSOLETE. Functions as an exchange intermediate in thiol-disulfide exchange reactions.
thiol-disulphide exchange intermediate activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents a combination of gene product features and involvement in a biological process.
thiol-disulfide exchange intermediate activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway
bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway
regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway
regulation of BMP receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway
up regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
activation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.
down regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of BMP signalling pathway
positive regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of BMP receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.
down regulation of BMP signaling pathway
down-regulation of BMP signaling pathway
negative regulation of BMP signalling pathway
negative regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of BMP receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with small nucleolar RNA.
Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a intracellular steroid hormone receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any part of a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular estrogen receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand binding, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process (e.g. transcription).
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor.
Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an receptor located within a cell.
intracellular receptor-mediated signaling pathway
intracellular receptor-mediated signalling pathway
intracellular receptor mediated signaling pathway
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + dihydrolipoamide = CoA + S-acyldihydrolipoamide.
dihydrolipoamide S-acyltransferase activity
The heterodimeric receptor for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor complex
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor complex
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of chromatin.
OBSOLETE. Plays a role in regulating transcription; may bind a promoter or enhancer DNA sequence or interact with a DNA-binding transcription factor.
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.
OBSOLETE. Particulate complex of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA; a heterogeneous mixture of RNA molecules of high Mr with a rapid turnover rate that occurs in cell nuclei during protein synthesis; it is the form of RNA synthesized in eukaryotes by RNA polymerase II, that which is translated into protein) with protein, which is cell-specific and heterogeneous. The protein component may play a role in the processing of the hnRNA to mRNA.
This term was made because heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein is an experimental construct and does not correspond cleanly to a functional cellular entity.
heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex
OBSOLETE. A complex composed of RNA of the small cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA) class and protein, found in the cytoplasm.
This term was made obsolete because we are unsure what it is supposed to represent, it has no annotations and the only references to the phrase in the literature are old.
small cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complex
A complex composed of RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and protein, found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP or U4/U6 snRNP. Many, but not all, of these complexes are involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs.
The codon binding activity of a tRNA that positions an activated amino acid, mediating its insertion at the correct point in the sequence of a nascent polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete term 'transfer RNA ; GO:0005563'.
triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity
Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
OBSOLETE. Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism, as described in insects.
Feeding behavior in a larval (immature) organism.
Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structure.
Any process in which plasmids are segregated or distributed into daughter cells upon cell division.
The process in which copies of the 2-micrometer plasmid, found in fungi such as Saccharomyces, are distributed to daughter cells upon cell division.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp70 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size.
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed.
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is decreased.
Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed.
acetylcholine receptor regulator activity
Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
acetylcholine receptor activator activity
Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is decreased.
acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cGMP, the nucleotide cyclic GMP (guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with adenyl nucleotides, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
Note that this term describes the activity of a nucleic acid, usually RNA, gene product that interacts with other RNA molecules via base pairing; it should not be used to annotate proteins.
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in a tRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
Specifies the site of pseudouridylation in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
Specifies the site of pseudouridylation in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
Specifies the site of pseudouridylation in a tRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
RNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity
Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
rRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity
Activity that provides specificity to a methylase by using base complementarity to guide site-specific 2'-O-ribose methylations to a small nuclear RNA molecule.
Note that this term describes the activity of a nucleic acid, usually RNA, gene product that interacts with other RNA molecules via base pairing; it should not be used to annotate proteins. Note that this term may be useful for annotating snoRNAs.
snRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity
Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in a tRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
tRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity
Activity that provides specificity to a pseudouridine synthetase by using base complementarity to guide site-specific pseudouridylations to a small nuclear RNA molecule.
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an snRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.
OBSOLETE. Increases the rate of proteolysis catalyzed by thrombin.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the serine endopeptidase plasmin.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the serine endopeptidase chymotrypsin.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a regulator of an obsolete molecular function term.
Catalysis of the reaction: a pectate = a pectate + a pectate oligosaccharide with 4-(4-deoxy-alpha-D-galact-4-enuronosyl)-D-galacturonate end. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of pectate to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends.
(1->4)-alpha-D-galacturonan lyase activity
alpha-1,4-D-endopolygalacturonic acid lyase activity
endo-alpha-1,4-polygalacturonic acid lyase activity
endogalacturonate transeliminase activity
endopectin methyltranseliminase activity
polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase activity
polygalacturonic transeliminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction involving the transfer of a phosphatidate (otherwise known as diacylglycerol 3-phosphosphate) group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation pathway
The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of any of the extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.
nuclear body organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of Cajal bodies, nuclear bodies that appear ultrastructurally as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter and are enriched in ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors.
See also the cellular component term 'Cajal body ; GO:0015030'.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of Lands, a class of nuclear body that react against SP140 auto-antibodies.
LYSP100-associated nuclear domain organization
See also the cellular component term 'Lands ; GO:0016606'.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of PML bodies, a class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia).
See also the cellular component term 'PML body ; GO:0016605'.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome.
ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein breakdown
ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolism
ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein degradation
ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolic process
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine during the synthesis of quinone cofactors such as ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), menaquinone (vitamin K2), plastoquinone and phylloquinone (vitamin K1).
quinone cofactor methyltransferase activity
The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
symbiont intracellular protein transport in host
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruiting body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A fruiting body is a multicellular structure that contains spores.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruiting body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins when cells respond to a lack of nutrients in the environment and ends when the fruiting body is a mature structure.
For example, as seen in myxobacterium and Dictyostelium.
fruiting body development in cellular response to starvation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sporocarp over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sporocarp is a spore bearing fruiting body organ. An example of this process is found in the Fungal species Coprinopsis cinerea.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + oxaloacetate = CO(2) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
diphosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating)
diphosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pyrophosphate) activity
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pyrophosphate)
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyphosphotransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase activity
phosphoenolpyruvic carboxykinase (pyrophosphate)
phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase (pyrophosphate)
phosphoenolpyruvic carboxytransphosphorylase activity
phosphopyruvate carboxykinase (pyrophosphate)
phosphopyruvate carboxylase (pyrophosphate)
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (diphosphate) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [methionine synthase]-cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H+ + S-adenosyl methionine = [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+.
[methionine synthase]-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin reducing) activity
methionine synthase cob(II)alamin reductase (methylating) activity
methionine synthase-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin reducing)
methionine synthase-methylcob(I)alamin,S-adenosylhomocysteine:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase
[methionine synthase] reductase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sorocarp over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the aggregation of individual cells and ends with the mature sorocarp. The sorocarp is a structure containing a spore-bearing sorus that sits on top of a stalk. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
Partial constriction of the cytoplasm of an embryo to form a furrow that resembles a cleavage furrow but does not complete cytokinesis.
Formation of furrows in the cytoplasm between nuclei during cell cycles in embryos that contribute to the formation of the syncytial blastoderm. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
pseudocleavage during syncytial blastoderm formation
pseudocleavage involved in syncytial blastoderm formation
A process that occurs during the first cell cycle in an embryo, in which anterior cortical contractions culminate in a single partial constriction of the embryo called the pseudocleavage furrow. An example of this process is found in nematode worms.
Catalysis of the transfer of the ADP-ribose group of NAD+ to the amino group at N2 of 2'-deoxyguanosine to yield N2-(alpha-ADP-ribos-1-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine and its beta form.
The covalent attachment of an ADP-ribosyl group to the amino group at N2 of a 2'-deoxyguanosine residue in double-stranded DNA.
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing alpha-L-rhamnose residues in alpha-L-rhamnosides.
alpha-L-rhamnoside rhamnohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-glycosidic bonds in an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the N-glycosylic bond at A-4324 in 28S rRNA from rat ribosomes or corresponding sites in 28S RNA from other species.
ribosomal ribonucleate N-glycosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pectin + n H2O = n methanol + pectate.
Catalysis of the reaction: feruloyl-polysaccharide + H2O = ferulate + polysaccharide.
4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl-sugar hydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of N-terminal Arg and Lys from oligopeptides when P1' is not Pro. Also acts on arylamides of Arg and Lys.
Cl--activated arginine aminopeptidase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the lysis of peptide bonds with broad specificity similar to that of pepsin A. Clots milk by cleavage of a single Ser-Phe-l-Met-Ala bond in kappa-casein.
rennin (but this should be avoided since it leads to confusion with renin)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + oxaloacetate = acetate + H(+) + oxalate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate + NADP(+) = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + H(+) + NADPH.
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate isomeroreductase activity
1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (isomerizing)
2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) synthase activity
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity
Catalysis of the interconversion of arsenate and arsenite.
Catalysis of the reaction: arsenate + thioredoxin = arsenite + thioredoxin disulfide. Thioredoxin disulfide is also known as oxidized thioredoxin.
arsenate reductase (thioredoxin) activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.20.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with disulphide as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, disulfide as acceptor
A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that forms a complex with a phosphorylated pathway-specific mediator. The heterocomplex translocates to the nucleus to regulate transcription.
TGF-beta receptor, common-partner cytoplasmic mediator activity
TGFbeta receptor, common-partner cytoplasmic mediator activity
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete molecular function term 'common-partner SMAD protein ; GO:0005073' and is useful for annotating proteins of the SMAD family.
transforming growth factor beta receptor, common-partner cytoplasmic mediator activity
A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that inhibits the signaling function of common-partner and pathway-specific mediators.
TGF-beta receptor, inhibitory cytoplasmic mediator activity
TGFbeta receptor, inhibitory cytoplasmic mediator activity
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete molecular function term 'inhibitory SMAD protein ; GO:0005074' and is useful for annotating proteins of the SMAD family.
transforming growth factor beta receptor, inhibitory cytoplasmic mediator activity
A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that is phosphorylated by a TGFbeta receptor and complexes with a common-partner mediator. The- heterocomplex translocates to the nucleus to regulate transcription.
TGF-beta receptor, pathway-specific cytoplasmic mediator activity
TGFbeta receptor, pathway-specific cytoplasmic mediator activity
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete molecular function term 'pathway-specific SMAD protein ; GO:0005075' and is useful for annotating proteins of the SMAD family.
transforming growth factor beta receptor, pathway-specific cytoplasmic mediator activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA).
Note that this term may be useful for annotating other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U2 small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U4 small nuclear RNA (U4 snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U4atac small nuclear RNA (U4atac snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U5 small nuclear RNA (U5 snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U6atac small nuclear RNA (U6atac snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U11 small nuclear RNA (U11 snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the U12 small nuclear RNA (U12 snRNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the pre-mRNA 5' splice site sequence.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the pre-mRNA 3' splice site sequence.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 3' end of the U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA).
The incorporation of pyrrolysine, also known as lysine methylamine methyltransferase cofactor adduct, into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG codon as a modified lysine, rather than as a termination codon. Pyrrolysine may be synthesized as a free amino acid or synthesized from a lysine charged tRNA before its incorporation; it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine; this modification is found in several Methanosarcina methylamine methyltransferases.
lysine methylamine methyltransferase cofactor adduct incorporation
monomethylamine methyltransferase cofactor lysine adduct incorporation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine, i.e (2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine and related amino acids.
D-alanine family amino acid catabolic process
A pathway of carbon dioxide fixation in which one molecule of acetyl-CoA is completely synthesized from two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2).
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving derivatives of acetic acid.
This term was made obsolete because it is an unnecessary grouping term, and has been replaced by terms to describe metabolism of specific compounds.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of derivatives of acetic acid.
This term was made obsolete because it is an unnecessary grouping term and has been replaced by terms to describe metabolism of specific compounds.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of derivatives of acetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sulfate ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions at the level of a cell.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, with the production of acetic acid, butyric acid, carbon dioxide (CO2), and dihydrogen; effected by some saccharolytic species of Clostridium, e.g. C. butyricum.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.
aminoglycoside antibiotic metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.
aminoglycoside antibiotic biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.
aminoglycoside antibiotic catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides with antibiotic activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides with antibiotic activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides with antibiotic activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a beta-lactam antibiotic, any member of a class of natural or semisynthetic antibiotics whose characteristic feature is a strained, four-membered beta-lactam ring. They include the penicillins and many of the cephalosporins.
beta-lactam antibiotic metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a beta-lactam antibiotic, any member of a class of natural or semisynthetic antibiotics whose characteristic feature is a strained, four-membered beta-lactam ring. They include the penicillins and many of the cephalosporins.
beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a beta-lactam antibiotic, any member of a class of natural or semisynthetic antibiotics whose characteristic feature is a strained, four-membered beta-lactam ring. They include the penicillins and many of the cephalosporins.
beta-lactam antibiotic catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a chitosome.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense granule of the type found in apicomplexan parasites.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle.
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle.
clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more protein molecules, or a protein and another macromolecule or complex, through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rac family.
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rac family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs.
Note that chloroplasts possess a complex that is called 'RNase P' because it catalyzes pre-tRNA cleavage, but the chloroplast complex appears not to contain RNA.
A ribonuclease P complex located in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. The subunit composition of mitochondrial ribonuclease P complexes varies between species, but the complex often contains a single RNA molecule and a single protein molecule.
A ribonuclease P complex located in the cyanelle, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. The best characterized cyanelle ribonuclease P complex, from the alga Cyanophora paradoxa, contains a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules.
A ribonuclease P complex that contains a single RNA molecule that is necessary and usually sufficient for catalysis, and a single protein molecule. Examples of this complex are found in Bacterial species.
A ribonuclease P complex that generally contains a single RNA molecule and several protein molecules. Examples of this complex are found in Archaeal species.
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense response. The host defense response is mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion or tolerance of host defense response
Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
evasion by virus of host immune response
suppression by virus of host immune response
evasion or tolerance by virus of host immune response
Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis.
Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed in the nucleolus during ribosome biogenesis.
A large ribonucleoprotein complex considered to be the earliest preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 90S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.
A preribosomal complex consisting of 27SA, 27SB, and/or 7S pre-rRNA, 5S rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating large subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic large ribosomal subunit.
Note that this complex is 66S in Saccharomyces.
A preribosomal complex consisting of 20S pre-rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating small subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic small ribosomal subunit.
Note that this complex is 43S in Saccharomyces.
Any of several heterodimers containing one or two Noc proteins, associated with preribosomal complexes; involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Noc complexes exhibit a dynamic intranuclear location; consider also annotating to 'nucleolus ; GO:0005730' and/or 'nucleoplasm ; GO:0005654'. Note that the definition uses Saccharomyces gene product names because this complex has only been described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and no other names have yet arisen; the term nevertheless can be used for analogous complexes in other eukaryotes, and the definition can be changed if better wording is found.
A heterodimer associated with 90S and 66S preribosomes. Predominantly, but not exclusively, nucleolar; involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis.
Noc complexes exhibit a dynamic intranuclear location; consider also annotating to 'nucleolus ; GO:0005730' and/or 'nucleoplasm ; GO:0005654'. Note that the term name uses Saccharomyces gene product names because no other names have yet arisen for this complex; the term nevertheless can be used for analogous complexes in other eukaryotes, and the name can be changed if better wording is found.
A heterodimer associated with 66S preribosomes; predominantly nucleoplasmic, but also locates to the nucleolus; involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis.
A heterodimer associated with precursors of the eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit, including the 90S preribosome; involved in small subunit biogenesis.
Noc complexes exhibit a dynamic intranuclear location; consider also annotating to 'nucleolus ; GO:0005730' and/or 'nucleoplasm ; GO:0005654' and/or 'nuclear pore ; GO:0005643'. Note that the term name uses Saccharomyces gene product names because no other names have yet arisen for this complex; the term nevertheless can be used for analogous complexes in other eukaryotes, and the name can be changed if better wording is found.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond on the carboxyl side of an aspartate residue.
The central portion of the flagellar basal body, which spans the periplasm and threads through the rings. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
flagellin-based flagellum basal body, rod
bacterial-type flagellum basal body, rod
Modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to the C5 atom of the uridine residue at position 54 in a tRNA molecule.
Note that the term name mentions a specific position within a tRNA because no other names have yet arisen for this activity, and because the position is conserved in nearly all tRNAs. The term nevertheless can be used for activities that methylase an analogous residue at a position other than 54, if such is found, and synonyms that mention positions applicable to other tRNAs or species may also be added.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing thymine at position U54 of a transfer RNA. This occurs in most Gram-negative bacteria, some archae, and eukaryotes.
S-adenosyl methionine-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase activity
tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase activity
tRNA uracil 5-methyltransferase activity
transfer RNA uracil 5-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to the C5 atom of the uridine residue at position 54 in a tRNA molecule. This occurs in most Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + H(2)O + NH(4)(+) + thioredoxin disulfide = glycine + H(+) + phosphate + thioredoxin.
acetyl-phosphate ammonia:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (glycine-forming)
Complex that possesses glycine reductase activity; usually comprises three subunits, of which two are selenoproteins; the subunits are typically designated selenoprotein A, selenoprotein B and protein C.
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function possessed by this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'glycine reductase activity ; GO:0030699'.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + [dinitrogen reductase] = nicotinamide + ADP-D-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase].
NAD+:[dinitrogen reductase] (ADP-D-ribosyl)transferase activity
NAD--azoferredoxin (ADP-ribose)transferase activity
NAD-azoferredoxin (ADPribose)transferase activity
NAD-dinitrogen-reductase ADP-D-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD+-dinitrogen-reductase ADP-D-ribosyltransferase activity
Repression of transcription of centromeric DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
Construction of the eggshell, a product of the somatic follicle cell epithelium and a structure that supports the egg in a hostile environment, minimizing water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration.
Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport
The process in which one relatively unspecialized immature cystocyte of the germ-line cyst in the germarium acquires the specialized features of an oocyte. An example of this process can be found in Drosophila melanogaster.
germarium-derived oocyte differentiation
The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Formation of a single follicular epithelium around the germ-line derived cells of a cyst formed in the germarium. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
germarium-derived female germ-line cyst encapsulation
The delamination process that results in the splitting off of border cells from the anterior epithelium, prior to border cell migration.
Any process that regulates the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination.
regulation of border follicle cell delamination
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination.
positive regulation of border cell delamination
up regulation of border follicle cell delamination
up-regulation of border follicle cell delamination
upregulation of border follicle cell delamination
activation of border follicle cell delamination
stimulation of border follicle cell delamination
positive regulation of border follicle cell delamination
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination.
negative regulation of border cell delamination
down regulation of border follicle cell delamination
down-regulation of border follicle cell delamination
downregulation of border follicle cell delamination
inhibition of border follicle cell delamination
negative regulation of border follicle cell delamination
Development of ovarian follicle cells to create the interfollicular stalks that connect the egg chambers of progressive developmental stages. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Polarization of the follicle cells of an insect ovary along the anterior/posterior axis.
anterior/posterior axis determination, follicular epithelium
anterior/posterior axis specification, follicular epithelium
The increase in volume of an oocyte during the growth phase of the egg chamber, once the egg chamber has left the germarium. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
oocyte growth in germarium-derived egg chamber
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The chromosome organization process in which meiotic chromosomes in the oocyte nucleus cluster together to form a compact spherical structure called the karyosome.
Any process involved in preventing uncommitted germ-line stem cells from differentiating as another cell type.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of polar granules, cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregates in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes.
polar granule organization and biogenesis
Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber.
establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization in egg chamber
establishment and maintenance of oocyte position during oogenesis
oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
oogenesis, establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization
oocyte localization during germarium-derived egg chamber formation
oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spectrosome, a germline specific spherical organelle that is the precursor to the fusome.
The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within the cell during the establishment and maintenance of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. In the insect oocyte, for example, the nucleus is repositioned to a dorso-anterior position.
establishment of localization of oocyte nucleus during oocyte axis determination
establishment of oocyte nucleus localization during oocyte axis determination
nucleus positioning in oocyte during oocyte axis determination
oocyte axis determination, establishment of localization of nucleus
oocyte axis determination, establishment of oocyte nucleus localization
oocyte axis determination, establishment of position of nucleus
oocyte axis determination, positioning of nucleus
oocyte nucleus positioning during oocyte axis determination
establishment of oocyte nucleus localisation involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
establishment of oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal-ventral axis specification
establishment of oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis determination
establishment of oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsoventral axis specification
establishment of oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome of ovarian cells, an organelle derived from the spectrosome. It anchors the mitotic spindle pole to provide orientation during cystoblast cell divisions.
ovarian fusome organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome of testicular cells, an organelle derived from the spectrosome.
testicular fusome organization and biogenesis
Assembly of the cytoplasmic bridges between developing spermatogonial or oogonial cysts.
Formation of the intercellular bridges that connect the germ-line cells of a male cyst.
Formation of a cluster of germ-line cells, in the germarium, derived from a single founder cell (cystoblast). An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
germarium-derived female germ-line cyst formation
The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate + H(+).
The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanidinoacetate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + creatine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-guanidinoacetate methyltransferase activity
guanidinoacetate methyltransferase activity
guanidinoacetate transmethylase activity
guanidoacetate methyltransferase activity
methionine-guanidinoacetic transmethylase activity
guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + S-methyl-L-methionine.
S-adenosyl methionine:methionine methyl transferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:L-methionine S-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine transmethylase activity
S-adenosylmethionine-methionine methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a fatty acid methyl ester.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:fatty-acid O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1,4-N1-D-glucooligosaccharide = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + oligosaccharide containing 6-methyl-D-glucose units.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-O-methyltransferase activity
acylpolysacharide 6-methyltransferase activity
polysaccharide methyltransferase activity
polysaccharide O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carnosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anserine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:carnosine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anisole + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenol O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iodophenol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 1-iodo-2-methoxybenzene + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-iodophenol O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tyramine = N-methyltyramine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
DIB O-methyltransferase (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid)
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tyramine N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-methionine:tyramine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + O-demethylpuromycin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + puromycin.
O-demethylpuromycin methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:O-demethylpuromycin O-methyltransferase activity
O-demethylpuromycin O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + myo-inositol = 1D-3-O-methyl-myo-inositol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:1D-myo-inositol 3-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myo-inositol 1-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine:myo-inositol 1-methyltransferase activity
myo-inositol 1-O-methyltransferase (name based on 1L-numbering system and not 1D-numbering)
myo-inositol 1-O-methyltransferase activity
myo-inositol 1-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + myo-inositol = 1D-1-O-methyl-myo-inositol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:1D-myo-inositol 1-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myo-inositol 3-O-methyltransferase activity
inositol 3-O-methyltransferase (name based on 1L-numbering system and not 1D-numbering)
S-adenosylmethionine:myo-inositol 3-methyltransferase activity
myo-inositol 3-O-methyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) using energy from the hydrolysis of GTP.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing a single residue of 2'-O-methyladenosine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:rRNA (adenosine-2'-O)-methyltransferase activity
ribosomal ribonucleate adenosine 2'-methyltransferase activity
thiostrepton-resistance methylase activity
rRNA (adenosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + luteolin = 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone 3'-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine:flavone/flavonol 3'-O-methyltransferase activity
luteolin 3'-O-methyltransferase activity
o-dihydric phenol meta-O-methyltransferase activity
o-dihydric phenol methyltransferase activity
o-diphenol m-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-alpha,N-alpha-dimethyl-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine.
histidine-alpha-N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Nalpha,Nalpha-dimethyl-L-histidine nalpha-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:alpha-N,alpha-N-dimethyl-L-histidine alpha-N-methyltransferase activity
dimethylhistidine methyltransferase activity
dimethylhistidine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + isoflavone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 4'-O-methylisoflavone.
4'-hydroxyisoflavone methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:isoflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
isoflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (indol-3-yl)pyruvate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (S)-3-(indol-3-yl)-2-oxobutanoate.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(indol-3-yl)pyruvate C-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:indolepyruvate C-methyltransferase activity
indolepyruvate 3-methyltransferase activity
indolepyruvate methyltransferase activity
indolepyruvic acid methyltransferase activity
indolepyruvate C-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + an amine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated amine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:amine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + loganate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + loganin.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:loganate 11-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:loganic acid methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + putrescine = N-methylputrescine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:putrescine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + licodione = 2'-O-methyllicodione + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:licodione 2'-O-methyltransferase activity
licodione 2'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 5-hydroxyfuranocoumarin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-methoxyfuranocoumarin.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5-hydroxyfuranocoumarin 5-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5-hydroxyfurocoumarin 5-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:bergaptol O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:bergaptolO-methyltransferase activity
bergaptol 5-O-methyltransferase activity
furanocoumarin 5-O-methyltransferase activity
furanocoumarin 5-methyltransferase activity
5-hydroxyfuranocoumarin 5-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + xanthotoxol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + xanthotoxin. Xanthotoxol is also known as 8-hydroxyfuranocoumarin and xanthotoxin as 8-methoxyfuranocoumarin.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:8-hydroxyfuranocoumarin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:8-hydroxyfurocoumarin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:xanthotoxol O-methyltransferase activity
furanocoumarin 8-O-methyl-transferase activity
furanocoumarin 8-methyltransferase activity
xanthotoxol 8-O-methyltransferase activity
xanthotoxol O-methyltransferase activity
8-hydroxyfuranocoumarin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
apigenin 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-methoxy-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavone.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone 3-O-methyltransferase activity
quercetin 3-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + isoorientin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + isoscoparin.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:isoorientin 3'-O-methyltransferase activity
isoorientin 3'-methyltransferase activity
isoorientin 3'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
3-methylquercetin 7-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 7-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 7-O-methyltransferase activity
3-methylquercitin 7-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 3',5-dihydroxy-3,4',7-trimethoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
3,7-dimethylquercetin 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
flavonol 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
3,7-dimethylquercitin 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3',4',5,6-tetrahydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3',4',5,6-tetrahydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone 6-O-methyltransferase activity
methylquercetagetin 6-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + pyridine = N-methylpyridinium + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:pyridine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',4',5,7,8-hexahydroxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-8-methoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
8-hydroxyquercetin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3,3',4',5,7,8-hexahydroxyflavone 8-O-methyltransferase activity
8-hydroxyquercitin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + tetrahydropalmatine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5,8,13,13a-tetrahydrocolumbamine 2-O-methyltransferase activity
tetrahydrocolumbamine methyltransferase activity
tetrahydrocolumbamine 2-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylpropanal oxime + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylpropanal O-methyloxime + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-methylpropanal-oxime O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine:aldoxime O-methyltransferase activity
isobutyraldoxime O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 11-O-demethyl-17-O-deacetylvindoline = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 17-O-deacetylvindoline.
11-demethyl-17-deacetylvindoline 11-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:11-O-demethyl-17-O-deacetylvindoline 11-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16-hydroxytabersonine 16-O-methyltransferase activity
tabersonine 16-O-methyltransferase activity
11-O-demethyl-17-O-deacetylvindoline O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
3-hydroxyanthranilate 4-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-hydroxyanthranilate 4-C-methyltransferase activity
3-hydroxyanthranilate 4-C-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + deacetoxyvindoline + H(+).
16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine methyltransferase activity
3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine N-methyltransferase activity
16-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + macrocin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + tylosin.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-macrocin O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:macrocin 3'''-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + demethylmacrocin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + macrocin.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:demethylmacrocin 2'''-O-methyltransferase activity
demethylmacrocin methyltransferase activity
demethylmacrocin O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-benzoyl-4-hydroxyanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = N-benzoyl-4-methoxyanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
benzoyl-CoA:anthranilate N-benzoyltransferase
N-benzoyl-4-hydroxyanthranilate 4-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-benzoyl-4-O-hydroxyanthranilate 4-O-methyltransferase activity
N-benzoyl-4-hydroxyanthranilate 4-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + L-tryptophan = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-2-methyltryptophan + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:L-tryptophan 2-C-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine:tryptophan 2-methyltransferase activity
tryptophan 2-C-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 6-methoxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
6-hydroxymellein methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:6-hydroxymellein 6-O-methyltransferase activity
6-hydroxymellein O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + anthranilate = N-methylanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:anthranilate N-methyltransferase activity
anthranilic acid N-methyltransferase activity
anthranilate N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glucuronoxylan D-glucuronate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + glucuronoxylan 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronate.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:glucuronoxylan-D-glucuronate 4-O-methyltransferase activity
glucuronoxylan 4-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methyl-(RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline.
(RS)-tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline N-methyltransferase activity
norreticuline N-methyltransferase activity
(RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-scoulerine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-scoclaurine 9-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase activity
(S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + columbamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + palmatine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:columbamine O-methyltransferase activity
columbamine O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydrochelirubine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase activity
10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydromacarpine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase activity
12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine 12-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 6-O-methylnorlaudanosoline = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + nororientaline.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:6-O-methylnorlaudanosoline 5'-O-methyltransferase activity
6-O-methylnorlaudanosoline 5'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cis-N-methyl-(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase activity
tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase activity
(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [cytochrome c]-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [cytochrome c]-S-methyl-methionine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cytochrome c-methionine S-methyltransferase activity
cytochrome c-methionine S-methyltransferase activity
[cytochrome c]-methionine S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (S)-reticuline.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase]-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase]-N6-methyl-L-lysine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-phospho-D-glycerate-carboxy-lyase (dimerizing)-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-phospho-D-glycerate-carboxy-lyase (dimerizing)-lysine N6-methyltransferase activity
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit epsilonN-methyltransferase activity
ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
ribulose-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase N-methyltransferase activity
[ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase]-lysine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (RS)-norcoclaurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (RS)-coclaurine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase activity
(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + myo-inositol = 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:1D-myo-inositol 4-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myo-inositol 4-O-methyltransferase activity
myo-inositol 4-O-methyltransferase activity
myo-inositol 6-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-2 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + precorrin-3A.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine--precorrin-2 methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:precorrin-4 C20-methyltransferase activity
precorrin-2 C20-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-3B = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin 4.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase activity
precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + trichlorophenol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + trichloroanisole.
halogenated phenol O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:trichlorophenol O-methyltransferase activity
trichlorophenol O-methyltransferase activity
chlorophenol O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + arsenite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methylarsonate.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenite As-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:methylarsonite As-methyltransferase activity
Note that the enzyme arsenite methyltransferase also has methylarsonite methyltransferase activity (GO:0030792).
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + methylarsonite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dimethylarsinate.
Note that EC:2.1.1.138 was deleted from EC as the reaction is performed by arsenite methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.137).
methylarsonite methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-demethylstaurosporine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + staurosporine.
3'-demethoxy-3'-hydroxystaurosporine O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3'-demethylstaurosporine O-methyltransferase activity
3'-demethylstaurosporine O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (S)-coclaurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (S)-N-methylcoclaurine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase activity
(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + jasmonate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyljasmonate.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:jasmonate O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase activity
jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cycloartenol = (24R)-24-methylcycloart-25-en-3beta-ol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cycloartenol 24-C-methyltransferase activity
cycloartenol 24-C-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 24-methylidenelophenol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = (Z)-24-ethylidenelophenol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
24-methylenelophenol C-24(1)-methyltransferase activity
24-methylenelophenol C-241-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:24-methylenelophenol C-methyltransferase activity
24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + trans-aconitate = (E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)pent-2-enedioate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(E)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate 2'-O-methyltransferase activity
trans-aconitate 2-methyltransferase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides.
regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism
regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides.
down regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
down-regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
downregulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism
inhibition of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides.
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism
up regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
up-regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
upregulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
activation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
stimulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic nucleotides.
regulation of cyclic nucleotide anabolism
regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthesis
regulation of cyclic nucleotide formation
regulation of cyclic nucleotide synthesis
regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic nucleotides.
down regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
downregulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide anabolism
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthesis
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide formation
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic nucleotides.
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide anabolism
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthesis
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide formation
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide synthesis
up regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
upregulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
activation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
stimulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides.
regulation of cyclic nucleotide breakdown
regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolism
regulation of cyclic nucleotide degradation
regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides.
down regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
down-regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
downregulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide breakdown
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolism
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide degradation
inhibition of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides.
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide breakdown
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolism
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide degradation
up regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
up-regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
upregulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
activation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
stimulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
downregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nucleotide anabolism
negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis
negative regulation of nucleotide formation
negative regulation of nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide anabolism
positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis
positive regulation of nucleotide formation
positive regulation of nucleotide synthesis
up regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
upregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
activation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
stimulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
down-regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
downregulation of nucleotide catabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide breakdown
negative regulation of nucleotide catabolism
negative regulation of nucleotide degradation
inhibition of nucleotide catabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide breakdown
positive regulation of nucleotide catabolism
positive regulation of nucleotide degradation
up regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
up-regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
upregulation of nucleotide catabolic process
activation of nucleotide catabolic process
stimulation of nucleotide catabolic process
positive regulation of nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
regulation of 3',5' cAMP metabolic process
regulation of 3',5'-cAMP metabolic process
regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolic process
regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolism
regulation of cyclic AMP metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
down regulation of cAMP metabolic process
down-regulation of cAMP metabolic process
downregulation of cAMP metabolic process
negative regulation of 3',5' cAMP metabolic process
negative regulation of 3',5' cAMP metabolism
negative regulation of 3',5'-cAMP metabolic process
negative regulation of 3',5'-cAMP metabolism
negative regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolism
negative regulation of cyclic AMP metabolic process
negative regulation of cyclic AMP metabolism
negative regulation of cAMP metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
positive regulation of 3',5' cAMP metabolic process
positive regulation of 3',5' cAMP metabolism
positive regulation of 3',5'-cAMP metabolic process
positive regulation of 3',5'-cAMP metabolism
positive regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolic process
positive regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolism
positive regulation of cyclic AMP metabolic process
positive regulation of cyclic AMP metabolism
positive regulation of cAMP metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
regulation of 3',5' cAMP biosynthetic process
regulation of 3',5'-cAMP biosynthetic process
regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthesis
regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthetic process
regulation of cyclic AMP biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
down regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
downregulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
negative regulation of 3',5' cAMP biosynthesis
negative regulation of 3',5' cAMP biosynthetic process
negative regulation of 3',5'-cAMP biosynthesis
negative regulation of 3',5'-cAMP biosynthetic process
negative regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthesis
negative regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cAMP biosynthesis
negative regulation of cyclic AMP biosynthesis
negative regulation of cyclic AMP biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
positive regulation of 3',5' cAMP biosynthesis
positive regulation of 3',5' cAMP biosynthetic process
positive regulation of 3',5'-cAMP biosynthesis
positive regulation of 3',5'-cAMP biosynthetic process
positive regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthesis
positive regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cAMP biosynthesis
positive regulation of cyclic AMP biosynthesis
positive regulation of cyclic AMP biosynthetic process
up regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
upregulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
stimulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
regulation of 3',5' cAMP catabolic process
regulation of 3',5'-cAMP catabolic process
regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolic process
regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolism
regulation of cyclic AMP catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
down regulation of cAMP catabolic process
down-regulation of cAMP catabolic process
downregulation of cAMP catabolic process
negative regulation of 3',5' cAMP catabolic process
negative regulation of 3',5' cAMP catabolism
negative regulation of 3',5'-cAMP catabolic process
negative regulation of 3',5'-cAMP catabolism
negative regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolic process
negative regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolism
negative regulation of cyclic AMP catabolic process
negative regulation of cyclic AMP catabolism
negative regulation of cAMP catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
positive regulation of 3',5' cAMP catabolic process
positive regulation of 3',5' cAMP catabolism
positive regulation of 3',5'-cAMP catabolic process
positive regulation of 3',5'-cAMP catabolism
positive regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolic process
positive regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolism
positive regulation of cyclic AMP catabolic process
positive regulation of cyclic AMP catabolism
positive regulation of cAMP catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cGMP.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cGMP.
down regulation of cGMP metabolic process
down-regulation of cGMP metabolic process
downregulation of cGMP metabolic process
negative regulation of cGMP metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cGMP.
positive regulation of cGMP metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cGMP.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cGMP.
down regulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
downregulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cGMP biosynthesis
negative regulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cGMP.
positive regulation of cGMP biosynthesis
up regulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
upregulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
stimulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cGMP biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cGMP.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cGMP.
down regulation of cGMP catabolic process
down-regulation of cGMP catabolic process
downregulation of cGMP catabolic process
negative regulation of cGMP catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cGMP.
positive regulation of cGMP catabolic process
Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell.
Note that the syntax of the definition of the this term is different from the usual regulation syntax because it describes regulation of a trait rather than regulation of a process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.
regulation of actin filament polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.
regulation of actin filament depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.
negative regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization
down regulation of actin filament depolymerization
down-regulation of actin filament depolymerization
downregulation of actin filament depolymerization
negative regulation of actin depolymerization
inhibition of actin filament depolymerization
Note that this term was split from 'negative regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045757' (sibling term 'negative regulation of actin polymerization ; GO:0030837').
negative regulation of actin filament depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.
positive regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization
positive regulation of actin depolymerization
up regulation of actin filament depolymerization
up-regulation of actin filament depolymerization
upregulation of actin filament depolymerization
activation of actin filament depolymerization
stimulation of actin filament depolymerization
Note that this term was split from 'positive regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045758' (sibling term 'positive regulation of actin polymerization ; GO:0030838').
positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.
down regulation of actin filament polymerization
down-regulation of actin filament polymerization
downregulation of actin filament polymerization
negative regulation of actin polymerization
inhibition of actin filament polymerization
Note that this term was split from 'negative regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045757' (sibling term 'negative regulation of actin depolymerization ; GO:0030835').
negative regulation of actin filament polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.
positive regulation of actin polymerization
up regulation of actin filament polymerization
up-regulation of actin filament polymerization
upregulation of actin filament polymerization
activation of actin filament polymerization
stimulation of actin filament polymerization
Note that this term was split from 'positive regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045758' (sibling term 'positive regulation of actin depolymerization ; GO:0030836').
positive regulation of actin filament polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of intermediate filaments by the addition of monomers to a filament.
regulation of intermediate filament polymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament polymerization.
negative regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization
down regulation of intermediate filament polymerization
down-regulation of intermediate filament polymerization
downregulation of intermediate filament polymerization
inhibition of intermediate filament polymerization
Note that this term was split from 'negative regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045825' (sibling term 'negative regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization ; GO:0030843').
negative regulation of intermediate filament polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament polymerization.
positive regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization
up regulation of intermediate filament polymerization
up-regulation of intermediate filament polymerization
upregulation of intermediate filament polymerization
activation of intermediate filament polymerization
stimulation of intermediate filament polymerization
Note that this term was split from 'positive regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045826' (sibling term 'positive regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization ; GO:0030844').
positive regulation of intermediate filament polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of monomers from a filament.
regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament depolymerization.
down regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
down-regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
downregulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
inhibition of intermediate filament depolymerization
Note that this term was split from 'negative regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045825' (sibling term 'negative regulation of intermediate filament polymerization ; GO:0030840').
negative regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament depolymerization.
up regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
up-regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
upregulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
activation of intermediate filament depolymerization
stimulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
Note that this term was split from 'positive regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization ; GO:0045826' (sibling term 'positive regulation of intermediate filament polymerization ; GO:0030841').
positive regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization
A G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway which proceeds with inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity and a subsequent decrease in the levels of cellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
G-protein-coupled inhibitory pathway of phospholipase C
GPCR signaling pathway coupled to inhibition of phospholipase C activity
GPCR signaling pathway via inhibition of PLC
inhibition of phospholipase C activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition.
phospholipase C-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
The process in which transcription of polyadenylated RNA polymerase II transcripts is terminated; cleavage and polyadenylylation of the mRNA 3' end is coupled to transcription termination.
transcription termination from Pol II promoter, RNA polymerase(A) coupled
transcription termination from Pol II promoter, poly(A) coupled
termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled
The process in which transcription of nonpolyadenylated RNA polymerase II transcripts is terminated; coupled to the maturation of the RNA 3'-end.
termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-independent
transcription termination from Pol II promoter, RNA polymerase(A)-independent
transcription termination from Pol II promoter, poly(A)-independent
termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, exosome-dependent
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-3-hydroxy-L-aspartate = NH(4)(+) + oxaloacetate.
L-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate dehydratase activity
threo-3-hydroxy-L-aspartate ammonia-lyase (oxaloacetate-forming)
threo-3-hydroxy-L-aspartate ammonia-lyase activity
threo-3-hydroxyaspartate dehydratase activity
threo-3-hydroxyaspartate ammonia-lyase activity
Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.
Note that this term is mainly relevant in organisms that have both sex chromosomes and non-sex-determining chromosomes in an individual organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
regulation of granulocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
down regulation of granulocyte differentiation
down-regulation of granulocyte differentiation
downregulation of granulocyte differentiation
inhibition of granulocyte differentiation
negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
up regulation of granulocyte differentiation
up-regulation of granulocyte differentiation
upregulation of granulocyte differentiation
activation of granulocyte differentiation
stimulation of granulocyte differentiation
positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
activation of epithelial cell differentiation
stimulation of epithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.
polarized epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
downregulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
inhibition of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
upregulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
activation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
stimulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation
The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.
The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.
cortical cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.
cortical actin cytoskeleton organisation
cortical actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
cortical actin cytoskeleton organization
The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
A protein complex that mediates transcriptional silencing at the rDNA locus (the name derives from regulator of nucleolar silencing and telophase). In Saccharomyces the complex contains Net1p, Sir2p, Cdc14p, and at least one more subunit.
Trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity; involved in meiotic recombination, DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the complex comprises Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p; complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins orthologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins.
The portion of nuclear chromatin associated with the nucleolus; includes the DNA encoding the ribosomal RNA.
Any of the tandem arrays of rDNA localized at the periphery of the nucleus and protruding into the nucleolus, and associated proteins. May be visible as a single or double spot by DAPI staining.
Note that this component is characterized in Schizosaccharomyces, particularly with respect to the DAPI staining pattern.
A protein complex that binds interleukin-20; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.
A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.
Note that the gene/protein name 'APC' should not be confused with the abbreviation for 'anaphase promoting complex'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.
Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with beta-2-microglobulin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid antigen.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endogenous cellular lipid antigen.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an exogenous lipid antigen (examples include microbial lipids and glycolipids).
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
inhibition of myeloid dendritic cell activation
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
activation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
stimulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
negative regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of B-cell proliferation
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of B cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of B-cell proliferation
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of B cell proliferation
A protein complex that possesses ubiquitin ligase activity; the complex is usually pentameric; for example, in mammals the subunits are pVHL, elongin B, elongin C, cullin-2 (Cul2), and Rbx1.
von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor complex
A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the meiotic cohesin complex.
A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex.
A multi-component enzymatic machine at the replication fork which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.
Protein complex that mediates editing of the mRNA encoding apolipoprotein B; catalyzes the deamination of C to U (residue 6666 in the human mRNA). Contains a catalytic subunit, APOBEC-1, and other proteins (e.g. human ASP; rat ASP and KSRP).
apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex
Conserved heterotrimeric complex of PCNA-like proteins that is loaded onto DNA at sites of DNA damage.
Note that the following subunit names have been used: human RAD9/RAD1/HUS1; S. pombe Rad9/Rad1/Hus1; S. cerevisiae Ddc1p/Rad17p/Mec3p.
A multimeric protein complex that associates with the vacuolar membrane and is involved in homotypic vacuole fusion and vacuole protein sorting. For example, the Saccharomyces complex contains Vps41p, Vam6p, Pep5p, Vps16p, Pep3p, and Vps33p.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This reaction requires the presence of an actin filament to accelerate release of ADP and phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This reaction requires the presence of calcium ion (Ca2+).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
A conserved multimeric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. For example, the budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p.
One of two subcomplexes that combine to form the retromer, believed to be peripherally associated with the membrane. The budding yeast complex comprises Vps5p and Vps17p, and may contain multiple copies of a Vps5p/Vps17p dimer.
One of two subcomplexes that combine to form the retromer, believed to be closely associated with the membrane. In budding yeast the complex comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, and Vps26p.
A protein complex that binds to the Mlu1 cell cycle box (MCB) promoter element, consensus sequence ACGCGN, and is involved in regulation of transcription during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains a heterodimer of the DNA binding protein Mbp1p and the activator Swi4p, and is associated with additional proteins known as Nrm1p, Msa1p, and Msa2p; in Schizosaccharomyces the complex contains Res1p, Res2p, and Cdc10p.
The post-translational removal of peptide sequences from within a protein sequence.
The post-translational removal of peptide sequences from within a protein sequence, by a process not involving inteins.
The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of a protein, the consensus sequence of which is defined by a pattern of small and large hydrophobic amino acids and a structure composed of helices.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a deep water stimulus, being immersed in standing deep water throughout the life cycle.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to flooding ; GO:0009413'; which refers to immersion in water on a shorter time scale.
Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.
A large multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase and is involved in regulation of transcription. The composition is similar to that of the SAGA complex; for example, the human complex contains the transcription-transformation cofactor TRRAP, hGCN5L acetylase, novel human ADA-like and SPT-like cofactors, and a subset of TAFs.
A conserved complex that contains a heterodimer of SMC proteins (Smc5p and Smc6p, or homologs thereof) and several other proteins, and is involved in DNA repair and maintaining cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. In S. cerevisiae, this is an octameric complex called Mms21-Smc5-Smc6 complex, with at least five of its subunits conserved in fission yeast and humans.
The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.
isthmomesencephalic boundary development
midbrain-hindbrain orgainizer development
The acetylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-acetyl-L-serine.
The oxidation of the C alpha-C beta bond of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-(Z)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine coupled with cyclization of neighboring residues.
peptidyl-tyrosine dehydrogenation to form (Z)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine
The oxidation of the C alpha-C beta bond of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-(E)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine coupled with cyclization of neighboring residues.
peptidyl-tyrosine dehydrogenation to form (E)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine
The formation of a cluster of several metal atoms, including manganese or calcium, with one or more bridging (mu-bond) oxygen atoms; amino acids residues in proteins that may ligate the metal oxygen cluster are histidine, aspartate, and glutamate.
metal incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster
The incorporation of manganese into a metallo-oxygen cluster.
manganese incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster
The incorporation of calcium into a metallo-oxygen cluster.
calcium incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster
The incorporation of calcium into a 4Mn-Ca-4O complex by bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide as in the photosystem II catalytic site.
calcium incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster via bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide
The incorporation of manganese into a 4Mn-Ca-4O complex by bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide as in the photosystem II catalytic site.
manganese incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster via bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide
Complex that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. In all organisms where it has been found, the complex is a tetramer. In bacteria, it is a homotetramer. In plants, the complex is a heterotetramer composed small and large subunits.
A protein complex composed of four identical subunits that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
homotetrameric ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex
A protein complex composed of four different subunits that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
heterotetrameric ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex
An ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex found in the amyloplast.
amyloplast ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex
An ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex found in the chloroplast.
chloroplast ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex
Any collagen polymer which links one collagen assembly, such as a collagen fibril or sheet, to other structures.
Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form sheet-like networks.
Any collagen polymer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XVII) chains; type XVII collagen triple helices associate with hemidesmosomes and the basal lamina.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XVIII) chains.
OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a photoperiod, an intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night) photoperiod regimes, with the light phase being longer than the dark.
OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a photoperiod, an intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night) photoperiod regimes, with the dark phase being longer than the light.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chloroplast targeting sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the chloroplast.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the endoplasmic reticulum.
endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitochondrion targeting sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the mitochondrion.
mitochondrial targeting sequence binding
mitochondrion targeting sequence binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Asp-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The catalysis of phosphate removal from a phosphotyrosine using cysteine as a nucleophile and proceed by means of a thiol-phosphate intermediate.
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, via thiol-phosphate intermediate
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. This reaction requires metal ions.
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, metal-dependent
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway
regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway
regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway
regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway
up regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures.
establishment or maintenance of actin cytoskeleton polarity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.
establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of astral microtubules, any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles.
astral microtubule organization and biogenesis
The 'de novo' formation of an astral microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with potassium (K+) ions.
A protein complex that possesses glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase activity, and therefore creates Gln-tRNA by amidating Glu-tRNA; usually composed of 3 subunits: A, B, and C. Note that the C subunit may not be required in all organisms.
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function possessed by this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity ; GO:0050567'.
glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus.
A protein complex required for heterochromatin assembly; contains an Argonaute homolog, a chromodomain protein, and at least one additional protein; named for RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing.
The modification of two peptidyl-tyrosines to form a 3'-(3'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via 3'-(3'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine
The modification of two peptidyl-tyrosines to form a 3'-(O4'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link.
peptide cross-linking via 3'-(O4'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-hydroxyarginine.
The dihydroxylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-3,4-dihydroxy-L-arginine.
peptidyl-arginine dihydroxylation to peptidyl-3,4-dihydroxy-L-arginine
The dihydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-4,5-dihydroxy-L-lysine.
peptidyl-lysine dihydroxylation to 4,5-dihydroxy-L-lysine
An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyzes the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone.
NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone)
plastid NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone)
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function possessed by this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'NADH dehydrogenase (quinone) activity ; GO:0050136'.
The transfer of electrons from NADH to the quinone pool that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation and results in the generation of a proton gradient, mediated by the enzyme known as NADH-quinone oxidoreductase.
plasma membrane electron transport, NADH to quinone
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to unfolded protein ; GO:0006986', which refers to any response to the presence of unfolded proteins anywhere in the cell or in multicellular organism. Also see 'ER-associated protein catabolic process ; GO:0030433'.
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
The spliceosome-independent cleavage and ligation of the mRNA encoding a UFP-specific transcription factor to remove a single intron, thereby increasing both the translational efficiency of the processed mRNA and the activity of the protein it encodes.
UFP-specific transcription factor mRNA processing during unfolded protein response
UFP-specific transcription factor mRNA processing involved in endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon.
retrograde protein transport, endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol
retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.
The proteolytic degradation of proteins in the cytosol that contributes to apoptosis.
cleavage of cytosolic proteins involved in apoptosis
apoptotic cleavage of cytosolic proteins
cleavage of cytosolic proteins involved in execution phase of apoptosis
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions.
The directed movement of thiamine pyrophosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with taurine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alpha-glucans.
The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.
A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the rearward secretion of carbohydrate slime.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing one or more mismatches.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kininogen, any of a group of plasma proteins that are kinin precursors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kininogen of high molecular mass.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kininogen of low molecular mass.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a high molecular weight kininogen receptor.
high molecular weight kininogen receptor binding
A protein complex that acts as a receptor for high molecular weight kininogens. In humans, this receptor includes the CK1 and uPAR proteins.
high molecular weight kininogen receptor complex
The cell cycle process in which oscillatory movement of the nucleus during meiotic prophase I occurs. This oscillatory movement is led by an astral microtubule array emanating from the spindle pole body, and driven by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. It is known to play a central role in meiotic recombination and homologous chromosome pairing; as observed in S. pombe.
dynein-driven meiotic oscillatory nuclear movement
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.
The smaller subcomplex of the intraflagellar transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights of 710-760 kDa.
The larger subcomplex of the intraflagellar transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights around 550 kDa.
A kinesin complex found in eukaryotic axonemes that contains two distinct plus end-directed kinesin motor proteins and at least one accessory subunit, and that functions in the anterograde transport of molecules (cargo) from the basal body to the distal tip of the axoneme.
axonemal heterotrimeric kinesin-II complex
Dissolution of the primary septum during cell separation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the dissolution of the septum edging during cell separation.
The process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.
cell cycle arrest in response to nitrogen starvation
Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker.
regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion
A proteinaceous scaffold associated with S. pombe chromosomes during meiotic prophase. Linear elements have a structure related to but not equivalent to the synaptonemal complex.
The cell cycle process in which a proteinaceous scaffold, related to the synaptonemal complex, is assembled in association with S. pombe chromosomes during meiotic prophase.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brefeldin A stimulus.
A cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins. Found in the germinating spores of Dictyostelium discoideum.
A cellular structure, approximately 13 nm in diameter, consisting of three actin filaments bundled together.
Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in). It is a high affinity potassium uptake system. The E. coli complex consists of 4 proteins: KdpA is the potassium ion translocase, KdpB is the ATPase, and KdpC and KdpF seem to be involved in assembly and stabilization of the complex.
potassium ion-transporting ATPase complex
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a filamin, any member of a family of high molecular mass cytoskeletal proteins that crosslink actin filaments to form networks and stress fibers. Filamins contain an amino-terminal alpha-actinin-like actin binding domain, which is followed by a rod-domain composed of 4 to 24 100-residue repetitive segments including a carboxy-terminal dimerization domain.
An ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex found in a plastid.
Any chromatin remodeling complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family.
A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity and 3' to 5' DNA helicase activity.
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals and bacteria) or be part of the cell (as in plants).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with troponin I, the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with troponin T, the tropomyosin-binding subunit of the troponin complex.
OBSOLETE. A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex that interacts with karyopherin-cargo complexes; a well-characterized example in Saccharomyces contains Asm4p, Nup53p, and Nup170p.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
An mRNA editing complex found in the mitochondrion. The best characterized example is that of Trypanosoma brucei, which catalyzes the insertion and deletion of uridylates.
An mRNA editing complex found in a plastid.
A microtubule organizing center found in interphase cells, which organize a longitudinal array of three to five MT bundles from the nuclear envelope during interphase. Each MT bundle is composed of two to seven MTs arranged in an antiparallel configuration, with the dynamic MT plus ends extending toward the cell tips and stable minus ends near the nucleus.
interphase microtubule organising center
interphase microtubule organizing center
The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
nuclear migration, microfilament-mediated
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.
microtubule organising center organisation
microtubule organizing center organization and biogenesis
microtubule organizing center organization
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components, including gamma-tubulin and other proteins, to form an interphase microtubule organizing center.
interphase microtubule organising center biosynthesis
interphase microtubule organising center formation
interphase microtubule organizing centre assembly
interphase microtubule organizing center biogenesis
interphase microtubule organizing center assembly
The process in which the equatorial microtubule organizing center is disassembled at the end of mitosis.
equatorial microtubule organising center disassembly
equatorial microtubule organizing center disassembly
A complex that possesses glutamate synthase activity.
A protein complex that in yeast consists of a large and a small subunit. Possesses glutamate synthase (NADH) activity.
The series of molecular signals, mediated by the small GTPase Ras, that results in the initiation of contraction of the contractile ring, at the beginning of cytokinesis and cell division by septum formation. The pathway coordinates chromosome segregation with mitotic exit and cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of septation initiation signaling.
regulation of septation initiation network
regulation of septation initiation signaling
regulation of septation initiation signalling
regulation of septation initiation signaling cascade
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of septation initiation signaling.
down regulation of septation initiation signaling
down-regulation of septation initiation signaling
downregulation of septation initiation signaling
negative regulation of septation initiation network
negative regulation of septation initiation signaling
negative regulation of septation initiation signalling
inhibition of septation initiation signaling
negative regulation of septation initiation signaling cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of septation initiation signaling.
positive regulation of septation initiation network
positive regulation of septation initiation signaling
positive regulation of septation initiation signalling
up regulation of septation initiation signaling
up-regulation of septation initiation signaling
upregulation of septation initiation signaling
activation of septation initiation signaling
stimulation of septation initiation signaling
positive regulation of septation initiation signaling cascade
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.
actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis
Note that this term is a child of 'actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036' because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.
myosin polymerization or depolymerization
Note that this term is a child of 'actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036' because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins; myosin structures are sufficiently closely associated with actin filaments to be included with the actin cytoskeleton.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules.
The disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.
The formation of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.
The disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.
myosin II filament assembly or disassembly
myosin II polymerization or depolymerization
A membrane-bounded organelle of ciliated protozoan cells that contains polyploid copies of a portion of the cell's complete genome. Transcription of genes occurs in macronuclei. Some ciliate species may contain multiple macronuclei per cell.
A membrane-bounded organelle of ciliated protozoan cells that contains a diploid copy of the cell's complete genome. Sections of contiguous sequence in the macronucleus are often interrupted by internal eliminated sequences (IES), and may be permuted, in micronuclei. Genic transcription is not found in micronuclei. Some ciliate species may contain multiple micronuclei per cell.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 5 O-glycan structure, GalNAc-alpha-(1->3)-GalNAc.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 6 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)-GalNAc.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 7 O-glycan structure, GalNAc-alpha-(1->6)-GalNAc.
The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 8 O-glycan structure, Gal-alpha-(1->3)-GalNAc.
Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.
Construction of a new spindle pole body adjacent to the existing spindle pole body exterior to the outer nuclear envelope.
spindle pole body duplication in cytoplasm
Any process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
Repression of transcription by conversion of large regions of DNA into heterochromatin, directed by small RNAs sharing sequence identity to the repressed region.
RNA interference-like chromatin silencing
small RNA-mediated heterochromatic silencing
The DNA metabolic process in which micronuclear-limited sequences, internal eliminated sequences (IES) and breakage eliminated sequences (BES) are removed from the developing macronucleus (anlage) of a ciliate.
Cleavage of double-stranded RNA molecules by an RNaseIII-family enzyme to produce small RNAs (generally 20-30 nucleotides, depending on species) with biological function.
Cleavage of noncoding, double-stranded RNAs transcribed from the micronuclear genome to produce scnRNAs, small RNAs (~28 nucleotides) that direct the deletion of micronuclear-limited sequences from the developing macronuclear genome.
Regulated cleavage of the developing macronuclear genome at a limited number of chromosome breakage sites (CBS). The macronuclear destined segment (MDS) sequence adjacent to the CBS (or separated from it by a BES) receives a macronuclear telomere following chromosome breakage.
establishment or maintenance of heterochromatin architecture
Note that this term refers to breakage of chromosomes during normal DNA rearrangements characteristic of ciliates; it is not to be used for DNA damage or other abnormal occurrences.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary microRNA transcript into a pre-microRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.
Dynamic structural changes in centromeric DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
negative regulation of histone modification
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
positive regulation of histone modification
The removal of acetyl groups from histones in centromeric DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.
negative regulation of histone methylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.
positive regulation of histone methylation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
down regulation of histone deacetylation
down-regulation of histone deacetylation
negative regulation of histone deacetylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
positive regulation of histone deacetylation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones in centromeric DNA.
regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups to histones in centromeric DNA.
down regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
down-regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
downregulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
inhibition of histone deacetylation at centromere
negative regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones in centromeric DNA.
up regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
up-regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
upregulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
activation of histone deacetylation at centromere
stimulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
positive regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.
The biogenesis of a snoRNA molecule which resides within, and is processed from, the intron of a pre-mRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine.
L-cysteine:enzyme cysteine sulfurtransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heat shock protein, any protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of cholesterol at position 26 of the side chain, to produce 26-hydroxycholesterol.
Any complex that acts to move proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process occurring during the post-embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
post-embryonic camera-style eye development
post-embryonic camera-type eye development
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 14 of the histone H3 protein.
histone deacetylase activity (H3-K14 specific)
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the selective cleavage of GlnGly bond in the poliovirus polyprotein. In other picornavirus reactions Glu may be substituted for Gln, and Ser or Thr for Gly.
hepatitis A virus 3C proteinase activity
foot-and-mouth-disease virus proteinase 3C
tomato ringspot nepovirus 3C-related protease
A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that forms the outer rings of the core scaffold, a lattice-like structure that gives the NPC its shape and strength. In S. cerevisiae, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133p, Nup120p, Nup145Cp, Nup85p, Nup84p, Seh1p, and Sec13p. In vertebrates, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133, Nup160, Nup96, Nup75, Nup107, Seh1, Sec13, Nup43, Nup37, and ALADIN. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. A single 'spoke', can be isolated and is sometimes referred to as the Nup84 complex (S. cerevisiae) or the Nup107-160 complex (vertebrates).
Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope.
Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.
A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. Many of the protein subunits are conserved between mouse and human; the mouse complex contains the Pallidin, Muted, Cappuccino, Dysbindin, Snapin, BLOS1, BLOS2, AND BLOS3 proteins.
A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 proteins; the mouse complex contains ru2 and ru.
A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps1 and Hps4 proteins.
A pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of steps that is independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay, and that can regulate mRNA stability.
mRNA breakdown, deadenylation-independent decay
mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent
mRNA catabolic process, deadenylylation-independent
mRNA catabolism, deadenylation-independent
mRNA catabolism, deadenylation-independent decay
mRNA catabolism, deadenylylation-independent
mRNA degradation, deadenylation-independent decay
nuclear mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay
Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that is independent of poly(A) tail shortening.
deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear mRNA
deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA
The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense granule.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet dense granule.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle.
A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).
The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule.
A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the platelet dense tubular network.
A medial cortical band overlaying the nucleus which acts as a landmark for contractile ring positioning and plays a role in cell cycle regulation.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals.
stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
stress-activated protein kinase signalling pathway
stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade
The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue.
The regrowth of a lost or destroyed organ.
The regrowth of fin tissue following its loss or destruction.
The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites in response to their loss or damage.
The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage.
The regrowth of dendrites in response to their loss or damage.
Any of several heterooligomeric complexes containing multiple septins.
Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of the septin ring.
The controlled breakdown of a septin ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of holo-[acyl-carrier protein].
holo-[acyl-carrier protein] biosynthesis
holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] biosynthesis
holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] biosynthetic process
Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
inhibition of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
activation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
stimulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization
inhibition of microtubule polymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization
activation of microtubule polymerization
stimulation of microtubule polymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
positive regulation of microtubule disassembly
up regulation of microtubule depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule depolymerization
activation of microtubule depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe
stimulation of microtubule depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a tRNA molecule.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an snRNA molecule.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins at the midpoint of a cell.
equatorial microtubule organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->2) linkage.
alpha-(1->2)-fucosyltransferase activity
Signaling at short range between cells or tissues of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or tissue effecting a developmental change in the other.
Signaling at short range between cells of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or group of cells effecting a developmental change in the other. This is often done by secretion of proteins by one cell which affects the neighboring cells and causes them to adopt a certain fate.
The process in which one cell or group of cells sends a signal over a short range to another cell or group of cells of different ancestry and developmental potential, thereby effecting a developmental change in the latter.
The process in which one cell or group of cells receives, transduces, and responds to a signal generated by another cell or group of cells of different ancestry and developmental potential, such that the recipient cell(s) undergo a developmental change.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + NADP(+) = L-alpha-formylglycine + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
L-serine:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon growth such that the correct diameter is attained and maintained.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles.
Any process that decreases the rate of conjugation.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of conjugation.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of conjugation with cellular fusion.
regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of conjugation with cellular fusion.
down regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
down-regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
downregulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
inhibition of conjugation with cellular fusion
negative regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of conjugation with cellular fusion.
up regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
up-regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
upregulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
activation of conjugation with cellular fusion
stimulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
positive regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion upon starvation for one or more nutrients.
induction of conjugation upon nutrient starvation
The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion upon carbon starvation.
induction of conjugation upon carbon starvation
The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion upon nitrogen starvation.
induction of conjugation upon nitrogen starvation
A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.
Any process in which the proteasome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of proteasome localization
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.
APC-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
APC-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown
anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation
anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.
SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown
SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation
SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one, also known as DIF-1, differentiation-inducing factor-1. DIF-1 is a secreted chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.
1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one metabolism
1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one, also known as DIF-1, differentiation-inducing factor-1. DIF-1 is a secreted chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.
1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one anabolism
1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one biosynthesis
1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one biosynthetic process
1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one formation
1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one synthesis
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sorocarp stalk cell, any of the cellulose-covered cells that form the stalk of a sorocarp. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sorocarp stalk over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sorocarp stalk is a tubular structure that consists of cellulose-covered cells stacked on top of each other and surrounded by an acellular stalk tube composed of cellulose and glycoprotein. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 79) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 79). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 79 of the histone H3 protein.
histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-K79 specific)
histone methylase activity (H3-K79 specific)
histone methyltransferase activity (H3-K79 specific)
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the aggregate over time, from its formation to the point when a slug is formed. Aggregate development begins in response to starvation and continues by the chemoattractant-mediated movement of cells toward each other. The aggregate is a multicellular structure that gives rise to the slug.
aggregate development involved in sorocarp development
aggregation during fruiting body development
aggregation involved in sorocarp development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the slug over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Slug development begins when the aggregate rises upwards to form a finger-shaped structure and ends when culmination begins. Slug development begins after aggregation and ends before culmination in sorocarp development.
slug development during fruiting body development
migratory slug development during sorocarp development
standing slug development during sorocarp development
slug development during sorocarp development
slug development involved in sorocarp development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the culminant over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Culmination begins with a morphogenetic change of the finger-like or migratory slug giving rise to an organized structure containing a stalk and a sorus. This process is the final stage of sorocarp development.
culmination during fruiting body development
culmination involved in sorocarp development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fruiting body development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sorocarp development. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
Any process that modulates the size of the aggregate formed during sorocarp formation.
regulation of aggregation during fruiting body biosynthesis
regulation of aggregation during fruiting body formation
regulation of aggregate size involved in sorocarp development
Any process that decreases the size of the aggregate formed during sorocarp formation.
negative regulation of aggregate size involved in sorocarp development
Any process that increases the size of the aggregate formed during sorocarp formation.
positive regulation of aggregate size involved in sorocarp development
The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
The incorporation of exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
sulphur incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster
sulfur incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of a metal and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the contractile vacuole.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the contractile vacuolar membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
integral to contractile vacuolar membrane
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the vacuolar membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an rRNA molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ferrichrome. Ferrichromes are any of a group of growth-promoting Fe(III) chelates formed by various genera of microfungi. They are homodetic cyclic hexapeptides made up of a tripeptide of glycine (or other small neutral amino acids) and a tripeptide of an N'acyl-N4-hydroxy-L-ornithine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ferrichrome. Ferrichromes are any of a group of growth-promoting Fe(III) chelates formed by various genera of microfungi. They are homodetic cyclic hexapeptides made up of a tripeptide of glycine (or other small neutral amino acids) and a tripeptide of an N'acyl-N4-hydroxy-L-ornithine.
ferrichrome biosynthetic process, peptide formation
ferrichrome biosynthetic process, peptide modification
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferricrocin, a cyclic hexapeptide siderophore with the structure Gly-Ser-Gly-(N5-acetyl-N5-hydroxyornithine)3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ferricrocin, a cyclic hexapeptide siderophore with the structure Gly-Ser-Gly-(N5-acetyl-N5-hydroxyornithine)3.
ferricrocin biosynthetic process, peptide formation
ferricrocin biosynthetic process, peptide modification
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + O2 + H+ = N5-hydroxy-L-ornithine + H2O.
The formation of otoliths during embryogenesis with completion in early postembryonic development. Formation occurs by precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate around an organic core of extracellular matrix proteins. Otoconia (otoliths) are small (~10 micron) dense extracellular particles present in the otolith end organs of the vertebrate inner ear.
otolith mineralization completed early in development
The formation and growth of otoliths throughout the life of the organism. Otoliths are the large extracellular ear-stones of the fish inner ear, produced by precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate on organic matrices. The otolith enlarges throughout the life of the fish, as layers of calcium carbonate are added.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans.
1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase activity
endo-(1,4)-beta-xylanase(1,4)-beta-xylan 4-xylanohydrolase activity
endo-(1->4)-beta-xylanase(1->4)-beta-xylan 4-xylanohydrolase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphopantetheine, the vitamin pantetheine 4'-(dihydrogen phosphate).
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a peptide, resulting in a change in the properties of that peptide.
A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25.
The process in which the signal sequence of a translated protein binds to and forms a complex with the Sec complex.
posttranslational protein membrane targeting, docking
protein docking during posttranslational protein targeting to membrane
posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking
The process in which a protein translocates through the ER membrane posttranslationally.
posttranslational protein membrane targeting, translocation
protein translocation during posttranslational protein targeting to membrane
posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation
An endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated complex involved in the translocation of proteins that are targeted to the ER. In yeast, this complex consists of two subcomplexes, namely, the Sec61 complex and the Sec62/Sec63 complex.
A protein complex involved in the posttranslational targeting of proteins to the ER. In yeast, it is a tetrameric complex consisting of Sec62p, Sec63p, Sec71p and Sec72p.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger) domain of a protein, a protein-protein interaction domain found in many transcription factors.
A heterotetrameric complex that includes orthologues of human PIR121, Nap125 and HSPC300 and regulates actin polymerization and/or depolymerization through small GTPase mediated signal transduction.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylcholine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
A dimeric complex of the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyzes S-palmitoylation, the addition of palmitate (C16:0) or other long-chain fatty acids to proteins at a cysteine residue.
endoplasmic reticulum palmitoyltransferase complex
A chromatin remodeling complex that mediates nucleosome deposition and generates regularly spaced nucleosome arrays. In humans, the complex is composed of the ATPase hSNF2H and the HBXAP protein (RSF-1).
Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.
The precipitation of calcium carbonate onto the organic matrix of a shell, such as a mollusc shell.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of pullulan to panose (6-alpha-D-glucosylmaltose).
pullulan 4-D-glucanohydrolase (panose-forming)
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans, to remove successive glucose units.
1,4-beta-D-glucan glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactans.
arabinogalactan 4-beta-D-galactanohydrolase activity
arabinogalactan endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of 2,6-beta-D-fructofuranosidic linkages in 2,6-beta-D-fructans (levans) containing more than 3 fructose units.
2,6-beta-D-fructan fructanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: maltodextrin = glucose-1-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabinan, a branched homopolymer of L-arabinose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabinan, a branched homopolymer of L-arabinose.
The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a sound.
Located in a membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Note that proteins intrinsic to membranes cannot be removed without disrupting the membrane, e.g. by detergent.
Tethered to a membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that none of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane.
Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
intrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Located in the Golgi membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located in the nuclear inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located in the cell outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located in the peroxisomal membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
extrinsic to external side of plasma membrane
Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm.
intrinsic to external side of plasma membrane
Loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Consider also annotating to 'cell cortex ; GO:0005938'.
extrinsic to internal side of plasma membrane
Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side that faces the cytoplasm.
intrinsic to internal side of plasma membrane
Located in the periplasmic space and loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
extrinsic to external side of plasma membrane, in periplasmic space
Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located in the periplasmic space.
intrinsic to external side of plasma membrane, in periplasmic space
The side of the outer membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the periplasm of the cell.
The side of the outer membrane that faces the periplasm of the cell.
Loosely bound to the surface of the outer membrane of the cell that faces away from the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
extrinsic to external side of outer membrane
extrinsic to external side of cell outer membrane
Located in the outer membrane of the cell such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the periplasm.
intrinsic to external side of outer membrane
intrinsic to external side of cell outer membrane
Loosely bound to one surface of the outer membrane of the cell, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Loosely bound to the surface of the outer membrane of the cell that faces the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
extrinsic to internal side of outer membrane
extrinsic to internal side of cell outer membrane
Located in the outer membrane of the cell such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side that faces the periplasm.
intrinsic to internal side of outer membrane
intrinsic to internal side of cell outer membrane
The assembly of actin rods, a cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules.
A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with denatured proteins.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'unfolded protein binding ; GO:0051082', which usually refers to proteins that have not yet folded into their active states. Denatured proteins once were in their correct functional conformations, but have become incorrectly folded, and often form aggregates.
An enzyme complex composed of 4 subunits, 2 copies of the large protein (nrdD in E. coli) and 2 copies of the small protein (nrdG in E. coli). It catalyzes the generation of 2'deoxyribonucleotides under anaerobic growth conditions. The larger subunit is the catalytic unit that is activated by the smaller iron-binding subunit.
anaerobic ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase complex
A complex that possesses poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity; catalyzes the message-specific shortening of mRNA poly(A) tails. Contains at least two subunits, known as Pan2p and Pan3p in Saccharomyces.
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell surface projection.
The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.
The area of a motile cell perpendicular to the direction of movement.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the trailing edge of a motile cell.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a lamellipodium.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a uropod.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a pseudopodium.
A protein-DNA complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication. The preinitiation complex is formed by the assembly of additional proteins onto an existing prereplicative complex. In budding yeast, the additional proteins include Cdc45p, Sld2p, Sld3p, Dpb11p, DNA polymerases, and others; in fission yeast the GINS complex is present.
A protein complex conserved among eukaryotes that forms part of the kinetochore and plays an essential role in forming stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The complex contains proteins known in several species, including budding and fission yeasts, as Ndc80p, Nuf2p, Spc24p, and Spc25p. In vertebrates it is part of the outer plate of the kinetochore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + amine(out) = ADP + phosphate + amine(in).
A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor.
death receptor-induced signaling complex
death receptor-induced signalling complex
A protein complex formed upon binding of Fas/CD95/APO-1 to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1, procaspase-8/10 and c-FLIP in addition to the ligand-bound receptor.
A protein complex formed upon binding of TRAIL to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1 and procaspase-8 addition to the ligand-bound receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small monomeric GTPase.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.
pseudopodium organization and biogenesis
The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.
The myosin-based contraction and retraction of the pseudopodium.
The extension of a pseudopodium from the lateral area of a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
down regulation of pseudopodium formation
down-regulation of pseudopodium formation
downregulation of pseudopodium formation
negative regulation of pseudopodium formation
negative regulation of pseudopodium assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
positive regulation of pseudopodium formation
positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia from the lateral side of the cell.
regulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
regulation of lateral pseudopodium assembly
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia from the lateral side of the cell.
inhibition of lateral pseudopodium formation
down regulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
down-regulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
downregulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
negative regulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
negative regulation of lateral pseudopodium assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia from the lateral side of the cell.
activation of lateral pseudopodium formation
stimulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
positive regulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
up regulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
up-regulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
upregulation of lateral pseudopodium formation
positive regulation of lateral pseudopodium assembly
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule, such as GDP-galactose or UDP-galactose, to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-1,2-linkage.
alpha-1,2-galactosyltransferase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
regulation of guanylate cyclase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
down regulation of guanylate cyclase activity
down-regulation of guanylate cyclase activity
downregulation of guanylate cyclase activity
inhibition of guanylate cyclase activity
negative regulation of guanylate cyclase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
up regulation of guanylate cyclase activity
up-regulation of guanylate cyclase activity
upregulation of guanylate cyclase activity
activation of guanylate cyclase activity
stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity
positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
regulation of stalk cell differentiation
regulation of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
down regulation of stalk cell differentiation
down-regulation of stalk cell differentiation
downregulation of stalk cell differentiation
negative regulation of stalk cell differentiation
inhibition of stalk cell differentiation
negative regulation of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
positive regulation of stalk cell differentiation
up regulation of stalk cell differentiation
up-regulation of stalk cell differentiation
upregulation of stalk cell differentiation
activation of stalk cell differentiation
stimulation of stalk cell differentiation
positive regulation of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation
The process in which the sorocarp is generated and organized. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
The transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule.
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ran family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break at the mating-type locus to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.
gene conversion at mating-type locus, DNA double-strand break processing
The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.
membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation.
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation.
The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled (due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes) is repaired and replication is restarted.
A protein complex conserved in eukaryotes and associated with the replication fork; the complex stabilizes stalled replication forks and is thought to be involved in coordinating leading- and lagging-strand synthesis and in replication checkpoint signaling.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + taurine = L-alanine + sulfoacetaldehyde.
taurine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
taurine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
Located in an organelle membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an organelle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in the endosome membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the endosome membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
intrinsic to mitochondrial inner membrane
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
integral to mitochondrial inner membrane
Located in the mitochondrial outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
intrinsic to mitochondrial outer membrane
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial outer membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
integral to mitochondrial outer membrane
Located in the nuclear outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the nuclear outer membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in the vacuolar membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located in the contractile vacuolar membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
intrinsic to contractile vacuolar membrane
Loosely bound to one surface of an organelle membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Loosely bound to one surface of the endosome membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Loosely bound to one surface of the mitochondrial inner membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
extrinsic to mitochondrial inner membrane
Loosely bound to one surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
extrinsic to mitochondrial outer membrane
Loosely bound to one surface of the nuclear outer membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
A complex consisting of two membrane proteins and one extracytoplasmic solute receptor. Such transporters transport a variety of substrates without direct ATP power, instead using energy from ion gradients.
tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter complex
The series of events in which a folic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal; cAMP is the nucleotide cyclic AMP.
detection of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate
Catalysis of the reaction: hexitol + acceptor = hexose + reduced acceptor.
During ascospore formation, the process in which each haploid nucleus becomes encapsulated by a double membrane.
A spindle pole body (SPB) organization process that takes place during the second meiotic division during ascospore formation and results in the structural reorganization of the SPB; includes the recruitment of sporulation-specific proteins to the outer plaque to form the meiotic outer plaque (MOP).
ascospore-type prospore-specific spindle pole body remodelling
forespore specific spindle pole body remodeling
forespore-specific spindle pole body remodeling
prospore-specific spindle pole body remodeling
sporulation-specific spindle pole body remodeling
ascospore-type prospore-specific spindle pole body modification
ascospore-type prospore-specific spindle pole body remodeling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
down regulation of cellular metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular metabolic process
downregulation of cellular metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular metabolism
inhibition of cellular metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
positive regulation of cellular metabolism
up regulation of cellular metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular metabolic process
upregulation of cellular metabolic process
activation of cellular metabolic process
stimulation of cellular metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
down regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
downregulation of cellular biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular anabolism
negative regulation of cellular biosynthesis
negative regulation of cellular formation
negative regulation of cellular synthesis
inhibition of cellular biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular anabolism
positive regulation of cellular biosynthesis
positive regulation of cellular formation
positive regulation of cellular synthesis
up regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
upregulation of cellular biosynthetic process
activation of cellular biosynthetic process
stimulation of cellular biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
down regulation of cellular catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular catabolic process
downregulation of cellular catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular breakdown
negative regulation of cellular catabolism
negative regulation of cellular degradation
inhibition of cellular catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular breakdown
positive regulation of cellular catabolism
positive regulation of cellular degradation
up regulation of cellular catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular catabolic process
upregulation of cellular catabolic process
activation of cellular catabolic process
stimulation of cellular catabolic process
positive regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
down regulation of protein complex assembly
down-regulation of protein complex assembly
downregulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
up regulation of protein complex assembly
up-regulation of protein complex assembly
upregulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism
regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
down regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
down-regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
downregulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism
inhibition of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
positive regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism
up regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
up-regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
upregulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
activation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
stimulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
positive regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
regulation of cell projection organisation
regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
down regulation of cell projection organization
down-regulation of cell projection organization
downregulation of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organisation
inhibition of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
positive regulation of cell projection organisation
up regulation of cell projection organization
up-regulation of cell projection organization
upregulation of cell projection organization
activation of cell projection organization
stimulation of cell projection organization
positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Located in a plastid membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plastid membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in a plastid inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plastid inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in a plastid outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plastid outer membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in the chloroplast inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the chloroplast inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in the chloroplast outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the chloroplast outer membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Located in a thylakoid membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a thylakoid membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Tethered to the plasma membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group, that is embedded in the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. When used to describe a protein, indicates that the peptide sequence does not span the membrane.
anchored to external side of plasma membrane
The removal of an amino group from the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
N-terminal protein amino acid deamination
The removal of an amino group from the side chain of an N-terminal asparagine or glutamine residue of a protein.
N-terminal protein amino acid deamination, from side chain
The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.
peptide or protein amino-terminal blocking
N-terminal protein amino acid modification
The removal of an amino group from the side chain of an N-terminal asparagine residue of a protein.
N-terminal peptidyl-asparagine deamination
The removal of an amino group from the side chain of an N-terminal glutamine residue of a protein.
N-terminal peptidyl-glutamine deamination
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of a Pro-Xaa bond by a metallopeptidase mechanism to release a C-terminal amino acid.
membrane Pro-X carboxypeptidase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.
Any complex that possesses ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity.
A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which act as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair; in Saccharomyces the complex comprises Ubc13p and Mms2p.
OBSOLETE A fatty acid synthase complex in which each polypeptide chain catalyzes a single activity.
Type II refers to the type of fatty acid synthase. Type I is in a complex, type II is not.
OBSOLETE A fatty acid synthase complex in which each polypeptide chain catalyzes a single activity, located in the cytosol.
cytosolic type II fatty acid synthase complex
OBSOLETE A fatty acid synthase complex in which each polypeptide chain catalyzes a single activity, located in the mitochondrion.
Obsoleted because type II fatty acid synthases are not complexes
mitochondrial type II fatty acid synthase complex
OBSOLETE A fatty acid synthase complex in which each polypeptide chain catalyzes a single activity, located in a plastid.
Obsoleted because type II fatty acid synthase is not a complex.
plastid type II fatty acid synthase complex
A protein complex that possesses RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.
A complex required for RNAi mediated heterochromatin assembly. In S. pombe this contains RNA-directed RNA polymerase, a putative helicase and a protein containing a pap25 associated domain.
nuclear RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex
A virus-specific protein complex that possesses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and replicates the genome of an RNA virus.
viral RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell projection in response to mating pheromone. This process is observed in unicellular fungi.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mating projection formation by unicellular fungi.
regulation of mating projection biogenesis
regulation of mating projection assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the start of mating projection formation by unicellular fungi.
regulation of initiation of mating projection growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the end of mating projection formation by unicellular fungi.
regulation of termination of mating projection growth
Acting as an indicator or marker to facilitate recognition by other molecules in the cell. Recognition of the tag, which can be covalently attached to the target molecule, may result in modification, sequestration, transport or degradation of the molecule in question.
A complex consisting of a Cdc2-class (also known as Cdc28) cyclin-dependent kinase and an M-phase cyclin such as S. pombe Cdc13. The MPF complex phosphorylates and activates the anaphase promoting complex (APC).
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into an organic acid.
A pentameric protein complex related to replication factor C, which loads a trimeric complex of checkpoint proteins (known as the checkpoint clamp or 9-1-1 complex) onto DNA at damage sites; functions in DNA damage cell cycle checkpoints. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe the subunits are known as Rad17, Rfc2, Rfc3, Rfc4, and Rfc5, while in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the subunits are known as Rad24p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, and Rfc5p.
A heptameric complex related to replication factor C, which loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA and plays a vital role in chromosome cohesion. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Ctf18p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, Rfc5p, Dcc1p, and Ctf8p.
A pentameric complex related to replication factor C, which loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA and has roles in telomere length regulation and other aspects of genome stability. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Elg1p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, and Rfc5p.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.
regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis
regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.
down regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
downregulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of prostaglandin anabolism
negative regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis
negative regulation of prostaglandin formation
negative regulation of prostaglandin synthesis
inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.
positive regulation of prostaglandin anabolism
positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis
positive regulation of prostaglandin formation
positive regulation of prostaglandin synthesis
up regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
upregulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
activation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process
A neuropeptide hormone secreted by the central nervous system of insects that stimulates the tanning and sclerotization of the adult cuticle following eclosion. The active hormone consists of an obligate heterodimer of the alpha and beta subunits.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
down regulation of protein ubiquitination
down-regulation of protein ubiquitination
downregulation of protein ubiquitination
negative regulation of protein ubiquitination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
positive regulation of protein ubiquitination
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
regulation of protein modification process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
negative regulation of protein modification process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
positive regulation of protein modification process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sodium ions (Na+).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lithium ions (Li+).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chloride ions (Cl-).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipoic acid, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a carboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxylipin, any of a group of biologically active compounds formed by oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any oxylipin, any of a group of biologically active compounds formed by oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
A hollow structure made of protein, which usually has the form of a cylindrical tube closed by conical end caps. By regulating their relative gas vesicle content aquatic microbes are able to perform vertical migrations.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a gas vesicle. A gas vesicle is a hollow structure made of protein, which usually has the form of a cylindrical tube closed by conical end caps.
Any process that modulates an organism's tendency or ability to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air, often through the use of stored gases.
A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule.
N-terminal protein acetyltransferase complex
A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an N-terminal Ser, Ala, Gly, or Thr residue of a protein acceptor molecule. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat1p and Ard1p, and may contain additional proteins.
A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Glu, Met-Asp, Met-Asn, or Met-Met N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat3p and Mdm20p.
A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Ile, Met-Leu, Met-Trp, or Met-Phe N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Mak3p, Mak10p, and Mak31p.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen.
A complex formed by a recombinase, a regulatory protein, and the DNA sequences bound by each protein; catalyzes a reversible site-specific recombination reaction that results in the alternate expression of one or more genes in various contexts.
A complex containing a RecQ family helicase and a topoisomerase III homologue; may also include one or more additional proteins; conserved from E. coli to human.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hexon, the major protein component of the icosahedral capsid of an adenovirus.
The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.
The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a chloroplast genome into one or more mature RNA molecules.
The conversion of a primary mRNA transcript containing more than one complete protein-coding region into individual mature mRNA molecules.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methotrexate stimulus. Methotrexate is 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, a folic acid analogue that is a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.
A ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nucleolar RNA of the box C/D type that can carry out ribose-2'-O-methylation of target RNAs.
box C/D snoRNP ribose 2'-O methylase complex
box C/D snoRNP ribose-2'-O-methyltransferase complex
A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the nucleolus.
box H/ACA snoRNP pseudouridylase complex
The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.
A heterodimeric protein complex required for the activation of DNA replication origins; comprises a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit (in Saccharomyces, Cdc7p and Dbf4p, respectively); complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins related to the Saccharomyces proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with titin, any of a family of giant proteins found in striated and smooth muscle. In striated muscle, single titin molecules span half the sarcomere, with their N- and C-termini in the Z-disc and M-line, respectively.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with telethonin, a protein found in the Z disc of striated muscle and which is a substrate of the titin kinase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase.
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding
A heterodimeric complex comprising BRCA1 and BARD1, which possesses ubiquitin ligase activity and is involved in genome maintenance, possibly by functioning in surveillance for DNA damage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage, any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing, any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.
down regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing
down-regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing
downregulation of mRNA 3'-end processing
negative regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.
positive regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing
A process in which force is generated within fast-twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fast-twitch skeletal muscle is characterized by fast time parameters, high force development and fatiguability.
fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibre contraction
fast-twitch skeletal myofiber contraction
fast-twitch skeletal myofibre contraction
fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
A process in which force is generated within slow-twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The slow-twitch skeletal muscle is characterized by slow time parameters, low force development and resistance to fatigue.
slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibre contraction
slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
down regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
down-regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
downregulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
negative regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
inhibition of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
negative regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
positive regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
up regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
up-regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
upregulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
activation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
stimulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
positive regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
down regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
down-regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
downregulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
negative regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
inhibition of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
negative regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
positive regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
up regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
up-regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
upregulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
activation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
stimulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction
positive regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.
down regulation of heterochromatin formation
down-regulation of heterochromatin formation
downregulation of heterochromatin formation
negative regulation of heterochromatin formation
negative regulation of heterochromatin assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.
positive regulation of heterochromatin formation
up regulation of heterochromatin formation
up-regulation of heterochromatin formation
upregulation of heterochromatin formation
stimulation of heterochromatin formation
positive regulation of heterochromatin assembly
Any process that modulates the extent or location of heterochromatin formation.
regulation of extent of heterochromatin formation
regulation of extent of heterochromatin assembly
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + a betaine(out) = ADP + phosphate + a betaine(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + glycine betaine(out) = ADP + phosphate + glycine betaine(in).
N-trimethylglycine-transporting ATPase activity
glycine betaine-transporting ATPase activity
The directed movement of glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any ubiquitin ligase complex in which the catalytic core consists of a member of the cullin family and a RING domain protein; the core is associated with one or more additional proteins that confer substrate specificity.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul2 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4A subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4B subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by unknown subunits.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul5 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul7 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 linker and an F-box protein.
The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing metabolic enzymes whose purpose is the sequestration or concentration of metabolites and which has the appearance of a polygonal granule by electron microscopy.
An organelle found in the Cyanobacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat and enzymes for the fixation of carbon dioxide including mechanisms for the concentration of carbonate to increase the efficiency of fixation under low-carbon dioxide conditions.
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing enzymes for the degradation of ethanolamine whose purpose is the protection of the rest of the cell from the toxic acetaldehyde product of the enzyme ethanolamine ammonia lyase.
ethanolamine degradation polyhedral organelle
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing enzymes for the degradation of 1,2-propanediol whose purpose is the protection of the rest of the cell from the toxic propionaldehyde product of the enzyme diol dehydratase.
propanediol degradation polyhedral organelle
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a class III myosin; myosin III is monomeric and has an N terminal kinase domain.
A myosin complex containing one or more class IV myosin heavy chains and associated light chains; myosin IV is relatively uncharacterized, but is predicted to have a single motor domain, one IQ motif and a tail with a Myosin Tail Homology (myTH4) domain homologous to that in the tails of myosins VII and XV.
A myosin complex containing a dimer of class V myosin heavy chains and associated light chains; involved in intracellular transport. Myosin V is a dimeric molecule consisting of conserved motor domains followed by 6 IQ motifs which bind specific light chains and calmodulin. The tail domain is important for cellular localization and cargo binding and can be divided into an alpha-helical coiled coil region and a C-terminal globular region.
A myosin complex containing one or more class VI myosin heavy chains and associated light chains. Myosin VI has a single IQ motif in the neck and a tail region with a coiled coil domain followed by a unique globular domain; a unique insertion that enables myosin VI to move towards the pointed or minus end of actin filaments.
A myosin complex containing a dimer of class VII myosin heavy chains and associated light chains. Myosin VII (240 kDa) is predicted to be a dimeric molecule with 5 IQ motifs and a tail region with a short stretch of coiled coil followed by two myosin-tail homology (MyTH4) domains, two talin-binding (FERM) domains and an SH3-domain.
A myosin complex containing a dimer of class VIII myosin heavy chains and associated light chains. Myosin VIII is predicted to be dimeric, and contain an unusual 100-190 residue N-terminal extension prior to their motor domains, 3-4 IQ motifs, a short region (~70 residues) of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil and a C-terminal domain.
A myosin complex containing a class IX myosin heavy chain and associated light chains. Myosin IX is monomeric with a motor domain containing an N-terminal extension and an insert in the actin binding interface, followed by four to six IQ motifs and a tail region that contains a zinc binding motif and a domain with homology to GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) of the Rho family of G-proteins.
A myosin complex containing one or more class X myosin heavy chains and associated light chains.
A myosin complex containing a dimer of class XI myosin heavy chains and associated light chains. Myosin XI heavy chain sizes are similar in molecular structure to the class V myosins with 5 to 6 IQ motifs and tail regions with predicted coiled coil domains (forming dimeric molecules) and large C-terminal regions.
A myosin complex containing one or more class XII myosin heavy chains and associated light chains; myosin XII contains a large tail region with two MyTH4 domains and a short region of coiled coil.
A myosin complex containing one or more class XIII myosin heavy chains and associated light chains.
A myosin complex containing a class XIV myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin XIV heavy chains are the simplest known, containing a motor domain, no classic IQ motif and variable length tails.
A myosin complex containing a class XV myosin heavy chain and associated light chains. Myosin XV is single headed, and has a large extension (1200aa) at the N-terminus of the motor domain, two IQ motifs and a tail with a similar domain structure to that of the tail of myosin VII.
A myosin complex containing a class XVI myosin heavy chains and associated light chains; myosin XVI heavy chains contain ankyrin repeat.
A myosin complex containing one or more class XVII myosin heavy chains and associated light chains.
A myosin complex containing a class XVIII myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin XVIII heavy chains contain an N-terminal PDZ domain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a class V myosin; myosin V is a dimeric molecule involved in intracellular transport.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA that is assembled into chromatin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the DNA portion of a nucleosome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone that is assembled into a nucleosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching, the conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching.
down regulation of mating type switching
down-regulation of mating type switching
negative regulation of mating type switching
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching.
positive regulation of mating type switching
The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
The controlled breakdown of chromatin from a higher order structure into its simpler subcomponents, DNA, histones, other proteins, and sometimes RNA.
A multiprotein complex having distributive polyadenylation activity of a variety of RNA substrates including hypomodified and incorrectly folded tRNAs, pre-snRNAs, pre-snoRNAs, incorrectly spliced or processed pre-mRNAs, cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), pre-rRNAs and rRNA fragments released as part of rRNA processing. In S. cerevisiae, the complex consists of either Pap2 (also known as Trf4) or Trf5, Air1 or Air2, and Mtr4, and is involved in RNA 3'-end processing and in RNA surveillance and quality control.
Trf4p-Air2p-Mtr4p polyadenylation complex
A high molecular weight complex characterized in S. pombe containing the cell-end anchoring protein Tea1. This complex is transported to the cell ends by microtubules and is involved in bipolar growth and the maintennce of normal cell polarity.
A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity.
A complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity; usually includes members of the PMT1 and PMT2 protein subfamilies.
dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase complex
A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of protein complex localization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall.
peptidoglycan-based cell wall organisation
peptidoglycan-based cell wall organization and biogenesis
peptidoglycan-based cell wall organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fungal-type cell wall.
chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall organisation
chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall organization and biogenesis
beta-glucan-containing cell wall organization and biogenesis
chitin-containing cell wall organization and biogenesis
fungal-type cell wall organization and biogenesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall glycoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound sugar residues.
cell wall glycoprotein biosynthetic process
The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form that is often, but not always, transcriptionally silent.
establishment of heterochromatin architecture
The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin near the centromere.
centromeric heterochromatin biosynthesis
The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin at the telomere.
A conserved heterodimeric complex with SUMO activating enzyme activity.
A protein complex that forms part of the inner centromere, which is involved in the loading of the centromeric histone h3 variant CENP-A onto centromeres and in centromere specific heterochromatin formation. The complex contains about 12 proteins, of which two are known as Mis6 and Sim4 in S. pombe and CENP-I and CENP-H in human.
A primary cilium which may contain a variable array of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. Motile primary cilia display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'motile cilium ; GO:0031514': Motile primary cilia are distinct from motile cilia (GO:0031514) that are typically present on epithelial cells in multiple copies and move in a whip-like, as opposed to rotational, manner.
A primary cilium which contains a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. Nonmotile primary cilia are found on many different cell types and function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules.
A cilium which has a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules, contains molecular motors, and beats with a characteristic whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface. Motile cilia are typically found in multiple copies on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues. Motile cilia may also function as sensory organelles.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'motile primary cilium ; GO:0031512': Motile cilia are distinct from motile primary cilia (GO:0031512) that are typically present during embryogenesis in a single copy per cell, affect asymmetric body plan organization, and move in a rotational manner, as opposed to a whip-like, manner.
A protein complex involved in the catalysis of the formation of the modified nucleotide 1-methyladenosine (m1A) in tRNA. In yeast, it is a heterotetramer of two subunits, Gcd10p and Gcd14p, while in bacteria and archaea it is a homotetramer.
The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 730nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 660nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.
A multisubunit protein complex that binds to centromeric DNA and initiates kinetochore assembly. In yeast, this complex consists of four subunits, namely Ctf13p, Skp1p, Cep3p and Cbf2p.
A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the cell tip.
Structure within the hyphal tip of filamentous fungi that acts as an organizing center for hyphal tip growth; may function to supply vesicles to the elongating tip and/or to organize cytoskeletal microfilaments.
A transmembrane protein complex involved in the translocation of proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. In Gram-negative bacteria, Sec-translocated proteins are subsequently secreted via the type II, IV, or V secretion systems. Sec complex components include SecA, D, E, F, G, Y and YajC.
Note that this term represents the protein complex involved in transport of proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. For proteins involved in bacterial Type II secretion across the outer membrane, consider annotating to 'type II protein secretion complex ; GO:0015628'. For proteins involved in Sec-complex dependent translocation into the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum, consider annotating to 'endoplasmic reticulum Sec complex ; GO:0031205'.
cell envelope Sec protein transport complex
A multisubunit complex consisting of Myb and other proteins that regulates site specific DNA replication, gene amplification and transcriptional repression.
Myeloblastosis proto-oncogene protein complex
The chemical reactions and pathways involving menthol, the monoterpene 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of menthol, the monoterpene 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a filopodium.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a peptide hormone that is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus and is responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a tripeptide hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin by the anterior pituitary.
thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor binding
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor ligand
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
A protein complex that consists of an RNA 5' triphosphatase and a guanyl transferase (Cet1p and Ceg1p in S. cerevisiae; Pct1 and Ceg1 in S. pombe) and is involved in mRNA capping.
mRNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase complex
The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule, where the motion is directed towards the minus ends of the microtubules.
The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule, where the motion is directed towards the plus ends of the microtubules.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
positive regulation of exit from mitosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving anthocyanins.
regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving anthocyanins.
down regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
down-regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
downregulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
negative regulation of anthocyanin metabolism
inhibition of anthocyanin metabolic process
negative regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving anthocyanins.
positive regulation of anthocyanin metabolism
up regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
up-regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
upregulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
activation of anthocyanin metabolic process
stimulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
positive regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins.
regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins.
down regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
downregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of anthocyanin anabolism
negative regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis
negative regulation of anthocyanin formation
negative regulation of anthocyanin synthesis
inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins.
positive regulation of anthocyanin anabolism
positive regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis
positive regulation of anthocyanin formation
positive regulation of anthocyanin synthesis
up regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
activation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
stimulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.
brain-derived neurotrophic factor ligand
brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway
brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of BDNF receptor signaling pathway
regulation of BDNF receptor signalling pathway
regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway
regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.
down regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of BDNF receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of BDNF receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of BDNF receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of BDNF receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway
up regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity.
regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity.
down regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
negative regulation of BDNF receptor activity
negative regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
negative regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity.
positive regulation of BDNF receptor activity
positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
up regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
stimulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity
positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent, or location of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
regulation of termination of DNA-dependent transcription
regulation of transcription termination, DNA-dependent
regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, termination
Regulation of transcription through variation in where transcription termination occurs.
A type of transcriptional regulation at the level of early termination. This process can occur only in prokaryotes, where transcription of an operon into messenger RNA and translation of that mRNA into polypeptides occur simultaneously. The general principle is that alternative mRNA secondary structures occur under different physiological conditions such as available amount of a particular amino acid. One set of conditions favors early termination of transcription. In the classic example of the trp biosynthesis operon, translation of the gene for a short, trp-containing polypeptide called the trp operon leader peptide pauses either at a trp codon (if tryptophan is scarce) or the stop codon (if trp is readily available). In the former situation transcription continues, but in the latter a Rho-independent terminator forms and reduces, or attenuates, expression of the tryptophan biosynthesis genes. Although the polypeptides encoded by leader peptide genes appear not to be stable once their translation is complete, it is suggested by recent studies that their nascent polypeptide chains interact specifically with ribosomes, specific uncharged tRNAs, or other cellular components to inhibit release at the stop codon and improve the function of transcriptional attenuation as a regulatory switch.
ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation
OBSOLETE. A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death as a result of a chemical stimulus.
induction of programmed cell death in response to chemical substance
This term was made obsolete because it is now superseded by better defined and more specific terms under the node of GO:0012501 programmed cell death.
induction of programmed cell death in response to chemical stimulus
OBSOLETE. Any process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis as a result of a chemical stimulus.
induction of apoptosis in response to chemical substance
This term was made obsolete because it is now superseded by better defined and more specific terms under the node of GO:0006915 apoptotic process.
induction of apoptosis in response to chemical stimulus
Catalysis of the cyclization of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene to form a triterpene.
Note that the phrase 'oxidosqualene cyclase' has been used to refer to enzymes that catalyze the reaction represented by 'lanosterol synthase activity ; GO:0000250'.
Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the neck of a fungal bud before and during cytokinesis.
Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the tip of a growing fungal bud.
Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the tip of a growing fungal hypha.
Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the tip of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone.
Regulation of transcription by a mechanism that allows RNA polymerase to continue transcription beyond a termination site.
A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures the correct temporal ordering of nuclear division and cytokinesis; arrests the cell cycle in G2 upon perturbation of cytokinetic structures. In Schizosaccharomyces, the checkpoint monitors formation and integrity of medial actomyosin ring and septum.
The cell cycle process in which the contractile ring is maintained in response to the cytokinesis checkpoint; that is when cytokinesis is delayed awaiting completion of nuclear division or the correct formation of cytokinetic structures. This process occurs in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
contractile ring maintenance involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
cytokinesis, contractile ring maintenance, involved in cytokinesis during cell cycle
Any cell cycle checkpoint that delays or arrests cell cycle progression until cells have reached a critical size.
mitotic cell cycle cell size control checkpoint
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase until cells have reached a critical size.
mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition size control checkpoint
A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase until cells have reached a critical size.
mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition size control checkpoint
Any cell cycle checkpoint that regulates cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure.
A mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint that blocks entry into S phase in response to DNA damage.
mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint
A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase in response to DNA damage.
A cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progession.
A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks entry into S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition checkpoint
A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks entry into M phase.
A cell cycle checkpoint that delays progression through the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
A cell cycle checkpoint that monitors and signals errors in the placement or orientation of the spindle in the cell. The result is a cell cycle delay, usually in mitosis, until errors are corrected.
mitotic cell cycle spindle orientation checkpoint
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.
membrane raft organization and biogenesis
The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane.
Assembly of hemidesmosomes, integrin-containing protein complexes that bind to laminin in the basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes form the contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina.
A process that impedes the progress of the DNA replication fork at natural replication fork pausing sites within the eukaryotic rDNA repeat spacer.
replication fork arrest at ribosomal DNA repeats
replication fork blocking at rDNA repeats
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and a subsequent increase in cellular levels of phosphatidic acid (PA).
G-protein signalling, phospholipase D activating pathway
activation of phospholipase D activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of phospholipase C (PLC) activation.
phospholipase D-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that initiates the activity of inactive phospholipase D.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
regulation of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor activity
regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
down regulation of IP3 receptor activity
down-regulation of IP3 receptor activity
negative regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity
negative regulation of IP3 receptor activity
negative regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
positive regulation of IP3 receptor activity
positive regulation of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity
positive regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
A protein complex that possesses AMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
Snf1 serine/threonine protein kinase complex
The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
Note that wybutosine is a hypermodified G-residue, formerly called the Y-base, and its derivatives are exclusively found at position 37 (anticodon loop) of tRNAPhe.
An amorphous structure surrounding the core of the centrosome, from which microtubules are nucleated; contains gamma-tubulin.
Note that the centrosomal corona has been observed in Dictyostelium, and is the functional equivalent of pericentriolar material.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a polymer of ubiqutin.
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a post-synaptic potential responsible of the muscle contraction.
A proteasome found in the nucleus of a cell.
A proteasome found in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
A proteasome complex found in the cytosol of a cell.
The regulatory subcomplex of a proteasome located in the nucleus of a cell.
The regulatory subcomplex of a proteasome located in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
A multisubunit complex located in the cytosol of a cell, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes, unfolds ubiquitinated proteins and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.
cytosolic proteasome regulatory particle
The core complex of a proteasome located in the nucleus of a cell.
The core complex of a proteasome located in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
The core complex of a proteasome located in the cytosol of a cell.
The subunits forming the outer ring of the core complex of a proteasome located in the nucleus of a cell.
nuclear proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
The subunits forming the outer ring of the core complex of a proteasome located in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
ER proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two outer rings of the cytosolic proteasome core complex.
cytosolic proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
The subunits forming the inner ring of the core complex of a proteasome located in the nucleus of a cell.
nuclear proteasome core complex, beta-subunit complex
The subunits forming the inner ring of the core complex of a proteasome located in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
ER proteasome core complex, beta-subunit complex
The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two inner rings of the cytosolic proteasome core complex.
cytosolic proteasome core complex, beta-subunit complex
The subunits of the regulatory particle that directly associate with the core complex of a proteasome located in the nucleus of a cell.
nuclear proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex
The subunits of the regulatory particle that directly associate with the core complex of a proteasome located in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
ER proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex
The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex located in the cytosol of the cell.
cytosolic proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex
The subunits that form the peripheral lid of the regulatory particle of a proteasome located in the nucleus of a cell.
nuclear proteasome regulatory particle, lid subcomplex
The subunits that form the peripheral lid of the regulatory particle of a proteasome located in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
ER proteasome regulatory particle, lid subcomplex
The subcomplex of the cytosolic proteasome regulatory particle that forms the peripheral lid, which is added on top of the base subcomplex.
cytosolic proteasome regulatory particle, lid subcomplex
A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized.
A supercomplex formed by the association of two subcomplexes (known as MIND and Ndc80 in Schizosaccharomyces) with additional proteins at the kinetochores of condensed nuclear chromosomes.
A region of heterochromatin located near the centromere of a chromosome in the nucleus.
The cell cycle process in which the sister centromeres of one chromosome attach to microtubules that emanate from the same spindle pole, which ensures that homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions at anaphase of meiosis I.
homologous chromosome orientation during meiosis
homologous chromosome orientation during meiosis I
homologous chromosome orientation involved in meiotic metaphase I plate congression
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of fever generation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of fever generation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fever generation.
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, any of the E2 proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with beta-endorphin, a peptide generated by the cleavage of pro-opiomelanocortin.
The process in which linear telomeric DNA is remodeled into duplex loops, by the invasion of a 3' single-stranded overhang into the duplex region.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an opioid receptor.
Fusion of the membrane of a synaptic vesicle with its target presynaptic membrane, thereby releasing its cargo neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
synaptic vesicle fusion to pre-synaptic membrane
synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane.
regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to pre-synaptic membrane
regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane.
down regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
down-regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
downregulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to pre-synaptic membrane
inhibition of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to pre-synaptic membrane
up regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
up-regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
upregulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
activation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
stimulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane
A chromatophore containing yellow pigment.
Note that this term refers to a subcellular structure, and should not be confused with the specialized cells known as xanthophores, which produce yellow pigment and are found in fish and amphibian skin. Note that several terms in the biological process ontology ('xanthophore differentiation ; GO:0050936' and its children) refer to xanthophores in the sense of pigment-producing cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with replication fork barriers, sites that inhibit the progress of replication forks.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an opioid receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
opioid receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by opioid receptor signaling pathway
inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by opioid receptor signalling pathway
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathway
The process in which a neurotrophic factor induces neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
neurotrophin-induced neuronal synaptic plasticity
regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity in response to neurotrophin
The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.
zymogen activation by proteolytic cleavage
The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
killing of cells of another, non-host, organism
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
regulation of neurophysiological process
regulation of neurological system process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
negative regulation of neurological process
negative regulation of neurophysiological process
negative regulation of neurological system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
positive regulation of neurological process
positive regulation of neurophysiological process
positive regulation of neurological system process
Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein by altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.
Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.
negative regulation of protein stability
Any homeostatic process in which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of heat generation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat generation.
Any homeostatic process in which an organism releases excess heat to the environment, thereby lowering its internal temperature.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat dissipation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of heat dissipation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat dissipation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity contributing to the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
G1/S-specific regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity during G1/S
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity involved in G1/S
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity contributing to the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
G1/S-specific down regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific down-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific downregulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity during G1/S
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity involved in G1/S
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity contributing to the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
G1/S-specific positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific up regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific up-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific upregulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G1/S-specific stimulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity during G1/S
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity involved in G1/S
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity contributing to the G2/M transition of the cell cycle.
G2/M-specific regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity during G2/M
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity involved in G2/M
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity contributing to the G2/M transition of the cell cycle.
G2/M-specific down regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific down-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific downregulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity during G2/M
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity involved in G2/M
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity involved in the G2/M transition of the cell cycle.
G2/M-specific positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific up regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific up-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific upregulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
G2/M-specific stimulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity during G2/M
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity involved in G2/M
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
regulation of LPS-mediated signaling pathway
regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway
regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
down regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
down-regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
downregulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of LPS-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway
inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
positive regulation of LPS-mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway
up regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
up-regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
upregulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
activation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
stimulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
cellular response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a primary cell septum following nuclear division.
The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line.
A relatively pale zone traversing the center of the A band of a sarcomere, visible in relaxed muscle fibers; consists of the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments.
A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.
The pigmented membrane of a plasma membrane-derived thylakoid.
plasma membrane-derived thylakoid membrane
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + plastoquinone = NAD+ + plastoquinol.
NADH dehydrogenase (plastoquinone) activity
The heterodimer formed by the beta and gamma subunits of a heterotrimeric G protein, which dissociates from the alpha subunit upon guanine nuclotide exchange.
See also the cellular component term 'heterotrimeric G-protein complex ; GO:0005834'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein beta subunit.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein gamma subunit.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a complex of G-protein beta/gamma subunits.
G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding
The series of molecular events that generate a signal through the activation of G-protein subunits and recycling of these subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an adenosine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an A1 adenosine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an A2A adenosine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an A2B adenosine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an A3 adenosine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-1A adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-1B adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-1D adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-2A adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-2B adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-2C adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a beta-1 adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a beta-2 adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a beta-3 adrenergic receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an adrenomedullin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an angiotensin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 angiotensin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 angiotensin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apelin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a bombesin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a subtype 3 bombesin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endothelin A receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endothelin B receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor.
gastrin-releasing peptide receptor ligand
gastrin-releasing peptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neuromedin B receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a bradykinin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a B1 bradykinin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a B2 bradykinin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor.
C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor ligand
C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor.
C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor ligand
C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a calcitonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cannabinoid receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 cannabinoid receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 cannabinoid receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a haptoglobin, any alpha2 globulin of blood plasma that can combine with free oxyhemoglobin to form a stable complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hemoglobin alpha chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hemoglobin beta chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CXCR4 chemokine receptor.
stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CXCR5 chemokine receptor.
type 1 Burkitt's lymphoma receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CXCR6 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR1 chemokine receptor.
macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR2 chemokine receptor.
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR3 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR4 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR5 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR6 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR7 chemokine receptor.
type 1 EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR8 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR9 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR10 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CCR11 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CX3C chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a XCR1 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cholecystokinin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type A cholecystokinin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor.
type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor ligand
type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor.
type 1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor ligand
type 1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor.
type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor ligand
type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D1 dopamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D2 dopamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D3 dopamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D4 dopamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D5 dopamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endothelial differentiation G-protein coupled receptor.
endothelial differentiation G-protein coupled receptor ligand
endothelial differentiation G-protein coupled receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor.
Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand
Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor.
Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand
Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an Edg-3 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor.
Edg-3 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand
Edg-3 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an Edg-4 lysophosphatidic acid receptor.
Edg-4 lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand
Edg-4 lysophosphatidic acid receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an Edg-5 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor.
Edg-5 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand
Edg-5 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an Edg-6 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor.
Edg-6 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand
Edg-6 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an Edg-7 lysophosphatidic acid receptor.
Edg-7 lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand
Edg-7 lysophosphatidic acid receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a fMet-Leu-Phe receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a follicle-stimulating hormone receptor.
follicle stimulating hormone receptor binding
follicle stimulating hormone receptor ligand
follicle-stimulating hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a galanin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 galanin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 galanin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 3 galanin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor.
gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor ligand
gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ghrelin receptor.
type 1 growth hormone secretagogue GH-releasing peptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glucagon receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor.
growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor ligand
growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 hypocretin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 hypocretin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kisspeptin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a leukotriene receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor.
lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor ligand
lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a melanin-concentrating hormone receptor.
melanin-concentrating hormone receptor ligand
melanin-concentrating hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor.
type 1 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor ligand
type 1 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor.
type 2 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor ligand
type 2 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a melanocortin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a corticotropin hormone receptor.
adrenocorticotropin hormone receptor binding
adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor ligand
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 3 melanocortin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 4 melanocortin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 5 melanocortin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a melatonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1A melatonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1B melatonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a H9 melatonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a motilin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor.
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding
M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding
M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand
M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding
M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand
M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding
M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand
M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding
M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand
M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding
M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled (metabotropic) GABA receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 metabotropic GABA receptor.
type 1 metabotropic GABA receptor ligand
type 1 metabotropic GABA receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 metabotropic GABA receptor.
type 2 metabotropic GABA receptor ligand
type 2 metabotropic GABA receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 6 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 6 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 6 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 7 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 7 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 7 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 8 metabotropic glutamate receptor.
type 8 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand
type 8 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled (metabotropic) histamine receptor.
G-protein coupled histamine receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a H1 histamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a H2 histamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a H3 histamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a H4 histamine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled (metabotropic) nucleotide receptor.
metabotropic nucleotide receptor binding
G-protein coupled nucleotide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y1 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y2 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y4 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y5 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y6 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y8 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y9 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y10 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y11 nucleotide receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a metabotropic serotonin receptor.
metabotropic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor binding
G-protein coupled serotonin receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1B serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1D serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1E serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1F serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2A serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2B serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2C serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 4 serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 5A serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 5B serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 6 serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 7 serotonin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurokinin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a substance P receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neuromedin K receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a substance K receptor.
A protein complex formed by the stable binding of a haptoglobin to hemoglobin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 neuromedin U receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 neuromedin U receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neuropeptide Y receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 neuropeptide Y receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 4 neuropeptide Y receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 5 neuropeptide Y receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotensin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 neurotensin receptor.
A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.
protection from NHEJ-mediated telomere fusion
protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an olfactory receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a delta-type opioid receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kappa-type opioid receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mu-type opioid receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nociceptin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor.
orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor ligand
orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an oxytocin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a parathyroid hormone receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor.
type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor ligand
type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor.
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide receptor binding
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor ligand
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a platelet activating factor receptor.
platelet activating factor receptor ligand
platelet activating factor receptor binding
The formation of the single stranded telomeric 3' overhang, a conserved feature that ranges in length from 12 nt in budding yeast to approximately 500 nt in humans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a prolactin-releasing peptide receptor.
prolactin-releasing peptide receptor ligand
prolactin-releasing peptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a prostanoid receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a prostaglandin D2 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an EP1 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor.
EP1 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor ligand
EP1 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an EP2 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor.
EP2 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor ligand
EP2 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an EP3 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor.
EP3 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor ligand
EP3 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor.
EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor ligand
EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a prostacyclin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a thromboxane A2 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a proteinase activated receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 proteinase activated receptor.
type 1 proteinase activated receptor ligand
type 1 proteinase activated receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 proteinase activated receptor.
type 2 proteinase activated receptor ligand
type 2 proteinase activated receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 3 proteinase activated receptor.
type 3 proteinase activated receptor ligand
type 3 proteinase activated receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 4 proteinase activated receptor.
type 4 proteinase activated receptor ligand
type 4 proteinase activated receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a secretin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a somatostatin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 somatostatin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 somatostatin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 3 somatostatin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 4 somatostatin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 5 somatostatin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a taste receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 member 1 taste receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 member 2 taste receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 member 3 taste receptor.
The directed movement of a lipid particle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
lipid particle transport along microtubule
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a urotensin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor.
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor ligand
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor.
type 1 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor ligand
type 1 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor.
type 2 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor ligand
type 2 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vasopressin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a V1A vasopressin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a V1B vasopressin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a V2 vasopressin receptor.
The translocon of the inner envelope of chloroplasts, which facilitates the import of proteins across the chloroplast inner membrane.
chloroplast inner membrane translocase complex
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the chromoplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope; also faces the chromoplast stroma.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a microbody.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of an early endosome.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of a late endosome.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of a microbody.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of a glyoxysome.
Stable, specialized structure for the ingestion of food by the cell into phagosomes.
Stable, specialized structure for extrusion of waste by the cell into the surrounding medium.
Complex basket- or funnel-like structure used by the cell to collect food and channel it to the cytostome; includes specialized sub-structures made up of closely-spaced cilia and underlying basal bodies and fibrillar systems.
Note that this term refers to a subcellular structure characteristic of ciliate protozoans, and should not be confused with oral anatomical structures of multicellular animals.
Stable structure that regulates the flow of liquid between the contractile vacuole and the surrounding medium.
A process that decreases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
negative regulation of synaptic plasticity
A process that increases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
positive regulation of synaptic plasticity
A process that modulates synaptic metaplasticity. Metaplasticity is a higher-order form of plasticity and is manifest as a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity that is the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require.
A process that decreases synaptic metaplasticity. Metaplasticity is a higher-order form of plasticity and is manifest as a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity that is the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require.
down regulation of synaptic metaplasticity
down-regulation of synaptic metaplasticity
downregulation of synaptic metaplasticity
negative regulation of synaptic metaplasticity
A process that increases synaptic metaplasticity. Metaplasticity is a higher-order form of plasticity and is manifest as a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity that is the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require.
up regulation of synaptic metaplasticity
up-regulation of synaptic metaplasticity
positive regulation of synaptic metaplasticity
The directed movement of any of the vitamin B6 compounds -- pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate -- into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of pyridoxal into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxal, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
The directed movement of pyridoxal phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; pyridoxal phosphate is pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, and is the active form of vitamin B6.
The directed movement of pyridoxamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxamine, 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
The directed movement of pyridoxine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
Enables the directed movement of any of the vitamin B6 compounds -- pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate -- into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of pyridoxal across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Pyridoxal, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
pyridoxal transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of pyridoxal phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells; pyridoxal phosphate is pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, and is the active form of vitamin B6.
pyridoxal phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of pyridoxamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Pyridoxamine, 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
pyridoxamine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of pyridoxine across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
pyridoxine transmembrane transporter activity
A series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'torso signaling pathway ; GO:0008293', although torso is abbreviated 'tor'.
A series of molecular signals that forms a pathway of communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus and initiates cellular changes in response to changes in mitochondrial function.
A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p.
rapamycin and nutrient-sensitive TOR complex
A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p.
rapamycin and nutrient-insensitive TOR complex
Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres.
Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at silenced mating-type loci.
Any process that affects the rate, extent or location of chromatin silencing.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing.
negative regulation of heterochromatic silencing
negative regulation of chromatin silencing
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing.
positive regulation of heterochromatic silencing
positive regulation of chromatin silencing
Any process that affects the rate, extent or location of chromatin silencing at telomeres.
regulation of heterochromatic silencing at telomere
regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing at telomeres.
down regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
down-regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
downregulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
negative regulation of heterochromatic silencing at telomere
inhibition of chromatin silencing at telomere
negative regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing at telomeres.
positive regulation of heterochromatic silencing at telomere
up regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
up-regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
upregulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
activation of chromatin silencing at telomere
stimulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
positive regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere
A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin.
Note that this term refers only to the actin portion of a microfilament, and does not encompass associated proteins. See also the cellular component term 'actin filament ; GO:0005884'.
Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane whose catalytic residues lie on the intermembrane space side of the inner membrane; involved in mitochondrial protein turnover. Contains a subunit belonging to the AAA family of ATP-dependent metalloproteases.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
down regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
down-regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
downregulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism
inhibition of glucocorticoid metabolic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism
up regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
up-regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
upregulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
activation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
stimulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
down regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
downregulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
inhibition of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
up regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
upregulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
activation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
stimulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids.
regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids.
down regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
down-regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
downregulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
inhibition of glucocorticoid catabolic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids.
up regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
up-regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
upregulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
activation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
stimulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.
regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
regulation of protein autophosphorylation
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.
down regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
down-regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
downregulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
negative regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
inhibition of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
negative regulation of protein autophosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.
positive regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
up regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
up-regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
upregulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
activation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
stimulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation
positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a short-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
short-chain fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity
short-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity
short-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a medium-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a medium-chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
medium-chain fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity
medium-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity
medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very-long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
very-long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity
very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a corticosteroid binding to its receptor.
corticosteroid receptor signalling pathway
corticosteroid receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a mineralocorticoid binding to its receptor.
mineralocorticoid receptor signalling pathway
mineralocorticoid receptor signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cortisol receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mineralocorticoid receptor.
Combining with cortisol and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.
For cortisol receptors that act in the nucleus to regulate transcription, consider also annotating to the terms: ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0038049' or ligand-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038049'.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl histamine + H2O = histamine + beta-alanine.
beta-alanyl-histamine hydrolase activity
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a chloroplast and form the chloroplast envelope.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of a chloroplast envelope.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of a chromoplast envelope.
The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.
A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.
The volume enclosed by a thylakoid membrane.
The volume enclosed by a plastid thylakoid membrane.
The volume enclosed by a plasma membrane-derived thylakoid.
The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein.
The volume enclosed by the membrane or protein that forms a vesicle.
A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle.
Note that this term refers to membrane-bounded compartments that are not considered organelles in their own right, but form parts of larger organelles.
Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.
A leucoplast in which protein is stored.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a bombesin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for the organism; in particular, a process that enables an organism withstand exposure to temperatures that would otherwise lethally impair poly(A)+ mRNA-nucleus export.
mRNA export from cell nucleus during heat stress
mRNA export from nucleus during heat stress
mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of contraction of the actomyosin ring involved in cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
regulation of contractile ring contraction involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
regulation of contractile ring contraction involved in cytokinesis during cell cycle
regulation of actomyosin contractile ring contraction
The biological transducer activity that accepts energy and converts it to another form, often by transfer to another molecule within the cell.
Absorbing energy from one or more photons and transferring their energy to another molecule, usually a protein, within the cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with insulin-like growth factor I.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with insulin-like growth factor II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any thioesterase enzyme.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the N-terminus of a protein that has the potential to be, or has been, modified by N-terminal myristoylation. Binding affinity is typically altered by myristoylation; for example, N-terminal myristoylation of HIV Nef increases its affinity for calmodulin.
N-terminal myristoylation domain binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.
down regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
down-regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
downregulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.
up regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
up-regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
upregulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
stimulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
Catalysis of the transfer an alpha-D-glucosyl residue in a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan to the primary hydroxy group of glucose, free or combined in a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan(D-glucose) 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
oligoglucan-branching glycosyltransferase activity
1,4-alpha-glucan 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
A protein complex that binds interleukin-28 and interleukin-29. Composed of two subunits, IL-28R alpha and IL-10R beta.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-28 receptor.
The series of molecular signals that bring about the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to a cue, such as starvation or pheromone exposure, in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.
signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the TOR signaling pathway.
regulation of target of rapamycin signaling pathway
regulation of target of rapamycin signalling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the TOR signaling pathway.
down regulation of TOR signaling pathway
down-regulation of TOR signaling pathway
negative regulation of TOR signaling pathway
negative regulation of TOR signalling pathway
negative regulation of target of rapamycin signaling pathway
negative regulation of target of rapamycin signalling pathway
negative regulation of TOR signaling cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the TOR signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TOR signaling pathway
positive regulation of TOR signalling pathway
positive regulation of target of rapamycin signaling pathway
positive regulation of target of rapamycin signalling pathway
positive regulation of TOR signaling cascade
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by maturation of an early phagosome following the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis; during maturation, phagosomes acquire markers of late endosomes and lysosomes.
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the ARF family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction.
regulation of ARF protein signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction.
down regulation of ARF protein signal transduction
down-regulation of ARF protein signal transduction
downregulation of ARF protein signal transduction
inhibition of ARF protein signal transduction
negative regulation of ARF protein signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction.
up regulation of ARF protein signal transduction
up-regulation of ARF protein signal transduction
upregulation of ARF protein signal transduction
activation of ARF protein signal transduction
stimulation of ARF protein signal transduction
positive regulation of ARF protein signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ran protein signal transduction.
regulation of Ran protein signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ran protein signal transduction.
down regulation of Ran protein signal transduction
down-regulation of Ran protein signal transduction
downregulation of Ran protein signal transduction
inhibition of Ran protein signal transduction
negative regulation of Ran protein signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ran protein signal transduction.
up regulation of Ran protein signal transduction
up-regulation of Ran protein signal transduction
upregulation of Ran protein signal transduction
activation of Ran protein signal transduction
stimulation of Ran protein signal transduction
positive regulation of Ran protein signal transduction
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylbutanol + NADP+ = 2-methylbutanal + NADPH + H+.
2-methylbutanal reductase (NADP) activity
2-methylbutyraldehyde reductase (NADP) activity
2-methylbutanol:NADP oxidoreductase activity
A prominent mass in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The cloud contains both mitochondria and electron-dense granulofibrillar material (GFM) and is the source of germinal granule material.
The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein.
A complex of five proteins, designated NELF-A, -B, -C, -D, and -E in human, that can physically associate with RNP polymerase II to induce transcriptional pausing.
A process in which microorganisms produce an extracellular matrix and form multicellular aggregates at an air-liquid interface.
The proteolytic processing of trypsinogen to the active form, trypsin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
positive regulation of insulin secretion
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light chain of a myosin complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the head/neck region of a myosin heavy chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the tail region of a myosin heavy chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light chain of a myosin I complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the head/neck region of a myosin I heavy chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the tail region of a myosin I heavy chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light chain of a myosin II complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the head/neck region of a myosin II heavy chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the tail region of a myosin II heavy chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heavy chain of a myosin complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heavy chain of a myosin I complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heavy chain of a myosin II complex.
A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II.
A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 14 of the histone H3 protein.
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity (H3-K14 specific)
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mitochondrial DNA.
A heterodimeric protein complex formed of Spt4 and Spt5 proteins which is expressed in eukaryotes from yeast to man. DSIF is an inhibitory elongation factor that promotes RNA polymerase II transcriptional pausing, but can also stimulate transcriptional elongation under certain conditions, and may play a role in RNA processing via its physical association with mRNA capping enzymes.
5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole sensitivity inducing factor complex
A protein complex that stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase.
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex
A membrane-bounded flattened sac that is formed during micropexophagy between the membrane tips of an engulfing vacuole, completing the engulfment and sequestration of peroxisomes from the cytosol, and forming a micropexophagic body within the lumen of the vacuole.
micropexophagy-specific membrane apparatus
A double-membrane-bounded organelle that functions in iron-sulfur protein maturation; evolutionarily derived from mitochondria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.
diphosphatidylglycerol metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.
diphosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin heavy chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a clathrin light chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule basal body, a short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum.
microtubule basal body organization and biogenesis
Construction of a new microtubule basal body.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
down regulation of translation in response to stress
down-regulation of translation in response to stress
downregulation of translation in response to stress
inhibition of translation in response to stress
negative regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
up regulation of translation in response to stress
up-regulation of translation in response to stress
upregulation of translation in response to stress
activation of translation in response to stress
stimulation of translation in response to stress
positive regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
down regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
down-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
downregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
inhibition of translation initiation in response to stress
negative regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
up regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
up-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
upregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
activation of translation initiation in response to stress
stimulation of translation initiation in response to stress
positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
A cell extension characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusions.
The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusions.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
down regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
down-regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
downregulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
inhibition of translation in response to osmotic stress
negative regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
up regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
up-regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
upregulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
activation of translation in response to osmotic stress
stimulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
positive regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
down regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
down-regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
downregulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
inhibition of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
negative regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
up regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
up-regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
upregulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
activation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
stimulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
positive regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress
A process in which a protein or protein complex is maintained in a specific location in the cell cortex.
maintenance of protein location in cell cortex
The directed movement of substances from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site specific manner. Cleavage is dependent on the presence of a specific recognition site in the DNA which must be modified (e.g. methylated, hydroxymethylated, glucosyl-hydroxymethylated).
Type IV site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
A complex consisting of two proteins which acts as an endonuclease in DNA sequences containing a specific modified recognition site. Modifications may include methylation, hydroxymethylation, and glucosyl-hydroxymethylation.
Type IV site-specific deoxyribonuclease complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.
regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of a restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.
down regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
restriction endodeoxyribonuclease inhibitor
negative regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
negative regulation of nuclease activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
down regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of deoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
up regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
up-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
upregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
activation of deoxyribonuclease activity
stimulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
down regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
up regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
up-regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
upregulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
activation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
stimulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
positive regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
down regulation of Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease inhibitor
negative regulation of Type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
down regulation of Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease inhibitor
negative regulation of Type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
down regulation of Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease inhibitor
negative regulation of Type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
down regulation of Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
down-regulation of Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
downregulation of Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
negative regulation of Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
inhibition of Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease inhibitor
negative regulation of Type IV site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
regulation of Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease regulator
regulation of Type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
regulation of Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease regulator
regulation of Type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
regulation of Type III restriction endoribonuclease activity
Type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease regulator
regulation of Type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.
regulation of Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease regulator
regulation of Type IV site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
inhibition of NF-kappaB transcription factor
negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a NACHT (NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1) domain. The NACHT domain consists of seven distinct conserved motifs, including an ATP/GTPase specific P-loop, a Mg(2+)-binding site and five more specific motifs.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Pyrin (PAAD/DAPIN) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that has the same fold as the Death domain.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SAM (Sterile Alpha Motif) domain, which is a 70-amino acid protein sequence that participates in protein-protein, protein-lipid, and protein-RNA interactions and is conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.
Any process that activates, maintains, or increases the rate of a response to a food stimulus.
Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
down regulation of response to external stimulus
down-regulation of response to external stimulus
downregulation of response to external stimulus
inhibition of response to external stimulus
negative regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.
up regulation of response to external stimulus
up-regulation of response to external stimulus
upregulation of response to external stimulus
activation of response to external stimulus
stimulation of response to external stimulus
positive regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
down regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
down-regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
downregulation of response to extracellular stimulus
inhibition of response to extracellular stimulus
negative regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
up regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
up-regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
upregulation of response to extracellular stimulus
activation of response to extracellular stimulus
stimulation of response to extracellular stimulus
positive regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
regulation of response to nutrient levels
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
down regulation of response to nutrient levels
down-regulation of response to nutrient levels
downregulation of response to nutrient levels
inhibition of response to nutrient levels
negative regulation of response to nutrient levels
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
up regulation of response to nutrient levels
up-regulation of response to nutrient levels
upregulation of response to nutrient levels
activation of response to nutrient levels
stimulation of response to nutrient levels
positive regulation of response to nutrient levels
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein histidine kinase activity.
regulation of protein histidine kinase activity
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein histidine kinase.
activation of protein histidine kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein histidine kinase activity.
down regulation of protein histidine kinase activity
down-regulation of protein histidine kinase activity
downregulation of protein histidine kinase activity
inhibition of protein histidine kinase activity
negative regulation of protein histidine kinase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a carbohydrate phosphate.
regulation of carbohydrate phosphatase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose-6-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate.
regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucitol + NADP(+) = L-sorbose + H(+) + NADPH. The reaction may occur, to a minor extent, in the reverse direction.
D-glucitol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
A protein complex required for the loading of a structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complex, such as cohesin, condensin or SMC5/SMC6, onto DNA. Appears to be eukaryotically conserved.
An array of astral microtubules that emanates from the spindle pole body during meiosis and facilitates horsetail nuclear movement.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the horsetail-astral array, a structure of astral microtubules that emanates from the spindle pole body during meiosis.
horsetail-astral microtubule array organization
horsetail-astral microtubule organisation
horsetail-astral microtubule organization and biogenesis
horsetail-astral microtubule organization
The process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
The process in which the nascent membrane forms at the meiotic outer plaque and grows until closure occurs and forespores, or prospores, are formed.
ascospore-type prospore membrane assembly
The cell cycle process in which physical connections are formed between telomeric heterochromatin and the spindle pole body, facilitating bouquet formation.
attachment of telomeres to spindle pole body
attachment of telomeric chromatin to spindle pole body
attachment of telomeric heterochromatin to spindle pole body
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the oral apparatus. The oral apparatus is a funnel-like structure used by the cell to collect food and channel it to the cytostome, characteristic of ciliate protozoans.
oral apparatus organization and biogenesis
Inward projections of the cytoskeletal structures of the oral apparatus, which form a fiber that extends past the cytostome into the cytoplasm.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the macronucleus.
macronuclear organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the micronucleus.
micronuclear organization and biogenesis
A cell part that is composed of the eisosome membrane or MCC domain, a furrow-like plasma membrane sub-domain and associated integral transmembrane proteins , and the proteins (eisosome filaments) that form a scaffolding lattice on the cytoplasmic face. Eisosomes broadly affect overall plasma membrane organization.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.
Non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms mediated by polymers (polysaccharides, proteins, and/or nucleic acids) secreted into the extracellular environment.
flocculation via extracellular biopolymeric flocculants
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
histone deacetylase activity (H3-K9 specific)
The assembly of a sterol-rich region of the plasma membrane at the cell surface overlying the contractile ring.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with alkylated residues in DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with O6-alkylguanine adducts in DNA.
A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that localizes to kinetochores in early mitosis, the spindle mid-zone in anaphase B and to the telophase midbody. It has been proposed that the passenger complex coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. Complex members include the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing insertions or deletions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing an A/C mispair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a G/T mispair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a single base insertion or deletion.
single base insertion or deletion binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a dinucleotide insertion or deletion.
dinucleotide insertion or deletion binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a single adenine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired adenine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a single cytosine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired cytosine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a single guanine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired guanine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a single thymine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired thymine.
A homodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + thiosulfate(out) = ADP + phosphate + thiosulfate(in).
thiosulfate transmembrane-transporting ATPase activity
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rhamnose stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of chorismate to 4-hydroxybenzoate.
ubiquinone biosynthetic process from chorismate
A heterooligomeric septin complex that acts during mitotic cell division.
A heterooligomeric septin complex that acts during meiotic cell division.
The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.
Note that this term refers to the future site of division in a cell that has not yet divided.
In animal cells, the first sign of cleavage, or cytokinesis, is the appearance of a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. A contractile ring containing actin and myosin is located just inside the plasma membrane at the location of the furrow. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that deepens the cleavage furrow and divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. While the term 'cleavage furrow' was initially associated with animal cells, such a structure occurs in many other types of cells, including unicellular protists.
Any constituent part of the cell division plane, the eventual plane of cell division in a dividing cell.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of septins and associated proteins. Includes septin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane of the prospore envelope in meiotic cells in preparation for completing cytokinesis.
A diffuse ring composed of a series of septin bars that run parallel to the long axis of the cell. This type of septin structure has been observed in a number of locations associated with polarized grown and/or deposition of new membrane, but not with cytokinesis, such as at the shmoo (mating projection) neck, at the junction between the mother cell and the germ tube (hypha) of a fungal cell growing filamentously.
A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes and hyphae in fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.
Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Such structures have been observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation in S. cerevisiae and in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation in C. albicans.
Any of a series of structures composed of septins and septin-associated proteins localized to the cleavage plane which are involved in cytokinesis.
A septin band, i.e. a diffuse ring composed of a series of septin bars running parallel to the long axis of the cell, located at the neck of a shmoo (mating projection).
A septin band, i.e. a diffuse ring composed of a series of septin bars running parallel to the long axis of the cell, located at the junction between the mother cell and the germ tube (hypha) of a fungal cell growing filamentously.
A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in hyphae of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.
Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures; observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation.
Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Observed in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation.
OBSOLETE. An amorphous-appearing accumulation of septin proteins at the future site of cytokinesis.
This term was made obsolete because it was added in error; it does not refer to a normal subcellular structure.
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis in a prospore; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.
A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within the germ tube of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.
A tubular, hourglass-shaped structure composed of highly ordered arrays of septin filaments; in budding yeast cells, the septin collar forms from the initial septin ring by expanding into the daughter cell.
A tubular structure with flared ends, shaped like an hourglass and composed of highly ordered arrays of septin filaments, that forms at the bud neck of a dividing cell. In S. cerevisiae, this structure is located at the bud neck throughout most of the cell cycle and the septins are fixed within the structure, not exchanging with soluble septins. This septin structure acts as a scaffold for other proteins that function at the bud neck.
A septin ring, i.e. a ring-shaped structure composed of septins and septin-associated proteins, located at the neck of a shmoo (mating projection). The septin ring in the neck of a shmoo may act as a barrier to localize mating factors in the shmoo tip.
A pair of rings that flank the site of cell division, formed by splitting of the septin ring (or collar) prior to cytokinesis; this double ring structure is thought to trap proteins needed for cytokinesis or the formation of the new membrane or cell wall between the two septin rings. Split septin rings are known to occur in budding yeast cells and probably occur in other cell types as well.
Two separate septin rings that are formed from the septin collar at the time of cytokinesis in cells that divide by budding. These two rings are thought to delineate a special compartment in which factors involved in cytokinesis are concentrated.
A sterol-rich region of the plasma membrane which forms at the cell surface overlying the contractile ring and spreads into the invaginating plasma membrane surrounding the septum.
The slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most spores in germination.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxybenzoate.
ubiquinone biosynthetic process from tyrosine
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a dinucleotide repeat insertion or a deletion resulting in unpaired dinucleotide repeats.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising septin complexes and their associated proteins.
septin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of a septin ring located at the bud neck.
cellular bud neck septin ring organisation
cellular bud neck septin ring organization
The process in which a contractile ring is assembled and/or maintained in a specific location, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
contractile ring localisation involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
contractile ring localization involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
actomyosin contractile ring localization
The process in which a contractile ring is assembled in a specific location as part of a process of cell cycle cytokinesis.
cytokinesis site selection by contractile ring positioning
establishment of contractile ring localisation involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
establishment of contractile ring localization involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
establishment of contractile ring localization involved in cytokinesis during cell cycle
establishment of actomyosin contractile ring localization
Any process in which a contractile ring is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of contractile ring localisation involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
maintenance of contractile ring localization involved in cell cycle cytokinesis
maintenance of contractile ring localization involved in cytokinesis during cell cycle
maintenance of actomyosin contractile ring localization
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acrosin, a protein that is found in the acrosomes of sperm and possesses protease and carbohydrate binding activities.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, via the intermediates 2-polyprenylphenol and 2-polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol.
ubiquinone biosynthetic process via 2-polyprenylphenol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, via the intermediates 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate.
ubiquinone biosynthetic process via 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.
Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.
Any process involved in the transposition of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs).
The synthesis of DNA from an RNA transposon intermediate.
reverse transcription during retrotransposition
reverse transcription involved in RNA-mediated transposition
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
organization of chromosome, telomeric region
The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors.
telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
The addition of telomeric repeats to a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end by telomerase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
negative regulation of telomere maintenance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
positive regulation of telomere maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.
regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.
down regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
down-regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
downregulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
inhibition of telomere maintenance via recombination
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.
up regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
up-regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
upregulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
activation of telomere maintenance via recombination
stimulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
down regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity
down-regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity
downregulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity
inhibition of telomere maintenance via telomerase
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
up regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity
up-regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity
upregulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity
activation of telomere maintenance via telomerase
stimulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.
regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.
down regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
down-regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
downregulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
inhibition of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.
up regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
up-regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
upregulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
activation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
stimulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication
Catalysis of the reaction: glucosaminyl-phosphotidylinositol + fatty acyl-CoA = glucosaminyl-acyl-phosphotidylinositol + CoA.
glucosaminyl-phosphotidylinositol O-acyltransferase activity
Facilitates the directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.
The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules forming part of a cell wall that contribute to cytogamy.
cell wall macromolecule catabolic process during cytogamy
cell wall macromolecule catabolic process involved in cytogamy
The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround cells, that contributes to cytogamy.
plasma membrane fusion involved in cytogamy
A eukaryotically conserved histone deacetylase complex which deacetylates histones preferentially in promoter regions. Composed of a catalytic histone deacetylase subunit, a chromodomain protein, a SIN3 family co-repressor, and a WD repeat protein (Clr6p, Alp13p, Pst2p, and Prw1p respectively in Schizosaccharomyces; Rpd3p, Sin3p, Ume1p, Rco1p and Eaf3 in Saccharomyces; homologs thereof in other species).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
down regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
up regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
activation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
up regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
activation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
down regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
down regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
up regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
activation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
regulation of actin filament bundle formation
regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
down regulation of actin filament bundle formation
down-regulation of actin filament bundle formation
downregulation of actin filament bundle formation
inhibition of actin filament bundle formation
negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
up regulation of actin filament bundle formation
up-regulation of actin filament bundle formation
upregulation of actin filament bundle formation
activation of actin filament bundle formation
stimulation of actin filament bundle formation
positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions via a store-operated calcium channel.
regulation of calcium transport via store-operated calcium channel
regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity
This term was made obsolete because it is ill-defined: channel activities are part of ion transport processes, and not the other way round.
regulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel activity
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions via a store-operated calcium channel.
down regulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
down-regulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
downregulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
negative regulation of calcium transport via store-operated calcium channel
negative regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity
inhibition of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
negative regulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel activity
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions via a store-operated calcium channel.
positive regulation of calcium transport via store-operated calcium channel
positive regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity
up regulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
up-regulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
upregulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
activation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
stimulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel
positive regulation of calcium ion transport via store-operated calcium channel activity
A process that initiates the activity of an inactive store-operated calcium channel.
activation of store-operated calcium channel activity
The directed movement of adenosine, adenine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of nucleoside transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of nucleoside transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a purine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of purine nucleoside transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of pyrimidine nucleoside transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a purine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of purine nucleoside transport
down-regulation of purine nucleoside transport
downregulation of purine nucleoside transport
inhibition of purine nucleoside transport
negative regulation of purine nucleoside transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a purine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of purine nucleoside transport
up-regulation of purine nucleoside transport
upregulation of purine nucleoside transport
activation of purine nucleoside transport
stimulation of purine nucleoside transport
positive regulation of purine nucleoside transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of adenosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of adenosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of adenosine transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of adenosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of adenosine transport
Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The directed movement of a secretory granule to a specific location.
establishment of secretory granule localisation
establishment of secretory granule localization
Any process in which a secretory granule is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of secretory granule localization
maintenance of secretory granule location
The directed movement of a dense core granule to a specific location.
establishment of dense core granule localisation
establishment of dense core vesicle localization
establishment of dense core granule localization
Any process in which a dense core granule is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of dense core vesicle location
maintenance of dense core granule localization
maintenance of dense core granule location
A constitutive biosynthetic process that occurs under nutrient-rich conditions, in which two resident vacuolar hydrolases, aminopeptidase I and alpha-mannosidase, are sequestered into vesicles; these vesicles are transported to, and then fuse with, the vacuole. This pathway is mostly observed in yeast.
The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus received in the context of the jasmonic acid- and ethylene (ethene)-dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.
response to jasmonic acid stimulus during jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
response to jasmonic acid stimulus involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process which produces a pyrimidine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process which produces inosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process which produces xanthosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.
phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding
Catalysis of the ligation of lysine onto the cytidine residue present at the wobble position (usually position 34) of an AUA-specific isoleucine tRNA, to form the derivative lysidine. This modification converts both the codon specificity of tRNA(Ile) from AUG to AUA and its amino acid specificity from methionine to isoleucine.
tRNA(Ile)-2-lysyl-cytidine synthase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
regulation of cellular protein metabolism
regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism
inhibition of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism
up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
activation of cellular protein metabolic process
stimulation of cellular protein metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
down regulation of protein polymerization
down-regulation of protein polymerization
downregulation of protein polymerization
negative regulation of protein polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
positive regulation of protein polymerization
The regulated release of a gonadotropin, any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
down regulation of gonadotropin secretion
down-regulation of gonadotropin secretion
downregulation of gonadotropin secretion
negative regulation of gonadotrophin secretion
negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
positive regulation of gonadotrophin secretion
positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion
A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density.
A type of synapse occurring primarily on dendrite shafts and neuronal cell bodies. Symmetric synapses involve axons containing clusters of predominantly flattened or elongated vesicles and do not contain a prominent postsynaptic density.
An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.
AMPA-selective glutamate receptor complex
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid selective glutamate receptor complex
An acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex located in the stroma of a plastid.
An acetate CoA-transferase complex located in the stroma of a plastid.
A biotin carboxylase complex located in the stroma of a plastid.
The process in which a non-myelinating glial cell membrane closes around an axon.
The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.
myelin maintenance in central nervous system
central nervous system myelin maintenance
The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.
myelin maintenance in peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance
The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.
The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.
myelin formation in central nervous system
The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the peripheral nervous system.
myelin formation in peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system myelin formation
The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.
ensheathment of axons in central nervous system
axon ensheathment in central nervous system
The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.
ensheathment of axons in peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system axon ensheathment
The process in which a non-myelinating glial cell membrane encircles an axon in the central nervous system.
ensheathment of non-myelinated axons in central nervous system
non-myelinated axon ensheathment in central nervous system
The process in which a non-myelinating Schwann cell membrane encircles an axon in the peripheral nervous system. A single non-myelinating Schwann cell will typically associate with multiple axons.
ensheathment of non-myelinated axons in peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system non-myelinated axon ensheathment
The process in which satellite glial cells isolate neuronal cell bodies.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in double-stranded RNA molecules.
double-stranded RNA-specific RNase activity
double-stranded RNA-specific ribonuclease activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
negative regulation of DNA replication initiation
down regulation of DNA replication initiation
down-regulation of DNA replication initiation
downregulation of DNA replication initiation
inhibition of DNA replication initiation
negative regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
up regulation of DNA replication initiation
up-regulation of DNA replication initiation
upregulation of DNA replication initiation
activation of DNA replication initiation
stimulation of DNA replication initiation
positive regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
A protein complex that possesses ribonuclease H activity, in which the catalytic subunit is a member of the RNase H2 (or HII) class. For example, in Saccharomyces the complex contains Rnh201p, Rnh202p and Rnh203p.
Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.
A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6.
A heterodimer involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell or group of cells.
negative regulation of eicosanoid secretion
negative regulation of icosanoid secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell or group of cells.
positive regulation of eicosanoid secretion
positive regulation of icosanoid secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell or group of cells.
down regulation of prostaglandin secretion
down-regulation of prostaglandin secretion
downregulation of prostaglandin secretion
negative regulation of prostacyclin secretion
negative regulation of prostaglandin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell or group of cells.
up regulation of prostaglandin secretion
up-regulation of prostaglandin secretion
positive regulation of prostacyclin secretion
positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion
The controlled release of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.
A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis.
angiogenin-placental ribonuclease inhibitor complex
Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF.
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family.
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rac family.
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Ral family.
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Ran family.
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rap family.
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Ras superfamily.
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rho family.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Ras superfamily.
positive regulation of Ras GTPase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Rho family.
positive regulation of Rho GTPase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
Mo-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
W-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process
The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of L-serine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
downregulation of chondrocyte differentiation
inhibition of chondrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
up regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation
activation of chondrocyte differentiation
stimulation of chondrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
The regulated release of activin, a nonsteroidal regulator composed of two covalently linked beta subunits, which is synthesized in the pituitary gland and gonads and stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.
The regulated release of an inhibin, either of two glycoproteins (designated A and B), secreted by the gonads and present in seminal plasma and follicular fluid, that inhibit pituitary production of follicle-stimulating hormone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell or group of cells.
negative regulation of activin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell or group of cells.
positive regulation of activin secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell or group of cells.
negative regulation of inhibin secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell or group of cells.
positive regulation of inhibin secretion
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
down regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
down-regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
downregulation of aldosterone metabolic process
negative regulation of aldosterone metabolism
inhibition of aldosterone metabolic process
negative regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
positive regulation of aldosterone metabolism
up regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
up-regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
upregulation of aldosterone metabolic process
activation of aldosterone metabolic process
stimulation of aldosterone metabolic process
positive regulation of aldosterone metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
down regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
down-regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
downregulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
inhibition of aldosterone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
up regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
up-regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
upregulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
activation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
stimulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
down regulation of hormone metabolic process
down-regulation of hormone metabolic process
downregulation of hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of hormone metabolism
negative regulation of hormone metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
positive regulation of hormone metabolism
up regulation of hormone metabolic process
up-regulation of hormone metabolic process
upregulation of hormone metabolic process
stimulation of hormone metabolic process
positive regulation of hormone metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
down regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
down-regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
downregulation of hormone biosynthetic process
inhibition of hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.
response to follicle stimulating hormone stimulus
response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxidized residues in DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxidized purine residues in DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxidized pyrimidine residues in DNA.
oxidized pyrimidine nucleobase DNA binding
The molecular events that lead to the excision of a viral genome from the host genome.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of FMN, riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate), a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of oxygen within an organism or cell.
The directed movement of lipids within cells.
The directed movement of sterols within cells.
The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of cholesterol transport
down-regulation of cholesterol transport
negative regulation of cholesterol transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of cholesterol transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
down regulation of intracellular lipid transport
down-regulation of intracellular lipid transport
downregulation of intracellular lipid transport
inhibition of intracellular lipid transport
negative regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
up regulation of intracellular lipid transport
up-regulation of intracellular lipid transport
upregulation of intracellular lipid transport
activation of intracellular lipid transport
stimulation of intracellular lipid transport
positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
regulation of intracellular sterol transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
down regulation of intracellular sterol transport
down-regulation of intracellular sterol transport
downregulation of intracellular sterol transport
inhibition of intracellular sterol transport
negative regulation of intracellular sterol transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
up regulation of intracellular sterol transport
up-regulation of intracellular sterol transport
upregulation of intracellular sterol transport
activation of intracellular sterol transport
stimulation of intracellular sterol transport
positive regulation of intracellular sterol transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.
regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.
down regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
down-regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
downregulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
inhibition of intracellular cholesterol transport
negative regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.
up regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
up-regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
upregulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
activation of intracellular cholesterol transport
stimulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
positive regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
down regulation of intracellular transport
down-regulation of intracellular transport
downregulation of intracellular transport
negative regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
up regulation of intracellular transport
up-regulation of intracellular transport
positive regulation of intracellular transport
A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.
A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS1.
A nonmotile primary cilium that has a 9+0 microtubule array and forms the portion of the axoneme traversing the boundary between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments.
The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.
Note that DNA geometric change and DNA topological change (GO:0006265) are distinct, but are usually coupled in vivo.
Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class I protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class I protein complexes themselves.
Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.
Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class Ib protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class Ib protein complexes themselves.
Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class II protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class II protein complexes themselves.
Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.
inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity
Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.
activating MHC class I receptor activity
A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a HECT, 'Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus', domain of a protein.
Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The directed movement of a melanosome to a specific location.
establishment of melanosome localisation
establishment of melanosome localization
The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mismatch repair complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the mismatch repair complex MutLalpha.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the mismatch repair complex MutLbeta.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the mismatch repair complex MutSalpha.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the mismatch repair complex MutSbeta.
Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.
negative regulation of transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.
positive regulation of transporter activity
Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.
regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.
down regulation of ion transporter activity
down-regulation of ion transporter activity
downregulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.
positive regulation of ion transporter activity
up regulation of ion transporter activity
up-regulation of ion transporter activity
upregulation of ion transporter activity
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity
regulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
down regulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
down-regulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
downregulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
negative regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity
inhibition of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
negative regulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity
up regulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
up-regulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
upregulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
activation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
stimulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
positive regulation of sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity
Any process in which a lysosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
Loosely bound to one surface of the lysosome membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles.
An actin-based, cross-linked cellular protrusion on the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells. Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 30-bp purine-rich negative regulatory element; the best characterized such element is found in the first intronic region of the rat cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain gene, and contains two palindromic high-affinity Ets-binding sites (CTTCCCTGGAAG). The presence of this element restricts expression of the gene containing it to cardiac myocytes.
purine-rich negative regulatory element binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.
The end of a stereocilium bundle, distal to the site of the bundle's attachment to the apical cell surface.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the GTPase protein binding domain (GDB) domain of a protein. The GBD is a short motif, including a minimum region of 16 amino acids, identified in proteins that bind to small GTPases such as Cdc42 and Rac.
Cdc42/Rac interactive binding motif binding
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides.
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase activity
N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase activity
beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide N-acetylgalactosaminohydrolase activity
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
up regulation of phospholipase A2 activity
up-regulation of phospholipase A2 activity
upregulation of phospholipase A2 activity
stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity
positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2.
An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
down regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
down-regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
downregulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inhibition of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
up regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
up-regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
upregulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
activation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
stimulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.
Any process in which endosomes are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: n-alkanal + NAD(P)+ = alk-2-enal + NAD(P)H + H+.
NAD(P)H-dependent alkenal/one oxidoreductase activity
n-alkanal:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pheophorbide a + reduced ferredoxin + 2 O2 = red chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized ferredoxin + H2O.
Catalysis of the NADPH-dependent 7-O-4' reduction of phenylcoumaran lignans to the corresponding diphenols; for example, catalysis of the reaction: dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol + NADPH + H+ = isodihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol + NADP+.
phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol.
regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process
A transcriptionally active complex that binds to an activin response element (ARE) in the promoter of target genes, and is composed of two SMAD2 proteins, one SMAD4 protein and a Forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST) transcription factor.
Note that this term should not be confused with any of the molecular function and biological process terms that refer to the small GTPase ARF (ADP-ribosylation factor).
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide fructose into a cell or organelle.
A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.
protein modification by small protein conjugation
Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein URM1 to another protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing a hairpin. A hairpin structure forms when a DNA strand folds back on itself and intrachain base pairing occurs between inverted repeat sequences.
A protein complex comprising Carma1, Bcl10 and MALT1; plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose + H2O = 2 alpha-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a substrate.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a histone.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H3-K4 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9) + alpha-ketoglutarate + O2 = succinate + CO2 + formaldehyde + lysine. This reaction is the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H3-K9 specific)
The generation of a mature nerve growth factor by proteolysis of a precursor.
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.
retrograde transport of endocytic vesicles
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from peripheral endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from deep (non-peripheral) compartments endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
down regulation of protein oligomerization
down-regulation of protein oligomerization
downregulation of protein oligomerization
negative regulation of protein oligomerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
up regulation of protein oligomerization
up-regulation of protein oligomerization
positive regulation of protein oligomerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.
regulation of protein homooligomerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.
down regulation of protein homooligomerization
down-regulation of protein homooligomerization
downregulation of protein homooligomerization
inhibition of protein homooligomerization
negative regulation of protein homooligomerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.
up regulation of protein homooligomerization
up-regulation of protein homooligomerization
upregulation of protein homooligomerization
activation of protein homooligomerization
stimulation of protein homooligomerization
induction of protein homooligomerization
positive regulation of protein homooligomerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokinesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokinesis.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings.
Golgi calcium ion concentration regulation
regulation of Golgi calcium ion concentration
regulation of calcium ion concentration in Golgi
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.
calcium ion homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration regulation
regulation of ER calcium ion concentration
regulation of calcium ion concentration in ER
regulation of calcium ion concentration in endoplasmic reticulum
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration
endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.
elevation of ER calcium ion concentration
elevation of calcium ion concentration in endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration elevation
elevation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration
Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.
endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration reduction
reduction of ER calcium ion concentration
reduction of calcium ion concentration in ER
reduction of calcium ion concentration in endoplasmic reticulum
reduction of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus.
The external (cytoplasmic face) of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
cytosolic side of mitochondrial outer membrane
external side of mitochondrial outer membrane
The process in which the anatomical structures of an otolith are generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to an otolith. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
A complex that possesses di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase activity; involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis.
A homodimeric complex that possesses di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase activity; involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis.
homodimeric decaprenyl diphosphate synthase complex
A heterotetrameric complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that possesses di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase activity; involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis. In S. pombe it is a heterotetramer of Dlp1 and Dps1.
heterotetrameric decaprenyl diphosphate synthase complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
regulation of type I interferon production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
down regulation of type I interferon production
down-regulation of type I interferon production
downregulation of type I interferon production
negative regulation of type I IFN production
inhibition of type I interferon production
negative regulation of type I interferon production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
positive regulation of type I IFN production
up regulation of type I interferon production
up-regulation of type I interferon production
upregulation of type I interferon production
activation of type I interferon production
stimulation of type I interferon production
positive regulation of type I interferon production
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rab family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction.
regulation of Rab protein signal transduction
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ral family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction.
regulation of Ral protein signal transduction
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rap family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rap protein signal transduction.
regulation of Rap protein signal transduction
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.
regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction
The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.
detection of bacteria associated molecule
detection of bacterial associated molecule
detection of bacterium associated molecule
detection of molecule of bacterial origin
The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of fungal origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of oomycetes origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.
detection of oomycetes associated molecule
detection of molecule of oomycetes origin
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.
The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with muramyl dipeptide; muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two single-celled organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
reproduction of a single-celled organism
A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein localization in cell
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the target compartment.
endosome transport via MVB sorting pathway
endosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.
endosome to lysosome transport via MVB sorting pathway
endosome to lysosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the vacuole.
endosome to vacuole transport via MVB sorting pathway
late endosome to vacuole transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B.
regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B.
down regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
down-regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
downregulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
negative regulation of calcineurin activity
inhibition of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
negative regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B.
positive regulation of calcineurin activity
up regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
up-regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
upregulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
activation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
stimulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
positive regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.
down regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
down-regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
downregulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
inhibition of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.
up regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
up-regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
upregulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
stimulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
A protein complex formed by the association of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) with calcineurin; complex formation is implicated in activation of calcineurin by SOD1.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + amino acid(in) -> ADP + phosphate + amino acid(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cysteine(in) -> ADP + phosphate + cysteine(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + amino acid(out) -> ADP + phosphate + amino acid(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-methionine(in) -> ADP + phosphate + D-methionine(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-methionine(out) -> ADP + phosphate + D-methionine(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of silicon from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
silicon efflux transmembrane transporter activity
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of nutrients out of a cell or organelle.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.
somite rostral/caudal axis specification
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.
The directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
protein export from endoplasmic reticulum
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus on a follicle cell. A microvillus is a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments.
follicle cell microvillus organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.
regulation of microvillus organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus on a follicle cell.
regulation of follicle cell microvillus organisation
regulation of follicle cell microvillus organization and biogenesis
regulation of follicle cell microvillus organization
A process that modulates the length of a microvillus.
A process that modulates the length of a microvillus on a follicle cell.
regulation of follicle cell microvillus length
A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.
A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.
A process that modulates the size of a cell projection.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with finding a host organism; may include behavioral responses to light, temperature, or chemical emanations from the prospective host.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.
down regulation of host-seeking behavior
down-regulation of host-seeking behavior
negative regulation of host-seeking behaviour
negative regulation of host-seeking behavior
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.
positive regulation of host-seeking behaviour
positive regulation of host-seeking behavior
A cortical network of highly dynamic tubules that are juxtaposed to the plasma membrane and undergo ring closure and tubule-branching movements.
Catalysis of the reaction: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) + ATP + 2 R-SH = peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) + ADP + phosphate + R-S-S-R.
peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) reductase activity
peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine):thiol oxidoreductase [ATP-hydrolysing; peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine)-forming]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a plastid. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the plastid has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
A protein complex that is involved in the transcription of ribosomal genes. In Saccharomyces this complex consists of Ckb2p, Utp22p, Rrp7p andIfh1p.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked to deoxyribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to deoxyribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to deoxyribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked to ribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to ribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to ribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an adenyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an adenyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a guanyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a guanyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menaquinone (vitamin K2) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phylloquinone (vitamin K1) stimulus.
Catalysis of the unwinding of an RNA helix in the direction 5' to 3'.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of an RNA helix in the direction 5' to 3'.
ATP-dependent 5' to 3' RNA helicase activity
ATP-dependent 5'-3' RNA helicase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group from phosphatidylcholine to an oxygen atom on a cardiolipin molecule.
phosphatidylcholine:cardiolipin linoleoyltransferase
phosphatidylcholine:cardiolipin O-linoleoyltransferase activity
The lipid bilayer surrounding an aleurone grain.
A fibrous network that is part of the hyalin layer extracellular matrix. The apical lamina is thought to be principally composed of the glycoproteins fibropellins. This matrix has been found in echinoderms.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.
A process of peroxisome organization in which assembly or arrangement of constituent parts takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum.
endoplasmic reticulum-dependent peroxisome organization
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a growth cone.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a protein storage vacuole.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendrite.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendritic spine.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of a mitochondrial membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.
The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.
The directed movement of a B cell receptor within a lipid bilayer.
B cell receptor translocation within membrane
B cell receptor transport within lipid bilayer
The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft.
protein translocation into membrane raft
receptor translocation into membrane raft
The directed movement of a B cell receptor into a membrane raft.
B cell receptor translocation into membrane raft
B cell receptor transport into lipid raft
B cell receptor transport into membrane raft
The directed movement of a B cell receptor into an immunological synapse.
B cell receptor translocation into immunological synapse
BCR translocation into immunological synapse
BCR transport into immunological synapse
B cell receptor transport into immunological synapse
The directed movement of a protein out of a membrane raft.
protein translocation out of membrane raft
receptor translocation out of membrane raft
The directed movement of a chemokine receptor out of a membrane raft.
chemokine receptor translocation out of membrane raft
chemokine receptor transport out of lipid raft
chemokine receptor transport out of membrane raft
The appearance of connective tissue growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 production
connective tissue growth factor production
The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of fractalkine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor production
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
The appearance of hepatocyte growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
The appearance of interferon-alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
The appearance of interleukin-1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-11 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-14 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-15 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-16 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-19 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-20 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-21 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-22 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-23 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-24 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-25 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-26 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-27 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-3 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-7 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of interleukin-9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of TRAIL due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF').
The appearance of lymphotoxin A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.
regulation of hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 production
regulation of connective tissue growth factor production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor production
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.
regulation of interferon-alpha production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.
regulation of interferon-beta production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
regulation of type II interferon production
regulation of interferon-gamma production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.
regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-11 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-14 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-16 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-19 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-20 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-21 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-22 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-24 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-25 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-26 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-27 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-7 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-9 production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production
regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.
regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha production
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.
negative regulation of chemokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.
down regulation of connective tissue growth factor production
down-regulation of connective tissue growth factor production
downregulation of connective tissue growth factor production
negative regulation of Fisp12 production
negative regulation of IGFBP8 production
negative regulation of hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 production
inhibition of connective tissue growth factor production
negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.
down regulation of fractalkine production
down-regulation of fractalkine production
downregulation of fractalkine production
negative regulation of fractalkine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.
down regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
down-regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
downregulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
negative regulation of GM-CSF production
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor production
inhibition of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.
down regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
down-regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
downregulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor production
negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.
down regulation of interferon-alpha production
down-regulation of interferon-alpha production
downregulation of interferon-alpha production
inhibition of interferon-alpha production
negative regulation of interferon-alpha production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.
down regulation of interferon-beta production
down-regulation of interferon-beta production
downregulation of interferon-beta production
negative regulation of IFN-beta production
inhibition of interferon-beta production
negative regulation of interferon-beta production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
down regulation of interferon-gamma production
down-regulation of interferon-gamma production
downregulation of interferon-gamma production
negative regulation of type II interferon production
inhibition of interferon-gamma production
negative regulation of interferon-gamma production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.
down regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
down-regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
downregulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
negative regulation of IL-1 alpha production
inhibition of interleukin-1 alpha production
negative regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
down regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
down-regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
downregulation of interleukin-1 beta production
negative regulation of IL-1 beta production
inhibition of interleukin-1 beta production
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
down regulation of interleukin-1 production
down-regulation of interleukin-1 production
downregulation of interleukin-1 production
negative regulation of interleukin-1 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
down regulation of interleukin-10 production
down-regulation of interleukin-10 production
downregulation of interleukin-10 production
negative regulation of interleukin-10 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-11 production.
down regulation of interleukin-11 production
down-regulation of interleukin-11 production
downregulation of interleukin-11 production
negative regulation of interleukin-11 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.
down regulation of interleukin-12 production
down-regulation of interleukin-12 production
downregulation of interleukin-12 production
negative regulation of interleukin-12 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
down regulation of interleukin-13 production
down-regulation of interleukin-13 production
downregulation of interleukin-13 production
negative regulation of interleukin-13 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-14 production.
down regulation of interleukin-14 production
down-regulation of interleukin-14 production
downregulation of interleukin-14 production
negative regulation of interleukin-14 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.
down regulation of interleukin-15 production
down-regulation of interleukin-15 production
downregulation of interleukin-15 production
negative regulation of interleukin-15 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-16 production.
down regulation of interleukin-16 production
down-regulation of interleukin-16 production
downregulation of interleukin-16 production
negative regulation of interleukin-16 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
down regulation of interleukin-17 production
down-regulation of interleukin-17 production
downregulation of interleukin-17 production
negative regulation of interleukin-17 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.
down regulation of interleukin-18 production
down-regulation of interleukin-18 production
downregulation of interleukin-18 production
negative regulation of interleukin-18 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-19 production.
down regulation of interleukin-19 production
down-regulation of interleukin-19 production
downregulation of interleukin-19 production
negative regulation of interleukin-19 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
down regulation of interleukin-2 production
down-regulation of interleukin-2 production
downregulation of interleukin-2 production
negative regulation of interleukin-2 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-20 production.
down regulation of interleukin-20 production
down-regulation of interleukin-20 production
downregulation of interleukin-20 production
negative regulation of interleukin-20 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-21 production.
down regulation of interleukin-21 production
down-regulation of interleukin-21 production
downregulation of interleukin-21 production
negative regulation of interleukin-21 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-22 production.
down regulation of interleukin-22 production
down-regulation of interleukin-22 production
downregulation of interleukin-22 production
negative regulation of interleukin-22 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.
down regulation of interleukin-23 production
down-regulation of interleukin-23 production
downregulation of interleukin-23 production
negative regulation of interleukin-23 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-24 production.
down regulation of interleukin-24 production
down-regulation of interleukin-24 production
downregulation of interleukin-24 production
negative regulation of interleukin-24 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-25 production.
down regulation of interleukin-25 production
down-regulation of interleukin-25 production
downregulation of interleukin-25 production
negative regulation of interleukin-25 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-26 production.
down regulation of interleukin-26 production
down-regulation of interleukin-26 production
downregulation of interleukin-26 production
negative regulation of interleukin-26 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-27 production.
down regulation of interleukin-27 production
down-regulation of interleukin-27 production
downregulation of interleukin-27 production
negative regulation of interleukin-27 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.
down regulation of interleukin-3 production
down-regulation of interleukin-3 production
downregulation of interleukin-3 production
negative regulation of interleukin-3 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
down regulation of interleukin-4 production
down-regulation of interleukin-4 production
downregulation of interleukin-4 production
negative regulation of interleukin-4 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
down regulation of interleukin-5 production
down-regulation of interleukin-5 production
downregulation of interleukin-5 production
negative regulation of interleukin-5 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
down regulation of interleukin-6 production
down-regulation of interleukin-6 production
downregulation of interleukin-6 production
negative regulation of interleukin-6 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-7 production.
down regulation of interleukin-7 production
down-regulation of interleukin-7 production
downregulation of interleukin-7 production
negative regulation of interleukin-7 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
down regulation of interleukin-8 production
down-regulation of interleukin-8 production
downregulation of interleukin-8 production
negative regulation of interleukin-8 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-9 production.
down regulation of interleukin-9 production
down-regulation of interleukin-9 production
downregulation of interleukin-9 production
negative regulation of interleukin-9 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
down regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
downregulation of tumor necrosis factor production
negative regulation TNF-alpha production
negative regulation tumor necrosis factor-alpha production
inhibition of tumor necrosis factor production
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.
down regulation of lymphotoxin A production
down-regulation of lymphotoxin A production
downregulation of lymphotoxin A production
negative regulation of TNF-beta production
negative regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha production
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta production
negative regulation of lymphotoxin A production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.
positive regulation of chemokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.
positive regulation of Fisp12 production
positive regulation of IGFBP8 production
positive regulation of hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 production
up regulation of connective tissue growth factor production
up-regulation of connective tissue growth factor production
upregulation of connective tissue growth factor production
activation of connective tissue growth factor production
stimulation of connective tissue growth factor production
positive regulation of connective tissue growth factor production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.
positive regulation of fractalkine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.
positive regulation of GM-CSF production
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor production
up regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
up-regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
upregulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
activation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
stimulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.
up regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
up-regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
upregulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
activation of hepatocyte growth factor production
stimulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
positive regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.
up regulation of interferon-alpha production
up-regulation of interferon-alpha production
upregulation of interferon-alpha production
activation of interferon-alpha production
stimulation of interferon-alpha production
positive regulation of interferon-alpha production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.
positive regulation of IFN-beta production
up regulation of interferon-beta production
up-regulation of interferon-beta production
upregulation of interferon-beta production
activation of interferon-beta production
stimulation of interferon-beta production
positive regulation of interferon-beta production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
positive regulation of type II interferon production
up regulation of interferon-gamma production
up-regulation of interferon-gamma production
upregulation of interferon-gamma production
activation of interferon-gamma production
stimulation of interferon-gamma production
positive regulation of interferon-gamma production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.
positive regulation of IL-1 alpha production
up regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
up-regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
upregulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
activation of interleukin-1 alpha production
stimulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
positive regulation of IL-1 beta production
up regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
up-regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
upregulation of interleukin-1 beta production
activation of interleukin-1 beta production
stimulation of interleukin-1 beta production
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
up regulation of interleukin-1 production
up-regulation of interleukin-1 production
upregulation of interleukin-1 production
positive regulation of interleukin-1 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
up regulation of interleukin-10 production
up-regulation of interleukin-10 production
upregulation of interleukin-10 production
stimulation of interleukin-10 production
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-11 production.
up regulation of interleukin-11 production
up-regulation of interleukin-11 production
upregulation of interleukin-11 production
stimulation of interleukin-11 production
positive regulation of interleukin-11 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.
up regulation of interleukin-12 production
up-regulation of interleukin-12 production
upregulation of interleukin-12 production
stimulation of interleukin-12 production
positive regulation of interleukin-12 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
up regulation of interleukin-13 production
up-regulation of interleukin-13 production
upregulation of interleukin-13 production
stimulation of interleukin-13 production
positive regulation of interleukin-13 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-14 production.
up regulation of interleukin-14 production
up-regulation of interleukin-14 production
upregulation of interleukin-14 production
stimulation of interleukin-14 production
positive regulation of interleukin-14 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.
up regulation of interleukin-15 production
up-regulation of interleukin-15 production
upregulation of interleukin-15 production
stimulation of interleukin-15 production
positive regulation of interleukin-15 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-16 production.
up regulation of interleukin-16 production
up-regulation of interleukin-16 production
upregulation of interleukin-16 production
stimulation of interleukin-16 production
positive regulation of interleukin-16 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
up regulation of interleukin-17 production
up-regulation of interleukin-17 production
upregulation of interleukin-17 production
stimulation of interleukin-17 production
positive regulation of interleukin-17 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.
up regulation of interleukin-18 production
up-regulation of interleukin-18 production
upregulation of interleukin-18 production
stimulation of interleukin-18 production
positive regulation of interleukin-18 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-19 production.
up regulation of interleukin-19 production
up-regulation of interleukin-19 production
upregulation of interleukin-19 production
stimulation of interleukin-19 production
positive regulation of interleukin-19 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
up regulation of interleukin-2 production
up-regulation of interleukin-2 production
upregulation of interleukin-2 production
positive regulation of interleukin-2 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-20 production.
up regulation of interleukin-20 production
up-regulation of interleukin-20 production
upregulation of interleukin-20 production
stimulation of interleukin-20 production
positive regulation of interleukin-20 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-21 production.
up regulation of interleukin-21 production
up-regulation of interleukin-21 production
upregulation of interleukin-21 production
stimulation of interleukin-21 production
positive regulation of interleukin-21 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-22 production.
up regulation of interleukin-22 production
up-regulation of interleukin-22 production
upregulation of interleukin-22 production
stimulation of interleukin-22 production
positive regulation of interleukin-22 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.
up regulation of interleukin-23 production
up-regulation of interleukin-23 production
upregulation of interleukin-23 production
stimulation of interleukin-23 production
positive regulation of interleukin-23 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-24 production.
up regulation of interleukin-24 production
up-regulation of interleukin-24 production
upregulation of interleukin-24 production
stimulation of interleukin-24 production
positive regulation of interleukin-24 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-25 production.
up regulation of interleukin-25 production
up-regulation of interleukin-25 production
upregulation of interleukin-25 production
stimulation of interleukin-25 production
positive regulation of interleukin-25 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-26 production.
up regulation of interleukin-26 production
up-regulation of interleukin-26 production
upregulation of interleukin-26 production
stimulation of interleukin-26 production
positive regulation of interleukin-26 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-27 production.
up regulation of interleukin-27 production
up-regulation of interleukin-27 production
upregulation of interleukin-27 production
stimulation of interleukin-27 production
positive regulation of interleukin-27 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.
up regulation of interleukin-3 production
up-regulation of interleukin-3 production
upregulation of interleukin-3 production
positive regulation of interleukin-3 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
up regulation of interleukin-4 production
up-regulation of interleukin-4 production
upregulation of interleukin-4 production
positive regulation of interleukin-4 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
up regulation of interleukin-5 production
up-regulation of interleukin-5 production
upregulation of interleukin-5 production
positive regulation of interleukin-5 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
up regulation of interleukin-6 production
up-regulation of interleukin-6 production
upregulation of interleukin-6 production
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-7 production.
up regulation of interleukin-7 production
up-regulation of interleukin-7 production
upregulation of interleukin-7 production
positive regulation of interleukin-7 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
up regulation of interleukin-8 production
up-regulation of interleukin-8 production
upregulation of interleukin-8 production
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-9 production.
up regulation of interleukin-9 production
up-regulation of interleukin-9 production
upregulation of interleukin-9 production
positive regulation of interleukin-9 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
positive regulation of TNF-alpha production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production
up regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
upregulation of tumor necrosis factor production
activation of tumor necrosis factor production
stimulation of tumor necrosis factor production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.
positive regulation of TNF-beta production
positive regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta production
up regulation of lymphotoxin A production
up-regulation of lymphotoxin A production
upregulation of lymphotoxin A production
positive regulation of lymphotoxin A production
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a mast cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
regulation of mast cell cytokine production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
down regulation of mast cell cytokine production
down-regulation of mast cell cytokine production
downregulation of mast cell cytokine production
inhibition of mast cell cytokine production
negative regulation of mast cell cytokine production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
up regulation of mast cell cytokine production
up-regulation of mast cell cytokine production
upregulation of mast cell cytokine production
activation of mast cell cytokine production
stimulation of mast cell cytokine production
positive regulation of mast cell cytokine production
A heterotrimeric protein complex formed by the association of NHE3, E3KARP and alpha-actinin upon an increase in calcium ion concentration; found in clusters localized on plasma membrane and in intracellular compartments.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules), in the presence of copper.
Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.
down regulation of monooxygenase activity
down-regulation of monooxygenase activity
downregulation of monooxygenase activity
negative regulation of monooxygenase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase.
positive regulation of monooxygenase activity
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme monophenol monooxygenase. Monophenol monooxygenase catalyzes the reaction: L-tyrosine + L-DOPA + O2 = L-DOPA + DOPAquinone + H2O.
regulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
regulation of monophenol monooxygenase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme monophenol monooxygenase. Monophenol monooxygenase catalyzes the reaction: L-tyrosine + L-DOPA + O2 = L-DOPA + DOPAquinone + H2O.
down regulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
down-regulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
downregulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
negative regulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
inhibition of monophenol oxygenase activity
negative regulation of monophenol monooxygenase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme monophenol oxygenase. Monophenol monooxygenase catalyzes the reaction: L-tyrosine + L-DOPA + O2 = L-DOPA + DOPAquinone + H2O.
positive regulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
up regulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
up-regulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
upregulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
activation of monophenol oxygenase activity
stimulation of monophenol oxygenase activity
positive regulation of monophenol monooxygenase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to N-6 of adenine in a DNA molecule.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.
A heterotrimeric H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex with a substrate preference of chromatin over free histones. It contains a subset of the proteins found in the larger NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex; for example, the S. cerevisiae complex contains Esa1p, Yng2p, and Epl1p.
Piccolo NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cobalt(out) = ADP + phosphate + cobalt(in).
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase.
negative regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase.
positive regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or group of cells.
A heterodimeric protein complex that acts as an RNA polymerase II elongation factor; the complex is conserved from yeast to humans, and is present in S. pombe, but absent from S. cerevisiae.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
regulation of transcriptional elongation
regulation of transcription elongation, DNA-dependent
regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, elongation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
negative regulation of transcription elongation
negative regulation of transcriptional elongation
negative regulation of transcription elongation, DNA-dependent
negative transcription elongation regulator activity
negative regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
positive regulation of transcription elongation
positive regulation of transcriptional elongation
positive regulation of transcription elongation, DNA-dependent
positive transcription elongation regulator activity
positive regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, elongation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving saturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and fully saturated C-C bonds.
saturated monocarboxylate metabolic process
saturated monocarboxylic acid metabolism
saturated monocarboxylic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and one or more unsaturated C-C bonds.
unsaturated monocarboxylate metabolic process
unsaturated monocarboxylic acid metabolism
unsaturated monocarboxylic acid metabolic process
The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lead (Pb) ions.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB.
negative regulation of CREB transcription factor activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB.
positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GTPase activating protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heterotrimeric G-protein.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a uropod, a rigid membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a lymphocyte or other cell in the process of migrating or being activated.
A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and Unrip proteins; the complex is found in the cytoplasm and in nuclear Gems, and is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and in pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus.
Note that a larger complex containing Sm proteins and other subunits is also sometimes referred to as the 'SMN complex'. The larger complex is represented by 'SMN-Sm protein complex ; GO:0034719'.
A conserved DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains two Swi5 monomers and one Sfr1 monomer in Schizosaccharomyces, or orthologs thereof (e.g. Sae3p and Mei5p in Saccharomyces).
Note that this term refers to Schizosaccharomyces pombe Swi5, which should not be confused with the unrelated Saccharomyces Swi5p.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving low-density lipoprotein receptors.
low-density lipoprotein receptor metabolic process
low-density lipoprotein receptor metabolism
low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a low-density lipoprotein particle receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
low-density lipoprotein receptor breakdown
low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolism
low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation
low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor breakdown
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolism
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation
regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein receptors.
down regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
down-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor breakdown
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolism
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation
inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor breakdown
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolism
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation
up regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
activation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
stimulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process
A protein complex that phosphorylates amino acid residues of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain repeats; phosphorylation occurs mainly on Ser2 and Ser5.
carboxy-terminal domain protein kinase complex
A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that contains DNA ligase IV and is involved in DNA repair by non-homologous end joining; in addition to the ligase, the complex also contains XRCC4 or a homolog, e.g. Saccharomyces Lif1p.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye.
The plasma membrane of a neuron cell body - excludes the plasma membrane of cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the sterol response element (SRE), a nonpalindromic sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in lipid metabolism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
down regulation of epinephrine secretion
down-regulation of epinephrine secretion
negative regulation of adrenaline secretion
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
positive regulation of adrenaline secretion
positive regulation of epinephrine secretion
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
down regulation of natural killer cell activation
down-regulation of natural killer cell activation
downregulation of natural killer cell activation
negative regulation of NK cell activation
inhibition of natural killer cell activation
negative regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
positive regulation of NK cell activation
up regulation of natural killer cell activation
up-regulation of natural killer cell activation
upregulation of natural killer cell activation
activation of natural killer cell activation
stimulation of natural killer cell activation
positive regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
down regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
down-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
downregulation of natural killer cell proliferation
negative regulation of NK cell proliferation
inhibition of natural killer cell proliferation
negative regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
positive regulation of NK cell proliferation
up regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
up-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
upregulation of natural killer cell proliferation
activation of natural killer cell proliferation
stimulation of natural killer cell proliferation
positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response.
regulation of NK cell proliferation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response.
inhibition of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
down regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
down-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
downregulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
negative regulation of NK cell proliferation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response.
activation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
stimulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
positive regulation of NK cell proliferation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
up regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
up-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
upregulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
regulation of natural killer cell development
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
down regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
down-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
downregulation of natural killer cell differentiation
negative regulation of NK cell differentiation
inhibition of natural killer cell differentiation
negative regulation of natural killer cell development
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
positive regulation of NK cell differentiation
up regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
up-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
upregulation of natural killer cell differentiation
activation of natural killer cell differentiation
stimulation of natural killer cell differentiation
positive regulation of natural killer cell development
positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
regulation of NK cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
inhibition of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
down regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
down-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
downregulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of NK cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
activation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
stimulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of NK cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
up regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
up-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
upregulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
down regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
down-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
downregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
up-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
upregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
activation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
stimulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.
inhibition of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
down regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
down-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
downregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.
activation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
stimulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response
up regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
up-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
upregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.
glomerular basement membrane development
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during a normally chiasmate meiosis under the condition that chiasma have not occurred between a particular pair of homologs. Distributive segregation is a "backup" mechanism to ensure the segregation of homologs that have failed to cross over - either as a consequence of mutation or not, as, for example, the 4th chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster (which never exchanges, presumably due to its small size) - but nevertheless segregate normally.
All of the contents of a cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a proline-rich region within the same polypeptide.
intramolecular proline-rich region binding
intramolecular proline-rich ligand binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcitonin, a peptide hormone responsible for reducing serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic bone reabsorption and promoting renal calcium excretion. It is synthesized and released by the C cells of the thyroid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 RSH + ROOH = RSSR + ROH + H2O. This reaction is the thiol-dependent conversion of an organic hydroperoxide to the corresponding alcohol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process.
negative regulation of homeostatic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process.
positive regulation of homeostatic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
regulation of intracellular pH reduction
regulation of intracellular acidification
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
down regulation of cellular pH reduction
down-regulation of cellular pH reduction
negative regulation of cell pH reduction
negative regulation of cellular acidification
negative regulation of intracellular pH reduction
negative regulation of reduction of cellular pH
negative regulation of reduction of pH in cell
negative regulation of intracellular acidification
negative regulation of cellular pH reduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
positive regulation of cell pH reduction
positive regulation of cellular acidification
positive regulation of intracellular pH reduction
positive regulation of reduction of cellular pH
positive regulation of reduction of pH in cell
positive regulation of intracellular acidification
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the GTPase ARF.
positive regulation of ARF GTPase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family.
positive regulation of Rab GTPase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Ral family.
positive regulation of Ral GTPase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Ran family.
positive regulation of Ran GTPase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Rap family.
positive regulation of Rap GTPase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase of the Rac family.
positive regulation of Rac GTPase activity
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Ras superfamily through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Note that this term should not be confused with the molecular function term 'Ras GTPase activator activity ; GO:0005099', which refers specifically to the activity of Ras GAPs.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme ARF GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Note that this term should not be confused with the molecular function term 'ARF GTPase activator activity ; GO:0008060', which refers specifically to the activity of ARF GAPs.
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Rab family through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Note that this term should not be confused with the molecular function term 'Rab GTPase activator activity ; GO:0005097', which refers specifically to the activity of Rab GAPs.
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Ral family through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Note that this term should not be confused with the molecular function term 'Ral GTPase activator activity ; GO:0017123', which refers specifically to the activity of Ral GAPs.
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Ran family through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Note that this term should not be confused with the molecular function term 'Ran GTPase activator activity ; GO:0005098', which refers specifically to the activity of Ran GAPs.
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Rap family through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Note that this term should not be confused with the molecular function term 'Rap GTPase activator activity ; GO:0046582', which refers specifically to the activity of Rap GAPs.
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Rho family through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Note that this term should not be confused with the molecular function term 'Rho GTPase activator activity ; GO:0005100', which refers specifically to the activity of Rho GAPs.
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Rac family through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive GTPase Cdc42 through the replacement of GDP by GTP.
A protein complex that links the endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and may have a role in promoting exchange of calcium and phospholipids between the two organelles. The complex is also associated with actively replicating mitochondrial DNA nucleoids, and may further coordinate mitochondrial genome replication and membrane growth.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylitol + NADP+ = D-xylose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabitol + NADP+ = L-arabinose + NADPH + H+.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway
regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway
regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade
regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway
regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway
regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
down regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
down-regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
downregulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
negative regulation of p38 MAPK signaling
negative regulation of p38 MAPK signalling
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway
inhibition of stress-activated MAPK cascade
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
positive regulation of p38 MAPK signaling
positive regulation of p38 MAPK signalling
positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway
positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway
positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade
positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway
positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway
up regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
up-regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
upregulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
activation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
stimulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
down regulation of DNA endoreduplication
down-regulation of DNA endoreduplication
negative regulation of DNA endoreplication
negative regulation of DNA re-duplication
negative regulation of DNA endoreduplication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
positive regulation of DNA endoreplication
positive regulation of DNA re-duplication
positive regulation of DNA endoreduplication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.
regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin.
regulation of chitin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin.
regulation of cell wall chitin anabolism
regulation of cell wall chitin biosynthesis
regulation of cell wall chitin formation
regulation of cell wall chitin synthesis
regulation of cell wall chitin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.
regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.
regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.
regulation of vacuole fusion, non-autophagic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of organic acid transport
down-regulation of organic acid transport
downregulation of organic acid transport
negative regulation of organic acid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of organic acid transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of gluconate transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of gluconate transport
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 = palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9) + A + 2 H2O.
palmitoyl-CoA delta9-desaturase acitivity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.
negative regulation of viral transcription
The appearance of a neurotrophin due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. A neurotrophin is any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.
down regulation of neurotrophin production
down-regulation of neurotrophin production
downregulation of neurotrophin production
negative regulation of neurotrophin production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.
up regulation of neurotrophin production
up-regulation of neurotrophin production
positive regulation of neurotrophin production
The appearance of nerve growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor.
regulation of nerve growth factor production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor.
down regulation of nerve growth factor production
down-regulation of nerve growth factor production
downregulation of nerve growth factor production
inhibition of nerve growth factor production
negative regulation of nerve growth factor production
The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
transforming growth factor-beta1 production
transforming growth factor beta1 production
The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
transforming growth factor-beta2 production
transforming growth factor beta2 production
The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta3 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
transforming growth factor-beta3 production
transforming growth factor beta3 production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.
regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.
regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.
regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.
down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
negative regulation of TGF-B1 production
negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.
down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
negative regulation of TGF-B2 production
negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.
down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
negative regulation of TGF-B3 production
negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.
positive regulation of TGF-B1 production
up regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.
positive regulation of TGF-B2 production
positive regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
up regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
activation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.
positive regulation of TGF-B3 production
positive regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
up regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
activation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production
The modification of polyamines by addition of acetyl groups.
The modification of spermidine by addition of acetyl groups.
The modification of spermine by addition of acetyl groups.
The modification of putrescine by addition of acetyl groups.
A complex consisting of 4 protein subunits as a heterotetramer, that possesses sarcosine oxidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
circadian regulation of protein expression
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphonates, any organic compound containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Synthesis of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.
organic phosphonate biosynthetic process
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway
regulation of activin signalling pathway
regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
down regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of activin receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of activin signaling pathway
negative regulation of activin signalling pathway
negative regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway
up regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
activation of activin receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of activin signaling pathway
positive regulation of activin signalling pathway
positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
regulation of superoxide anion generation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
negative regulation of superoxide release
negative regulation of superoxide anion generation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
positive regulation of superoxide release
positive regulation of superoxide anion generation
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K56 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K56 specific)
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of astral microtubules.
negative regulation of astral microtubule depolymerization
A series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription.
sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcriptional activation
SREBP target gene transcriptional activation
endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus sterol response pathway
endoplasmic reticulum-nuclear sterol response pathway
positive regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcription
positive regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcription involved in sterol depletion response
sterol depletion response, SREBP target gene transcriptional activation
sterol response element binding protein signaling pathway
up regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcription
up-regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcription
upregulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcription
activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcription
positive regulation of transcription via sterol regulatory element binding
positive regulation of transcription via sterol regulatory element binding involved in ER-nuclear sterol response pathway
stimulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sterol, any steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a sterol.
A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) in the ER membrane; in the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed.
A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and an Insig protein (Insig-1 or Insig-2) in the ER membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
negative regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
up regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
upregulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
activation of translation in response to oxidative stress
stimulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
The controlled release of a substance by a cell.
The controlled release of a substance by a tissue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate (containing 2-phosphate) + ADP.
1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
inositol-tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
inositol tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
negative regulation of PBMC proliferation
negative regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
up regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
up-regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
upregulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
activation of mononuclear cell proliferation
positive regulation of PBMC proliferation
positive regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation
stimulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein complex.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-glucans.
regulation of alpha-glucan metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways relusting in the formation of alpha-glucans.
regulation of alpha-glucan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucans.
regulation of beta-glucan metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways relusting in the formation of beta-glucans.
regulation of beta-glucan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan metabolic process
regulation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolism
regulation of 1,3-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan metabolism
regulation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthetic process
regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthesis
regulation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokinetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of barrier septum formation. Barrier septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.
myo-inositol trisphosphate metabolic process
inositol trisphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
myo-inositol phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.
myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.
regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism
regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis
regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation
regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis
regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis
regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.
negative regulation of IP3 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism
negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis
negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation
negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis
negative regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis
negative regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.
positive regulation of IP3 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism
positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis
positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation
positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis
positive regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis
positive regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of collagen anabolism
negative regulation of collagen biosynthesis
negative regulation of collagen formation
negative regulation of collagen synthesis
negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
positive regulation of collagen anabolism
positive regulation of collagen biosynthesis
positive regulation of collagen formation
positive regulation of collagen synthesis
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
positive regulation of RNA elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
A protein complex that contains MAPKSP1 (MP1, Map2k1ip1) and ROBLD3 (p14, Mapbpip), is anchored to late endosomes, and is involved in selective activation of the ERK1 in ERK/MAPK signaling.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.
regulation of actin filament-based process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding.
Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding.
regulation of muscle filament sliding speed
The directed movement of amino acids out of a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole
The process in which enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, are enabled to move from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol, as part of the apoptotic process.
release of aspartate aminotransferase from mitochondria
release of matrix enzymes from mitochondria
Mediates the integration of proteins into a membrane from the inner side of the membrane. Membrane insertases are highly conserved and include the bacterial YidC family, the plant chloroplast Alb3 family, and the fungal and animal mitochondrial Oxa1/Cox18 family.
The process in which a protein is incorporated into a lipid bilayer, e.g., the prokaryotic, mitochondrial, or chloroplast inner membrane, from the inner side.
insertion of proteins into membrane from the inner side
protein insertion into membrane from inner side
The process in which a protein is incorporated into the mitochondrial membrane from the inner side. This includes membrane insertion of newly synthesized mitochondrially-encoded proteins, and insertion of nuclear-encoded proteins after their import into the mitochondrial matrix.
insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial membrane from the inner side
protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane from inner side
A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.
mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) assembly
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly
A protein complex containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament.
An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. Kainate receptors are multimeric assemblies of GluR5-7 and KA-1/2 subunits.
kainate selective glutamate receptor complex
The disaggregation of a macromolecular complex into its constituent components.
cellular macromolecular complex disassembly
cellular macromolecule complex disassembly
The disaggregation of a protein-carbohydrate complex into its constituent components.
protein-carbohydrate complex disassembly
The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a protein-lipid complex into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.
The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together.
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and carbohydrate molecules.
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and lipid molecules.
Any process that modulates the process in which a cell wall is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.
regulation of chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall biogenesis
regulation of fungal-type cell wall biogenesis
A protein complex containing Bcl3 and Bcl10, which forms when Akt1 is activated by TNF-alpha to phosphorylate Bcl10; the Bcl3-Bcl10 complex is translocated to the nucleus.
A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin.
A protein complex composed of an Fc-epsilon RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-episilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgE.
A protein complex composed of an Fc-alpha R alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgA.
A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.
A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RIII alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-epsilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.
The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
negative regulation of mast cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
positive regulation of mast cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
regulation of mast cell activation during immune response
regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
negative regulation of mast cell activation during immune response
negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
positive regulation of mast cell activation during immune response
positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response
A small, vestigial nucleus found in some plastids that derive from a eukaryotic endosymbiont. Observed in chlorarachniophytes and cryptomonads, which acquired their plastids from a green and red alga respectively.
A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.
A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins.
A permanent cup-shaped structure at the cell plasma membrane in secretory cells. Following a secretory stimulus, secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of porosomes and release intravesicular contents dictated by the turgor pressure generated from the swelling of secretory vesicles.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a rhoptry.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxyvalerate + NAD+ = 5-oxovalerate + NADH.
5-hydroxyvalerate dehydrogenase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclopentanol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclopentanol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclopentanol.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of mast cells such that the total number of mast cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of mast cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of mast cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a mast cell, a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
regulation of mast cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of mast cell apoptosis
negative regulation of mast cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of mast cell apoptosis
positive regulation of mast cell apoptotic process
Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
negative regulation of neutrophil apoptosis
negative regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
positive regulation of neutrophil apoptosis
positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
down-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
downregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis
positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste.
Combining with soluble salty compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of salty taste.
Combining with soluble sour compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sour taste.
Combining with soluble sweet compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sweet taste.
Combining with soluble umami compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of umami taste, the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.
regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving clavulanic acid, (2R,3Z,5R)-3-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of clavulanic acid, (2R,3Z,5R)-3-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminophosphonates, phosphonic acid derivatives that contain an amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanoamino acids, amino acid derivatives that contain a cyanide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glutamine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid glutamine, i.e. (2R)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glutamate, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid glutamate, i.e. (2R)-2-aminopentanedioic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-arginine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid arginine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ornithine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid ornithine, i.e. (2R)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction in a multicellular organism.
reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism
multicellular organismal reproductive behavior
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis.
The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.
The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates.
A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA.
Many paralogs of Rad51 act as recombinase mediators. These paralogs dimerize (or occasionally form tetramers) amongst themselves to form complexes with ssDNA-binding activity, and which act as mediators of Rad51 presynaptic filament assembly.
A conserved heterodimeric DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the RecA family proteins Rhp55p and Rph57 in Schizosaccharomyces, or orthologs thereof (e.g. Rad55p and Rad57p in Saccharomyces).
A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, and XRCC2, or orthologs thereof.
A heterodimeric DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51D and XRCC2, or orthologs thereof; conserved from fission yeast to human but absent from budding yeast.
A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51C and XRCC3, or orthologs thereof.
A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51B and RAD51C, or orthologs thereof.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macrolides, any of a large group of polyketide compounds that contain a large lactone ring with few or no double bonds and no nitrogen atoms, linked glycosidically to one or more sugar groups. The macrolides include the carbomycins, the erythromycins, oleandomycin, oligomycins, and the spiramycins, and act as antibiotics, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of macrolides, any of a large group of polyketide compounds that contain a large lactone ring with few or no double bonds and no nitrogen atoms, linked glycosidically to one or more sugar groups. The macrolides include the carbomycins, the erythromycins, oleandomycin, oligomycins, and the spiramycins, and act as antibiotics, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ansamycins, any of a group of complex macrolactam compounds characterized by a cyclic structure in which an aliphatic ansa chain forms a bridge between two non-adjacent positions of a cyclic p-system; many exhibit antibacterial, antifungal or antitumor activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of ansamycins, any of a group of complex macrolactam compounds characterized by a cyclic structure in which an aliphatic ansa chain forms a bridge between two non-adjacent positions of a cyclic p-system; many exhibit antibacterial, antifungal or antitumor activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vancomycin, (3S,6R,7R,11R,23S,26S,30aS,36R,38aR)-44-[2-O-(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-10,19-dichloro-2,3,4,5,6,7,23,25,26,36,37,38,38a-tetradecahydro-7,22,28,30,32-pentahydroxy-6-(N-methyl-D-leucyl)-2,5,24,38,39-pentaoxo-1H,22H-23,36-(epiminomethano)-8,11:18,21-dietheno-13,16:31,35-di(metheno)[1,6,9]oxadiazacyclohexadecino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclotetracosine-26-carboxylic acid, a complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis that inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of vancomycin, (3S,6R,7R,11R,23S,26S,30aS,36R,38aR)-44-[2-O-(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-10,19-dichloro-2,3,4,5,6,7,23,25,26,36,37,38,38a-tetradecahydro-7,22,28,30,32-pentahydroxy-6-(N-methyl-D-leucyl)-2,5,24,38,39-pentaoxo-1H,22H-23,36-(epiminomethano)-8,11:18,21-dietheno-13,16:31,35-di(metheno)[1,6,9]oxadiazacyclohexadecino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclotetracosine-26-carboxylic acid, a complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis that inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the monoterpenoid pinene; alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of the monoterpenoid pinene; alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.
isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway independent of the thymus.
The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
regulation of thymic T cell differentiation
regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation
regulation of T cell development in thymus
regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrathymic T cell differentiation.
regulation of extrathymic T cell development
regulation of extrathymic T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
regulation of immature T cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
regulation of thymic T cell proliferation
regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation
regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
negative regulation of thymic T cell differentiation
negative regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation
negative regulation of thymocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T cell development in thymus
negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrathymic T cell differentiation.
negative regulation of extrathymic T cell development
negative regulation of extrathymic T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
negative regulation of thymic T cell proliferation
negative regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation
negative regulation of thymocyte proliferation
negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
positive regulation of thymic T cell differentiation
positive regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation
positive regulation of thymocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T cell development in thymus
positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrathymic T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of extrathymic T cell development
positive regulation of extrathymic T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
positive regulation of thymic T cell proliferation
positive regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation
positive regulation of thymocyte proliferation
positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses.
Catalysis of the reaction: putrescine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + 1-pyrroline + H2O.
putrescine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
putrescine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
putrescine:alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
butane-1,4-diamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
A membrane-bounded storage granule found in cells of the aleurone layer in plants; contains either a protein matrix, protein-carbohydrate bodies and/or globoids. Aleurone grains are formed by the vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the amyloplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround an amyloplast and form the amyloplast envelope.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the amyloplast envelope; also faces the amyloplast stroma.
A membrane-bounded extension of the cell, originally characterized in Mycoplasma species, that contains an electron-dense core that is part of the cytoskeleton and is oriented lengthwise and ends distally in a bulbous knob (terminal button). Required for adherence to host cells and involved in gliding motility and cell division.
A Gcn5-independent multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histone H3. The budding yeast complex includes Sas3p, Taf30p, and Yng1p.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cellular bud.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an acidocalcisome.
The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells by the type VI secretion system. Proteins secreted by this system do not require an N-terminal signal sequence.
protein secretion by the type VI protein secretion system
Note that this term represents an activity and not a cellular structure. Consider also annotating to the cellular component term 'type VI protein secretion system complex ; GO:0033104'.
protein secretion by the type VI secretion system
A complex of proteins that permits the transfer of proteins into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells via the type VI secretion system. Proteins secreted by this complex do not require an N-terminal signal sequence.
type VI protein secretion system complex
The structure, composed of a monolayer of glycolipids with embedded proteins, that encloses the pigments and other contents of the chlorosome.
Note that the chlorosome envelope is not a single or double lipid bilayer, so this term is not a child of 'organelle membrane ; GO:0031090' or 'organelle envelope ; GO:0031967'.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the cis-Golgi network.
A cytosolic vesicle that is enclosed by a double membrane and is implicated in the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway. These vesicles are found in the yeast S. cerevisiae, and contain vacuolar hydrolases, aminopeptidase I (Ape1p) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1p).
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly
The process in which the assembly and arrangement of cytoskeletal structures in the actin cortex with respect to the plasma membrane is maintained.
cortical actin cytoskeleton stabilization
The double lipid bilayer surrounding a CVT vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an attachment organelle.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the cyanelle and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a cyanelle and form the cyanelle envelope.
The volume enclosed by a cyanelle thylakoid membrane.
The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a cyanelle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system.
ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
A vesicle filled with crystalline protein that shows sequence similarities with various esterases.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an esterosome. This membrane has characteristics of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown
regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism
regulation of purine nucleotide degradation
regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
negative regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown
negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide degradation
negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
positive regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown
positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism
positive regulation of purine nucleotide degradation
positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
negative regulation of GTP catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
positive regulation of GTP catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein.
negative regulation of histone phosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein.
positive regulation of histone phosphorylation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an acetylcholine receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
negative regulation of glucokinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
positive regulation of glucokinase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin activating enzyme, any of the E1 proteins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of the STAT3 protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a progesterone receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
regulation of steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway
regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of estrogen receptor signaling pathway
regulation of estrogen receptor signalling pathway
regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of estrogen receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of estrogen receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of estrogen receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of estrogen receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the FFAT motif, a short motif containing diphenylalanine in an acidic tract that targets proteins to the cytosolic surface of the ER and to the nuclear membrane by binding directly to members of the VAP (VAMP-associated protein) protein family.
A large cytoskeletal structure located at the posterior end of the perinuclear theca of a mammalian sperm head. The nucleus is tightly associated with the calyx, which contains calicin and basic cylicin proteins.
The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).
The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.
The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + oligogalacturonide(out) = ADP + phosphate + oligogalacturonide(in).
oligogalacturonide transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of oligogalacturonide from one side of the membrane to the other.
oligogalacturonide transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of oligogalacturonides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that modulates the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
regulation of protein import into cell nucleus, translocation
regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
negative regulation of protein import into cell nucleus, translocation
negative regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation
Any process that activates or increases the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
positive regulation of protein import into cell nucleus, translocation
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase kinase.
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase binding
The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a microneme.
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->6)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.
GDP-mannose:glycolipid 1,6-alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:oligosaccharide 1,6-alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:oligosaccharide 6-alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
initiation-specific alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity
glycolipid 6-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
A specialized extracellularc matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors of the retina and lies between them and the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. The IPM has been implicated in several important activities required for photoreceptor function and maintenance.
A multilayered extraembryonic matrix that functions as a substrate for cell adhesion through early development. It is thought to protect and lubricate the embryo, stabilize the blastomeres during morphogenesis, and regulate nutrient intake. The major constituent of the hyaline layer is the protein hyalin. This matrix has been found in echinoderms.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, additional protein subunits, and duplex siRNA; required for heterochromatin assembly and siRNA generation. Possibly involved in the conversion of ds siRNA to ss siRNA.
The process in which double-stranded siRNA molecules are converted to single-stranded siRNAs; required for the formation of a mature RITS complex during RNA interference.
RNA interference, conversion of ds siRNA to ss siRNA
conversion of ds siRNA to ss siRNA involved in RNA interference
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the assembly of a protein or protein complex onto a DNA molecule.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to drive the assembly of proteins such as Rad51p onto single-stranded (ss) DNA to form a helical nucleoprotein filament.
This term was made obsolete because nucleoprotein filament formation does not require ATP hydrolysis, so the term is misleading.
nucleoprotein filament-forming ATPase activity
The proteinaceous structure surrounding a gas vesicle.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).
The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the chloroplast thylakoid membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. The chloroplast F0 domain contains three alpha, three beta, one gamma, one delta, and one epsilon subunits.
chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex, catalytic core CF(1)
chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core CF(1)
All non-F1 subunits of the chloroplast hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral chloroplast thylakoid membrane proteins.
chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor CF(0)
chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex, coupling factor CF(o)
chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor CF(o)
A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential of H+ is used to drive a variety of (i) secondary active transport systems via H+-dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii) channel-mediated transport systems. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. V-type ATPases are found in the membranes of organelles such as vacuoles, endosomes, and lysosomes, and in the plasma membrane.
hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase complex
proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex
A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and carries out proton transport across a membrane. The proton-transporting domain (F0, V0, or A0) includes integral and peripheral membrane proteins.
proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, proton-transporting domain
A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled.
proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, catalytic domain
A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and mediates proton transport across a membrane. The V0 complex consists of at least four different subunits (a,c,d and e); six or more c subunits form a proton-binding rotor ring.
proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain
A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. The V1 complex consists of: (1) a globular headpiece with three alternating copies of subunits A and B that form a ring, (2) a central rotational stalk composed of single copies of subunits D and F, and (3) a peripheral stalk made of subunits C, E, G and H. Subunits A and B mediate the hydrolysis of ATP at three reaction sites associated with subunit A.
proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain
A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase
plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.
negative regulation of histone ubiquitination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.
positive regulation of histone ubiquitination
A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively.
dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase complex
dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase complex
A conserved heterotrimeric protein complex that promotes histone H3 and H4 deposition onto newly synthesized DNA during replication or DNA repair; specifically facilitates replication-dependent nucleosome assembly with the major histone H3 (H3.1). In many species the CAF-1 subunits are designated p150, p60, and p48.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 4-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,5,6)pentakisphosphate, and ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate.
This term was made obsolete because it represents two reactions, and should be two separate terms.
inositol hexakisphosphate 4-kinase or 6-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + ceramide = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + sphingomyelin.
ceramide:phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphotransferase activity
phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus.
Catalysis of the cyclization of double bonds in prosolanapyrone II to form (-)-solanapyrone A.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-pyrone + oxalacetate = macrophomate.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.
calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity
Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein phosphatase activity
calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity
A nucleosome-binding protein complex that comprises two SWIRM domain histone demethylases and two PHD finger proteins. The complex is involved in transcriptional regulation via heterochromatic silencing and the regulation of chromatin boundary formation, and was first identified in fission yeast.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkyl hydroperoxide stimulus. Alkyl hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH, where the substituent is an alkyl group.
Catalysis of the reaction: tryparedoxin + hydrogen peroxide = tryparedoxin disulfide + H2O.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 4,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,6)tetrakisphosphate, and ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 5,6-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,4)tetrakisphosphate.
inositol heptakisphosphate 4-kinase or 6-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,5,6)pentakisphosphate = 4,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,6)tetrakisphosphate, and ATP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate = 5,6-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,4)tetrakisphosphate.
diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
inositol heptakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: RDP-glucose + [alpha-D-glucosyl-(1,4)]n = RDP + [alpha-D-glucosyl-(1,4)]n+1, where RDP is ADP or UDP.
A protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity.
A homohexameric protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity; associates with DNA polymerase alpha-primase and translocates in the 5' to 3' direction.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the RNA subunit of ribonuclease P.
Cytokinesis that occurs in the context of cell cycle progression and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming a beta-1,4 linkage.
beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine + N-acetylneuraminyl-alpha-2,3-galactosyl-beta-oligosaccharide = UDP + N-acetylgalactosaminyl-N-acetylneuraminyl-alpha-2,3-galactosyl-beta-oligosaccharide.
UDP-GalNAc:Neu5Ac-alpha-2-Gal-beta-1-R beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:N-acetylneuraminyl-alpha-2,3-galactosyl-beta-R 1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signalling pathway
tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated signaling pathway
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leptin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of adiponectin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A process in which iron is solubilized and transported into a cell.
A process in which iron (Fe3+) is solubilized by binding to a receptor or transport protein and transported into a cell.
iron assimilation by capture and transport
A process in which iron (Fe3+) is solubilized by ferric iron-specific chelators, known as siderophores, excreted by a cell; the iron-siderophore complex is then transported into the cell by specific cell surface receptors.
iron assimilation by chelation and transport
A process in which iron is solubilized by reduction from Fe3+ to Fe2+ via a cell surface reductase and subsequent transport of the iron across the membrane by iron uptake proteins.
iron assimilation by reduction and transport
The directed movement of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions into a cell or organelle.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of iron ions.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron deficiency
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron ion starvation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with urea, a water-soluble carboxamide with the structure H2N-CO-NH2.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + amide(out) = ADP + phosphate + amide(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + urea(out) = ADP + phosphate + urea(in).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the D- or L-enantiomer of xylose.
The directed movement of 2-aminoethylphosphonate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of 2-aminoethylphosphonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
2-phosphonoethylamine transmembrane transporter activity
2-aminoethylphosphonate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + 2-aminoethylphosphonate(out) = ADP + phosphate + 2-aminoethylphosphonate(in).
2-phosphonoethylamine transporting ATPase activity
2-aminoethylphosphonate transporting ATPase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 2-aminoethylphosphonate.
The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of cysteine out of a cell or organelle.
Catalysis of the transfer of cysteine from one side of the membrane to the other.
cysteine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cysteine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + cysteine(in/out).
The directed movement of carbohydrates out of a cell or organelle.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-methionine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + D-methionine(in/out).
D-methionine-transporting ATPase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
negative regulation of protein sumoylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
positive regulation of protein sumoylation
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.
11beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 11-oxidoreductase
corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase activity
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.
regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
negative regulation of amine degradation
negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
positive regulation of amine degradation
positive regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
regulation of penicillin metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
negative regulation of penicillin metabolism
negative regulation of penicillin metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
positive regulation of penicillin metabolism
positive regulation of penicillin metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
regulation of penicillin catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
negative regulation of penicillin breakdown
negative regulation of penicillin catabolism
negative regulation of penicillin degradation
negative regulation of penicillin catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
positive regulation of penicillin breakdown
positive regulation of penicillin catabolism
positive regulation of penicillin degradation
positive regulation of penicillin catabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: a penicillin + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid derivative of the penicillin.
Catalysis of the reaction: a cephalosporin + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid derivative of the cephalosporin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of beta-lactamase activity, the hydrolysis of a beta-lactam to yield a substituted beta-amino acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of a penicillin to yield a substituted beta-amino acid derivative.
A protein complex that contains four related proteins that have been implicated in several membrane-related processes, such as sorting of H+-translocating ATPases, endocytosis, ER-Golgi trafficking, vacuole fusion, vacuolar polyphosphate homeostasis and the microautophagic scission of vesicles into the vacuolar lumen. The complex is enriched at the vacuolar membrane, but also found in other cellular compartments, including the ER and the cell periphery. In Saccharomyces, the subunits are Vtc1p, Vtc2p, Vtc3p and Vtc4p.
A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and links histone acetylation to the assembly of transcriptionally silent chromatin. In vitro, the complex acetylates lysine 16 of histone H4 and lysine 14 of histone H3, although the latter may not be relevant in vivo. The complex contains a catalytic subunit and at least two other subunits; in Saccharomyces, the catalytic subunit is Sas2p and additional subunits are Sas4p and Sas5p.
A protein complex containing an inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB/IKB) protein and one or more copies of an NF-kappaB protein. In the resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm.
A protein complex containing one Bcl protein and one or more copies of NF-kappaB2; formation of complexes of different stoichiometry depends on the Bcl3:NF-kappaB2 ratio, and allow Bcl3 to exert different regulatory effects on NF-kappaB2-dependent transcription.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving plastid DNA.
The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in a plastid.
The process in which new strands of genomic DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for DNA-dependent DNA polymerases, contributing to progression through S phase of the cell cycle.
A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the S phase of the cell cycle.
regulation of progression through S phase
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication that contributes to the progression through S phase of the cell cycle.
regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
regulation of DNA replication during S phase
regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
A multimeric protein complex that acts as an endosomal tethering complex (CORVET = class C core vacuole/endosome tethering) by cooperating with Rab GTPases to capture endosomal vesicles and trap them prior to the action of SNAREs; the complex is involved in endo-lysosomal biogenesis and required for transport between endosome and vacuole. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae complex contains Vps8p, Vps3p, Pep5p, Vps16p, Pep3p, and Vps33p.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of limited hydrolysis of proteins of the neuroexocytosis apparatus, synaptobrevins, SNAP25 or syntaxin. No detected action on small molecule substrates.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with choline, the amine 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of choline across a membrane.
A part of an axon, a cell projection of a neuron.
An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed.
An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath.
An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.
The directed movement of any phosphorylated myo-inositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B2 stimulus.
The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.
A protein complex that does not contain either a TATA-binding protein (TBP) or a TBP-like factor, but is composed of several TAFIIs and other proteins, including a histone acetyltransferase. This complex is able to nucleate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, can mediate transcriptional activation, and has histone acetyltransferase activity.
A cell cycle in which mitosis is begun and progresses normally through the end of anaphase, but not completed, resulting in a cell with increased ploidy.
Note that this term should be used only for abortive mitotic events that occur normally, e.g. during megakaryocyte differentiation; it should not be used for incomplete mitosis resulting from mutation or other abnormal occurrences. Note that this term should not be confused with 'endomitotic cell cycle ; GO:0007113', which describes a process in which no mitotic spindle forms.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.
A complex of three proteins integral to the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and membranes of organelles derived from bacteria (chloroplasts and mitochondria) involved in membrane transport of folded proteins.
TAT protein translocation system complex
A heterodimeric protein complex of protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and acrosin; formation of the complex inhibits the protease activity of acrosin.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-acrosin complex
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + organic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + organic acid(in/out).
organic acid-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + carboxylic acid(in/out).
carboxylic acid-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + monocarboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + monocarboxylic acid(in/out).
monocarboxylic acid-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ectoine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + ectoine(in/out).
Catalysis of the transfer of hydroxyectoine from one side of the membrane to the other.
hydroxyectoine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + hydroxyectoine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + hydroxyectoine(in/out).
hydroxyectoine-transporting ATPase activity
A microtubule located such that it threads through the conoid and projects through the polar ring.
A protein complex composed of the small ribosomal subunit, eIF3, eIF1A, methionyl-initiatior methionine and a capped mRNA. The complex is initially positioned at the 5'-end of the capped mRNA.
A protein complex composed of the large and small ribosomal subunits, methionyl-initiatior tRNA, and the capped mRNA. The initiator tRNA is positioned at the ribosomal P site at the AUG codon corresponding to the beginning of the coding region.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ectoine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with hydroxyectoine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the D- or L-enantiomer of rhamnose.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + rhamnose(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + rhamnose(in/out).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a contractile vacuole. A specialized vacuole that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores.
contractile vacuole organization and biogenesis
The controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell or group of cells.
Enables the directed movement of dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
dehydroascorbic acid transporter activity
A mitotic cell cycle in which mitosis is completed but cytokinesis does not occur, resulting in a cell containing multiple nuclei each with a chromosomal complement of the original ploidy (usually 2N).
Note that this term should be used for naturally occurring instances of mitosis without cytokinesis, e.g. in the tapetum of flowers and in a number of lower eukaryotes; it should not be used for abnormal events such as may occur in cancers.
cell cycle comprising mitosis without cytokinesis
The chemical reactions and pathways involving O-glucosylated derivatives of quercetin.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of O-glucosylated derivatives of quercetin.
quercetin O-glucoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorophyll a.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of chlorophyll a.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol.
A process that generates phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
The directed movement of hydroxyectoine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A protein complex that binds to the Swi4/6 cell cycle box (SCB) promoter element, consensus sequence CRCGAAA, and activates transcription during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains a heterodimer of the DNA binding protein Swi6p and the activator Swi4p, and is associated with additional proteins known as Whi5p and Msa1p.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of chlorophyll a.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of chlorophyll a, via the intermediate phytyl diphosphate.
chlorophyll a anabolism via phytyl diphosphate
chlorophyll a biosynthesis via phytyl diphosphate
chlorophyll a biosynthetic process via phytyl-PP
chlorophyll a formation via phytyl chlorophyll a formation via phytyl-PP
chlorophyll a synthesis via phytyl diphosphate
chlorophyll a biosynthetic process via phytyl diphosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of chlorophyll a, via the intermediate geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a.
chlorophyll a anabolism via geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a
chlorophyll a biosynthesis via geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a
chlorophyll a formation via geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a
chlorophyll a synthesis via geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a
chlorophyll a biosynthetic process via geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a
A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.
A cell cycle checkpoint that acts during a mitotic cell cycle and prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.
mitotic cell cycle DNA replication checkpoint
A cell cycle checkpoint that acts during a meiotic cell cycle and prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the haploid genome.
meiotic cell cycle DNA replication checkpoint
A cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid, from other compounds, including valine.
pantothenate biosynthetic process from valine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid, from other compounds, including 2-dehydropantolactone.
pantothenate anabolism from 2-oxypantoyl lactone
pantothenate biosynthesis from 2-oxypantoyl lactone
pantothenate biosynthetic process from 2-oxypantoyl lactone
pantothenate formation from 2-oxypantoyl lactone
pantothenate synthesis from 2-oxypantoyl lactone
pantothenate biosynthetic process from 2-dehydropantolactone
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving homomethionine, a non-protein amino acid synthesized from methionine via chain elongation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homomethionine, a non-protein amino acid synthesized from methionine via chain elongation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), via the intermediate CDP-choline.
choline biosynthetic process via CDP-choline
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), via the intermediate N-monomethylethanolamine.
choline anabolism via N-monomethylethanolamine
choline biosynthesis via N-monomethylethanolamine
choline formation via N-monomethylethanolamine
choline synthesis via N-monomethylethanolamine
choline biosynthetic process via N-monomethylethanolamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), via the intermediate phosphoryl-ethanolamine.
choline anabolism via phosphoryl-ethanolamine
choline biosynthesis via phosphoryl-ethanolamine
choline formation via phosphoryl-ethanolamine
choline synthesis via phosphoryl-ethanolamine
choline biosynthetic process via phosphoryl-ethanolamine
The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane.
peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP) targeting signal (mPTS) binding
peroxisome membrane targeting sequence binding
The chemical reactions and pathways involving O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol.
kaempferol O-glucoside metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol.
kaempferol O-glucoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ent-kaur-16-ene. Ent-kaurene is a tetracyclic diterpenoid that is a precursor of several plant isoprenoids, including gibberellins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ent-kaurene. Ent-kaurene is a tetracyclic diterpenoid that is a precursor of several plant isoprenoids, including gibberellins.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a fin are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anal fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the caudal fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a medial fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pectoral fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pelvic fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate L-aspartate.
asparagine catabolic process via L-aspartate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxosuccinamate.
asparagine catabolic process via 2-oxosuccinamate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a tetrose, any monosaccharide with a chain of four carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a tetrose, any monosaccharide with a chain of four carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving apiose, the branched tetrose 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-glycero-tetrose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of apiose, the branched tetrose 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-glycero-tetrose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-apiose, uridinediphosphoapiose, a substance composed of apiose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-apiose, uridinediphosphoapicose, a substance composed of apiose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, and L-methionine. Couples utilization of the methyl group of SAM with recycling of the homocysteinyl group and regeneration of methionine.
A cyclic series of interconversions involving chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and several chlorophyllide intermediates.
A cyclic series of interconversions involving L-ascorbate and glutathione that scavenges hydrogen peroxide and reduces it to water, with concomitant oxidation of NADPH.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-L-arabinose, uridinediphosphoarabinose, a substance composed of arabinose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-arabinose, arabino-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-arabinose, uridinediphosphoarabinose, a substance composed of arabinose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediates diaminopimelate and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in four enzymatic steps.
lysine anabolism via diaminopimelate and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate
lysine biosynthesis via diaminopimelic acid and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelic acid and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate
lysine formation via diaminopimelate and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate
lysine synthesis via diaminopimelate and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediates diaminopimelate and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in four enzymatic steps.
lysine anabolism via diaminopimelate and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate
lysine biosynthesis via diaminopimelic acid and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelic acid and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate
lysine formation via diaminopimelate and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate
lysine synthesis via diaminopimelate and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate and L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in a single enzymatic step.
lysine anabolism via diaminopimelate, dehydrogenase pathway
lysine biosynthesis via diaminopimelic acid, dehydrogenase pathway
lysine formation via diaminopimelate, dehydrogenase pathway
lysine synthesis via diaminopimelate, dehydrogenase pathway
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, dehydrogenase pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in two enzymatic steps.
lysine anabolism via diaminopimelate, diaminopimelate-aminotransferase pathway
lysine biosynthesis via diaminopimelate, diaminopimelate-aminotransferase pathway
lysine formation via diaminopimelate, diaminopimelate-aminotransferase pathway
lysine synthesis via diaminopimelate, diaminopimelate-aminotransferase pathway
lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, diaminopimelate-aminotransferase pathway
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
secretory granule organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a mast cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
mast cell secretory granule organisation
mast cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis
mast cell secretory granule organization
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule.
protein localisation in secretory granule
protein localization in secretory granule
protein localization to secretory granule
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a mast cell.
protein localisation in mast cell secretory granule
protein localization in mast cell secretory granule
protein localization to mast cell secretory granule
Any process in which a protease is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a mast cell.
protease localisation in mast cell secretory granule
protease localization in mast cell secretory granule
protease localization to mast cell secretory granule
The directed movement of a protein to a location within a secretory granule in a mast cell.
establishment of protein localisation in mast cell secretory granule
establishment of protein localization in mast cell secretory granule
establishment of protein localization to mast cell secretory granule
A process in which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein localization in mast cell secretory granule
maintenance of protein location in mast cell secretory granule
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
T lymphocyte secretory granule organization
T-lymphocyte secretory granule organization
T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis
T-lymphocyte secretory granule maturation
The directed movement of a protease to a location within a secretory granule in a mast cell.
establishment of protease localisation in mast cell secretory granule
establishment of protease localization in mast cell secretory granule
establishment of protease localization to mast cell secretory granule
A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protease localization in mast cell secretory granule
maintenance of protease location in mast cell secretory granule
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
protein localisation in T cell secretory granule
protein localization in T cell secretory granule
protein localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
protein localization in T-cell secretory granule
protein localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
protein localization to T cell secretory granule
Any process in which a protease is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
protease localisation in T cell secretory granule
protease localization in T cell secretory granule
protease localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
protease localization in T-cell secretory granule
protease localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
protease localization to T cell secretory granule
The directed movement of a protein to a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
establishment of protein localisation in T cell secretory granule
establishment of protein localization in T cell secretory granule
establishment of protein localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
establishment of protein localization in T-cell secretory granule
establishment of protein localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
establishment of protein localization to T cell secretory granule
A process in which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
maintenance of protein localization in T-cell secretory granule
maintenance of protein localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
maintenance of protein localization in T cell secretory granule
maintenance of protein location in T cell secretory granule
The directed movement of a protease to a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
establishment of protease localisation in T cell secretory granule
establishment of protease localization in T cell secretory granule
establishment of protease localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
establishment of protease localization in T-cell secretory granule
establishment of protease localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
establishment of protease localization to T cell secretory granule
A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protease localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
maintenance of protease localization in T-cell secretory granule
maintenance of protease localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
maintenance of protease localization in T cell secretory granule
maintenance of protease location in T cell secretory granule
Any process in which the protease granzyme B is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
granzyme B localisation in T cell secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T cell secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T-cell secretory granule
granzyme B localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule
The directed movement of the protease granzyme B to a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.
establishment of granzyme B localisation in T cell secretory granule
establishment of granzyme B localization in T cell secretory granule
establishment of granzyme B localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
establishment of granzyme B localization in T-cell secretory granule
establishment of granzyme B localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
T-lymphocyte secretory granule storage of granzyme B
establishment of granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule
A process in which the protease granyme B is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of granzyme B localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule
maintenance of granzyme B localization in T-cell secretory granule
maintenance of granzyme B localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule
maintenance of granzyme B localization in T cell secretory granule
maintenance of granzyme B location in T cell secretory granule
The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranyl diphosphate, the universal precursor of the monoterpenes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranyl diphosphate.
geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a polyprenol compound involved in the biosynthesis of a variety of terpenoids including chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherols, plastoquinones, and the plant hormones gibberellins.
geranylgeranyldiphosphate metabolic process
geranylgeranyl diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane by decarboxylation of ornithine.
putrescine biosynthetic process from ornithine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, from other compounds, including arginine.
putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, from other compounds, including arginine; in this pathway, arginine is converted to agmatine, and agmatine is converted to putrescine in a single enzymatic step.
putrescine anabolism from arginine, using agmatinase
putrescine biosynthesis from arginine, using agmatinase
putrescine formation from arginine, using agmatinase
putrescine synthesis from arginine, using agmatinase
putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine, using agmatinase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, from other compounds, including arginine, via the intermediate N-carbamoylputrescine; in this pathway, arginine is converted to agmatine, and agmatine is converted to putrescine in two single enzymatic steps.
putrescine anabolism from arginine via N-carbamoylputrescine
putrescine biosynthesis from arginine via N-carbamoylputrescine
putrescine formation from arginine via N-carbamoylputrescine
putrescine synthesis from arginine via N-carbamoylputrescine
putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine via N-carbamoylputrescine
A ribonucleoprotein complex found in the cytoplasm of male germ cells, composed of exceedingly thin filaments that are consolidated into a compact mass or into dense strands of varying thickness that branch to form an irregular network. Contains mRNAs, miRNAs, and protein components involved in miRNA processing (such as Argonaute proteins and the endonuclease Dicer) and in RNA decay (such as the decapping enzyme DCP1a and GW182).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical actin monomer to form a homodimer.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homogalacturonan, a pectidic polymer, characterized by a backbone of 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine via the intermediate 1,3 diaminopropane.
beta-alanine anabolism via 1,3 diaminopropane
beta-alanine biosynthesis via 1,3 diaminopropane
beta-alanine formation via 1,3 diaminopropane
beta-alanine synthesis via 1,3 diaminopropane
beta-alanine biosynthetic process via 1,3 diaminopropane
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine via the intermediate 3-hydroxypropionate.
beta-alanine anabolism via 3-hydroxypropionate
beta-alanine biosynthesis via 3-hydroxypropionate
beta-alanine formation via 3-hydroxypropionate
beta-alanine synthesis via 3-hydroxypropionate
beta-alanine biosynthetic process via 3-hydroxypropionate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine via the intermediate 3-ureidopropionate.
beta-alanine anabolism via 3-ureidopropionate
beta-alanine formation via 3-ureidopropionate
beta-alanine synthesis via 3-ureidopropionate
beta-alanine biosynthetic process via 3-ureidopropionate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving zeatin, 2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zeatin, 2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cis-zeatin, (2Z)-2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trans-zeatin, (2E)-2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UUU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TTT codes for phenylalanine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UUC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TTC codes for phenylalanine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UUA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TTA codes for leucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UUG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TTG codes for leucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UCU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TCT codes for serine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UCC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TCC codes for serine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UCA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TCA codes for serine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UCG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TCG codes for serine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UAU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TAT codes for tyrosine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UAC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TAC codes for tyrosine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UAA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TAA is a stop codon (ochre) and is not normally read by a tRNA.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UAG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TAG is a stop codon (amber) and is not normally read by a tRNA.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UGU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TGT codes for cysteine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UGC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TGC codes for cysteine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UGA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TGA is a stop codon (opal) and is not normally read by a tRNA.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UGG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, TGG codes for tryptophan.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CTT codes for leucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CTC codes for leucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CTA codes for leucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CTG codes for leucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CCT codes for proline.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CCC codes for proline.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CCA codes for proline.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CCG codes for proline.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CAT codes for histidine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CAC codes for histidine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CAA codes for glutamine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CAG codes for glutamine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CGU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CGT codes for arginine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CGC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CGC codes for arginine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CGA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CGA codes for arginine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CGG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, CGG codes for arginine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ATT codes for isoleucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ATC codes for isoleucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ATA codes for isoleucine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ATG codes for methionine, and is the initiator codon.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an ACU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ACT codes for threonine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an ACC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ACC codes for threonine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an ACA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ACA codes for threonine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an ACG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, ACG codes for threonine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AAT codes for asparagine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AAC codes for asparagine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AAA codes for lysine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AAG codes for lysine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AGT codes for serine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AGC codes for serine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AGA codes for arginine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, AGG codes for arginine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GUU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GTT codes for valine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GUC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GTC codes for valine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GUA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GTA codes for valine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GUG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GTG codes for valine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GCT codes for alanine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GCC codes for alanine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GCA codes for alanine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GCG codes for alanine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GAT codes for aspartic acid.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GAC codes for aspartic acid.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GAA codes for glutamic acid.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GAG codes for glutamic acid.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GGU codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GGT codes for glycine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GGC codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GGC codes for glycine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GGA codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GGA codes for glycine.
A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GGG codon.
Note that in the standard genetic code, GGG codes for glycine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cis-zeatin, (2Z)-2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trans-zeatin, (2E)-2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, a substance composed of the acidic sugar 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate.
CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid metabolism
CMP-ketodeoxyoctanoate metabolic process
CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, a substance composed of the acidic sugar 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate.
CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid anabolism
CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthesis
CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid formation
CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid synthesis
CMP-ketodeoxyoctanoate biosynthetic process
CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gibberellin 12, (1R,2S,3S,4R,8S,9S,12R)-4,8-dimethyl-13-methylidenetetracyclo[10.2.1.01,9.03,8]pentadecane-2,4-dicarboxylic acid 1meta,4a-dimethyl-8-methylidene-4aalpha,4bbeta-gibbane-1alpha,10beta-dicarboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin 12, (1R,2S,3S,4R,8S,9S,12R)-4,8-dimethyl-13-methylidenetetracyclo[10.2.1.01,9.03,8]pentadecane-2,4-dicarboxylic acid 1meta,4a-dimethyl-8-methylidene-4aalpha,4bbeta-gibbane-1alpha,10beta-dicarboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-L-galactose, a substance composed of L-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-galactose, a substance composed of L-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any indole-3-acetic acid conjugate, a form of indoleacetic acid covalently bound to another molecule.
indole acetic acid conjugate metabolic process
indoleacetic acid conjugate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole-3-acetic acid conjugate, a form of indoleacetic acid covalently bound to another molecule.
indole acetic acid conjugate biosynthesis
indole acetic acid conjugate biosynthetic process
indoleacetic acid conjugate biosynthesis
indoleacetic acid conjugate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate, a form of indoleacetic acid covalently bound to an amino acid or polypeptide through an amide bond.
IAA amide conjugate biosynthetic process
indole acetic acid amide conjugate biosynthesis
indole acetic acid amide conjugate biosynthetic process
indoleacetic acid amide conjugate anabolism
indoleacetic acid amide conjugate biosynthesis
indoleacetic acid amide conjugate formation
indoleacetic acid amide conjugate synthesis
indoleacetic acid amide conjugate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate, a form of indoleacetic acid covalently bound to an a sugar or polyol through an ester bond.
IAA ester conjugate biosynthetic process
indole acetic acid ester conjugate biosynthesis
indole acetic acid ester conjugate biosynthetic process
indoleacetic acid ester conjugate anabolism
indoleacetic acid ester conjugate biosynthesis
indoleacetic acid ester conjugate formation
indoleacetic acid ester conjugate synthesis
indoleacetic acid ester conjugate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-methyl-methionine (SMM). SMM can be converted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galacturonate, a substance composed of galacturonic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galacturonate, a substance composed of galacturonic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
UDP-D-galacturonate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-galacturonate, the D-enantiomer of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a gas within an organism or cell.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of nitric oxide within an organism or cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, a basic anthocyanin responsible for red to magenta coloration of flowers and fruits.
cyanidin 3-O-glucoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, a basic, water-soluble anthocyanin responsible for blue coloration of flowers and fruits.
delphinidin 3-O-glucoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, a basic anthocyanin responsible for red to magenta coloration of flowers and fruits.
pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate 24,25-dihydrolanosterol.
cholesterol anabolism via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol
cholesterol biosynthesis via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol
cholesterol formation via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol
cholesterol synthesis via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol
cholesterol biosynthetic process via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate desmosterol.
cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol
cholesterol biosynthetic process via desmosterol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate lathosterol.
cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol
cholesterol biosynthetic process via lathosterol
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coniferin, 4-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving esculetin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of esculetin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferulate, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ferulate, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sinapate, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sinapate, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate D-galactonate.
galactose catabolic process via D-galactonate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.
galactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of galactose within an organism or cell.
A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of galactose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex that contains two RING finger proteins, which have ubiquitin ligase activity, in addition to a protein with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity; catalyzes the ubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 119 (or the equivalent residue). In Schizosaccharomyces the subunits are Rhp1, Brl2/Rfp1 and Brl1/Rfp2.
The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the floor plate is generated and organized.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates from other compounds including homomethionine.
glucosinolate anabolism from homomethionine
glucosinolate biosynthesis from homomethionine
glucosinolate formation from homomethionine
glucosinolate synthesis from homomethionine
glucosinolate biosynthetic process from homomethionine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates from other compounds including phenylalanine.
glucosinolate anabolism from phenylalanine
glucosinolate biosynthesis from phenylalanine
glucosinolate formation from phenylalanine
glucosinolate synthesis from phenylalanine
glucosinolate biosynthetic process from phenylalanine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including butyrate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including propionate.
glutamate catabolic process to propionate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving luteolin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of luteolin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate saccharopine.
L-lysine breakdown to acetyl-CoA via saccharopine
L-lysine degradation to acetyl-CoA via saccharopine
L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA via saccharopine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate 5-aminopentanamide.
L-lysine breakdown to acetyl-CoA via 5-aminopentanamide
L-lysine degradation to acetyl-CoA via 5-aminopentanamide
L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA via 5-aminopentanamide
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate L-pipecolate.
L-lysine breakdown to acetyl-CoA via L-pipecolate
L-lysine degradation to acetyl-CoA via L-pipecolate
L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA via L-pipecolate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including alpha-aminoadipate; in this pathway, L-lysine is converted to 2-aminoadipate-6-semialdehyde by lysine 6-aminotransferase.
L-lysine breakdown using lysine 6-aminotransferase
L-lysine degradation using lysine 6-aminotransferase
L-lysine catabolic process using lysine 6-aminotransferase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including homoserine, via the intermediates O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine.
L-methionine anabolism from homoserine via O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine formation from homoserine via O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine synthesis from homoserine via O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
L-methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate metabolism
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate metabolic process
The process of removing one or more phosphate group from myo-inositol hexakisphosphate.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate dephosphorylation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytyl diphosphate, (2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl trihydrogen diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytyl diphosphate, (2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl trihydrogen diphosphate.
The modification of histone H2A by addition of one or more ubiquitin groups.
The modification of histone H2B by addition of ubiquitin groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ester derivatives of sinapate, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivates of sinapate, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next, from other compounds, including L-glutamate.
tetrapyrrole biosynthesis from glutamate
tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process from glutamate
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next, from other compounds, including glycine and succinyl-CoA.
tetrapyrrole anabolism from glycine and succinyl-CoA
tetrapyrrole biosynthesis from glycine and succinyl-CoA
tetrapyrrole formation from glycine and succinyl-CoA
tetrapyrrole synthesis from glycine and succinyl-CoA
tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process from glycine and succinyl-CoA
A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-methyl-L-methionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, L-homocysteine, and L-methionine. Converts the methionine group of adenosylmethionine back to free methionine, and may serve regulate the cellular adenosylmethionine level.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving stachyose, the tetrasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stachyose, the tetrasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving verbascose, the pentasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of verbascose, the pentasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, by a pathway in which galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase catalyzes chain elongation by transferring the alpha-galactosyl residue of galactinol to the oligosaccharide.
ajugose anabolism using galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase
ajugose biosynthesis using galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase
ajugose formation using galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase
ajugose synthesis using galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase
ajugose biosynthetic process using galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, by a pathway in which galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase catalyzes chain elongation by transferring the alpha-galactosyl residue of one raffinose-family oligosaccharide to another.
ajugose anabolism using galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase
ajugose biosynthesis using galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase
ajugose formation using galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase
ajugose synthesis using galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase
ajugose biosynthetic process using galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase
A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step of each oxidation cycle, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass through the respiratory chain to oxygen and leave H2O as the product. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase
A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on odd-numbered carbons are degraded. In this pathway, a cis-3-enoyl-CoA is generated by the core beta-oxidation pathway, and then converted to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, which can return to the core beta-oxidation pathway for complete degradation. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, odd number
A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on even-numbered carbons are degraded. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number
A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on even-numbered carbons are degraded. In this pathway, the intermediate 2,4-dienoyl-CoA is converted to trans-2-enoyl-CoA by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase and delta3-delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase; trans-2-enoyl-CoA returns to the core beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number, reductase/isomerase pathway
A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on even-numbered carbons are degraded. In this pathway, the intermediate 2,4-dienoyl-CoA is converted to cis-2-enoyl-CoA through one more cycle of the core beta-oxidation pathway. Cis-2-enoyl-CoA cannot be completely degraded via the core beta-oxidation pathway because hydratation of cis-2-enoyl-CoA yields D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, which is not a substrate for 3-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Cis-2-enoyl-CoA must enter the so-called epimerase pathway, which involves converting D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by 3-hydroxylacyl-CoA epimerase or by two stereo-specific enoyl-CoA hydratases. L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA then returns to the core beta-oxidation pathway. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number, epimerase pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, phytate, by a pathway using inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate produced from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate hydrolysis by phospholipase C.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate anabolism, lipid-dependent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthesis, lipid-dependent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate formation, lipid-dependent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate synthesis, lipid-dependent
phytate biosynthetic process, lipid-dependent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process, lipid-dependent
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, phytate, by a pathway using inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate produced from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate hydrolysis by phospholipase C; in this pathway, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is first converted to inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate, and then phosphorylated further.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate anabolism, via inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthesis, via inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate formation, via inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate synthesis, via inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
phytate biosynthesis, via inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
phytate biosynthetic process, via inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process, via inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1D myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, phytate, by a pathway using inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate produced from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate hydrolysis by phospholipase C; in this pathway, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is successively phosphorylated to yield inositol hexakisphosphate.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate anabolism, via direct phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthesis, via direct phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate formation, via direct phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate synthesis, via direct phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
phytate biosynthesis, via direct phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
phytate biosynthetic process, via direct phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
This term was made obsolete because its only cross-reference points to a MetaCyc entry (PWY-4541) that was deleted from the MetaCyc database.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process, via direct phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, by the successively phosphorylation of myo-inositol or an inositol trisphosphate; the inositol trisphosphates that may be used by this pathway are inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 3,4,6trisphosphate.
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate anabolism, lipid-independent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthesis, lipid-independent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate formation, lipid-independent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate synthesis, lipid-independent
phytate biosynthetic process, lipid-independent
myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process, lipid-independent
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase tyrosine + phosphate.
tyrosine-specific MAP kinase phosphatase activity
MAP kinase tyrosine phosphatase activity
A protein complex required for clamping microtubule binding sites, ensuring orientation of sister kinetochores to the same pole (mono-orientation) during meiosis I. In the yeast S. cerevisiae this complex consists of Csm1p, Lrs4p, Hrr25p and Mam1p; in S. pombe Psc1 and Mde4 have been identified as subunits.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B3 stimulus.
A region of heterochromatin located at the rDNA repeats in a chromosome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
multicellular organismal response to stress
Catalysis of the addition of a glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(7)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
dolichyl-P-Glc:Man7GlcNAc2-PP-dolichyl glucosyltransferase activity
dolichyl pyrophosphate Man7GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity
A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses an endonuclease activity that specifically cleaves certain types of branched DNA structures; because such structures often form during the replication ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, the complex plays a role in the maintenance of rDNA. The subunits are known as Slx1 and Slx 4 in budding and fission yeasts, and are conserved in eukaryotes.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a protein substrate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
unsaturated fatty acid metabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADP+ = folate + NADPH + H+.
A process that modulates the rate or extent of water loss from an organism via the skin.
A process in which the targeting of nascent transcripts by the RITS complex mediates chromatin modifications and promotes the degradation of nascent transcripts synthesized in heterochromatic regions.
small RNA-mediated cotranscriptional gene silencing
cotranscriptional gene silencing by small RNA
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the dorsal-ventral body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
A protein complex required for the recycling of Golgi proteins, formation of lumenal membranes and sorting of ubiquitinated proteins into those membranes. This complex includes Vps1p and Hse1p in yeast and the Hrs and STAM proteins in mammals.
Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of gamma-tubulin complex localization
The DNA metabolic process, occurring during lagging strand synthesis, by which RNA primers are removed from Okazaki fragments, the resulting gaps filled by DNA polymerization, and the ends ligated to form a continuous strand.
DNA replication, Okazaki fragment processing
Combining with lactoferrin and delivering lactoferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein which binds ferric iron most efficiently at low pH.
Catalysis of the transfer of lactoferrin from one side of a membrane to the other.
lactoferrin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of transferrin from one side of a membrane to the other.
transferrin transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of lactoferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A protein complex composed of a multicopper ferroxidase that oxidizes Fe(II) to Fe(III), and a ferric iron permease that transports the produced Fe(III) into the cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.
The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid at the surface of a cell.
protein amino acid glycosylation at cell surface
The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in the cytosol.
protein amino acid glycosylation in cytosol
The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in the endoplasmic reticulum.
protein amino acid glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum
protein glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum
The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
protein amino acid glycosylation in Golgi
The addition of a galactose unit to a protein amino acid in the endoplasmic reticulum.
protein amino acid galactosylation in ER
protein amino acid galactosylation in endoplasmic reticulum
protein galactosylation in endoplasmic reticulum
The addition of a galactose unit to a protein amino acid at the surface of a cell.
protein amino acid galactosylation at cell surface
The addition of a galactose unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
protein amino acid galactosylation in Golgi
The addition of a galactose unit to a protein amino acid in the cytosol.
protein amino acid galactosylation in cytosol
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the rhabdomere.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate L-arogenate.
tyrosine anabolism from chorismate via L-arogenate
tyrosine formation from chorismate via L-arogenate
tyrosine synthesis from chorismate via L-arogenate
tyrosine biosynthetic process from chorismate via L-arogenate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate phenylpyruvate.
L-phenylalanine anabolism from chorismate via phenylpyruvate
L-phenylalanine biosynthesis from chorismate via phenylpyruvate
L-phenylalanine formation from chorismate via phenylpyruvate
L-phenylalanine synthesis from chorismate via phenylpyruvate
L-phenylalanine biosynthetic process from chorismate via phenylpyruvate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate L-arogenate.
L-phenylalanine anabolism from chorismate via L-arogenate
L-phenylalanine biosynthesis from chorismate via L-arogenate
L-phenylalanine formation from chorismate via L-arogenate
L-phenylalanine synthesis from chorismate via L-arogenate
L-phenylalanine biosynthetic process from chorismate via L-arogenate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid.
A heterohexameric protein complex that is involved in modification of wobble nucleosides in tRNA, and exerts direct effects on transcriptional elongation and exocytosis. The complex can associate physically with hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II; it contains two discrete heterotrimeric subcomplexes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalamin (vitamin B12) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) stimulus.
Facilitates the base-pairing of complementary single-stranded RNA.
A heterodimeric protein complex formed of BRCA2 and MAGE-D1; may mediate the synergistic activities of the two proteins in regulating cell growth.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.
A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of tumerin and hamartin; its formation may regulate hamartin homomultimer formation. The complex acts as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase (Rheb), and inhibits the TOR signaling pathway.
A multiprotein complex that functions as a mitotic checkpoint inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). In budding yeast this complex consists of Mad2p, Mad3p, Bub3p and Cdc20p, and in mammalian cells it consists of MAD2, BUBR1, BUB3, and CDC20.
The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.
regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
downregulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
inhibition of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
upregulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
activation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
stimulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
negative regulation of dopamine secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
positive regulation of dopamine secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
down regulation of catecholamine secretion
down-regulation of catecholamine secretion
downregulation of catecholamine secretion
negative regulation of catecholamine secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
up regulation of catecholamine secretion
up-regulation of catecholamine secretion
positive regulation of catecholamine secretion
The directed movement of a chemokine receptor within a lipid bilayer.
chemokine receptor translocation within membrane
chemokine receptor transport within lipid bilayer
A heterodimeric protein complex formed of superoxide dismutase 1 and Bcl-2. Complex formation is thought to link superoxide dismutase to an apoptotic pathway.
Catalysis of the reaction: formyl-CoA + oxalate = formate + oxalyl-CoA.
formyl-CoA oxalate CoA-transferase activity
formyl-CoA:oxalate CoA-transferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase ligand binding
receptor serine/threonine kinase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an activating transcription factor, any protein whose activity is required to initiate or upregulate transcription.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis
mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase complex assembly
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis
plasma membrane cytochrome c oxidase complex assembly
plasma membrane respiratory chain complex IV assembly
The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.
A nuclear body that forms during meiotic prophase in a fixed position in the horsetail nucleus; contains Mei2 and meiRNA. May play a role in the progression of meiosis I.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the selective degradation of meiosis-specific transcripts during vegetative growth, by a mechanism that requires determinant of selective removal (DSR) sequences in the targeted mRNAs and involves a YTH family protein.
degradation of meiosis-specific transcripts
mRNA breakdown, meiosis-specific transcripts
mRNA catabolism, meiosis-specific transcripts
mRNA degradation, meiosis-specific transcripts
nuclear mRNA catabolic process, meiosis-specific transcripts
Note that it is speculated that higher eukaryotic YTH-family protein may be involved in similar mechanisms to supress gene regulation during gametogenesis or general silencing.
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, meiosis-specific transcripts
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.
regulation of integrin complex activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.
negative regulation of integrin complex activation
negative regulation of integrin activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.
positive regulation of integrin complex activation
positive regulation of integrin activation
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that lead to the increased affinity of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, for its extracellular ligands.
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction leading to integrin activation
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction leading to integrin complex activation
positive regulation of integrin activation by cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.
cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin
The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.
cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in the state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to abiotic stimulus
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to thermal stimulus
modulation by symbiont of host response to temperature stimulus
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to cold
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to heat
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to water
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to osmotic stress
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to pH
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to gravitational stimulus
Any constituent part of a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Double layer of lipid molecules as it encloses host cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the host cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any constituent part of the living contents of a host cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the host cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, as found in host cells, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
host intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
host intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle as found in host cells that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cell cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any member of a family of organelles as found in the cytoplasm of host cells, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A chlorophyll-containing plastid as found within host cells with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any constituent part of a chloroplast as it is found in host cells and which are a chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any sac-like membranous structures (cisternae) in a chloroplast found in host cells, combined into stacks (grana) and present singly in the stroma (stroma thylakoids or frets) as interconnections between grana. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
host cell chloroplast thylakoid membrane
Any constituent part of the host cell cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of host cell chloroplasts. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host chloroplast
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a component of the host cell chloroplast. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host chloroplast part
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cell chloroplast thylakoid. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host chloroplast thylakoid
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of host cell mitochondria. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host mitochondrion
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of defense response in host by specific elicitors
down-regulation by symbiont of host gene-for-gene resistance
downregulation by symbiont of pathogen-race/host plant cultivar-specific resistance in symbiont
suppression by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
inhibition by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
negative regulation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by organism of defense-related host metabolic burst
down-regulation by organism of defense-related host oxidative burst
downregulation by organism of defense-related host AOS production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host ROI production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host ROS production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxidative species production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host reactive oxygen intermediate production
negative regulation by organism of defense-related host respiratory burst
inhibition by organism of defense-related host active oxygen species production
negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production
The alternation by a symbiont of the levels of defense-related proteins in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host defense-related protein level
Any process in which the symbiont stops or reduces of the levels of defense-related proteins in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host defense-related protein level
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases levels of defense-related proteins in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense-related protein level
OBSOLETE. Any process by which the symbiont regulates the increase in its size or mass, or its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
modulation of growth or development of organism within host
modulation of growth or development of symbiont within host
regulation of growth or development of symbiont within host
This term was made obsolete because it contained a conjunction (or). It has been replaced with the terms 'regulation of development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044127' and 'regulation of growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044126'.
regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host
OBSOLETE. Any process by which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases its size or mass or its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont within host
up regulation of growth or development of organism within host
up-regulation of growth or development of organism within host
upregulation of growth or development of organism within host
This term was made obsolete because it contained a conjunction (or). It has been replaced with the terms 'positive regulation of development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044129' and 'positive regulation of growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044128'.
positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host
OBSOLETE. Any process by which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its increase in size or mass or its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
down regulation of growth or development of organism within host
down-regulation of growth or development of organism within host
downregulation of growth or development of organism within host
negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont within host
inhibition of growth of development of organism within host
This term was made obsolete because it contained a conjunction (or). It has been replaced with the terms 'negative regulation of development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044131' and 'negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044130'.
negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
down-regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
downregulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
inhibition by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'negative regulation of apoptosis ; GO:0043066'.
negative regulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NAD kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an NAD molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NAD kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an NAD molecule.
negative regulation of NAD+ kinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NAD kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an NAD molecule.
positive regulation of NAD+ kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
A membrane-bounded vesicle found near the apical, or pericanalicular, membrane of a hepatocyte; contains proteins involved in bile salt transport and other fluid and solute transport processes.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of double-stranded DNA, and it drives another reaction.
double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex, i.e. a double helix in which a strand of DNA pairs with a complementary strand of RNA.
Catalysis of the unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the direction 5' to 3'.
Catalysis of the unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the direction 3' to 5'.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the direction 3' to 5'.
ATP-dependent 3' to 5' DNA/RNA helicase activity
ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA/RNA helicase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the direction 5' to 3'.
ATP-dependent 5' to 3' DNA/RNA helicase activity
ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA/RNA helicase activity
A process that results in the endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound.
DNA incision involved in nucleotide-excision repair
nucleic acid cleavage involved in nucleotide-excision repair
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
down regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
down-regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
downregulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion
negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
up regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
up-regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
upregulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
activation of luteinizing hormone secretion
stimulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
down regulation of osteoblast proliferation
down-regulation of osteoblast proliferation
downregulation of osteoblast proliferation
negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
up regulation of osteoblast proliferation
up-regulation of osteoblast proliferation
upregulation of osteoblast proliferation
positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sialic acid, any of a variety of N- or O- substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a nine carbon monosaccharide. Sialic acids often occur in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process
The assembly of neurofilaments into bundles, in which the filaments are longitudinally oriented, with numerous crossbridges between them. Neurofilament bundles may be cross-linked to each other, to membrane-bounded organelles or other cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar acceptor molecule.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, quinone or similar compound as acceptor
Any process that reduces the extent of heterochromatin formation; reduces the size of a chromosomal region converted to heterochromatin.
negative regulation of extent of heterochromatin formation
maintenance of heterochromatin boundaries
negative regulation of heterochromatin spreading
negative regulation of extent of heterochromatin assembly
Any process that increases the extent of heterochromatin formation; increases the size of a chromosomal region converted to heterochromatin.
positive regulation of extent of heterochromatin formation
positive regulation of heterochromatin spreading
positive regulation of extent of heterochromatin assembly
A histone deacetylase complex which deacetylates histones across gene coding regions. Composed of a catalytic histone deacetylase subunit, an Sds-3 family protein, a SIN3 family co-repressor, a WD repeat protein, and a zf- PHD finger (Clr6, Sds3, Pst1, Prw1, Png2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Rpd3p, Sin3p, Ume1p, Pho23p, Sap30p, Sds3p, Cti6p, Rxt2p, Rxt3p, Dep1p, Ume6p and Ash1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-AMP-DNA + H2O = AMP + DNA; nucleophilic release of a covalently linked adenylate residue from a DNA strand, leaving a 5' phosphate terminus.
DNA 5'-adenosine monophosphate hydrolase activity
The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-D-galactose + 2 NADP+ + H2O = dTDP-D-galacturonate + 2 NADPH + 2 H+.
dTDP-D-galactose:NADP+ 6-oxidoreductase activity
thymidine-diphosphate-galactose dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1R,5S)-carveol + NAD(+) = (S)-carvone + H(+) + NADH.
(+)-trans-carveol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
(+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one + NADP(+) = 5beta-pregnan-3,20-dione + H(+) + NADPH.
3beta-hydroxy-5beta-steroid:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
3beta-hydroxysteroid 5beta-oxidoreductase activity
3beta-hydroxysteroid 5beta-progesterone oxidoreductase activity
3beta-hydroxy-5beta-steroid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-20-one + NADP(+) = 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione + H(+) + NADPH.
3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-steroid:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-steroid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)H + H+.
GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose reductase activity
GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase activity
GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose:NAD(P)+ 4-oxidoreductase (D-rhamnose-forming) activity
Note that this enzyme differs from EC 1.1.1.187, GDP-4-dehydro-D-rhamnose reductase, in that the only product formed is GDP-D-rhamnose (GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose).
GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose reductase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: L-quinate + NAD(P)+ = 3-dehydroquinate + NAD(P)H + H+, and shikimate + NAD(P)+ = 3-dehydroshikimate + NAD(P)H + H+.
L-quinate:NAD(P)+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
This term was made obsolete because it represents four reactions, and should be four separate terms.
quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxymugineic acid + NAD(P)+ = 3''-deamino-3''-oxonicotianamine + NAD(P)H + H+.
2'-deoxymugineic acid:NAD(P)+ 3''-oxidoreductase activity
3''-deamino-3''-oxonicotianamine reductase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: isocitrate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADH, and (1R,2S)-1-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate + NAD+ = 2-oxoadipate + CO2 + NADH + H+.
homoisocitrate-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
isocitrate(homoisocitrate):NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) activity
isocitrate-homoisocitrate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NADP+ = D-ribulose + NADPH + H+.
D-arabinitol:NADP+ dehydrogenase activity
NADP+-dependent D-arabinitol dehydrogenase activity
D-arabinitol dehydrogenase, D-ribulose forming (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-phospho-D-erythronate + NAD(+) = (R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate + H(+) + NADH.
4-O-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase activity
4-phospho-D-erythronate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
4-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol + NADP(+) = 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + H(+) + NADPH.
1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: choline + O2 = betaine aldehyde + hydrogen peroxide.
choline:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + secondary alcohol = H(2)O(2) + ketone.
secondary-alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: inosine + O2 = 9-riburonosylhypoxanthine + 2 H2O; (1a) 2 inosine + O2 = 2 5'-dehydroinosine + 2 H2O, and (1b) 2 5'-dehydroinosine + O2 = 2 9-riburonosylhypoxanthine + 2 H2O.
nucleoside:oxygen 5'-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: adenosine + 2 O2 = 9-riburonosyladenine + 2 hydrogen peroxide; (1a) adenosine + O2 = 5'-dehydroadenosine + hydrogen peroxide, and (1b) 5'-dehydroadenosine + O2 = 9-riburonosyladenine + hydrogen peroxide.
nucleoside:oxygen 5'-oxidoreductase (hydrogen peroxide-forming) activity
nucleoside oxidase (hydrogen peroxide-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + acceptor = 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + reduced acceptor.
D-gluconate dehydrogenase, 2-keto-D-gluconate-yielding activity
D-gluconate:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase activity
D-gluconate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase activity
gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity
Catalysis of the reactions: pyranose + acceptor = 2-dehydropyranose (or 3-dehydropyranose or 2,3-didehydropyranose) + reduced acceptor, and a pyranoside + acceptor = a 3-dehydropyranoside (or 3,4-didehydropyranoside) + reduced acceptor.
pyranose-quinone oxidoreductase activity
pyranose:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
quinone-dependent pyranose dehydrogenase activity
pyranose dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a (2R)-hydroxy-carboxylate + acceptor = a 2-oxo-carboxylate + reduced acceptor.
(2R)-hydroxy-carboxylate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
(2R)-hydroxycarboxylate-viologen-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + acceptor = 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate + reduced acceptor.
(S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = an acid + NADPH + H+.
NADP-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
NADP-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxopropanoate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = malonate + NAD(P)H + H+.
3-oxopropanoate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
malonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: fluoroacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = fluoroacetate + NADH + 2 H+.
fluoroacetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
fluoroacetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = an acid + 2 H+ + 2 reduced ferredoxin.
aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
tungsten-containing aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + acceptor = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor.
aldehyde:acceptor oxidoreductase (FAD-independent) activity
aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADP+ = divinyl chlorophyllide a + NADPH + H+.
[4-vinyl]chlorophyllide a reductase activity
chlorophyllide-a:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
divinyl chlorophyllide a 8-vinyl-reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a flavan-3-ol + 2 NAD(P)+ = an anthocyanidin + 2 NAD(P)H + H+.
flavan-3-ol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arogenate + NADP+ = L-tyrosine + NADPH + CO2.
L-arogenate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) activity
arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arogenate + NAD(P)+ = L-tyrosine + NAD(P)H + CO2.
L-arogenate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) activity
arogenate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-7,8-dioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-2,4-dicarboxylate + 3 O(2) = 2 H(2)O + 2 H(2)O(2) + H(+) + pyrroloquinoline quinone.
6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-7,8-dioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroquinoline-2,4-dicarboxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing) activity
pyrroloquinoline-quinone synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-benzylsuccinyl-CoA + 2 electron-transferring flavoprotein = (E)-2-benzylidenesuccinyl-CoA + 2 reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein.
(R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
(R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
(R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = oxaloacetate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+.
L-aspartate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
NAD-dependent aspartate dehydrogenase activity
NADH2-dependent aspartate dehydrogenase activity
NADP+-dependent aspartate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H(2)O + O(2) = allysine + H(2)O(2) + NH(4)(+).
L-lysine:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-pyrroline + NAD+ + 2 H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+.
1-pyrroline:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + oxidized ferredoxin = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + reduced ferredoxin.
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (ferredoxin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine + 2 NADP(+) = 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine + 3 H(+) + 2 NADPH.
7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
7-cyano-7-deazaguanine reductase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: hydroxylamine + NH3 = hydrazine + H2O, and hydrazine + acceptor = N2 + reduced acceptor.
hydroxylamine:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + glutathione disulfide + H(+) + sulfite = 5'-adenylyl sulfate + 2 glutathione.
AMP,sulfite:glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming) activity
AMP,sulfite:oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming) activity
plant-type 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase activity
adenylyl-sulfate reductase (glutathione) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: peptide-L-methionine + H(2)O + thioredoxin disulfide = peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the R enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.
methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing) activity
peptide-methionine:thioredoxin-disulfide S-oxidoreductase [methionine (R)-S-oxide-forming] activity
protein-methionine-R-oxide reductase activity
methionine sulfoxide reductase B activity
peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin.
L-methionine:oxidized-thioredoxin S-oxidoreductase activity
L-methionine:thioredoxin-disulfide S-oxidoreductase activity
acetylmethionine sulfoxide reductase activity
free-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase activity
methyl sulfoxide reductase I and II activity
L-methionine-(S)-S-oxide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thioredoxin.
L-methionine:thioredoxin-disulfide S-oxidoreductase [L-methionine (R)-S-oxide-forming] activity
free-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase activity
L-methionine-(R)-S-oxide reductase activity
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 2 of the histone H3 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H3-R2 specific)
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: Reactive Black 5 + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized Reactive Black 5 + 2 H2O, and donor + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized donor + 2 H2O.
reactive-black-5:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2 + A = AH2.
hydrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
hydrogen:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 3 of the histone H4 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H4-R3 specific)
A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,12Z)-(7S,8S)-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
linoleate:oxygen 7S,8S-oxidoreductase activity
Please note that this term is slated for obsoletion as part of the EC mapping updates.
Catalysis of the reaction: pentane-2,4-dione + O2 = acetate + 2-oxopropanal.
acetylacetone:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
The directed movement of the ribosome to a specific location.
Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine. The product of the reaction depends on the substrate; D-tryptophan produces N-formyl-D-kynurenine, and L-tryptophan produces N-formyl-L-kynurenine.
D-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 sulfur + 4 H2O + O2 = 2 hydrogen sulfide + 2 bisulfite + 2 H+.
sulfur:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydrogen-sulfide- and sulfite-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: Oplophorus luciferin + O2 = oxidized Oplophorus luciferin + CO2 + hnu.
Oplophorus-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) activity
Oplophorus-luciferin 2-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + acceptor = 3-dehydro-alpha-D-glucosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside + reduced acceptor.
D-aldohexoside:(acceptor) 3-oxidoreductase
D-aldohexoside:acceptor 3-oxidoreductase
D-aldohexoside:cytochrome c oxidoreductase
hexopyranoside-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Catalysis of the reactions: deoxyamidinoproclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = amidinoproclavaminate + succinate + CO2 + H2O; proclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = dihydroclavaminate + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O; and dihydroclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = clavaminate + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O.
deoxyamidinoproclavaminate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a flavanone + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a flavone + succinate + CO2 + H2O.
flavanone,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (dehydrating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxymugineate + 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) = CO(2) + H(+) + mugineate + succinate.
2'-deoxymugineic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating) activity
2'-deoxymugineic-acid 2'-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: mugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 3-epihydroxymugineic acid + succinate + CO2.
mugineic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = cis-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.
steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.
steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + quinolin-2-ol = H(2)O + NAD(+) + quinoline-2,8-diol.
2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 8-monooxygenase activity
quinolin-2(1H)-one,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-oxygenating) activity
2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4'-hydroxyacetophenone + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (ester-forming) activity
4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase activity
A nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex that specifically targets SUMOylated proteins; the complex is formed of homodimers or heterodimers of RNF4 family ubiquitin ligases and is conserved in eukaryotes.
Catalysis of the reactions: 2-dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + NADPH + H+ + O2 = glyceollin + NADP+ + 2 H2O, and 4-dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + NADPH + H+ + O2 = glyceollin + NADP+ + 2 H2O.
2-(or 4-)dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing) activity
dimethylallyl-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan cyclase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: apigenin + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + O2 = 2-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrogenistein + 2 NADP+ + H2O.
apigenin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (isoflavanone-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + liquiritigenin + NADPH + O(2) = H(2)O + licodione + NADP(+).
liquiritigenin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (licodione-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reactions: a flavanone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = a 3'-hydroxyflavanone + NADP+ + H2O, and a 3'-hydroxyflavanone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = a 3',5'-dihydroxyflavanone + NADP+ + H2O.
flavanone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an isoflavone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = a 2'-hydroxyisoflavone + NADP+ + H2O.
isoflavone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2'-hydroxylating) activity
A region in the lower half of some cells formed from extensive infoldings of the basal plasma membrane; includes cytoplasm adjacent to the infolded membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-deoxysarpagine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = H(2)O + NADP(+) + sarpagine.
10-deoxysarpagine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (10-hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + phenylacetone = benzyl acetate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
phenylacetone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + lithocholate + NADPH + O(2) = 6-beta-hydroxylithocholate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
cytochrome P450 3A10/lithocholic acid 6beta-hydroxylase activity
lithocholate 6beta-monooxygenase activity
lithocholate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6beta-hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + H(2)O + NADP(+).
7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12alpha-monooxygenase activity
7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12alpha-hydroxylating) activity
7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12alpha-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol + H(2)O + NADP(+).
5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol 12alpha-monooxygenase activity
5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12alpha-hydroxylating) activity
5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol 12alpha-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: taurochenodeoxycholate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = taurohyocholate + NADP+ + H2O, and lithocholate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = hyodeoxycholate + NADP+ + H2O.
taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-monooxygenase activity
taurochenodeoxycholate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6alpha-hydroxylating) activity
taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol + H(2)O + NADP(+).
cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (24-hydroxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (24R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,24-diol + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (24R)-7alpha,24-dihydroxycholesterol + H(2)O + NADP(+).
(24R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,24-diol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7alpha-hydroxylating) activity
24-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase activity
CYP39A1 oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity
24-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: cholest-5-ene-3beta,25-diol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,25-triol + NADP+ + H2O, and cholest-5-ene-3beta,27-diol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol + NADP+ + H2O.
25-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase activity
CYP7B1 oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity
cholest-5-ene-3beta,25-diol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7alpha-hydroxylating) activity
25-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + senecionine = H(2)O + NADP(+) + senecionine N-oxide.
senecionine monooxygenase (N-oxide-forming) activity
senecionine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-oxide-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-alpha,beta-D-heptose-7-phosphate + ATP = D-beta-D-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate + ADP.
D-alpha,beta-D-heptose 7-phosphate 1-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-beta-D-heptose-1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose.
D-beta-D-heptose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
heptose 1-phosphate adenyltransferase activity
heptose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cob(I)alamin + hydrogen cyanide + NADP(+) = cyanocob(III)alamin + H(+) + NADPH.
NADPH2:cyanocob(III)alamin oxidoreductase (cyanide-eliminating) activity
NADPH:cyanocob(III)alamin oxidoreductase (cyanide-eliminating) activity
cob(I)alamin, cyanide:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
cyanocobalamin reductase (NADPH, cyanide-eliminating) activity
cyanocobalamin reductase (NADPH; CN-eliminating) activity
cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O = 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+.
(2R,3S)-catechin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 1,4-benzoquinone + H(2)O + phenylacetyl-CoA = 2 hydroquinone + phenylglyoxylyl-CoA.
phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
phenylacetyl-CoA:quinone oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural + NAD(P)H + H+ = 2,5-bis-hydroxymethylfuran + NAD(P)+.
hydroxymethylfurfural reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + H2O + acceptor = (24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + reduced acceptor.
(25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA:acceptor 24-oxidoreductase (24R-hydroxylating) activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate 24-hydroxylase activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA oxidase activity
trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA oxidase activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA 24-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: deoxycholate + FAD + H2O = cholate + FADH2, and lithocholate + FAD + H2O = chenodeoxycholate + FADH2.
deoxycholate:FAD oxidoreductase (7alpha-dehydroxylating) activity
deoxycholate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone + O2 = aureusidin + H2O, and 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone + 1/2 O2 = aureusidin + H2O.
2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + methylamine + thioredoxin disulfide = N-methylglycine + phosphate + thioredoxin.
acetyl-phosphate methylamine:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (N-methylglycine-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + trimethylamine + thioredoxin disulfide = N,N,N-trimethylglycine + phosphate + thioredoxin.
acetyl-phosphate trimethylamine:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (N,N,N-trimethylglycine-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reduction of elemental sulfur or polysulfide to hydrogen sulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 e(-) + 2 H(+) + selenate = H(2)O + selenite.
selenite:reduced acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2.
acceptor:3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine oxidoreductase (iodinating) activity
iodothyronine inner ring monodeiodinase activity
type III iodothyronine deiodinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + myricetin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + laricitrin.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myricetin O-methyltransferase activity
flavonoid 3',5'-O-dimethyltransferase activity
Note that this term represents one of two reactions that are grouped together in EC 2.1.1.149.
myricetin 3'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a 7-hydroxyisoflavone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a 7-methoxyisoflavone.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:hydroxyisoflavone 7-O-methyltransferase activity
isoflavone 7-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + vitexin 2''-O-beta-L-rhamnoside = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 7-O-methylvitexin 2''-O-beta-L-rhamnoside.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:vitexin-2''-O-beta-L-rhamnoside 7-O-methyltransferase activity
vitexin 2''-O-rhamnoside 7-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + isoliquiritigenin = 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-methyltransferase activity
isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + kaempferol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + kaempferide.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:kaempferol 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
kaempferol 4'-O-methyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:sarcosine N-methyltransferase activity
glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase activity
glycine-sarcosine methyltransferase activity
glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N,N-dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase activity
sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase activity
sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase activity
sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + fluoroacetaldehyde = acetaldehyde + 4-fluoro-L-threonine.
fluoroacetaldehyde:L-threonine aldehydetransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + 2 NAD(P)H + 2 H+ = icosanoyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 NAD(P)+.
stearoyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3 malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = 4 CoA + isoliquiritigenin + 3 CO2 + NADP+ + H2O.
malonyl-CoA:4-coumaroyl-CoA malonyltransferase (cyclizing, reducing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + an anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside = CoA + an anthocyanidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside).
malonyl-CoA:anthocyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside 6''-O-malonyltransferase activity
malonyl-coenzymeA:anthocyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside 6''-O-malonyltransferase activity
anthocyanin 6''-O-malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + pelargonidin 3-O-(6-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucoside) 5-O-beta-D-glucoside = CoA + 4'''-demalonylsalvianin.
malonyl-CoA:pelargonidin-3-O-(6-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucoside)-5-O-beta-D-glucoside 6'''-O-malonyltransferase activity
anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside 6'''-O-malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-coumaroyl-CoA + a flavonol 3-O-[beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside] = CoA + a flavonol 3-O-[6-(4-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside].
4-coumaroyl-CoA:flavonol-3-O-[beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside] 6'''-O-4-coumaroyltransferase activity
flavonol-3-O-triglucoside O-coumaroyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoadipyl-CoA.
succinyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-succinyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + deacetylcephalosporin C = cephalosporin C + CoA.
acetyl coenzyme A:DAC acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:DAC O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:DAC acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:deacetylcephalosporin-C O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:deacetylcephalosporin-C acetyltransferase activity
deacetylcephalosporin C acetyltransferase activity
deacetylcephalosporin-C acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanoyl-CoA + propanoyl-CoA = CoA + 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA.
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanoyl-CoA:propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase activity
propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3 malonyl-CoA + benzoyl-CoA = 4 CoA + 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl + 4 CO2.
malonyl-CoA:benzoyl-CoA malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-2,4-diaminobutyrate + acetyl-CoA = N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyrate + CoA + H(+).
2,4-diaminobutanoate acetyltransferase activity
L-2,4-diaminobutanoate acetyltransferase activity
L-2,4-diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:L-2,4-diaminobutanoate 4-N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:L-2,4-diaminobutanoate N4-acetyltransferase activity
diaminobutyric acid acetyltransferase activity
diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (Z)-hexadec-11-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = (Z)-3-oxooctadec-13-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + [acyl-carrier protein].
(Z)-hexadec-11-enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein:malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating) activity
3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase II activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = acetoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CoA + CO2.
3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III activity
acetyl-CoA:malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein C-acyltransferase activity
beta-ketoacyl (acyl carrier protein) synthase III activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III activity
beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase III activity
Catalysis of the reaction: octanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + protein = protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine + acyl-carrier protein.
lipoyl (octanoyl)-acyl carrier protein:protein transferase activity
lipoyl (octanoyl)-acyl-carrier-protein-protein N-lipoyltransferase activity
octanoyl-acyl carrier protein-protein N-octanoyltransferase activity
octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein-protein N-octanoyltransferase activity
octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein:protein N-octanoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue from UDP-glucose to a hydroxymethylcytosine residue in DNA.
T2-HMC-alpha-glucosyl transferase activity
T4-HMC-alpha-glucosyl transferase activity
T6-HMC-alpha-glucosyl transferase activity
UDP-glucose:DNA alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-DNA alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-deoxyribonucleate alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-glucosyl residue from UDP-glucose to a hydroxymethylcytosine residue in DNA.
T4 phage beta-glucosyltransferase activity
T4-HMC-beta-glucosyl transferase activity
UDP glucose-DNA beta-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:DNA beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:DNA beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-deoxyribonucleate beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-glucosyl residue from UDP-glucose to a glucosylhydroxymethylcytosine residue in DNA.
T6-glucosyl-HMC-beta-glucosyl transferase activity
UDP-glucose:D-glucosyl-DNA beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:D-glucosyl-DNA beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-glucosyldeoxyribonucleate beta-glucosyltransferase activity
glucosyl-DNA beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen = UDP + 1,2-D-glucosyl-5-D-(galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen.
UDP-glucose-collagenglucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen D-glucosyltransferase activity
collagen hydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase activity
galactosylhydroxylysine glucosyltransferase activity
galactosylhydroxylysine-glucosyltransferase activity
galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-collagen glucosyltransferase activity
procollagen glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue from sucrose to alternately the 6-position and the 3-position of the non-reducing terminal residue of an alpha-D-glucan, thus producing a glucan having alternating alpha-1,6- and alpha-1,3-linkages.
sucrose:1,6-, 1,3-alpha-D-glucan 3-alpha- and 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose-1,6(3)-alpha-glucan 6(3)-alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose:1,6(1,3)-alpha-D-glucan 6(3)-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of the non-reducing terminal alpha-D-glucose residue from a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to the 4-position of an alpha-D-glucan, thus bringing about the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
1,4-alpha-glucan:1,4-alpha-glucan 4-alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
oligosaccharide 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-glucosyl residue from UDP-glucose on to a glucose residue in xyloglucan, forming a beta-1,4-D-glucosyl-D-glucose linkage.
UDP-glucose:xyloglucan 1,4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:xyloglucan 1,4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-xyloglucan 4beta-glucosyltransferase activity
xyloglucan 4beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
xyloglucan 4-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue from UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the 4-position of a mannose linked alpha-1,6 to the core mannose of high-mannose oligosaccharides produced by Dictyostelium discoideum.
UDP-GlcNAc:oligosaccharide beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:high-mannose-oligosaccharide beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
acetylglucosamine-oligosaccharide acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-oligosaccharide acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
high-mannose-oligosaccharide beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP-glucose = 2-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP + H(+).
ADP-glucose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
ADPglucose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
glucosyl-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity
glucosylglycerol-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.
O-fucosylpeptide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-D-GlcNAc:O-L-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine + Skp1-protein-hydroxyproline = UDP + Skp1-protein-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)hydroxyproline.
UDP-GlcNAc:Skp1-hydroxyproline GlcNAc-transferase activity
UDP-GlcNAc:hydroxyproline polypeptide GlcNAc-transferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:Skp1-protein-hydroxyproline N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-transferase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc):hydroxyproline polypeptide GlcNAc-transferase activity
Skp1-protein-hydroxyproline N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: kojibiose + phosphate = beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate + D-glucose.
2-alpha-D-glucosyl-D-glucose:phosphate beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose + phosphate = alpha-D-glucose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
alpha,alpha-trehalose:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase (configuration-retaining) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural + NADH + H+ = 2,5-bis-hydroxymethylfuran + NAD+.
hydroxymethylfurfural reductase (NADH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + kaempferol = UDP + kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside.
UDP-galactose:kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
kaempferol 3-O-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-L-rhamnose + a flavanone 7-O-glucoside = UDP + a flavanone 7-O-[beta-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside].
UDP-L-rhamnose:flavanone-7-O-glucoside 2''-O-beta-L-rhamnosyltransferase activity
UDP-rhamnose:flavanone-7-O-glucoside-2''-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity
flavanone 7-O-glucoside 2''-O-beta-L-rhamnosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + a flavonol = UDP + a flavonol 7-O-beta-D-glucoside.
UDP-glucose:flavonol 7-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:flavonol 7-O-glucosyltransferase activity
flavonol 7-O-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + an anthocyanin = UDP + an anthocyanin 3'-O-beta-D-glucoside.
UDP-glucose:anthocyanin 3'-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:anthocyanin 3'-O-glucosyltransferase activity
anthocyanin 3'-O-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + a flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside = UDP + a flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside.
UDP-glucose:flavonol-3-O-glucoside 2''-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
flavonol-3-O-glucoside glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + a flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside = UDP + a flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside.
UDP-glucose:flavonol-3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside 2'''-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
flavonol-3-O-glycoside glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NDP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n = NDP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1.
NDP-glucose:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
NDPglucose-starch glucosyltransferase activity
granule-bound starch synthase I activity
granule-bound starch synthase II activity
starch granule-bound nucleoside diphosphate glucose-starch glucosyltransferase activity
NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [1-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-]m+1 alpha-D-glucopyranoside + [1-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-]n+1 alpha-D-glucopyranoside = [1-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-]m alpha-D-glucopyranoside + [1-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-]n+1 beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (m > 0; n >= 0).
1F-oligo[beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-]sucrose 6G-beta-D-fructotransferase activity
fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl group = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl group.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-group beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase III activity
beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase IV activity
beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to a glucose residue in xyloglucan, forming an alpha-1,6-D-xylosyl-D-glucose linkage.
UDP-D-xylose:xyloglucan 1,6-alpha-D-xylosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoxylose-xyloglucan 6alpha-xylosyltransferase activity
xyloglucan 6-alpha-D-xylosyltransferase activity
xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate from the D-galactose 6-sulfate residues of porphyran, producing 3,6-anhydrogalactose residues.
D-galactose-6-sulfate:alkyltransferase (cyclizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural + NADPH + H+ = 2,5-bis-hydroxymethylfuran + NADP+.
hydroxymethylfurfural reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + fluoride = 5'-deoxy-5'-fluoroadenosine + L-methionine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:fluoride adenosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + hydrogen sulfide = L-cysteine + phosphate.
O-phospho-L-serine:hydrogen-sulfide 2-amino-2-carboxyethyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + L-arginine = N(2)-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine + H(+) + phosphate.
N2-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine synthetase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:L-arginine 2-N-(2-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl) transferase (2-carboxyethyl-forming) activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:L-arginine N2-(2-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl) transferase (2-carboxyethyl-forming) activity
N2-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 dimethylallyl diphosphate = (R,R)-chrysanthemyl diphosphate + diphosphate.
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:dimethylallyl-diphosphate dimethylallyltransferase (chrysanthemyl-diphosphate-forming) activity
chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = 2-cis,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + diphosphate.
(Z)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity
geranyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate geranylcistransferase activity
Z-farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 dimethylallyl diphosphate = diphosphate + lavandulyl diphosphate.
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:dimethylallyl-diphosphate dimethylallyltransferase (lavandulyl-diphosphate-forming) activity
lavandulyl diphosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine = 3,5,3'-triiodothyropyruvate + L-glutamate.
3,5-dinitrotyrosine aminotransferase activity
3,5-dinitrotyrosine transaminase activity
L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
thyroid hormone aminotransferase activity
thyroid-hormone aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arogenate + oxaloacetate = prephenate + L-aspartate.
L-arogenate:oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity
L-aspartate:prephenate aminotransferase activity
prephenate aspartate aminotransferase activity
aspartate-prephenate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-arogenate = L-glutamate + prephenate.
L-arogenate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
L-glutamate:prephenate aminotransferase activity
glutamate-prephenate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + nicotianamine = 3''-deamino-3''-oxonicotianamine + L-glutamate.
nicotianamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate = 2 H(2)O + H(+) + phosphate + pyridoxine 5'-phosphate.
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate:3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate 3-amino-2-oxopropyltransferase (phosphate-hydrolysing; cyclizing) activity
pyridoxine 5-phosphate phospho lyase activity
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate.
ATP:5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate phosphotransferase activity
diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine = ADP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate.
ATP:N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 1-phosphotransferase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-1-phosphate kinase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving furaldehyde, a furan ring-containing aldehyde compound which can be formed from the thermal decomposition of biomass.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
down regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
down-regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
downregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UMP = ADP + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1,5-diphosphate + ATP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + ADP + H(+).
ATP:ribose-1,5-bisphosphate phosphotransferase activity
ribose 1,5-bisphosphate phosphokinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
up regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
up-regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
upregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Fas-activated serine/threonine protein = ADP + Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein.
ATP:Fas-activated serine/threonine protein phosphotransferase activity
Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Goodpasture antigen-binding protein = ADP + Goodpasture antigen-binding phosphoprotein.
ATP:Goodpasture antigen-binding protein phosphotransferase activity
Goodpasture antigen-binding protein kinase activity
Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + a thiol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an S-alkyl thiosulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:thiol S-sulfotransferase activity
adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate; modifies selected glucosamine residues preceded by GlcA2S.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase activity
glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 activity
heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 activity
heparin-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2 activity
[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate.
glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3 activity
glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3a, 3b activity
heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3 activity
heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A activity
heparin-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3 activity
isoform/isozyme 3a and 3b (3-OST-3A, 3-OST-3B, HS3ST3A, HS3ST3B)
[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + 5alpha-cholane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrol = 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5alpha-cholan-24-yl sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H(+).
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:5alpha-cholan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrol sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + 5beta-scymnol = 5beta-scymnol sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H(+).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + glycochenodeoxycholate = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + glycochenodeoxycholate 7-sulfate + H(+).
bile acid:3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:glycochenodeoxycholate 7-sulfotransferase activity
bile acid:PAPS:sulfotransferase activity
glycochenodeoxycholate sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-benzylsuccinate + succinyl-CoA = (R)-2-benzylsuccinyl-CoA + succinate.
benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:(R)-2-benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:(R)-benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: diacylglycerol + H2O = monoacylglycerol + a carboxylate; triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate; and monoacylglycerol + H2O = glycerol + a carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reactions: 17-O-acetylajmaline + H2O = ajmaline + acetate, and 17-O-acetylnorajmaline + H2O = norajmaline + acetate.
17-O-acetylajmaline O-acetylhydrolase activity
2beta(R)-17-O-acetylajmalan:acetylesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + phenylglyoxylyl-CoA = CoA + H(+) + phenylglyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxycholoyl-CoA + H(2)O = CoA + deoxycholate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + H2O = cholate + CoA.
chenodeoxycholoyl-coenzyme A thioesterase activity
choloyl-coenzyme A thioesterase activity
peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + H2O = pyridoxal + phosphate.
vitamin B6-phosphate phosphatase activity
vitamine B6 (pyridoxine) phosphatase activity
pyridoxal-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: O-phosphoethanolamine + H2O = ethanolamine + phosphate, and phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate.
phosphoethanolamine phosphohydrolase activity
phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoate + H(2)O = (9S,10S)-9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate + phosphate.
dihydroxy fatty acid phosphatase activity
(9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoate phosphatase activity
(9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoate phosphohydrolase activity
10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2- and 3-sulfate groups of the polysulfates of cellulose and charonin.
cellulose-sulfate sulfohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate + H(2)O = 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + H(+) + sulfate.
4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate 4-sulfohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate + H(2)O = 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + H(+) + sulfate.
4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-6-sulfate 6-sulfohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 3-sulfate groups of the N-sulfo-D-glucosamine 3-O-sulfate units of heparin.
N-sulfo-3-sulfoglucosamine 3-sulfohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage that removes extra residues from the 3'-terminus of tRNA to produce 5'-mononucleotides.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to give 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products, with a preference for cleavage within the sequence CC.
5'-CC-3'-preferring endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Streptomyces glaucescens exocytoplasmic dodeoxyribonuclease activity
Streptomyces glaucescens exocytoplasmic endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Streptomyces glaucescens exocytoplasmic endonuclease activity
CC-preferring endodeoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage near pyrimidine dimers to products with 5'-phosphate.
bacteriophage T4 endodeoxyribonuclease V activity
endodeoxyribonuclease (pyrimidine dimer) activity
deoxyribonuclease (pyrimidine dimer) activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of poly(A) to fragments terminated by 3'-hydroxy and 5'-phosphate groups.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 3'-extranucleotides from tRNA precursor.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of poly(U) to fragments terminated by 3'-hydroxy and 5'-phosphate groups.
uracil-specific endoribonuclease activity
ribonuclease [poly-(U)-specific] activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of poly(U) or poly(C) to fragments terminated by 3'-hydroxy and 5'-phosphate groups.
poly(U)- and poly(C)-specific endoribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the two-stage endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
ribonucleate nucleotido-2'-transferase (cyclizing) activity
Escherichia coli ribonuclease I' ribonuclease PP2 activity
Escherichia coli ribonuclease II activity
ribonnuclease (non-base specific) activity
ribonuclease (non-base specific) activity
ribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides.
Catalysis of the two-stage endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in Ap or Gp with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
purine specific endoribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA precursor into two, leaving 5'-hydroxy and 3'-phosphate groups.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of poly(A), forming oligoribonucleotides and ultimately 3'-AMP.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester linkage between guanosine and adenosine residues at one specific position in 28S rRNA from rat ribosomes.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,3- or 1,4-linkages in beta-D-glucans when the glucose residue whose reducing group is involved in the linkage to be hydrolysed is itself substituted at C-3.
1,3-(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 3(4)-glucanohydrolase activity
This term was made obsolete because it was representing two different activities, for which new GO terms have now been created: GO:0052861 glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucanase activity, C-3 substituted reducing group and GO:0052862 glucan endo-1,4-beta-glucanase activity, C-3 substituted reducing group.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in dextran.
1,6-alpha-D-glucan 6-glucanohydrolase activity
alpha-1,6-glucan-6-glucanohydrolase activity
alpha-D-1,6-glucan-6-glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in (1->3)-beta-D-xylans.
1,3-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of 1,3-linkages between beta-D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in hyaluronate.
glucuronoglucosaminoglycan hyaluronate lyase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-fucose residues in beta-D-fucosides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-L-rhamnose residues in beta-L-rhamnosides.
beta-L-rhamnoside rhamnohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,2-alpha-L-fucoside linkages in fucoidan without release of sulfate.
poly(1,2-alpha-L-fucoside-4-sulfate) glycanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous polysaccharides, to remove successive maltotetraose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetraohydrolase activity
glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotetrahydrolase activity
glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotetraohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha-D-glucans containing both 1,3- and 1,4-bonds.
1,3-1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (2->6)-beta-D-fructofuranan, to remove successive disaccharide residues as levanbiose, i.e. 6-(beta-D-fructofuranosyl)-D-fructose, from the end of the chain.
2,6-beta-D-fructan 6-beta-D-fructofuranosylfructohydrolase activity
2,6-beta-D-fructan 6-levanbiohydrolase activity
2,6-beta-D-fructofuranan 6-(beta-D-fructosyl)-D-fructose-hydrolase activity
beta-2,6-fructan-6-levanbiohydrolase activity
2,6-beta-fructan 6-levanbiohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->2)-glucosidic linkages in (1->2)-beta-D-glucans.
1,2-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase activity
glucan endo-1,2-beta-glucosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of successive xylose residues from the non-reducing termini of (1->3)-beta-D-xylans.
1,3-beta-D-xylosidase, exo-1,3-beta-xylosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->2) and (1->3) linkages in mannan, releasing mannose.
1,2-1,3-alpha-D-mannan mannohydrolase activity
mannan 1,2-(1,3)-alpha-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in agarose, giving the tetramer as the predominant product.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of pectic acid from the non-reducing end, releasing digalacturonate.
exo-poly-alpha-galacturonosidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-linkages between D-galactose 4-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose in kappa-carrageenans.
kappa-carrageenan 4-beta-D-glycanohydrolase (configuration-retaining) activity
kappa-carrageenan 4-beta-D-glycanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic links in 1,3-alpha-D-glucans.
1,3-alpha-D-glucan 3-glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 6-phospho-beta-D-galactoside + H2O = 6-phospho-D-galactose + an alcohol.
6-phospho-beta-D-galactoside 6-phosphogalactohydrolase activity
beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->3)-alpha-D-galactosidic linkages in Aerobacter aerogenes capsular polysaccharide.
aerobacter-capsular-polysaccharide galactohydrolase activity
capsular polysaccharide galactohydrolase activity
capsular-polysaccharide endo-1,3-alpha-galactosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing N-acetylmuramic residues.
beta-2-acetamido-3-O-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase activity
peptidoglycan beta-N-acetylmuramoylexohydrolase activity
peptidoglycan beta-N-acetylmuramidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides, to remove successive isomaltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains.
1,6-alpha-D-glucan isomaltohydrolase activity
glucan 1,6-alpha-isomaltosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in dextrans, to remove successive isomaltotriose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains.
1,6-alpha-D-glucan isomaltotriohydrolase activity
dextran 1,6-alpha-isomaltotriosidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of the N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl unit in high-mannose glycopeptides and glycoproteins containing the -[Man(GlcNAc)2]Asn-structure. One N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue remains attached to the protein; the rest of the oligosaccharide is released intact.
N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
di-N-acetylchitobiosyl beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
endo-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity
endo-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity
endo-beta-(1->4)-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D activity
endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F activity
endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H activity
endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase L activity
endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
endo-beta-acetylglucosaminidase activity
glycopeptide-D-mannosyl-4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)2-asparagine 1,4-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminohydrolase activity
glycopeptide-D-mannosyl-N4-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)2-asparagine 1,4-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminohydrolase activity
mannosyl-glycoprotein 1,4-N-acetamidodeoxy-beta-D-glycohydrolase activity
mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosamidase activity
mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-3-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-L-serine + H2O = D-galactosyl-3-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine + L-serine.
endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
endo-alpha-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminohydrolase activity
glycopeptide alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous polysaccharides, to remove successive maltohexaose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltohexaohydrolase activity
glucan 1,4-alpha-maltohexaosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-mannans, to remove successive mannobiose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.
1,4-beta-D-mannan mannobiohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in blood group A and B substances.
blood-group-substance 1,4-beta-D-galactanohydrolase activity
blood-group-substance endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in keratan sulfate.
keratan sulfate endogalactosidase activity
keratan-sulfate 1,4-beta-D-galactanohydrolase activity
keratan-sulfate endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-galactosaminidic linkages in poly(D-galactosamine).
galactosaminoglycan glycanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3) linkages between alpha-L-fucose and N-acetylglucosamine residues in glycoproteins.
3-alpha-L-fucosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycoprotein fucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->2)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages at the branch points of dextrans and related polysaccharides, producing free D-glucose.
1,2-alpha-D-glucosyl-branched-dextran 2-glucohydrolase activity
branched-dextran exo-1,2-alpha-glucosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous polysaccharides, to remove successive maltotriose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotriohydrolase activity
glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotriohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic links in oligoxyloglucans so as to remove successive isoprimeverose (i.e. alpha-xylo-1,6-beta-D-glucosyl-) residues from the non-reducing chain ends.
isoprimeverose-producing oligoxyloglucan hydrolase activity
oligoxyloglucan xyloglucohydrolase activity
oligoxyloglucan beta-glycosidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of the D-mannuronide linkages of polymannuronate.
poly(mannuronide) mannuronohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of the beta-ketopyranosidic linkages of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonate in capsular polysaccharides.
2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate hydrolase activity
capsular-polysaccharide 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6) linkages between alpha-L-fucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in glycopeptides such as immunoglobulin G glycopeptide and fucosyl-asialo-agalacto-fetuin.
1,6-L-fucosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide fucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-D-(1->2)-(4-O-methyl)glucuronosyl links in the main chain of hardwood xylans.
xylan alpha-D-1,2-(4-O-methyl)glucuronohydrolase activity
xylan alpha-1,2-glucuronosidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl links in some glucuronoarabinoxylans.
glucuronoarabinoxylan 1,4-beta-D-xylanohydrolase activity
glucuronoarabinoxylan endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->2)-alpha-D- and (1->6)-alpha-D- linkages in mannan, releasing D-mannose.
1,2-1,6-alpha-D-mannan D-mannohydrolase activity
mannan exo-1,2-1,6-alpha-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(1->4)-D-glucosidic linkage in 4-alpha-D-{(1->4)-alpha-D-glucanosyl}n trehalose to yield trehalose and alpha-(1->4)-D-glucan.
4-alpha-D-{(1,4)-alpha-D-glucano}trehalose glucanohydrolase (trehalose-producing) activity
4-alpha-D-{(1->4)-alpha-D-glucano}trehalose glucanohydrolase (trehalose-producing) activity
malto-oligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase activity
maltooligosyl trehalose trehalohydrolase activity
4-alpha-D-{(1->4)-alpha-D-glucano}trehalose trehalohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in (1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranans.
galactan (1,3)-beta-D-galactosidase activity
galactan (1->3)-beta-D-galactosidase activity
galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactofuranosides, releasing galactose.
beta-D-galactofuranoside hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cellobiose from the reducing end of xyloglucans consisting of a beta-(1->4) linked glucan carrying alpha-D-xylosyl groups on O-6 of the glucose residues. To be a substrate, the first residue must be unsubstituted, the second residue may bear a xylosyl group, whether further glycosylated or not, and the third residue, which becomes the new terminus by the action of the enzyme, is preferably xylosylated, but this xylose residue must not be further substituted.
oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific cellobiohydrolase activity
oligoxyloglucan reducing-end cellobiohydrolase activity
oligoxyloglucan reducing-end-specific cellobiohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: xyloglucan + H2O = xyloglucan oligosaccharides. This reaction is the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in xyloglucan.
1,4-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase activity
[(1->6)-beta-D-xylo]-(1->4)-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase activity
xyloglucan endo-beta-1,4-glucanase activity
xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequence of glycoprotein to alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-D-mannose and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequences.
mannosylglycoprotein endo-beta-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing (2->1) linked beta-D-fructofuranose residues in fructans.
beta-(2,1)-D-fructan fructohydrolase activity
beta-(2,1)-fructan exohydrolase activity
beta-(2,1)-linkage-specific fructan-beta-fructosidase activity
fructan beta-(2,1)-fructosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing (2->6) linked beta-D-fructofuranose residues in fructans.
beta-(2,6)-D-fructan fructohydrolase activity
beta-(2,6)-fructan exohydrolase activity
fructan beta-(2,6)-fructosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: xyloglucan + H2O = xyloglucan oligosaccharides. This reaction is the exohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in xyloglucan.
[(1->6)-alpha-D-xylo]-(1->4)-beta-D-glucan exo-glucohydrolase activity
xyloglucan-specific exo-beta-1,4-glucanase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylose residues from the reducing end of oligosaccharides.
beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylopyranose reducing-end xylanase activity
reducing end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase activity
oligosaccharide reducing-end xylanase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-linkages between D-galactose 4-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose-2-sulfate in iota-carrageenans.
iota-carrageenan 4-beta-D-glycanohydrolase (configuration-inverting) activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,3-alpha-L-galactosidic linkages in agarose, yielding agarotetraose as the major product.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 1,3-alpha-L-galactosidic linkages of neoagaro-oligosaccharides that are smaller than a hexamer, yielding 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and D-galactose.
alpha-neoagaro-oligosaccharide 3-glycohydrolase activity
alpha-neoagarooligosaccharide hydrolase activity
alpha-neoagaro-oligosaccharide hydrolase activity
The process in which copies of the mitochondrial genome are segregated or distributed into daughter mitochondria upon mitochondrial fission.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-[beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]isoflavonoid + H2O = a 7-hydroxyisoflavonoid + beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1->6)-D-glucose.
7-[beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]isoflavonoid beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1->6)-D-glucohydrolase activity
isoflavonoid 7-O-beta-apiosyl-glucoside beta-glucosidase activity
isoflavonoid-7-O-beta[D-apiosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucoside] disaccharidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of beta-1,4-linkages in the backbone of lambda-carrageenan, resulting in the tetrasaccharide alpha-D-Galp2,6S2-(1->3)-beta-D-Galp2S-(1->4)-alpha-D-Galp2,6S2-(1->3)-D-Galp2S.
endo-beta-1,4-carrageenose 2,6,2'-trisulfate-hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of DNA and polynucleotides, releasing free hypoxanthine.
DNA(hypoxanthine) glycohydrolase activity
DNA-deoxyinosine deoxyribohydrolase activity
deoxyribonucleic acid glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond between the 5'-pyrimidine residue in cyclobutadipyrimidine (in DNA) and the corresponding deoxy-D-ribose residue.
deoxy-D-ribocyclobutadipyrimidine polynucleotidodeoxyribohydrolase activity
deoxyribonucleate pyrimidine dimer glycosidase activity
pyrimidine dimer DNA glycosylase activity
pyrimidine dimer DNA-glycosylase activity
deoxyribodipyrimidine endonucleosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-methylxanthosine + H(2)O = 7-methylxanthine + H(+) + ribofuranose.
7-methylxanthosine nucleosidase activity
7-methylxanthosine ribohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-stilbene oxide + H2O = (+)-(1R,2R)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diol.
benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-epoxide hydratase activity
benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide hydratase activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly
Catalysis of the reactions: 5,6alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol + H2O = cholestane-3beta-5alpha,6beta-triol, and 5,6beta-epoxy-5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol + H2O = cholestane-3beta-5alpha,6beta-triol.
5,6alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol hydrolase activity
cholesterol-5,6-oxide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids, releasing fatty acids to form the lyso-derivatives.
glycosphingolipid ceramide deacylase activity
glycosphingolipid amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the amide bond in aculeacin A and related neutral lipopeptide antibiotics, releasing the long-chain fatty acid side-chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-benzylformamide + H2O = formate + benzylamine.
N-benzylformamide amidohydrolase activity
N-substituted formamide deformylase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving box C/D type small nucleolar RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (7R)-7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanate + H2O = (7R)-7-aminocephalosporanate + glutarate.
(7R)-7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanate amidohydrolase activity
7beta-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid acylase activity
glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase activity
glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(L-gamma-glutamylamino)butanoate + H(2)O = 4-aminobutanoate + L-glutamate.
4-(glutamylamino)butanoate amidohydrolase activity
gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxo-3-ureidopropanoate + H(2)O = H(+) + malonate + urea.
3-oxo-3-ureidopropanoate amidohydrolase (urea- and malonate-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxyisourate + H(2)O = 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate + H(+).
5-hydroxyisourate amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: amidinoproclavaminate + H(2)O = proclavaminate + urea.
proclavaminate amidino hydrolase activity
proclavaminic acid amidino hydrolase activity
proclavaminate amidinohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + 2 H(2)O = diphosphate + dUMP + H(+) + NH(4)(+).
dCTP aminohydrolase (dUMP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of mixed phospho-anhydride bonds.
nucleoside-5'-phosphoacylate acylhydrolase activity
nucleoside phosphoacylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.
Catalysis of the reactions: (S)-2-haloacid + H2O = (R)-2-hydroxyacid + halide, and (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.
DL-2-haloacid dehalogenase (inversion of configuration) activity
DL-2-haloacid halidohydrolase (inversion of configuration) activity
2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting) activity
Catalysis of the reactions: (S)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide, and (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (R)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.
2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-retaining) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphonopyruvate + H(2)O = phosphate + pyruvate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphonopyruvate + 2 H(+) = CO(2) + phosphonoacetaldehyde.
3-phosphonopyruvate carboxy-lyase (2-phosphonoacetaldehyde-forming) activity
3-phosphonopyruvate carboxy-lyase activity
phosphonopyruvate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-dopachrome + H(+) = 5,6-dihydroxyindole + CO(2).
D-dopachrome carboxy-lyase (5,6-dihydroxyindole-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-dehydro-L-gulonate 6-phosphate + H(+) = L-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2).
3-dehydro-L-gulonate-6-phosphate carboxy-lyase (L-xylulose-5-phosphate-forming) activity
3-dehydro-L-gulonate-6-phosphate carboxy-lyase activity
3-keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase activity
3-dehydro-L-gulonate-6-phosphate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-2,4-diaminobutyrate + H(+) = 1,3-diaminopropane + CO(2).
L-2,4-diaminobutanoate carboxy-lyase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity
L-2,4-diaminobutanoate carboxy-lyase activity
L-2,4-diaminobutyrate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = indole + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
(1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (indole-forming) activity
(1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase activity
indole glycerol phosphate hydrolase activity
indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase activity
indole-3-glycerolphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase activity
indoleglycerolphosphate aldolase activity
tryptophan synthase alpha subunit activity
indole-3-glycerol-phosphate lyase activity
The volume enclosed by the membranes of an acidocalcisome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methanol stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone = daidzein + H2O.
2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone hydro-lyase (daidzein-forming) activity
2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone hydro-lyase activity
2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oate = 12alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochola-4,6-dien-24-oate + H(2)O.
7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-enoate hydro-lyase (12alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochola-4,6-dienoate-forming) activity
7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-enoate hydro-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA = (24E)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA + H2O.
D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase activity
(24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase [(24E)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA-forming] activity
(24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyrate = ectoine + H(2)O.
4-N-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutanoate hydro-lyase (L-ectoine-forming) activity
N-acetyldiaminobutanoate dehydratase activity
N-acetyldiaminobutyrate dehydratase activity
N4-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutanoate hydro-lyase (L-ectoine-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reactions: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose = 2-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-3(6H)-one + H2O; (1a) 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose = 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose + H2O and (1b) 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose = 2-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-3(6H)-one.
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase (microthecin-forming) activity
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydro-lyase (microthecin-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose = 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose + H2O.
1,5-anhydro-D-arabino-hex-2-ulose dehydratase activity
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose 4-dehydratase activity
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydro-lyase (ascopyrone-M-forming) activity
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydro-lyase activity
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydrolyase activity
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (1->4)-beta-D-glucuronan = an oligosaccharide with 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl end + (1->4)-beta-D-glucuronan. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of (1->4)-beta-D-glucuronans to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. Complete degradation of glucuronans results in the formation of tetrasaccharides.
Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acetylneuraminate glycoside = 2,7-anhydro-alpha-N-acetylneuraminate + an alpha-sialyl group. This reaction is the elimination of alpha-sialyl groups in N-acetylneuraminic acid glycosides, releasing 2,7-anhydro-alpha-N-acetylneuraminate.
glycoconjugate sialyl-lyase (2,7-cyclizing) activity
sialglycoconjugate N-acylneuraminylhydrolase (2,7-cyclizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructopyranosyl-(2->6)-[D-fructofuranosyl-(2->6)]n-D-fructofuranoside = beta-D-fructopyranosyl-(2->6)-[D-fructofuranosyl-(2->6)](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside + di-beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6':2',6-dianhydride. This reaction is the production of di-beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6':2',6-dianhydride (DFA IV) by successively eliminating the diminishing (2->6)-beta-D-fructan (levan) chain from the terminal D-fructosyl-D-fructosyl disaccharide.
2,6-beta-D-fructan D-fructosyl-D-fructosyltransferase (forming di-beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6':2',6-dianhydride) activity
2,6-beta-D-fructan lyase (di-beta-D-fructofuranose-2,6':2',6-dianhydride-forming) activity
levan fructotransferase (DFA-IV-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [(2->1)-beta-D-fructosyl](n) = [(2->1)-beta-D-fructosyl](n-1) + alpha-D-fructofuranose-beta-D-fructofuranose 1,2':1,2'-dianhydride. This reaction is the production of alpha-D-fructofuranose beta-D-fructofuranose 1,2':2,1'-dianhydride (DFA I) by successively eliminating the diminishing (2->1)-beta-D-fructan (inulin) chain from the terminal D-fructosyl-D-fructosyl disaccharide.
2,1-beta-D-fructan lyase (alpha-D-fructofuranose-beta-D-fructofuranose-1,2':2,1'-dianhydride-forming) activity
inulin D-fructosyl-D-fructosyltransferase (1,2':1',2-dianhydride-forming) activity
inulin D-fructosyl-D-fructosyltransferase (forming alpha-D-fructofuranose beta-D-fructofuranose 1,2':1',2-dianhydride) activity
inulin fructotransferase (DFA-I-producing) activity
inulin fructotransferase (depolymerizing, difructofuranose-1,2':2',1-dianhydride-forming) activity
inulin fructotransferase (DFA-I-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [(2->1)-beta-D-fructosyl](n) = [(2->1)-beta-D-fructosyl](n-1) + alpha-D-fructofuranose beta-D-fructofuranose 1,2':2,3'-dianhydride. This reaction is the production of alpha-D-fructofuranose beta-D-fructofuranose 1,2':2,3'-dianhydride (DFA III) by successively eliminating the diminishing (2->1)-beta-D-fructan (inulin) chain from the terminal D-fructosyl-D-fructosyl disaccharide.
2,1-beta-D-fructan lyase (alpha-D-fructofuranose-beta-D-fructofuranose-1,2':2,3'-dianhydride-forming) activity
inulin D-fructosyl-D-fructosyltransferase (1,2':2,3'-dianhydride-forming) activity
inulin D-fructosyl-D-fructosyltransferase (forming alpha-D-fructofuranose beta-D-fructofuranose 1,2':2,3'-dianhydride) activity
inulin fructotransferase (DFA-III-producing) activity
inulin fructotransferase (depolymerizing) activity
inulin fructotransferase (depolymerizing, difructofuranose-1,2':2,3'-dianhydride-forming) activity
inulin fructotransferase (DFA-III-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dermatan sulfate = n 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of dermatan sulfate containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucurosonyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups to yield a 4,5-unsaturated dermatan-sulfate disaccharide (DeltaUA-GalNAC-4S). Chondroitin sulfate B is also known as dermatan sulfate.
Catalysis of the endolytic cleavage of beta-1,4-galactosaminic bonds between N-acetylgalactosamine and either D-glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid to produce a mixture of Delta4-unsaturated oligosaccharides of different sizes that are ultimately degraded to Delta4-unsaturated tetra- and disaccharides.
chondroitin sulfate ABC endoeliminase activity
chondroitin sulfate ABC endolyase activity
chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase activity
Catalysis of the exolytic cleavage of disaccharide residues from the non-reducing ends of both polymeric chondroitin sulfates and their oligosaccharide fragments.
chondroitin sulfate ABC exoeliminase activity
chondroitin sulfate ABC exolyase activity
chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (4R)-limonene + diphosphate.
geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-(4R)-limonene-forming] activity
geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase [(+)-(R)-limonene-forming] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + vetispiradiene.
trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, vetispiradiene-forming) activity
vetispiradiene-forming farnesyl pyrophosphate cyclase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = (1E,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-11-ol + diphosphate.
2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(1E,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-11-ol-forming] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-(R)-germacrene A + diphosphate.
(+)-(10R)-germacrene A synthase activity
2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (germacrene-A-forming) activity
2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(+)-germacrene-A-forming] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = amorpha-4,11-diene + diphosphate.
2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (amorpha-4,11-diene-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (S)-linalool + diphosphate.
geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(3S)-linalool-forming] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (R)-linalool + diphosphate.
geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(3R)-linalool-forming] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate = diphosphate + isoprene.
dimethylallyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (isoprene-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfolactate = pyruvate + sulfite.
3-sulfolactate bisulfite-lyase (pyruvate-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteate + H(2)O = NH(4)(+) + pyruvate + sulfite.
L-cysteate bisulfite-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming) activity
L-cysteate sulfo-lyase (deaminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: FAD = AMP + riboflavin cyclic-4',5'-phosphate.
FAD AMP-lyase (cyclic-FMN-forming) activity
FAD AMP-lyase (riboflavin-cyclic-4',5'-phosphate-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic aldoxime = an aliphatic nitrile + H2O.
aliphatic aldoxime hydro-lyase (aliphatic-nitrile-forming) activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = L-xylulose 5-phosphate.
L-xylulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
L-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: all-cis-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoate = (5Z,7E,9E,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoate.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate delta8,11-delta7,8-isomerase activity
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate delta8,11-delta7,9-isomerase (trans-double-bond-forming) activity
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoate delta8,11-delta7,9-isomerase (trans-double-bond-forming) activity
eicosapentaenoate cis-delta5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate cis-delta5-trans-delta7,9-cis-delta14,17 isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-dec-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = cis-dec-3-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein].
decenoyl-acyl-carrier-protein delta2-trans-delta3-cis-isomerase activity
trans-2, cis-3 decenoyl-ACP isomerase activity
trans-2, cis-3 decenoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] isomerase activity
trans-2,cis-3-decenoyl-ACP isomerase activity
trans-2-cis-3-decenoyl-ACP isomerase activity
trans-2-decenoyl-acyl-carrier-protein isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose = 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-en-3-ulose.
1,5-anhydro-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose delta3-delta1-isomerase activity
1,5-anhydro-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose tautomerase activity
ascopyrone intramolecular oxidoreductase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: violaxanthin = capsorubin, and antheraxanthin = capsanthin.
violaxanthin-capsorubin isomerase (ketone-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-violaxanthin = all-trans-neoxanthin.
violaxanthin-neoxanthin isomerase (epoxide-opening) activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silicon dioxide stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyaminophenol = aminohydroquinone.
3-(hydroxyamino)phenol hydroxymutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate.
5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole carboxymutase activity
N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase activity
5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + putrescine = gamma-L-glutamylputrescine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
L-glutamate:putrescine ligase (ADP-forming) activity
gamma-glutamylputrescine synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-aspartate + [beta-GlcNAc-(1->4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n = [beta-GlcNAc-(1->4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-6-N-(beta-D-Asp)-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n + ADP + phosphate.
D-aspartate:[beta-GlcNAc-(1->4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n ligase (ADP-forming) activity
UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide:D-aspartate ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an L-amino acid + an L-amino acid = ADP + phosphate + L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine + ATP = AMP + deoxyamidinoproclavaminate + diphosphate + 2 H(+).
L-2-N-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine cyclo-ligase (AMP-forming) activity
L-N2-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine cyclo-ligase (AMP-forming) activity
(carboxyethyl)arginine beta-lactam-synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ATP + bicarbonate = 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + 3 H(+) + phosphate.
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) activity
N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase activity
5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + ATP + bicarbonate = ADP + 2 H(+) + oxalosuccinate + phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthesis
ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
ribonucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
purine nucleoside bisphosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
purine nucleoside bisphosphate anabolism
purine nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside bisphosphate formation
purine nucleoside bisphosphate synthesis
purine nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
purine nucleoside bisphosphate breakdown
purine nucleoside bisphosphate catabolism
purine nucleoside bisphosphate degradation
purine nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate breakdown
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate catabolism
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate degradation
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine. Four sub-reactions have been identified,in which the intermediates remain tightly associated with the enzyme: spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH; dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + propane-1,3-diamine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + [enzyme]-lysine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + NADH + H+ = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+.
eIF5A-precursor-lysine:spermidine 4-aminobutyltransferase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity
spermidine:eIF5A-lysine 4-aminobutyltransferase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity
Note that this term is equivalent to the obsolete molecular function term 'deoxyhypusine synthase activity ; GO:0004171' and corresponds closely to the biological process term 'deoxyhypusine biosynthetic process from spermidine, using deoxyhypusine synthase ; GO:0050983'.
Catalysis of the removal of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar.
8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipid(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipid(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + sterol(in) = ADP + phosphate + sterol(out).
Catalysis of the removal of 5-formyluracil bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar.
5-formyluracil DNA N-glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the removal of 5-hydroxymethyluracil bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar.
5-hydroxymethyluracil DNA N-glycosylase activity
A protein complex that forms a coat structure on vesicles involved in exocytosis of proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface; in Saccharomyces, the complex contains Chs5p, Chs6p, and Chs6p paralogues.
A cellular membrane associated with the pre-autophagosomal structure.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of guanine residues in an RNA molecule.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2A.
regulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2A.
down regulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
down-regulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
downregulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
inhibition of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
negative regulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2A.
up regulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
up-regulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
upregulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
activation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
stimulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
positive regulation of protein phosphatase type 2A activity
Cell death in a host resulting from activation of host endogenous cellular processes after direct or indirect interaction with a symbiont (defined as the smaller of two, or more, organisms engaged in symbiosis, a close interaction encompassing mutualism through parasitism). An example of direct interaction is contact with penetrating hyphae of a fungus; an example of indirect interaction is encountering symbiont-secreted molecules.
Note that this term is to be used to annotate gene products in the host, not the symbiont. To annotate gene products in the symbiont that induce programmed cell death in the host, consider the biological process term 'induction by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052044'.
host programmed cell death induced by symbiont
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hypersensitive response in a plant.
down regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
down-regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
downregulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
negative regulation of plant hypersensitive response
inhibition of plant-type hypersensitive response
negative regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hypersensitive response in a plant.
positive regulation of plant hypersensitive response
up regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
up-regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
upregulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
activation of plant-type hypersensitive response
stimulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
positive regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
modulation by symbiont of host hypersensitive response
modulation by symbiont of plant hypersensitive response
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'plant-type hypersensitive response ; GO:0009626'.
modulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
down-regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
downregulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
inhibition by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
inhibition by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of plant HR
negative regulation by symbiont of plant hypersensitive response
suppression by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'negative regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response ; GO:0034051'.
negative regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense-related PCD
up regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
up-regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
upregulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
activation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
enhancement by symbiont of host defense-related PCDprogrammed cell death
positive regulation by symbiont of plant HR
positive regulation by symbiont of plant hypersensitive response
stimulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'positive regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response ; GO:0034052'.
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen.
Facilitates the displacement of one strand of an RNA-RNA duplex and its replacement with a different strand of higher complementarity.
The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to hypoxia ; GO:0001666'.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a cyanelle.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template and primer.
deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase activity
deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template.
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.
A protein complex that contains the transcription factor Ste11 and the RNA binding protein Mei2; involved in regulation of conjugation in fission yeast.
The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled at the rDNA replication fork barrier (RFB) is repaired and replication is restarted.
recovery from replication fork arrest at rDNA locus
recovery from replication fork stalling at rDNA locus
replication fork processing at ribosomal DNA locus
replication fork processing at rDNA locus
A protein complex that acts as a nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPase Ypt6p, and is required for fusion of endosome-derived vesicles with the Golgi.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + aminoglycoside = diphosphate + nucleotidylaminoglycoside.
aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase activity
streptomycin adenylate synthetase activity
streptomycin adenylyltransferase activity
streptomycin-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase activity
aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + aminoglycoside = CoA + N-acetylaminoglycoside.
aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + aminoglycoside = CoA + 1-N-acetylaminoglycoside. This is acetylation of the 1-amino group of the central deoxystreptamine ring.
aminoglycoside 1-N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + aminoglycoside = ADP + phosphoaminoglycoside.
aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: squalene = triterpene.
Catalysis of the reaction: squalene = tetrahymanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidosqualene = marneral.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidosqualene + H2O = arabidiol ((13R,14R,17E)-malabarica-17,21-diene-3beta,14-diol).
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidosqualene = cucurbitadienol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving butanediol; the biologically relevant isomer is 2,3-butanediol, CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of butanediol; the biologically relevant isomer is 2,3-butanediol, CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butanediol; the biologically relevant isomer is 2,3-butanediol, CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3.
The formation of nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant CenH3 (also called CENP-A) to form centromeric chromatin; occurs outside the context of DNA replication.
DNA replication-independent nucleosome assembly at centromere
centromeric DNA replication-independent nucleosome assembly
CenH3-containing nucleosome assembly at centromere
CENP-A containing nucleosome assembly at centromere
A protein complex that carries out enzymatic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones.
A polyketide synthase complex that consists of several different polypeptide chains, each of which catalyzes a single reaction.
A polyketide synthase complex that consists of two identical ketosynthase polypeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from an acetylated sterol.
The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase.
establishment of sister chromatid cohesion
The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate.
maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion
The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a mitotic cell cycle.
establishment of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion
The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.
maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion
The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a meiotic cell cycle.
establishment of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion
The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.
maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.
regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that decreases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.
negative regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.
positive regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a meiotic cell cycle.
regulation of maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that decreases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a meiotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
A multiprotein ATPase complex required for the efficient dislocation of ER-lumenal degradation substrates, and their subsequent proteolysis by the proteasome. In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Npl4p and Ufd1p proteins.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes ERAD-luminal misfolded substrates and brings them to the ubiquitination/extraction machinery. In yeast, this complex consists of Yos9p, Kar2p and Hrd3p proteins.
Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.
The selective elimination of erythrocytes from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.
Note that this term is intended for annotation of self-gene products that lead to elimination of erythrocytes without the involvement of a symbiont.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
negative regulation of tissue remodeling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
positive regulation of tissue remodeling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.
negative regulation of red blood cell clearance
negative regulation of erythrocyte clearance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.
positive regulation of red blood cell clearance
positive regulation of erythrocyte clearance
The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.
Note that this term is not synonymous with 'homophilic cell adhesion ; GO:0007156'; the process may occur by homophilic or heterophilic mechanisms.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
negative regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion
The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.
Note that this term is not synonymous with 'heterophilic cell adhesion ; GO:0007157'; the process may occur by homophilic or heterophilic mechanisms.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.
regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.
negative regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion
The adhesion of one erythrocyte to one or more other erythrocytes via adhesion molecules.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte aggregation.
regulation of red blood cell aggregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte aggregation.
negative regulation of red blood cell aggregation
negative regulation of erythrocyte aggregation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte aggregation.
positive regulation of red blood cell aggregation
positive regulation of erythrocyte aggregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
regulation ofMyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway
regulation ofMyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway
negative regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway
positive regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
regulation ofMyD88-independent TLR signaling pathway
regulation ofMyD88-independent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
regulation of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of MyD88-independent TLR signaling pathway
negative regulation of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of MyD88-independent TLR signaling pathway
positive regulation of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor
positive regulation of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 1.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 1 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR1 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 1 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR1 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 1 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 2.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR2 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR2 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR3 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR3 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 4.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR4 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR4 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 5.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR5 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR5 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 6.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR6 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR6 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 7.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR7 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR7 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 8.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR8 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR8 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR9 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR9 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 10.
toll-like receptor 10 signalling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 10 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR10 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 10 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR10 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 10 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 11.
toll-like receptor 11 signalling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 11 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR11 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 11 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR11 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 11 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 12.
toll-like receptor 12 signalling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 12 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR12 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 12 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR12 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 12 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 13.
toll-like receptor 13 signalling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway.
regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signalling pathway
regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of TLR13 signaling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signalling pathway
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of TLR13 signaling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signalling pathway
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that decreases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apolipoprotein, the protein component of a lipoprotein complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with apolipoprotein A-I.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with apolipoprotein E.
Combining with apolipoprotein A-I and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm.
very-low-density lipoprotein particle binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apolipoprotein receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apolipoprotein A-I receptor.
Note that this term is to be used only to annotate gene products that bind to lipid-free APOA1. For receptors that bind lipid-associated apolipoproteins (plasma lipoprotein particles), consider annotating to 'lipoprotein receptor activity ; GO:0030228' or its child terms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-galactonate, the anion of D-galactonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-galactonate, the anion of L-galactonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-galactonate, the anion of D-galactonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-galactonate, the anion of L-galactonic acid.
The directed movement of an acylglycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An acylglycerol is any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
The directed movement of triglyceride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.
cellular response to amino acid starvation
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase A.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-beta-D-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate + H2O = D-beta-D-heptose 1-phosphate + phosphate.
D,D-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oleic acid stimulus.
Catalysis of the movement of glycolipids from one membrane face to the other (glycolipid 'flippase' activity).
The translocation, or flipping, of glycolipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
The translocation, or flipping, of lipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
The generation of beta-amyloid by cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP).
Note that this term does not fall under the general GO definition for biosynthetic processes, which is 'The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of... ', because beta-amyloid can only be formed by the proteolysis of a larger molecule (see term definition). The word 'formation' is therefore used in place of biosynthesis.
A protein-DNA complex formed by the association of a distinct set of general and specific transcription factors with a region of enhancer DNA. The cooperative assembly of an enhanceosome confers specificity of transcriptional regulation.
The addition of an acetyl group to a steroid molecule. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
The removal of an acetyl group from a steroid molecule. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
The addition of an acetyl group to a sterol molecule. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
The removal of an acetyl group from a sterol molecule. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate, dependent on the presence of GTP.
Catalysis of the acetylation of an amino acid residue of a peptide or protein, according to the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-acetylpeptide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.
The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: thiamine(out) + H+(out) = thiamine(in) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: thiamine(out) + H+(out) = thiamine(in) + H+(in). In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high affinity thiamin:hydrogen symporter activity
high-affinity thiamin:hydrogen symporter activity
high-affinity thiamin:proton symporter activity
high-affinity thiamine:proton symporter activity
high-affinity thiamine:hydrogen symporter activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ascospore wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of ascospores.
ascospore wall chitin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ascospore wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of ascospores.
The process in which a carbohydrate is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of fungal cells.
fungal-type cell wall chitin biosynthesis
fungal-type cell wall chitin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin in a cell wall.
regulation of cell wall chitin metabolism
regulation of cell wall chitin metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ascospore wall chitin.
regulation of ascospore wall chitin anabolism
regulation of ascospore wall chitin biosynthesis
regulation of ascospore wall chitin formation
regulation of ascospore wall chitin synthesis
regulation of ascospore wall chitin biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of zinc ions.
cellular response to zinc ion limitation
cellular response to zinc ion starvation
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is deprived of zinc ions.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to zinc deficiency
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to zinc ion limitation
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to zinc ion starvation
The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of ethanolamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine.
2-aminoethanol transmembrane transporter activity
monoethanolamine transmembrane transporter activity
ethanolamine transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of ethanolamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine.
The formation of mature enkephalin, a pentapeptide hormone involved in regulating pain and nociception in the body by proteolytic processing of enkephalin propeptide.
The formation of mature islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) by posttranslational processing of pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (pro-IAPP).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ascospore wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of ascospores.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cell wall chitin.
regulation of cell wall chitin breakdown
regulation of cell wall chitin catabolism
regulation of cell wall chitin degradation
regulation of cell wall chitin catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ascospore wall chitin.
regulation of ascospore wall chitin breakdown
regulation of ascospore wall chitin catabolism
regulation of ascospore wall chitin degradation
regulation of ascospore wall chitin catabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. GPI anchors serve to attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products that interact non-covalently with GPI anchors, and not proteins that have GPI anchors covalently attached.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or both of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A.
protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or both of the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A.
protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding
The binding and fusion of a macrophage to one or more other cells to form a multinucleated cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.
negative regulation of macrophage fusion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.
positive regulation of macrophage fusion
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
regulation of RNA elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of gene-specific transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
negative regulation of RNA elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of gene-specific transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
A DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex located in the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial RNA polymerase is composed of two subunits, a catalytic core, which resembles the enzymes from bacteriophage T7 and T3, and a specificity factor required for promoter recognition, which is similar to members of the eubacterial sigma factor family. In S. cerevisiae, these are encoded by the nuclear genes RPO41 and MTF1 and the specificity factor, required for promoter recognition and initiation, is not present in the elongating form.
mitochondrial RNA polymerase holoenzyme complex
mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitochondrial RNA polymerase to form a holoenzyme complex and also, while present in the holoenzyme, interacting with promoter sequences in order to confer sequence specific recognition of mitochondrial promoter DNA sequence motifs.
mitochondrial polymerase transcription factor activity
mitochondrial transcription initiation factor activity
mitochondrial transcription factor activity
mitochondrial RNA polymerase binding promoter specificity activity
The process of removing sections of a primary snoRNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the snoRNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the snoRNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
negative regulation of amide degradation
negative regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides.
positive regulation of amide degradation
positive regulation of cellular amide catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of urea.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: 71-hydroxychlorophyll(ide) a + NAD(P)+ = chlorophyll(ide) b + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the transfer of nicotinamide riboside, which is a pyridine-3-carboxamide covalently bonded to a ribose sugar, from one side of a membrane to the other.
nicotinamide riboside transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of a nicotinamide riboside, which is a pyridine-3-carboxamide covalently bonded to a ribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of activity of a GTPase of the Rho family.
negative regulation of Rho GTPase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.
negative regulation of guanosinetriphosphatase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of activity of a GTPase of the Ras superfamily.
negative regulation of Ras GTPase activity
The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm in response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
autophagy in response to endoplasmic reticulum overload
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the cytokinin 6-isopentenyladenine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokinin 6-isopentenyladenine.
isopentenyl adenine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the cytokinin 6-isopentenyladenine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving discadenine, (2S)-2-amino-4-{6-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)amino]-3H-purin-3-yl}butanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of discadenine, (2S)-2-amino-4-{6-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)amino]-3H-purin-3-yl}butanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of discadenine, (2S)-2-amino-4-{6-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)amino]-3H-purin-3-yl}butanoic acid.
A protein complex that is involved in the CVT pathway. In budding yeast, the CVT complex consists of multimers of preApe1p.
A protein complex that posseses phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and is involved in autophagy. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Vps30p, Vps34p, Atg14p and Vps15p.
Note that this term should not be confused with '1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, class IA complex; GO:0005943' or '1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, class IB complex ; GO:0005944'.
A protein complex that posseses phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and is involved in vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) via endosomes. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Vps30p, Vps34p, VPS38 and Vps15p.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex II
A protein complex that contains a protein kinase and is required for the autophagosome formation. In budding yeast this complex consists of the kinase Atg1p, Atg13p and Atg17p.
A protein complex required for the expansion of the autophagosomal membrane. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Atg12p, Atg5p and Atg16p.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenic acid, 4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid.
4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of kynurenic acid, 4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid.
4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-cassa-12,15-diene + diphosphate.
ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (ent-cassa-12,15-diene-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-alpha-copalyl diphosphate = stemar-13-ene + diphosphate.
9alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (stemar-13-ene-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-alpha-copalyl diphosphate = 9-beta-pimara-7,15-diene + diphosphate.
9alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (9beta-pimara-7,15-diene-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.
ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene-forming] activity
ent-sandaracopimaradiene synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-isokaurene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.
ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene-forming] activity
ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-alpha-copalyl diphosphate = stemod-13(17)-ene + diphosphate.
9alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [stemod-13(17)-ene-forming] activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a maltose stimulus.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a monosaccharide is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a disaccharide is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a maltose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Catalysis of the temporally-regulated formation of a transmembrane protein hole that directly or indirectly allows murein hydrolyases to access their cell wall substrate.
Catalysis of the temporally-regulated formation of a non-specific transmembrane protein hole that allows release of a fully-folded phage-encoded endolysin (murein-degradase) from the cell.
Catalysis of the temporally-regulated formation of a transmembrane protein hole that allows the passage of ions, causing a lethal, irreversible depolarization of the cell membrane.
The formation of spores derived from the products of meiosis.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a sexual spore wall, the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.
The process in which spores form outside a specialized end cell known as a basidium. Basidia are characteristic of the basidiomycete fungi (phylum Basidiomycota), and give rise to spores that each contain a haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis. The spores are usually attached to the basidium by short spikes called sterigmata (singular: sterigma). In most basidiomycetes there are four sterigmata (and four spores) to a basidium.
Note that basidiospores and basidia are separate biological structures. The basidium is the structure that bear the basidiospores, but the development of the basidium is a different process than the formation of the basidiospores themselves. For this reason, GO:0034295 basidiospore formation and GO:0075313 basidium development are different terms and are not linked.
The process in which zygospores are formed. Zygospores are characteristic of the zygomycete fungi (phylum Zygomycota) thick-walled and darkly colored, and usually heavily ornamented as well, with many spines or ridges. It is formed between two specialized organs called suspensors, which are themselves usually heavily ornamented, one from each mating partner. The zygospore forms between them and then breaks away.
The process in which oidia, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Oidia are borne a few at a time on very simple hyphae that protrude a short distance into the substrate, and are usually presumed not to constitute the main reproductive strategy of the fungus.
The formation of conidia by the conversion of a pre-existing hypha. An arthrospore is produced by the last cell on a hypha breaking off and dispersing. Usually the walls thicken and the cell(s) separates before swelling of each spore. Sometimes further septa form in each cell prior to disarticulation.
The formation of a spore following the marked enlargement of part of a cell before separation by a septum. Blastospores are a type of asexual spore found in some fungi, most notably the class Glomeromycota.
Note that this term should not be confused with the usage of 'blastospore' to mean any yeast-form fungal cell, as in Candida species.
The process in which sporangiospores, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Sporangiospores are formed within sac-like structure, the sporangium, following the division of the cytoplasm.
The process in which a cell gives rise to an endospore, a dormant, highly resistant spore with a thick wall that forms within the mother cell. Endospores are produced by some low G+C Gram-positive bacteria in response to harsh conditions.
The process in which an akinete, a thick-walled (encysted) dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cell, is formed. Akinetes typically have granular cytoplasm, are more resistant to environmental extremes than vegetative cells, and are characteristic of several groups of Cyanobacteria.
The process in which differentiated, resting cells are formed, usually within a fruiting body by Myxobacteria. The myxospore is more resistant to high temperature, dessication, and UV than vegetative myxobacteria.
The process in which differentiated, resting cells are formed from a substrate mycelium; characteristic of many members of the order Actinomycetales.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore formation from the products of mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore formation from the products of meiosis. An example of this is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diol, a compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine to form a new branch on the side of an existing actin filament; mediated by the Arp2/3 protein complex and its interaction with other proteins.
Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.
regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.
negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinic acid riboside = ADP + nicotinic acid mononucleotide.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on an alcohol acceptor molecule.
acyl-CoA:alcohol O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-coenzymeA:alcohol O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-coenzymeA:ethanol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: butanoyl-CoA + an alcohol = CoA + a butyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: hexanoyl-CoA + an alcohol = CoA + a hexyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: octanoyl-CoA + an alcohol = CoA + an octyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: decanoyl-CoA + an alcohol = CoA + a decyl ester.
Catalysis of the transfer of a butyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a decyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a butanoyl (CH3-[CH2]2-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexanoyl (CH3-[CH2]4-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a decanoyl (CH3-[CH2]8-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
adherens junction assembly and maintenance
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
The maintenance of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the formation of positive or negative supercoils in a DNA molecule or region thereof; may be associated with a geometric or topological change in the DNA molecule.
This term was made obsolete because, although it was requested, it is not needed after all; it was not defined clearly, and does not necessarily correspond to a catalytic activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule that has assumed an incorrect conformation.
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single or multimeric RNAs into the correct tertiary structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion, where the carboxylic chain has 8 or fewer carbon atoms.
OBSOLETE. Any process in which a ligand-bound hormone receptor acts in the nucleus to modulate the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. This term was made obsolete because it is unclear whether the term represents the action of the receptor or the entire process of transcription regulation. The term 'nuclear hormone receptor' is also misleading since many of these receptors reside in the cytoplasm until they are bound by a ligand.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by nuclear hormone receptor
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type III interferon stimulus. Type III interferons are members of the interferon-lambda gene family.
The appearance of type III interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type III interferons are members of the interferon-lambda gene family.
Note that IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29 are types of interferon-lambda.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Type III interferons are members of the interferon-lambda gene family.
regulation of type III interferon production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Type III interferons are members of the interferon-lambda gene family.
down regulation of type III interferon production
down-regulation of type III interferon production
downregulation of type III interferon production
negative regulation of type III IFN production
inhibition of type III interferon production
negative regulation of type III interferon production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Type III interferons are members of the interferon-lambda gene family.
positive regulation of type III IFN production
up regulation of type III interferon production
up-regulation of type III interferon production
upregulation of type III interferon production
activation of type III interferon production
stimulation of type III interferon production
positive regulation of type III interferon production
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type III interferon. Type III interferons are members of the interferon-lambda gene family.
Combining with a type III interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type III interferons are members of the interferon-lambda gene family.
Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.
glial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of glia by apoptosis
programmed cell death of glial cells by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of glial cell apoptosis
negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of glial cell apoptosis
positive regulation of glial cell apoptotic process
Catalysis of the removal of a 5' terminal pyrophosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of an RNA, leaving a 5'-monophosphate end.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
de novo NAD biosynthetic process from tryptophan
Any process that generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis; salvage is usually from the degradation products nicotinic acid (Na) and nicotinamide (Nam).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from the vitamin precursor nicotinamide riboside.
NAD biosynthesis via nicotinamide riboside salvage pathway
A membrane enriched in complexes formed of reaction centers, accessory pigments and electron carriers, in which photosynthetic reactions take place.
A spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Plasma lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood or lymph.
A chylomicron that contains apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2), a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and has a mean diameter of 500 nm and density of 0.95g/ml. Mature chylomicron particles transport exogenous (dietary) lipids from the intestines to other body tissues, via the blood and lymph.
A lipoprotein particle that is derived from a mature chylomicron particle by the removal of triglycerides from the chylomicron core by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of surface components. It characteristically contains apolipoprotein E (APOE) and is cleared from the blood by the liver.
A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver.
A lipoprotein particle, rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides that is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm. LDL particles are formed from VLDL particles (via IDL) by the loss of triglyceride and gain of cholesterol ester. They transport endogenous cholesterol (and to some extent triglycerides) from peripheral tissues back to the liver.
A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that typically contains APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of 1.006-1.019 g/ml and a diameter of between 25-30 nm. IDL particles are found in blood and are formed by the delipidation of very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). IDL particles are removed from blood by the liver, following binding to the APOE receptor, or are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
intermediate-density lipoprotein complex
intermediate-density lipoprotein particle
A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process.
A newly formed high-density lipoprotein particle; consists of a phospholipid bilayer surrounded by two or more APOA1 molecules. The discoidal HDL particle is formed when lipid-free or lipid-poor APOA1 acquires phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol from either cell membranes or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (undergoing lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase).
nascent high-density lipoprotein particle
discoidal high-density lipoprotein particle
A mature high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, converted from discoidal HDL particles following the esterification of cholesterol in the particle by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).
mature high-density lipoprotein particle
spherical high-density lipoprotein particle
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a protein-lipid complex.
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a plasma lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the esterification of cholesterol by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.
triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling
triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a chylomicron, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
intermediate-density lipoprotein particle formation
very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within an intermediate-density lipoprotein particle.
low-density lipoprotein particle formation
intermediate-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.
small dense low-density lipoprotein particle formation
low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a high-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.
high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
The process in which a discoidal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle acquires additional lipid or protein molecules, and cholesterol in the particle is converted to tightly bound cholesterol esters by the action of phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT), resulting in the formation of a spherical HDL particle.
conversion of discoidal HDL to spherical HDL
discoidal high-density lipoprotein remodeling
conversion of discoidal high-density lipoprotein particle to spherical high-density lipoprotein particle
The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a plasma lipoprotein particle.
The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the intestine to form a chylomicron.
The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle.
very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly
The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle.
high-density lipoprotein particle assembly
The process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
The process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.
The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
high-density lipoprotein particle clearance
A plasma lipoprotein particle that has a hydrophobic core enriched in triglycerides surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteinparticles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood.
triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particle
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate.
4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
4-aminobutyrate-2-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
4-aminobutyric acid 2-ketoglutaric acid aminotransferase activity
GABA-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
GABA-2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
GABA-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
GABA-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
GABA-alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase activity
GABA-alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
GABA-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
gamma-aminobutyrate-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
gamma-aminobutyrate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
gamma-aminobutyrate:alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid-2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutaric acid aminotransferase activity
4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + pyruvate = succinate semialdehyde + alanine.
gamma-aminobutyric acid pyruvate transaminase activity
4-aminobutyrate:pyruvate transaminase activity
A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome and can interact directly with the 5' External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of the full length pre-rRNA transcript. In S. cerevisiae, it sediments at 25-30 S and is composed of Pwp2p, Dip2p, Utp21p, Utp13p, Utp18p, and Utp6p.
Note that the term name uses Saccharomyces gene product names because no other names have yet arisen for this complex; the term nevertheless can be used for analogous complexes in other eukaryotes, and the name can be changed if better wording is found.
Pwp2p-containing subcomplex of 90S preribosome
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle.
lipid particle organization and biogenesis
Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels.
programmed cell death of smooth muscle cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death, smooth muscle cells
smooth muscle cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
down regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
down-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
downregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
inhibition of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
up regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
up-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
upregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
activation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
stimulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an iron stimulus.
regulation of specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an iron stimulus.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter in response to iron
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron
Any process in which a telomere is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
The process in which a telomere is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery.
The portion of the nuclear lumen proximal to the inner nuclear membrane.
A plastid found in senescing, formerly green tissues that is derived from a chloroplast that undergoes an organized developmental program of senescence.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription.
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture during transcription
regulation of transcription by chromatin organisation
regulation of transcription by chromatin organization
The process in which proteins required for 3'-end transcript processing become associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 3' end of a transcript.
recruitment of 3'-end processing factors to RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex
Recognition of both the 5' and 3'-splice sites and positioning them in the correct alignment with respect to each other so that the second catalytic step of nuclear mRNA splicing can occur.
alignment of 3' and 5' splice sites of nuclear mRNA
alignment of 3' and 5' splice sites of mRNA
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide formation
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide synthesis
nucleobase-containing small molecule biosynthetic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.
cell wall 1,3-beta-glucan metabolic process
cell wall 1,3-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
cell wall beta-1,3 glucan metabolic process
cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.
ascospore wall beta-glucan metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan metabolic process
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan metabolism
ascospore wall beta-1,3 glucan metabolic process
ascospore wall beta-1,3 glucan metabolism
ascospore wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.
cell wall beta-glucan biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.
cell wall 1,3-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
cell wall 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthetic process
cell wall beta-1,3-glucan biosynthetic process
cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.
ascospore wall beta-glucan biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthetic process
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan anabolism
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthesis
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan formation
ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis
ascospore wall beta-1,3-glucan anabolism
ascospore wall beta-1,3-glucan biosynthesis
ascospore wall beta-1,3-glucan biosynthetic process
ascospore wall beta-1,3-glucan formation
ascospore wall beta-1,3-glucan synthesis
ascospore wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
Endonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA.
endonucleolytic tRNA 3'-trailer cleavage
tRNA 3'-trailer cleavage, endonucleolytic
Exonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA.
tRNA 3'-trailer cleavage, exonucleolytic
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = phosphoglycerate + phosphate.
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity
2,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity
2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid phosphatase activity
glycerate-2,3-diphosphate phosphatase activity
bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = 2-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate.
2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate 3-phosphohydrolase activity
bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphatase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-2-hydroxyglutarate + O2 = 2-oxoglutarate + hydrogen peroxide.
The addition of an acetyl group to one or more amino acids in a protein, occurring before the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.
co-translational protein amino acid acetylation
cotranslational protein amino acid acetylation
The addition of an acetyl group to one or more amino acids in a protein, occurring after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.
post-translational protein amino acid acetylation
posttranslational protein amino acid acetylation
The volume enclosed by the membrane of an aleurone grain.
The volume enclosed within the autophagic vacuole membrane.
Note that this term should be used for annotating gene products with caution: it should be used only to annotate gene products demonstrated to reside and function normally in the autophagic vacuole lumen, not for molecules that are temporarily found in the lumen prior to degradation.
A membrane-associated protein complex that is required for a late stage of endosomal transport. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Vps55p and Vps68p proteins.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the etioplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a etioplast and form the etioplast envelope.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the mRNA transcript body that occurs when the 3' end is not protected by a 3'-poly(A) tail; degradation proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction.
3'-5' exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic, 3'-5'
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the mRNA transcript body that occurs when the 5' end is not protected by a 5'-cap; degradation proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction.
5'-3' exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic, 5'-3'
Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the optic tectum towards target cells in the premotor reticulospinal system in the hindbrain.
The single layer of phopholipids surrounding a lipid storage body.
lipid storage body surface lipid monolayer
monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body outer lipid monolayer
Catalysis of the reaction: P1-P6-bis(5'-adenosyl) hexaphosphate + H2O = AMP + adenosine 5'-pentaphosphate.
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P6-hexaphosphate hydrolase activity
bis(5'-adenosyl)-hexaphosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: P1-P6-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate + H2O = AMP + adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate.
diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P6-pentaphosphate hydrolase activity
bis(5'-adenosyl)-pentaphosphatase activity
A lipid modification process in which a steroid ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and a steroid molecule (e.g. cholesterol).
A lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and a sterol molecule (e.g. cholesterol).
A lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
The directed movement of a glycoprotein, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of a glycoprotein, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids in the protein.
The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.
The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.
The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids or the lipid group, occurring in the blood plasma.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.
negative regulation of lipoprotein oxidation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.
regulation of plasma lipoprotein oxidation
regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle oxidation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein particle oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.
negative regulation of plasma lipoprotein oxidation
inhibition of plasma lipoprotein oxidation
negative regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle oxidation
The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.
cell spreading during cell substrate adhesion
substrate adhesion dependent cell spreading
substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading
The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
A vacuolar membrane-associated protein complex that is required for activation of microautophagy during exit from rapamycin-induced growth arrest. In budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, this complex includes Gtr1p, Gtr2p, Meh1p, and Slm4p.
GTPase-containing complex for Gap1p sorting in the endosome
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein N-ubiquityl(n)lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityl(n+1)lysine. This reaction is the ligation of ubiquitin groups, via isopeptide bonds, to extend the length of the multiubiquitin chain attached to a substrate protein.
A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any part of a dynactin complex; dynactin is a large protein complex that activates dynein-based motor activity.
Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell.
Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a centrosome.
A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome and is required for the subsequent assembly of the rest of the preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Utp5p, Utp4p, Nan1p, Utp8p, Utp9p, Utp10 and Utp15p.
Nan1p-containing subcomplex of 90S preribosome
A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rrp7p, Utp22p, Ckb1p, Cka1p, Ckb2p and Cka2p.
Rrp7p-containing subcomplex of 90S preribosome
A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Mpp10p, Imp3p and Imp4p.
Catalysis of the unwinding of an RNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction drives the unwinding of an RNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.
ATP-dependent 3' to 5' RNA helicase activity
ATP-dependent 3'-5' RNA helicase activity
The assembly of a uropod by rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.
The process in which a uropod detaches from the cell substrate and retracts the rear of a migrating cell.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a small-subunit processome.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a 90S preribosome.
A protein complex that associates with the primary cilium and is involved in cilium biogenesis; consists of seven conserved proteins: BBS1, BBS2, BBS4, BBS5, BBS7, BBS8 and BBS9.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon monoxide (CO) stimulus.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of a chromaffin granule.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of an esterosome.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of a glycosome.
The volume enclosed by any of the membranes of the thin, flattened cisternae that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.
Any process that results in the conversion of one or more primary non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts into one or more mature ncRNA molecules.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of a non-coding RNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an snRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U1 snRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U2 snRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U4 snRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U5 snRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U6 snRNA molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylglycerol + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + glycerol 3-phosphate.
phosphatidylglycerol phospholipase C activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a choline phosphate.
phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase activity
phospholipase C, acting on phosphatidylcholine
Clostridium oedematiens beta- and gamma-toxins activity
Clostridium welchii alpha-toxin activity
phosphatidylcholine phospholipase C activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 2'-O-sulfate. Results in sulfation of glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues.
chondroitin 2-O-sulphotransferase activity
chondroitin 2-O-sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfated heparan sulfate.
heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.
The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.
vacuolar amino acid transmembrane transport
The directed movement of basic amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
basic amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of neutral amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.
neutral amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole
The directed movement of basic amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
basic amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole
The directed movement of neutral amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.
neutral amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole
The volume enclosed by the hydrogenosome membrane.
The volume enclosed by the melanosome membrane.
The volume enclosed by the microneme membrane.
The volume enclosed by the protein storage vacuole membrane.
The controlled breakdown of the membranes of multivesicular bodies.
multivesicular body membrane disassembly
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS).
protein localisation to pre-autophagosomal structure
protein localization to pre-autophagosomal structure
The directed movement of substances from early endosomes to the Golgi.
The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the Golgi.
The cell cycle process in which rDNA repeat regions are physically detached from each other during chromosome separation.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the rDNA repeats on a chromosome in the nucleolus.
protein localisation to nucleolar rDNA repeats
condensin localization to nucleolar rDNA repeats
protein localization to nucleolar rDNA repeats
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleus.
The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.
The innermost portion of the centromeric region of a chromosome, encompassing the core region of a chromosome centromere and the proteins that bind to it.
The portion of the centromeric region of a chromosome that flanks the core region, encompassing repeated regions of a chromosome centromere and the proteins that bind to it.
chromosome, centromeric outer repeat region
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex. Includes the formation of the chromatin structures which form a platform for the kinetochore, and assembly of the kinetochore onto this specialized chromatin. In fission yeast and higher eukaryotes this process also includes the formation of heterochromatin at the outer repeat (pericentric) regions of the centromere.
The cell cycle process in which centromeres are physically detached from each other during chromosome separation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with U3 small nucleolar RNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with box C/D small nucleolar RNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix; results in transcriptional upregulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial stress proteins.
A multisubunit proteasome complex that localizes in the cytoplasm as dot-like structures when cells are in a quiescent state.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
The process in which cells degrade mature ribosomes under conditions of starvation.
Any protein complex that binds to a specialized RNA cap structure at any time in the lifetime of the RNA.
A protein complex found in the cytoplasm that binds the 5' cap structure of an mRNA, and typically consists of the cap-binding protein eIF4E, the adaptor protein eIF4G, and a multi-factor complex comprising eIF1, eIF2, eIF3 and eIF5. This complex mediates recruitment of the 40S subunit to mRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-naphthaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 2-naphthoate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-naphthoic acid + NADH + O2 + H+ = cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-8-carboxynaphthalene + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-8-carboxynaphthalene = 1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynaphthalene + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-8-carboxynaphthalene dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-formylsalicylic acid + O2 + H2O = 2-hydroxyisophthalic acid + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyisophthalic acid = salicylate + CO2.
2-hydroxyisophthalate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-naphthaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 1-naphthoic acid + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylnaphthalene + NADH + O2 + H+ = 2-hydroxymethylnaphthalene + NAD+ + H2O.
2-methylnaphthalene hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynaphthalene + O2 = 2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-8-carboxychromene.
1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynaphthalene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-8-carboxychromene = 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzalpyruvate.
2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-8-carboxychromene isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzalpyruvate + H2O = 3-formylsalicylic acid + pyruvate.
2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-benzalpyruvate hydratase-aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxymethylsalicylaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 4-hydroxymethylsalicylate + NADH + 2 H+.
4-hydroxymethylsalicyaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylbenzalpyruvate + H2O = pyruvate + 4-hydroxymethylsalicylaldehyde.
2-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylbenzalpyruvate hydratase-aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethylchromene-2-carboxylate = 2-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylbenzalpyruvate.
2-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethylchromene-2-carboxylate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-7-hydroxymethylnaphthalene + O2 = 2-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethylchromene-2-carboxylate.
1,2-dihydroxy-7-hydroxymethylnaphthalene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-methylnaphthalene + NADH + H+ + O2 = 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene + NAD+ + H2O.
1-methylnaphthalene hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-8-methylnaphthalene + O2 = 2-hydroxy-8-methylchromene-2-carboxylate + H+.
1,2-dihydroxy-8-methylnaphthalene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-8-methylchromene-2-carboxylate = 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzalpyruvate.
2-hydroxy-8-methylchromene-2-carboxylate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzalpyruvate + H2O = pyruvate + 3-methylsalicylaldehyde.
2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzalpyruvate hydratase-aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylsalicylaldehyde + NAD+ = 3-methylsalicylate + NADH + H+.
3-methylsalicylaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 3,3',5-tribromobisphenol A + HBr.
3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-monobromobisphenol A + 2 H+ + 2 e- = bisphenol A + HBr.
3-monobromobisphenol A reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylarsenous acid + R2S-CH3 = trimethylarsine oxide + R2SH.
dimethylarsinite methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trimethylarsine oxide + 2 H+ + 2 e- = trimethylarsine + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminosalicylate + O2 = cis-4-amino-6-carboxy-2-oxo-hexa-3,5-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-amino-6-carboxy-2-oxo-hexa-3,5-dienoate + H2O = fumarylpyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichloroaniline + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 4-chloroaniline + HCl.
2,4-dichloroaniline reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cyromazine + H2O = N-cyclopropylammeline + NH3.
N-cyclopropylmelamine deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-cyclopropylammeline + H2O = N-cyclopropylammelide + NH3.
N-cyclopropylammeline deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-cyclopropylammelide + H2O = cyclopropylamine + cyanuric acid.
N-cyclopropylammelide alkylamino hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylarsinate + 3 H+ + 2 e- = dimethylarsinous acid + H2O.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
mitochondrial cytochrome bc(1) complex assembly
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II, in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',5-tribromobisphenol A + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 3,3'-dibromobisphenol A + HBr.
3,3',5-tribromobisphenol A reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3'-dibromobisphenol A + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 3-monobromobisphenol A + HBr.
3,3'-dibromobisphenol A reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: o-nitrobenzoate + NADPH + H+ = o-hydroxylaminobenzoate + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxylaminobenzoate + NAD(P)H = anthranilate + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
o-hydroxylaminobenzoate nitroreductase activity
2-hydroxylaminobenzoate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pertechnetate ion + 3/2 H2 = technetium (IV) oxide + H2O + OH-.
Catalysis of the reaction: bisphenol A + NADH + H+ + O2 = 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol + NAD+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: bisphenol A + NADH + H+ + O2 = 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol + NAD+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol = 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene + H2O.
1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-proponol dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol + NADH + H+ + O2 = 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol + NAD+ + H2O.
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol + O2 = 4-hydroxyphenacyl alcohol + 4-hydroxybenzoate + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene + O2 = 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + 4-hydroxyacetophenone + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-nitro-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine + 2 H2O = 1-nitro-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-diol.
1-nitro-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chromate = chromium (III).
Catalysis of the reaction: isoproturon + H2O = formaldehyde + monodemethylisoproturon + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
isoproturon dimethylaminedehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: monodemethylisoproturon + H2O = hydroxymonodemethylisoproturon + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
monodemethylisoproturon dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymonodemethylisoproturon + H2O = formaldehyde + 4'-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)phenylurea + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
hydroxymonomethylisoproturon dimethylaminedehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4'-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)phenylurea + H2O = 4'-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)phenylaniline + carbamic acid.
4'-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)phenylurea amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: monodemethylisoproturon + H2O = didemethylisoproturon + formaldehyde + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
monodemethylisoproturon dimethylaminedehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: didemethylisoproturon + H2O = carbamic acid + 4-isopropylaniline.
didemethylisoproturon amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: didemethylisoproturon + H2O = 4'-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)phenylurea + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
didemethylisoproturon dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-isopropylaniline + H2O = 4'-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)phenylaniline + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
4-isopropylaniline dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-isopropylacetanilide + OH- = N-isopropylaniline + acetate.
N-isopropylacetanilide amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-isopropylacetanilide + 1/2 O2 = acetanilide + acetone.
N-isopropylacetaniline monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: limonene + H2O = alpha-terpineol.
Catalysis of the reaction: fumarate + n-hexane = (1-methylpentyl)succinate.
(1-methylpentyl)succinate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methyloctanoyl-CoA = 4-methyloct-2-enoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
4-methyloctanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methyloct-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O = 3-hydroxy-4-methyloctanoyl-CoA.
4-methyloct-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-4-methyloctanoyl-CoA = 4-methyl-3-oxooctanoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
3-hydroxy-4-methyloctanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 21U-RNA, a 21-nucleotide RNA characterized by a uridine 5'-monophosphate and a modified 3' end resistant to periodate degradation. 21U-RNAs are derived from distinct, autonomously expressed loci within the genome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a piRNA, a Piwi-associated RNA, a 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 21U-RNAs, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21 nucleotides in length characterized by a uridine 5'-monophosphate and a modified 3' end resistant to periodate degradation. 21U-RNAs are derived from distinct, autonomously expressed loci within the genome.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 21U-RNAs, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21 nucleotides in length characterized by a uridine 5'-monophosphate and a modified 3' end resistant to periodate degradation. 21U-RNAs are derived from distinct, autonomously expressed loci within the genome.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving piRNAs, Piwi-associated RNAs, a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of piRNAs, Piwi-associated RNAs, a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.
The directed movement of hydroxyproline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of L-hydroxyproline from one side of a membrane to the other.
4-hydroxyproline transmembrane transporter activity
L-hydroxyproline transmembrane transporter activity
The volume enclosed by the rhoptry membrane.
The volume enclosed by the synaptic vesicle membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate + phosphate.
phosphatidyl-inositol-bisphosphate phosphatase activity
phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + phosphate.
phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the removal of the 5-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
polyphosphoinositol lipid 5-phosphatase activity
phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the removal of the 4-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
phosphatidylinositol phosphate 4-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 4-phosphohydrolase activity
phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 4-phosphohydrolase activity
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the removal of the phosphate group from phosphothreonine by cleavage of the C-OP bond with the concomitant abstraction of the alpha proton, generating a double bond-containing product.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NAD(P)+ = succinyl-CoA + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NAD+ = succinyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD(P)+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
pyruvate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
The response by the male to a hermaphrodite after initial contact following mate finding. The male stops forward locomotion, presses the ventral side of his tail against his partner's body, and begins moving backward along the hermaphrodite. Male response behavior is initiated when sensory neurons located in the rays of his tail contact a potential mate.
The sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.
Location, by the male, of his partner's vulva when backing along the ventral side of the hermaphrodite during mating. The male stops at the vulva, coordinates his movements to the hermaphrodite's, and positions his tail precisely over the vulva so that he may insert his spicules and ejaculate.
Insertion of the male copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite. Spicule insertion behavior initiates when the male cloaca contacts the vulva. During most mating encounters, the spicule tips will prod the vulva continuously until they partially penetrate, which then causes the protractors to contract completely so that the spicules extend through the vulva.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of oligodeoxyribonucleotides to yield deoxyribonucleoside 5'-phosphates.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of oligoribonucleotides to yield ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
cellular response to active oxygen species
cellular response to reactive oxidative species
cellular response to reactive oxygen intermediate
cellular response to reactive oxygen species
A protein complex that possesses GTP cyclohydrolase I activity. In E. coli and human, the complex is a homodecamer, and monomers are catalytically inactive.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers. As an example, laminar shear stress can be seen where blood flows against the luminal side of blood vessel walls.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a tetrahydrobiopterin, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin or a derivative thereof; tetrahydrobiopterins are enzyme cofactors that carry electrons in redox reactions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex, carried out at the cellular level.
cellular macromolecular complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA, involved in the conversion of the mating-type locus from one allele to another.
DNA recombinase assembly involved in gene conversion at mating-type locus
Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one C-C double bond has been introduced.
fatty acid elongation, monounsaturated fatty acid
Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which two or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.
fatty acid elongation, polyunsaturated fatty acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan or aspartate from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of aspartate from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
de novo NAD biosynthetic process from aspartate
A protein complex localization process that takes place at the cellular level; as a result, a protein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.
establishment and maintenance of cellular protein complex localization
Any process in which a RITS complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of RITS complex localization
Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a spindle pole body. Microtubules attach to spindle pole bodies at the minus end.
attachment of spindle microtubules to SPB
attachment of spindle microtubules to spindle pole body
microtubule anchoring at spindle pole body
Enables the directed movement of retinol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
The directed movement of retinol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
Enables the directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
glutathione transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA at the mating-type locus. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This process occurs as part of gene conversion at the mating-type locus.
strand invasion involved in gene conversion at mating-type locus
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, carried out by individual cells.
cellular carbohydrate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
Catalysis of the transfer of an L-amino acid from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
L-amino acid export transporter activity
L-amino acid efflux transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of a mitochondrion by attachment to a microtubule, followed by elongation of the microtubule by tubulin polymerization.
establishment of mitochondrion localisation by microtubule attachment
mitochondrial localization by microtubule attachment
mitochondrial migration by microtubule attachment
mitochondrion migration by microtubule attachment
establishment of mitochondrion localization by microtubule attachment
The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microfilament, mediated by motor proteins.
mitochondrial migration along actin filament
mitochondrial migration along microfilament
mitochondrion migration along microfilament
mitochondrion transport along actin filament
mitochondrion migration along actin filament
The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location, by a process involving microtubules.
establishment of mitochondrion localisation, microtubule-mediated
microtubule-mediated mitochondrion localization
mitochondrial localization, microtubule-mediated
establishment of mitochondrion localization, microtubule-mediated
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
cellular response to UV radiation stimulus
cellular response to ultraviolet light stimulus
cellular response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.
cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process
cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
A lipid monolayer that surrounds and encloses an organelle.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from trimethylated lysine at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H3-K4-me3 specific)
histone demethylase activity (H3-trimethyl-K4 specific)
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from dimethylated lysine at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H3-K4-me2 specific)
histone demethylase activity (H3-dimethyl-K4 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4) + O2 + FAD + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) + H2O2 + formaldehyde + FADH2. This reaction is the removal of a methyl group from monomethylated lysine at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H3-K4-me1 specific)
histone demethylase activity (H3-monomethyl-K4 specific)
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.
A process in which extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in cells contributing to their aging.
extrachromosomal circular DNA localisation involved in cell aging
extrachromosomal circular DNA localization during cell ageing
extrachromosomal circular DNA localization during cell aging
extrachromosomal circular DNA localization involved in cell aging
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis
nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid breakdown
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid degradation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide breakdown
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide catabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide degradation
nucleobase-containing small molecule catabolic process
A protein complex with ubiquitin ligase activity that is involved in proteasomal degradation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase during the transition from gluconeogenic to glycolytic growth conditions. In S. cerevisiae, the GID (Glucose Induced degradation Deficient) complex consists of Vid30p, Rmd5p, Vid24p, Vid28p, Gid7p, Gid8p, and Fyv10p.
Catalysis of the transfer of isopropylmalate from one side of the membrane to the other.
isopropylmalate transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of isopropylmalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs). Includes the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).
A protein complex that contains ezrin, Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF, also called EBP50), and two copies of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The CFTR molecules interact with NHERF via their cytoplasmic tail domains; the complex is thought to link the CFTR channel to the actin cytoskeleton and contribute to the regulation of channel activity.
A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is composed of chaperone proteins, including BiP, GRP94; CaBP1, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERdj3, cyclophilin B, ERp72, GRP170, UDP-glucosyltransferase, and SDF2-L1.
A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is formed by the association of an immunoglobulin heavy chain with the proteins of the ER chaperone complex; the latter include BiP, GRP94; CaBP1, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERdj3, cyclophilin B, ERp72, GRP170, UDP-glucosyltransferase, and SDF2-L1.
Ig heavy chain-bound ER chaperone complex
immunoglobulin heavy chain-bound endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex
Ig heavy chain-bound endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha1 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha2 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha3 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha4 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha4 subunit and one beta7 subunit.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of arachidonic acid.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the pronephros.
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in pronephric kidney anterior/posterior pattern specification
retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in pronephros anterior-posterior patterning
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in pronephros anterior/posterior pattern specification
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development
A protein complex that consists of inhibin, type III transforming growth factor beta receptor (also known as betaglycan), and the type II activin receptor ActRII. The complex is thought to negatively regulate the activity of activin B.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha5 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha6 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha7 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha8 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha9 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha10 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alpha11 subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta1 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta3 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta5 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta6 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta8 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphaL subunit and one beta2 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphaM subunit and one beta2 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphaX subunit and one beta2 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphaD subunit and one beta2 subunit.
An integrin complex that comprises one alphaE subunit and one beta7 subunit.
A protein complex that comprises three core spliceosomal proteins, designated E, F, and G. Formation of the E.F.G complex is essential but not sufficient for the formation of a stable U1 snRNP complex.
A ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the association of the U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin F stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin I stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.
response to luteinizing hormone stimulus
Catalysis of the reaction: D-allulose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.
allulose 6-phosphate 3-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a tripeptide.
A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.
An ion channel complex through which cations pass.
An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass.
An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass.
An ion channel complex through which sodium ions pass.
An ion channel complex through which chloride ions pass.
A protein complex that possesses methyltransferase activity.
A large (20 S) protein complex that possesses protein arginine methyltransferase activity and modifies specific arginines to dimethylarginines in the arginine- and glycine-rich domains of several spliceosomal Sm proteins, thereby targeting these proteins to the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex for assembly into small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) core particles. Proteins found in the methylosome include the methyltransferase JBP1 (PRMT5), pICln (CLNS1A), MEP50 (WDR77), and unmethylated forms of SM proteins that have RG domains.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an inhibin complex, a dimer of one inhibin-alpha subunit and one inhibin-beta subunit.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an inhibin monomer, any of the polypeptides that combine to form activin and inhibin dimers.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor.
transforming growth factor beta receptor type I binding
type I transforming growth factor beta receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type III transforming growth factor beta receptor.
transforming growth factor beta receptor type III binding
transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type III receptor
type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding
A protein complex that contains pICln (CLNS1A) and several Sm proteins, including SmD1, SmD2, SmE, SmF, and SmG.
A protein complex that contains Gemin3 (DDX20), Gemin4, and Gemin5, and can bind to snRNAs; may be an intermediate in SMN complex assembly.
A protein complex that contains Gemin6, Gemin7, and unrip (STRAP), and can bind to snRNAs; may play a role in snRNP assembly.
A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and Gemin2; may form the stable core of the larger SMN complex.
A protein complex formed by the association of several methylated Sm proteins with the SMN complex; the latter contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and unrip proteins; additional proteins, including galectin-1 and galectin-3, are also found in the SMN-SM complex. The SMN-Sm complex is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm.
Note that this complex is sometimes referred to as the 'SMN complex', but it should not be confused with GO:0032797.
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 4 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from a trimetylated lysine at position 4 of the histone.
histone H3-K4 demethylation, trimethyl-H3-K4-specific
Catalysis of the cleavage of a gamma-linked glutamate bond.
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures on newly replicated DNA, coupled to strand elongation.
DNA replication-dependent nucleosome organisation
DNA replication-dependent nucleosome organization
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures, occurring outside the context of DNA replication.
DNA replication-independent nucleosome organisation
DNA replication-independent nucleosome organization
The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA, coupled to strand elongation.
DNA replication-dependent nucleosome disassembly
The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes outside the context of DNA replication.
DNA replication-independent nucleosome disassembly
Degradation of a cell nucleus by microautophagy.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 79 of the histone.
An SMN-Sm protein complex formed by the association of the methylated Sm proteins B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F, and G with the SMN complex.
An SMN-Sm protein complex formed by the association of the methylated Sm proteins B/B', D3, E, F, and G, and Lsm10 and Lsm11, with the SMN complex. This complex forms Sm cores on U7 snRNA.
A transcription factor TFIIIB-beta complex that contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP), B'' and a specialized homolog of the conserved subunit BRF referred to as BRFU or TFIIIB50, which found in human but not conserved in yeast; the complex is involved in the regulation of transcription from type 3 (upstream) RNA polymerase III promoters.
transcription factor TFIIIB-alpha complex
A transcription factor TFIIIB-beta complex that contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP), B'' and BRF, and is involved in the regulation of transcription from type 2 RNA polymerase III promoters.
Note that the subunits of TFIIIB-beta are conserved between human and yeast; however, in yeast a single TFIIIB complex regulates transcription of tRNA, 5S rRNA and U6 snRNA genes, whereas two different TBP-dependent TFIIIB activities exist in humans.
transcription factor TFIIIB-beta complex
A transcription factor complex that forms part of the TFIIIC complex, observed in human. The complex is poorly characterized, but contains the 250-kDa form of HsBdp1, and is thought to include nuclear factor 1 (NF1). It stimulates binding by human TFIIIC2 and is required for transcription activity.
A transcription factor complex that forms part of the TFIIIC complex, observed in human; composed of five subunits (GTF3C1/hTFIIIC220/TFIIICalpha, GTF3C2/hTFIIIC110/TFIIICbeta, GTF3C3/hTFIIIC102/TFIIICgamma, GTF3C4/hTFIIIC90/TFIIICdelta and GTF3C5/hTFIIIC63/TFIIICepsilon in human) that together recognize the type 2 RNA polymerase III promoter.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA.
acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol-O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity
acylcoenzyme A:cholesterol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + ergosterol = CoA + ergosterol ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + lanosterol = CoA + lanosterol ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16) + H2O = histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone H4 protein.
histone deacetylase activity (H4-K16 specific)
A protein complex that contains TFIIIC, topoisomerase 1, and Sub1/PC4. Characterized in human, the complex is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. Topoisomerase 1 and Sub1 enhance the accuracy of transcription termination, and promote reinitiation by Pol III.
A protein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), alpha-tubulin, gamma-tubulin, and the Rac1 and Cdc42 effector IQGAP1; may play a role in cytoskeleton organization.
A protein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the Rac1 and Cdc42 effector IQGAP1; may play a role in cytoskeleton organization and cell migration.
A protein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), the small GTPase Cdc42, and the Rac1 and Cdc42 effector IQGAP1; may play a role in cytoskeleton organization and cell migration.
A protein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), the small GTPase Rac1, and the Rac1 and Cdc42 effector IQGAP1; may play a role in cytoskeleton organization and cell migration.
A protein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), the small GTPase Cdc42, and CLIP-170; may play a role in cytoskeleton organization and cell migration.
A protein complex that contains Par3, the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and the kinesin-related protein KIF3A; involved in establishing neuronal cell polarity.
A protein complex that contains the Scribble protein (a cell polarity determinant) and the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC); may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.
A protein complex that contains the Scribble protein (a cell polarity determinant), the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and beta-catenin; may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.
A protein complex that acts as an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Cytosolic and nuclear Ah receptor complexes have different subunit composition, but both contain the ligand-binding subunit AhR.
An aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex found in the cytosol, in which the ligand-binding subunit AhR is not bound to ligand; consists of AhR, two molecules of HSP90, the protein kinase c-Src, and the immunophilin XAP2/AIP.
9S-cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor non-ligand activated complex
cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex
An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) complex found in the nucleus; ; consists of ligand-bound AhR and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT).
6S-nuclear aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor ligand-activated complex
nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone, as carried out by individual cells.
A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of iron ion transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of iron ion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of transmembrane Fe transport
regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
regulation of transmembrane iron transport
regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
down-regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
downregulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
negative regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
negative regulation of transmembrane iron transport
inhibition of transmembrane iron ion transport
negative regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
positive regulation of transmembrane iron transport
up regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
up-regulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
upregulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
activation of transmembrane iron ion transport
stimulation of transmembrane iron ion transport
positive regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
up regulation of transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
regulation of transmembrane ion transport
regulation of ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane ion transport
down-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
downregulation of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport
inhibition of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
upregulation of transmembrane ion transport
activation of transmembrane ion transport
stimulation of transmembrane ion transport
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transport
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (E)-beta-ocimene + diphosphate.
The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.
Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane disassembly ; GO:0030397' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
The modification of histone H4 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by addition of one methyl group to lysine at position 20 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.
A process in which glutathione is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of a recycling endosome.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-4-isopropenylcyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA = 4-isopropenyl-2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
2-hydroxy-4-isopropenylcyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-isopropenyl-2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA + H2O = 3-isopropenylpimelyl-CoA.
4-isopropenyl-2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glyphosate + OH- = glyoxylate + aminomethylphosphonic acid + H+ + 2 e-.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-cyclohexylformamide + OH- = cyclohexylamine + formate.
N-cyclohexylformamide amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylmalonate + H+ = isobutyrate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: pivalate + H+ + HSCoA + ATP = pivalyl-CoA + PPi + AMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: pivalyl-CoA = 3-methylbutyryl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylate + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ = gentisate + H2O + NAD(P)+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-fluorenone + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-hydro-1,1a-dihydroxy-9-fluorenone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydro-1,1a-dihydroxy-9-fluorenone + H2O = 2,3-dihydroxy-2'-carboxybiphenyl + 3 H+ + 2 e-.
1-hydro-1,1a-dihydroxy-9-fluorenone dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxy-2'-carboxybiphenyl + O2 = 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-carboxyphenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate + H+.
2,3-dihydroxy-2'-carboxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-carboxyphenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate + H2O = cis-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate + phthalate + H+.
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-carboxyphenyl)-hexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-(3S,4R)-cis-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrofluorene = 3,4-dihydroxyfluorene + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrofluorene dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isobutylamine + NADPH + O2 = isobutylhydroxylamine + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: hypophosphite + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = succinate + phosphite + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclopropanecarboxylate + CoASH = cyclopropanecarboxyl-CoA + OH-.
cyclopropanecarboxylate-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclopropanecarboxyl-CoA = crotonoyl-CoA.
cyclopropanecarboxyl-CoA decyclase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohexane + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ = cyclohexanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: adipate + CoASH = adipyl-CoA + OH-.
Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen (2R,3S)-3-methyloxiran-2-ylphosphonic acid + glutathione = hydrogen (1R,2R)-1-glutathio-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid.
fosfomycin 2-glutathione ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen (2R,3S)-3-methyloxiran-2-ylphosphonic acid + L-cysteine = hydrogen (1R,2R)-1-L-cysteine-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: TNP dihydride Meisenheimer complex (aci form) = TNP dihydride Meisenheimer complex (nitro form).
Catalysis of the reaction: trinitrophenol dihydride Meisenheimer complex (aci form) = 2,4-dinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex + NO2. Trinitrophenol is also known as TNP and dinitrophenol is also known as DNP.
2,4,6-trinitrophenol dihydride denitratase activity
trinitrophenol dihydride denitratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dinitrocyclohexanone + OH- = 4,6-dinitrohexanoate.
2,4-dinitrocyclohexanone hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: branched-chain dodecylbenzene sulfonate + 1/2 O2 + H+ = sulfurous acid + branched-chain dodecyl-4-hydroxy-benzene + sulfite.
branched-chain dodecylbenzene sulfonate monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate + O2 = (3E)-3-[(6Z)-6-(carboxymethylene)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ylidene]-2-oxopropanate.
3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-11,12-epoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene-trans-11,12-dihydrodiol = 11,12-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
benzo(a)pyrene-trans-11,12-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-11,12-dihydrodiol.
benzo(a)pyrene 11,12-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene + C1 unit = hydroxymethoxybenzo(a)pyrene.
4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-4,5-dihydrodiol.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene-cis-4,5-dihydrodiol = 4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene + H2.
benzo(a)pyrene-cis-4,5-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene + O2 = 4,5-chrysenedicarboxylate.
4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-9,10-dihydrodiol.
benzo(a)pyrene 9,10-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene + O2 = cis-4-(8-hydroxypyren-7-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate.
9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol + O2 = cis-4-(7-hydroxypyren-8-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate.
7,8-dihydroxy benzo(a)pyrene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-4-(8-hydroxypyren-7-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate = 10-oxabenzo(def)chrysen-9-one + formate + H+.
cis-4-(8-hydroxypyren-7-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: anthracene + 2 H2O = cis-9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-diol.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-diol = 9,10-anthraquinone + 4 H+ + 4 e-.
cis-9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione + reduced ferredoxin + O2 = 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3E,1Z)-4,5-9,10-diseco-3-hydroxy-5,9,17-trioxoandrosta-1(10),2-diene-4-oate + H2O = (2E,4E)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate + 9,17-dioxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostan-5-oate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: citronellol + NAD+ = citronellal + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: citronellal + NAD+ + OH- = citronellate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: citronellate + CoASH + ATP = citronellyl-CoA + AMP + PPi.
Catalysis of the reaction: citronellyl-CoA + NAH+ = cis-geranyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: tetralin + O2 + NADH + H+ = cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene + NAD+.
tetralin ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene + NAD+ = 1,2-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene + NADH + H+.
1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexyhadronaphthalene dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene + O2 = 4-(2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxy-buta-2,4-dienoate + H+.
1,2-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene extradiol dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxy-buta-2,4-dienoate + H2O = 2-hydroxydec-2,4-diene-1,10-dioate + H+.
4-(2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxy-buta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxydec-2,4-diene-1,10-dioate + H2O = (2Z)-2,4-dihydroxydec-2-enedioate.
2-hydroxydec-2,4-diene-1,10-dioate hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2Z)-2,4-dihydroxydec-2-enedioate = pyruvate + 7-oxoheptanoate.
(2Z)-2,4-dihydroxydec-2-enedioate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthol = 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalone + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
(R)-(-)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: geranial + NAD+ + OH- = geranylate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylate + CoASH = trans-geranyl-CoA + OH-.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-cis-6,7-dihydrodiol.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 6-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 6,7-dihydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole.
6-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-cis-6,7-dihydrodiol = 6,7-dihydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole-cis-6,7-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-(2S,5R)-menthone + NAD+ = (5R)-menth-2-enone + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (5R)-menth-2-enone + H2O = (5R)-3-hydroxymenthone.
Catalysis of the reaction: (5R)-3-hydroxymenthone + NAD+ = mentha-1,3-dione + NADH + H+.
3-hydroxymenthone dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: mentha-1,3-dione + CoASH = 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-octyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: thiophene-2-carboxylate + ATP + CoASH = thiophene-2-carboxyl-CoA + AMP + PPi.
thiophene-2-carboxylate-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutaryl-CoA + OH- = 2-oxoglutarate + CoASH.
Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-methyl-succinate + succinyl-CoA = naphthyl-2-methyl-succinyl-CoA + succinate.
naphthyl-2-methyl-succinate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-methyl-succinyl-CoA = naphthyl-2-methylene-succinyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
naphthyl-2-methyl-succinyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-methylene-succinyl-CoA + H2O = naphthyl-2-hydroxymethyl-succinyl-CoA.
naphthyl-2-methylene-succinyl-CoA lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-hydroxymethyl-succinyl-CoA = naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
naphthyl-2-hydroxymethyl-succinyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA + CoASH = 2-naphthoyl-CoA + succinyl-CoA.
naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA succinyl transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-naphthoyl-CoA + OH- = 2-naphthoate + CoASH.
Catalysis of the reaction: isooctane + 1/2 O2 = 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA + CoASH = pivalyl-CoA + propanoyl-CoA.
2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA 2-C-propanoyl transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanal + H2O = 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate + 3 H+ + 2 e-.
4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanal dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoate + H+ = 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanone + CO2.
2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate + H+ = 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone + CO2.
4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 9alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,4E)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate + H2O = 4-hydroxy-2-oxohexanoate.
2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2-(methylsulfinyl)benzothiazole.
2-(methylthio)benzothiazole monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxybenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole.
2-hydroxybenzothiazole monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2-hydroxybenzothiazole.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole + reduced acceptor = benzothiazole + hydrogen sulfide + oxidized acceptor.
2-mercaptobenzothiazole desulfurase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzothiazole-2-sulfonate + H2O = 2-hydroxybenzothiazole + HSO3-.
benzothiazole-2-sulfonate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2,6,7-trihydroxybenzothiazole.
2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol = 2,4,4-trimethylpentanal + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethylpentanal + H2O = 2,4,4-trimethylpentanoate + 3 H+ + 2 e-.
2,4,4-trimethylpentanal dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethylpentanoate + CoASH = 2,4,4-trimethylpentanoyl-CoA + OH-.
2,4,4-trimethylpentanoate-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethylpentanoyl-CoA = 2,4,4-trimethylpent-2-enoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
2,4,4-trimethylpentanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethylpent-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O = 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA.
2,4,4-trimethylpent-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA = 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA + OH- = 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoate + CoASH.
2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA thioesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanone + 1/2 O2 = 1-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpentan-3-one.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpentan-3-one = 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanal + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
1-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpentan-3-one dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-geranyl-CoA = cis-geranyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: thioacetamide + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = thioacetamide S-oxide + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: thioacetamide S-oxide + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = thioacetamide S,S-dioxide + H2O.
thioacetamide S-oxide S-oxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: caffeine + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: isoniazid + H2O = isonicotinate + hydrazine.
isonicotinic acid hydrazide hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isonicotinate + acceptor + H2O = 2-hydroxyisonicotinate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyisonicotinate + acceptor + H2O = citrazinate + reduced acceptor.
2-hydroxyisonicotinate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,6-trihydroxyisonicotinate = 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine + CO2.
2,3,6-trihydroxyisonicotinate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: citrazinate + H2O = 2,3,6-trihydroxyisonicotinate + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrazinate + H2O = cis-aconitamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitamide + H2O = cis-aconitate + HN3.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: isonicotinate + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,4-dihydroisonicotinate.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetaldehyde + H2O = gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetate + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetate + H2O = gamma-aminovinylacetate + HCOOH.
gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-aminovinylacetate + H2O = succinic semialdehyde + NH3.
gamma-aminovinylacetate deaminase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-dihydroisonicotinate + O2 = gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetaldehyde + CO2.
1,4-dihydroisonicotinate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = endosulfan sulfate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan hemisulfate + H2O = endosulfan monoalcohol + 2 H+ + sulfate.
endosulfan hemisulfate sulfatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan diol = endosulfan ether + H2O.
endosulfan diol hydrolyase (cyclizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan diol = endosulfan hydroxyether + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan lactone + H2O = endosulfan hydroxycarboxylate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-nitrodimethylamine + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = N-nitromethylamine + formaldehyde + H2O.
N-nitrodimethylamine hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxypyridine + O2 + H+ + NADPH = pyridine-3,4-diol + H2O + NADP+.
4-hydroxypyridine-3-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pryidine-3,4-diol + O2 = 3-(N-formyl)-formiminopyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-formiminopyruvate + H2O = 3-formylpyruvate + HN3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl-pentyl)phenol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = hydroquinone + 3,6-dimethylheptan-3-ol.
4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl-pentyl)phenol monoxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = trimethylamine + hexadecanal + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N,N,N-trimethylamine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = N,N,N-trimethylamine N-oxide + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(N-formyl)-formiminopyruvate + H2O = 3-formiminopyruvate + formate.
3-(N-formyl)-formiminopyruvate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan hydroxyether = endosulfan lactone + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
endosulfan hydroxyether dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan sulfate + H2O = endosulfan diol + sulfite.
Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan ether + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = endosulfan hydroxyether + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-chloro-2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O = 5-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanate.
5-chloro-2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanate = pyruvate + chloroacetaldehyde.
5-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-isopropylaniline + O2 + 2 H+ + NADH = catechol + NAD+ + isopropylamine.
N-isopropylaniline 1,2-dixoxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetanilide + O2 + 2 H+ + NADH = catechol + NAD+ + acetamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide + O2 + 2 H+ + NADH = 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetamide + catechol + NAD+.
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H2O + OH- = 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine + 4 H+ + 4 e- + methylamine.
6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine + H2O = succinic semialdehyde + 2,5-dihydroxypyridine.
6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phthalate + O2 + NADH + H+ = phthalate 3,4-cis-dihydrodiol + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: phthalate 3,4-cis-dihydrodiol + NAD+ = 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate + NADH + H+.
phthalate 3,4-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex = 2,4-dinitrophenol + nitrite. Trinitrophenol is also known as TNP.
2,4,6-trinitrophenol hydride denitratase activity
trinitrophenol hydride denitratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methyl-3-oxooctanoyl-CoA + CoA = acetyl-CoA + 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA.
2-methylhexanoyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA = 2-methylhex-2-enoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + e-.
2-methylhexanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylhex-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O = 3-hydroxy-2-methylhexanoyl-CoA.
2-methylhex-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylhexanoyl-CoA = 2-methyl-3-oxohexanoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
3-hydroxy-2-methylhexanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-3-oxohexanoyl-CoA + CoA = propanoyl-CoA + butyryl-CoA.
butyryl-CoA 2-C-propionyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrene + 2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 = cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene = 4,5-dihydroxypyrene + 2 H+ + 2 e-.
cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,5-dihydroxypyrene + O2 = phenanthrene-4,5-dicarboxylate + 2 H+.
4,5-dihydroxypyrene dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-4,5-dicarboxylate + H+ = phenanthrene-4-carboxylate + CO2.
phenanthrene-4,5-dicarboxylate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-3,4-phenanthrenedihydrodiol-4-carboxylate = 3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene + H+ + 2 e- + CO2.
cis-3,4-phenanthrenedihydrodiol-4-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = pyrene-4,5-oxide + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrene-4,5-oxide + H2O = trans-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = pyrene-1,2-oxide + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxypyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-hydroxypyrene-6,7-oxide + H2O.
1-hydroxypyrene 6,7-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxypyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-hydroxypyrene-7,8-oxide + H2O.
1-hydroxypyrene 7,8-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxypyrene + XSO3- = 1-pyrenylsulfate + HX.
1-hydroxypyrene sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxypyrene + XCH3 = 1-methoxypyrene + HX.
1-hydroxypyrene methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-methoxypyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-methoxypyrene-6,7-oxide + H2O.
1-methoxypyrene 6,7-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxy-6-methoxypyrene + XCH3 = 1,6-dimethoxypyrene + HX.
1-hydroxy-6-methoxypyrene methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-4-carboxylate + 2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 = cis-3,4-phenanthrenedihydrodiol-4-carboxylate.
phenanthrene-4-carboxylate dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichlorotoluene + NADH + H+ + O2 = 4,6-dichloro-3-methyl-cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,6-dichloro-3-methylcatechol + O2 = 3,5-dichloro-3-methyl-cis,cis-muconate + 2 H+.
4,6-dichloro-3-methylcatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: perchlorate + 2 H+ + 2 e- = chlorate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pryrole-2-carboxylate + NADH + O2 + H+ = 5-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylate + NAD+ + H2O.
pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylate = 5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrrole-2-carboxylate.
5-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylate tautomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrrole-2-carboxylate + 2 H2O = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3.
5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrrole-2-carboxylate amidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pryrole-2-carboxylate + H+ = pyrrole + CO2.
pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid + ATP + CoASH = cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoyl-CoA + AMP + PPi.
cis-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoate-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid + ATP + CoASH = trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoyl-CoA + AMP + PPi.
trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoate-CoA ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-heptanoyl-CoA + NAD+ = 2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-3-oxo-heptanoyl-CoA + NADH+ + H+.
3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-heptanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-3-oxo-heptanoyl-CoA + CoASH = 3-isopropylbut-3-enoyl-CoA + propanoyl-CoA.
2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-3-oxo-heptanoyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-isopropylbut-3-enoyl-CoA + H2O = 3-isopropylbut-3-enoic acid + CoASH.
3-isopropylbut-3-enoyl-CoA thioesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: terephthalate + H2O = benzoate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + H2O = 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + 4-methylaminobutyrate.
2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1-dichloroethane + 2 H+ + 2 e- = chloroethane + HCl.
1,1-dichloroethane reductive dehalogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenylboronic acid + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = phenol + B(OH)3.
phenylboronic acid monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: o-hydroxylaminobenzoate = 3-hydroxyanthranilate.
Catalysis of the reaction: malonate semialdehyde + H+ = acetaldehyde + CO2.
malonate semialdehyde decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: perillyl-CoA + H2O = 2-hydroxy-4-isopropenylcyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphenyl ether + O2 = 2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether + O2 + H2O = 2-hydroxymuconate + phenol.
2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: diphenyl ether + NADH + O2 + H+ = phenol + catechol + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-nitrophenol + 2 NADH + 2 H+ = 3-hydroxyaminophenol + 2 NAD+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: aminohydroquinone + 2 e- + 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 = 1,2,4-benzenetriol + NH3.
aminohydroquinone monooxygenase activity
The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of endothelin by conversion of Big-endothelin substrate into mature endothelin.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box C/D type small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript into a mature box C/D snoRNA.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript into a mature box H/ACA snoRNA.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box C/D type small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript that resides within, and is processed from, the intron of a pre-mRNA into a mature box C/D snoRNA.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript that resides within, and is processed from, the intron of a pre-mRNA into a mature box H/ACA snoRNA.
A histone deacetylase complex that is involved in transcriptional regulation. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of Set3p, Snt1p, Hos4p, Sif2p, Cpr1p, Hos2p, and Hst1p.
The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to a lysine residue.
The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 2 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 17 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 26 of the histone.
A protein complex that contains a protein kinase (Sid2 in S. pombe) and its regulatory subunit (Mob1). The Sid2p-Mob1p kinase complex is a component of the septation initiation network in fission yeast (called the mitotic exit network in S. cerevisiae) and is required for cytokinesis. The analogous complex in S. cerevisiae is called Dbf2p-Mob1p complex.
A protein complex involved that contains proteins known in Schizosaccharomyces as Swi5 monomers and Swi2, and is involved in mating type switching.
Note that this term refers to Schizosaccharomyces pombe Swi5 and Swi2, which should not be confused with the unrelated Saccharomyces Swi5p and Swi2p.
A protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).
protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
A protein complex that contains the precursor form of NF-kappaB (p105), the NF-kappaB inhibitor ABIN-2, and the kinase TPL-2 (MAP3K8); the complex stabilizes TPL-2 and is involved in signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages.
A protein complex that contains the homeodomain proteins PDX1, PBX1b and MRG1 (MEIS2) and is involved in the transcriptional regulation of pancreatic acinar cell-specific genes.
Catalysis of the removal of one or more acetyl groups from a protein, requiring NAD.
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity
A protein complex that contains CREB and FHL2, and is involved in transcriptional regulation.
A protein complex that contains CREB and FHL3, and is involved in transcriptional regulation.
The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import.
The removal of an acetyl group from an acetylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
Any large protein complex that contains Ecsit and NDUFAF1, is located in the mitochondrion, and is involved in the assembly of complex I of the oxidative phosphorylation system. In mammalian cells, three complexes of approximately 500, 600, and 850 kDa containing the 45 kDa isoform of Ecsit and NDUFAF1 have been observed.
Assists in the delivery of iron ions to target proteins or compartments.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an immunoglobulin receptor molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on the Fc-gamma receptor I complex. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.
A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion in the nucleus during mitosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the meiotic cohesin complex.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products found in cohesin complexes in organisms that undergo closed mitosis (i. e. where the nuclear envelope does not break down, as in fungi). For organisms in which the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis, the parent should be used.
A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion in the nucleus during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the meiotic cohesin complex.
A region of the nuclear envelope to which a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) attaches; protein complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope mediate direct or indirect linkages between the microtubule cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope.
microtubule organising centre attachment site
microtubule organizing center attachment site
A protein complex that spans the nuclear outer and inner membranes, thereby linking the major cytoplasmic cytoskeleton elements to the nuclear lumen; the complex is conserved in eukaryotes and contains proteins with SUN and KASH domains.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center attachment site. A microtubule organizing center attachment site is a region of the nuclear envelope to which a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) attaches.
microtubule organising centre attachment site organisation
microtubule organizing center attachment site organization
A protein complex that consist of complement components C5b6 and C7 stably inserted in a cell membrane. Formation of the SC5b-7 complex is the first phase of membrane attack complex assembly.
A protein complex that consists of a GTPase activator protein (GAP) for Ras and three Src family protein tyrosine kinases, Fyn, Lyn and Yes. The complex is involved in signaling upon platelet activation.
p21(ras)GAP-Fyn-Lyn-Yes complex, thrombin stimulated
A protein complex that comprises one integrin alphav subunit, one integrin beta5 subunit, and vitronectin.
alphav-beta5 integrin-vitronectin complex
An oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that contains at least seven polypeptides and is the major OST complex in mammalian cells. Of the three forms of mammalian OST complex identified, the OSTI complex has the weakest affinity for ribosomes.
An oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that contains the seven polypeptides found in OST complex I, plus heterotrimeric Sec61alpha-beta-gamma. Of the three forms of mammalian OST complexes identified, the OSTII complex has intermediate affinity for ribosomes.
An oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that contains the seven polypeptides found in OST complex I, plus heterotrimeric Sec61alpha-beta-gamma and the tetrameric TRAP complex. Of the three forms of mammalian OST complexes identified, the OSTIII complex has the strongest affinity for ribosomes.
Growth of epithelial tubes that originate from pits in an open tracheal system and grow towards each other to meet and form a continuous open tube called the dorsal trunk. The dorsal trunk extends from the anterior spiracle to the posterior spiracle of the larva and forms the main airway of the insect tracheal system.
dorsal trunk growth, open tracheal system
The clearance of liquid from the epithelial tubes of an open tracheal system, shortly before the emergence of the larva, to generate an air-filled tubule system.
The most apical region of the lateral plasma membrane of an invertebrate epithelial cell. The subapical complex lies above the zonula adherens and the septate junction, and is comparable to the position of the tight junction of vertebrate cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to phosphatidylinositol or one of its phosphorylated derivatives at the 3' position of the inositol ring.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 3-phosphotransferase activity
phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity
C2-domain-containing phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity
type II phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity
The blackening of the wounded area of the cuticle or the surface of invading pathogens, parasites or parasitoids, resulting from a proteolytic cascade leading to the de novo synthesis and deposition of melanin.
Any process that affects the rate, extent or location of the melanization defense response during injury or invasion.
regulation of melanization defence response
regulation of melanization defense response
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the melanization defense response during injury or invasion.
positive regulation of melanization defence response
up regulation of melanization defense response
up-regulation of melanization defense response
upregulation of melanization defense response
activation of melanization defense response
stimulation of melanization defense response
positive regulation of melanization defense response
Any process that reduces the rate or extent of the melanization defense response. This regulation is critical to limit melanization to the site of injury or infection.
down regulation of melanization defense response
down-regulation of melanization defense response
downregulation of melanization defense response
negative regulation of melanization defence response
inhibition of melanization defense response
negative regulation of melanization defense response
Events resulting in the formation of a multilayered cellular sheath surrounding an invader and thus preventing its development. This defense mechanism is often seen in insects in response to nematodes or parasitoids, which are too large to be phagocytosed by individual hemocytes. In some organisms the capsule is blackened due to melanization.
Formation of a multilayered, melanized sheath of cells around a foreign invader.
melanotic encapsulation of foreign target
The terminal region of a polytene chromosome.
Combining with the peptide myosuppressin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Modulates the activity of any of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Regulatory subunits can link a PI3K catalytic subunit to upstream signaling events and help position the catalytic subunits close to their lipid substrates.
phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulator activity
See also the molecular function term 'phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity ; GO:0035004'.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator activity
The increase in length of the aristal core. The arista is the terminal segment of the antenna and consists of a central core and a series of lateral extensions.
The increase in length of the aristal laterals. The arista is the terminal segment of the antenna and consists of a central core and a series of lateral extensions.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation in the cuticle.
The process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in the chitin-based adult cuticle. An example of this process is adult chitin-based cuticle pattern formation in Drosophila melanogaster.
adult chitin-based cuticle pattern formation
The process in which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.
regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.
down regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
down-regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
downregulation of Rac protein signal transduction
inhibition of Rac protein signal transduction
negative regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.
up regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
up-regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
upregulation of Rac protein signal transduction
activation of Rac protein signal transduction
stimulation of Rac protein signal transduction
positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.
regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.
down regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
down-regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
downregulation of Rho protein signal transduction
inhibition of Rho protein signal transduction
negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.
up regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
up-regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
upregulation of Rho protein signal transduction
activation of Rho protein signal transduction
stimulation of Rho protein signal transduction
positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.
The commitment of cells to leading edge cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into leading edge cells. Leading edge cells are found at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The commitment of cells to leading edge cell fate during dorsal closure. Leading edge cells are the dorsal-most cells of the migrating epidermis.
dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate commitment
A complex containing a heterodimer of a catalytic Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit bound to a regulatory (adaptor) subunit. Class III PI3Ks have a substrate specificity restricted to phosphatidylinositol (PI).
phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class III
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III
Modulates the activity of histone deacetylase.
See also the molecular function term 'histone deacetylase activity ; GO:0004407'.
Modulates the activity of histone acetyltransferase.
See also the molecular function term 'histone acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0004402'.
histone acetyltransferase regulator activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone acetyltransferase.
The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.
An endocytosis process that results in penetration of the egg shell through the micropyle (a specialized anterior opening in the vitelline envelope) and entry of the entire sperm, including the surrounding plasma membrane and the sperm tail, into the egg cytoplasm. This step in fertilization is seen in Drosophila, where a plasma membrane fusion event between the sperm and the egg does not occur.
Assembly of the haploid nucleus of the unfertilized egg.
The conversion at fertilization of the inactive sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus with its chromosomes processed for the first zygotic division.
Removal of the sperm nuclear envelope, allowing entry of maternal factors into the sperm nucleus.
Unwinding of the condensed nuclear chromatin of an inactive sperm nucleus.
Replacement of sperm-specific chromosomal proteins with somatic histones, to allow the paternal genome to acquire a nucleosomal chromatin organization compatible with nuclear activity.
fertilization, exchange of chromosomal proteins
Assembly of a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores and a lamina around the male pronucleus, the final step in sperm pronuclear formation.
Formation and organization of an aster composed of microtubule arrays originating from the sperm basal body and extending virtually to the egg periphery. The sperm aster ensures the appropriate positioning of the male and female pronuclei.
The gradual disintegration of the sperm plasma membrane following insemination. This process is seen in Drosophila after entry of the entire sperm, surrounded by its plasma membrane, into the egg.
The directed movement of the male and female pronuclei towards each other prior to their fusion.
The rotation of centrosomes and associated pronuclei in one-cell embryos such as those of Caenorhabditis elegans, occurring as a transition between pronuclear migration and pronuclear fusion.
The directed movement of a pre-mRNA splicing factor from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
splicing factor protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
splicing factor protein import into nucleus
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to juvenile hormone acid.
juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The commitment of dorsal vessel cardioblast cells to an aortic cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into aortic cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
dorsal vessel aortic cell fate commitment
The commitment of dorsal vessel cardioblast cells to a heart proper cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into heart cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
dorsal vessel heart proper cell fate commitment
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of cell differentiation that results in the anterior/posterior subdivision of the embryonic heart tube. In Drosophila this results in subdivision of the dorsal vessel into to the posterior heart proper and the anterior aorta.
embryonic heart tube anterior/posterior pattern specification
The assembly of a primary cilium which contains a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. Nonmotile primary cilia are found on many different cell types and function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules.
A protein complex that facilitates the assembly of nucleosomes on to newly synthesized DNA. In Drosophila, the complex comprises ASF1 and histones H3 and H4.
replication-coupling assembly factor complex
A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains the ATPase product of the Drosophila brahma gene, or an ortholog thereof.
A class of nuclear body measuring 20-25 nm in diameter and distributed throughout the interchromatin space, linked together by thin fibrils. They are believed to be storage centers for various snRNAs, snRNPs, serine/arginine-rich proteins and RNA polymerase II. A typical mammalian cell contains 25-50 clusters of interchromatin granules. Interchromatin granule clusters do not contain the heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins (hnRNPs).
A nucleoplasmic speckle distributed in the interchromatin space of cells in close proximity to chromatin. Omega speckles are distinct from interchromatin granules and contain heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins (hnRNPs).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of nuclear specks, a class of nuclear body in which splicing factors are localized.
nuclear speck organization and biogenesis
See also the cellular component term 'nuclear speck ; GO:0016607'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a methylated residue on a histone protein. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
positive regulation of histone acetylation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
negative regulation of histone acetylation
A complex containing both protein and micro-RNA (miRNA) molecules. miRNAs are approximately 22 nucleotide noncoding RNAs derived from endogenous genes; they are processed from the stem of a longer hairpin like structure termed a pre-miRNA.
The stage-specific break down of the larval midgut during Drosophila metamorphosis, to allow replacement of larval structures by tissues and structures that form the adult fly.
The stage-specific break down of the larval salivary glands during Drosophila metamorphosis, to allow replacement of larval structures by tissues and structures that form the adult fly.
The stage-specific programmed cell death of salivary gland cells during salivary gland histolysis.
autophagic cell death of salivary gland cells
programmed cell death of salivary gland cells by autophagy
salivary gland cell programmed cell death by autophagy
salivary gland cell autophagic cell death
Any process induced by ecdysone that directly activates salivary gland programmed cell death during salivary gland histolysis.
ecdysone-mediated induction of autophagic cell death of salivary gland cells
ecdysone-mediated induction of programmed cell death of salivary gland cells by autophagy
ecdysone-mediated induction of salivary gland cell programmed cell death by autophagy
ecdysone-mediated induction of salivary gland cell autophagic cell death
The onset of prepupal development when the larval stops crawling, everts its spiracles and the larval cuticle becomes the puparium or pupal case that surrounds the organism for the duration of metamorphosis.
The act of becoming a pupa, a resting stage in the life cycle of organisms with complete metamorphosis. This event marks the end of the prepupal period and the beginning of the pupal period.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ecdysone stimulus.
The series of molecular signals generated by ecdysone binding to the ecdysone receptor complex.
ecdysone receptor-mediated signalling pathway
ecdysone receptor-mediated signaling pathway
The decondensing (loosening) and swelling of the chromosomal sites of hormone-responsive genes on polytene chromosomes in response to increased production of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) in Drosophila larvae approaching pupation.
ecdysone-mediated polytene chromosome puffing
Any process induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) that directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.
induction of programmed cell death by ecdysone
The decondensing (loosening) and swelling of the chromosomal sites of target genes on polytene chromosomes following response to a stimulus, to facilitate sudden bursts of transcriptional activity in response to transient environmental signals.
The decondensing (loosening) and swelling of the chromosomal sites of heat shock genes on polytene chromosomes in response to a heat shock stimulus.
heat shock-mediated polytene chromosome puffing
Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.
induction of programmed cell death by hormones
The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
The assembly of a the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
The assembly of the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of flagellar in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of flagellar in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
The transfer of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) from the Dicer family of enzymes that cleave the double-stranded RNA, onto the nuclease-containing RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC), in the context of RNA interference.
RNA interference, siRNA loading onto RISC
siRNA loading onto RISC involved in RNA interference
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.
establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity
The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.
establishment of apical/basal cell polarity
Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.
maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.
The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication.
The replacement of somatic histones within sperm chromatin with sperm-specific histones or protamines with unique DNA-binding properties, resulting in condensation of the sperm chromatin.
spermatogenesis, exchange of chromosomal proteins
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus.
The stage-specific programmed cell death of cells of the larval midgut, during histolysis of the larval organ.
programmed cell death of larval midgut cells
larval midgut cell programmed cell death
A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.
A multimeric protein complex that can methylate lysine-27 and lysine-9 residues of histone H3. In Drosophila the core subunits of the complex include ESC, E(Z), CAF1 (NURF-55) and SU(Z)12. In mammals the core subunits of the complex include EED, EZH2, SUZ12 and RBBP4.
Extra Sex Combs/Enhancer of Zeste complex
The directed movement of a hemocyte within the embryo. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. In Drosophila, embryonic hemocytes originate from the head mesoderm as a cluster of cells. The cluster splits into two and one group of cells crosses the amnioserosa. Both populations then spread toward the middle of the embryo and then disperse evenly throughout the embryo.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone). Ecdysone is an ecdysteroid produced by the prothoracic glands of immature insects and the ovaries of adult females, which stimulates growth and molting.
An abundant nuclear complex, which was originally identified in mammalian systems as a factor required for transcription elongation on chromatin templates. The FACT complex has been shown to destablilize the interaction between the H2A/H2B dimer and the H3/H4 tetramer of the nucleosome, thus reorganizing the structure of the nucleosome. In this way, the FACT complex may play a role in DNA replication and other processes that traverse the chromatin, as well as in transcription elongation. FACT is composed of two proteins that are evolutionarily conserved in all eukaryotes and homologous to mammalian Spt16 and SSRP1. In metazoans, the SSRP1 homolog contains an HMG domain; however in fungi and protists, it does not. For example, in S. cerevisiae the Pob3 protein is homologous to SSRP1, but lacks the HMG chromatin binding domain. Instead, the yFACT complex of Spt16p and Pob3p, binds to nucleosomes where multiple copies of the HMG-domain containing protein Nhp6p have already bound, but Nhp6p does not form a stable complex with the Spt16p/Pob3p heterodimer.
Facilitates chromatin transcription complex
An insect multiprotein complex containing the products of many of the Polycomb Group genes including Polycomb, Posterior sex combs, polyhomeotic and Sex comb on midleg. The Polycomb Group proteins are required for stable long-term maintenance of transcriptionally repressed states and the PRC1 complex directly antagonizes ATP-dependent remodeling of nucleosomal arrays.
The proteolytic release of a transcriptionally active sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) from intracellular membranes, freeing it to move to the nucleus to upregulate transcription of target genes, in response to altered levels of one or more lipids.
sterol depletion response, SREBP cleavage
sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage involved in ER-nuclear sterol response pathway
sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage
The transfer of a sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane, in response to altered levels of one or more lipids. SREBPs are transcription factors that bind sterol regulatory elements (SREs), DNA motifs found in the promoters of target genes.
SREBP import into nucleus involved in sterol depletion response
sterol depletion response, SREBP import into nucleus
sterol depletion response, sterol regulatory element binding protein import into nucleus
sterol depletion response, SREBP nuclear translocation
sterol depletion response, sterol regulatory element binding protein nuclear translocation
sterol regulatory element binding protein import into nucleus involved in sterol depletion response
sterol regulatory element binding protein nuclear translocation
sterol regulatory element binding protein nuclear translocation involved in sterol depletion response
sterol regulatory element binding protein import into nucleus
Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior.
The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.
OBSOLETE. The process in which the anatomical structures of limbs that are derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
This term was made obsolete because the term 'limb' is not widely used in the insect community. In GO, 'limb' is used to describe the vertebrate hindlimbs and forelimbs.
imaginal disc-derived limb morphogenesis
OBSOLETE. The process in which the anatomical structures of a leg are generated and organized. A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands.
This term was made obsolete because leg is a mechano-functional grouping, and having both 'leg morphogenesis' and 'hindlimb morphogenesis' terms causes errors in querying.
OBSOLETE. The process in which the anatomical structures of a leg joint are generated and organized. The leg joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a leg to allow movement in a controlled manner. One example is the knee, which separates the leg tibia and femur.
The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism.
imaginal disc-derived appendage morphogenesis
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of an appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
OBSOLETE. The process in which the anatomical structures of the tail are generated and organized. The tail is the hindmost part of some animals.
This term was made obsolete because 'tail' has different meanings in different organisms, and is therefore not a useful grouping term.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of a fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the embryonic anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an organism.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion.
post-embryonic pectoral fin morphogenesis
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.
post-embryonic unpaired fin morphogenesis
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of a fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins.
The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. Pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. A medial fin is an unpaired fin of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. A caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish, and is the main fin used for propulsion.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.
A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
The joining of specific branches of a tubular system to form a continuous network.
Fusing of specific tracheal branches in an open tracheal system to branches from neighboring hemisegments to form a continuous tracheal network. Branch fusion is mediated by individual cells at the tip of each branch, which contact a similar cell and undergo a coordinated series of morphogenetic events that create a bicellular fusion joint.
Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.
lumen formation in an anatomical structure
Creation of the central hole of a tube in an open tracheal system through which gases flow.
Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes.
Ensuring that an epithelial tube in an open tracheal system is of the correct length and diameter. Tracheal tubes undergo highly regulated tube-size increases during development, expanding up to 40 times their initial size by the end of larval life. Tube size appears to be controlled by regulation of apical membrane expansion and secretion, rather than by changes in cell number, size or shape.
regulation of tube size, open tracheal system
Ensuring that tracheal cells form and maintain tubular structures with the correct size and shape for their position in the network. This is essential for efficient flow of gases through the tracheal network.
regulation of tracheal tube architecture
regulation of tube architecture, open tracheal system
Allocation of epithelial cells within each migrating branch in an open tracheal system to distinct tracheal cell fates. During the migration phase each branch forms a well-defined number of cell types (including fusion cells, terminal cells and branch cells) at precise positions.
tracheal epithelial cell type specification
epithelial cell type specification, open tracheal system
The process in which a cell in an open tracheal system becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a terminal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. Terminal cells send long and bifurcated hollow branches toward target tissues to allow oxygen exchange.
terminal cell fate specification, open tracheal system
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a terminal cell fate in an open tracheal system. Once the terminal and fusion fates have been correctly induced, inhibitory feedback loops prevent the remaining branch cells from assuming similar fates.
down regulation of terminal cell fate specification
down-regulation of terminal cell fate specification
downregulation of terminal cell fate specification
negative regulation of terminal cell fate specification
inhibition of terminal cell fate specification
negative regulation of terminal cell fate specification, open tracheal system
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a fusion cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. Fusion cells allow the interconnection of adjacent tracheal metameres during tracheal tube fusion.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a fusion cell fate. Once the terminal and fusion fates have been correctly induced, inhibitory feedback loops prevent the remaining branch cells from assuming similar fates.
down regulation of fusion cell fate specification
down-regulation of fusion cell fate specification
downregulation of fusion cell fate specification
inhibition of fusion cell fate specification
negative regulation of fusion cell fate specification
Ensuring that a tube in an open tracheal system is of the correct diameter. When primary branches form their lumens are small (less than 2 micrometers) in caliber and must undergo regulated expansion during larval life to reach their mature size.
regulation of tube diameter, open tracheal system
Ensuring that a tube in an open tracheal system is of the correct length.
regulation of tube length, open tracheal system
Ensuring that tracheal tubes in an open tracheal system maintain their epithelial structure during the cell shape changes and movements that occur during the branching process.
maintenance of tracheal epithelial integrity
maintenance of epithelial integrity, open tracheal system
Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between compartments in an imaginal disc that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment.
The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the embryonic head mesoderm acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
embryonic arthropod blood cell differentiation
The process in which an embryonic mesoderm-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte.
embryonic plasmatocyte cell differentiation
The process in which an embryonic mesoderm-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a crystal cell. Crystal cells are a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.
The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development.
The production of blood cells from the larval lymph gland. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the larval lymph gland acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
larval lymph gland arthropod blood cell differentiation
larval lymph gland hemocyte differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized larval lymph gland-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte.
lymph gland plasmatocyte cell differentiation
lymph gland plasmatocyte differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized larval lymph gland-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a crystal cell. Crystal cells are a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.
lymph gland crystal cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a lamellocyte. Lamellocytes are a hemocyte lineage that exists only in larvae, but are seldom observed in healthy animals. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
The multiplication or reproduction of hemocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a serine residue of a histone. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-10 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.
histone kinase activity (H3-S3 specific)
histone serine kinase activity (H3-S10 specific)
histone-serine kinase activity (H3-S10 specific)
histone kinase activity (H3-S10 specific)
Behavior that occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.
The movement of a larva through a feeding substrate whilst feeding on food.
Fine-tuning the spatial position of an organism in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of an organism in the direction of a food source.
Fine-tuning the spatial position of a larva in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of a larva in the direction of a food source.
The movement of a third instar larva through a substrate in search of a pupation site. This movement occurs without feeding and is characterized by short bursts of forward movement, separated by stops and repeated side-to-side head probes, followed normally by a change in direction.
Digging into the substrate by non-feeding larvae in search for food-free sites suitable for pupation.
An electron opaque backbone of the insect ovarian ring canal that is a part of or adjacent to the plasma membrane. The outer rim is established as the cleavage furrow is arrested, and contains F-actin, anillin, glycoproteins and at least one a protein with a high content of phosphorylated tyrosine residues.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'outer nurse cell ring canal rim ; FBbt:00004882'.
A proteinaceous actin-rich layer of the insect ovarian ring canal that forms subcortically to the outer rim. The electron dense inner rim accumulates after the final mitotic division of each germline syncytia, and contains actin, a phosphotyrosine protein, and a number of cytoskeletal proteins.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'inner nurse cell ring canal rim ; FBbt:00004881'.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a threonine residue of a histone. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes.
The first nine mitotic division cycles of the insect embryo, during which the dividing nuclei lie deep in the interior of the egg and divide nearly synchronously. This is the first phase of the syncytial period where nuclei divide in a common cytoplasm without cytokinesis.
Mitotic division cycles 10 to 13 of the insect embryo. This is the second phase of the syncytial period where nuclei divide in a common cytoplasm without cytokinesis. The majority of migrating nuclei reach the embryo surface during cycle 10, after which they divide less synchronously than before, and the syncytial blastoderm cycles lengthen progressively.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism during the emergence from an egg shell. In Drosophila for example, the larva swings its head reiteratively through a semicircular arc, using its mouth hooks to tear apart the chorion in front of it and thus free itself from within the egg shell.
The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure.
A multiprotein complex containing a heterodimeric E2F transcription factor and a Retinoblastoma (Rb) family member. This complex is capable of repressing transcription of E2F-regulated genes in order to regulate cell cycle progression.
The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex.
The stepwise asymmetric spreading out of nuclei internally along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing insect embryo during mitotic cycles 4 to 6. This movement leads to the distribution of nuclei in a hollow ellipsoid underlying the cortex.
nuclear distribution along anterior-posterior axis
nucleus distribution along anterior-posterior axis
The symmetric outward movement of the syncytial nuclei from their positions in the ellipsoid toward the periphery of the embryo, during mitotic cycles 8 and 9. This movement results in the placement of nuclei in a uniform monolayer at the cortex of the developing embryo.
Reorganization of the pre-existing, functional larval central nervous system into one that can serve the novel behavioral needs of the adult. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
larval central nervous system remodeling
Any process of posttranscriptional gene inactivation (silencing) mediated by small RNA molecules that may trigger mRNA degradation or negatively regulate translation.
RNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene silencing
posttranscriptional gene silencing by RNA
Downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
gene silencing by miRNA, production of miRNAs
miRNA-mediated gene silencing, production of miRNAs
microRNA-mediated gene silencing, production of microRNAs
production of microRNAs involved in gene silencing by microRNA
production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small interfering RNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by an RNAse enzyme.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes.
The specific avoidance actions or reactions of an organism in response to the perception of salt.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the leg imaginal disc.
leg disc anterior/posterior pattern formation
Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between anterior and posterior compartments of the leg disc that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment.
leg disc anterior/posterior lineage restriction
Formation of the tracheal pits, the first tube-like structures to form in the open tracheal system. Once cells are determined to their tracheal cell fate, the tracheal pits arise by invagination of each ectodermal cluster of tracheal placode cells, between 5 and 7 hours after egg laying. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
tracheal pit formation in open tracheal system
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
down regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
down-regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
downregulation of lamellocyte differentiation
inhibition of lamellocyte differentiation
negative regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.
up regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
up-regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
upregulation of lamellocyte differentiation
activation of lamellocyte differentiation
stimulation of lamellocyte differentiation
positive regulation of lamellocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
down regulation of hemocyte proliferation
down-regulation of hemocyte proliferation
downregulation of hemocyte proliferation
negative regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation
negative regulation of hemocyte proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) that are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
positive regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation
positive regulation of hemocyte proliferation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pupa is a dormant life stage interposed between the larval and the adult stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prepupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prepupal stage is a life stage interposed between the larval and the pupal stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. The start of the pre-pupal stage is marked by pupariation, and the end is marked by pupation.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'prepupa ; FBbt:00002952'.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a spermathecum, a sperm storage organ, are generated and organized. Paired spermathecae lie at the anterior end of the insect uterus on the dorsal side. Each spermatheca consists of an oval shaped capsule, connected to the uterus by a spermathecal stalk.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'spermathecum ; FBbt:00004921'.
Competitive interactions within multicellular organisms between cell populations that differ in growth rates, leading to the elimination of the slowest-growing cells.
cell competition in a multicellular organism
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the clypeo-labral disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. The clypeo-labral disc develops into the labrum, anterior cibarial plate, fish trap bristles, epistomal sclerite.
development of structures derived from the clypeo-labral disc
Progression of the eye-antennal imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps.
Progression of the genital imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult terminalia, comprising the entire set of internal and external genitalia and analia. Both sexes of Drosophila have a single genital disc formed from the female and male genital primordia, and the anal primordium. The anal primordium develops in both sexes, forming either male or female analia. However, only one of the genital primordia develops in each sex, forming either the male or the female genitalia.
Progression of the haltere imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult capitellum, pedicel, haltere sclerite, metathoracic spiracle and metanotum.
Progression of the labial imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including parts of the proboscis.
Progression of the leg imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the leg, coxa and ventral thoracic pleura.
Progression of the prothoracic disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult humerous and anterior spiracle.
Progression of the wing disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.
The process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in the genital imaginal disc.
The process giving rise to the pattern of cell differentiation in the wing imaginal disc.
The process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation in the leg imaginal disc.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the genital disc. An anterior and posterior compartment form in each of the three genital disc primoridia (the female genital disc primordium, the male genital disc primordium and the anal primordium).
genital disc anterior/posterior pattern formation
Allocation of embryonic cells to the genital imaginal disc founder populations. Early in development at the blastoderm stage, the anlage of the genital disc of both sexes consists of three primordia: the female genital primoridum lcoated anteriorly, the anal primoridum located posteriorly, and the male gential primordium between the two.
determination of genital disc primordium
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase.
glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit binding
Any process that modulates the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase.
regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase.
down regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
down-regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
downregulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
inhibition of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
negative regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase, typically by lowering its sensitivity to inhibition by glutathione and by increasing its affinity for glutamate.
up regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
up-regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
upregulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
activation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
stimulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
positive regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
A long, thin, polarized cell projection that contains actin and can extend for distances many times the diameter of the cell. Cytonemes represent extensions of cell cytoplasm and typically have a diameter of approximately 0.2um.
Formation of a cytoneme, a long, thin and polarized actin-based cytoplasmic extension that projects from a cell.
The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the attraction of cells towards their target.
The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the repulsion of cells away from a tissue.
Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.
A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
ionotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway
Combining with the neuropeptide proctolin, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neuropeptide corazonin to initiate a change in cell activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid. Animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, but form it through oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.
Catalysis of the addition of a methyl group to either of the unmethylated terminal nitrogen atoms (also called omega nitrogen) in peptidyl-arginine to form an omega-N-G-monomethylated arginine residue.
protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the same terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that was previously methylated, resulting in asymmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylated arginine residues.
type I protein arginine methyltransferase activity
Note that type I protein arginine N-methyltransferase enzymes possess 'protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity ; GO:0035241' and 'protein-arginine omega-N asymmetric methyltransferase activity ; GO:0035242'.
protein-arginine omega-N asymmetric methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that is not already methylated, resulting in symmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyled arginine residues.
type II protein arginine methyltransferase activity
Note that type II protein arginine N-methyltransferase enzymes possess 'protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity ; GO:0035241' and 'protein-arginine omega-N symmetric methyltransferase activity ; GO:0035243'.
protein-arginine omega-N symmetric methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an arginine residue in a protein.
peptidyl-arginine C-methyltransferase activity
The addition of a methyl group onto a carbon atom of an arginine residue in a protein.
The addition of a methyl group onto a nitrogen atom of an arginine residue in a protein.
The addition of a methyl group onto a terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) atom of an arginine residue in a protein.
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming an alpha-1,4 linkage.
alpha-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group from UDP-xylose to an acceptor molecule.
A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glutamate receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor (a metabotropic glutamate receptor).
G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid hormone receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glucocorticoid receptor.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.
The sex-specific patterns of primoridia growth and differentiation in the genital imaginal disc. The anal primordium of the genital disc develops in both sexes, but depending on the genetic sex gives rise to either male or female analia. Depending on the genetic sex, only one of the two genital primordia develop. In females the female genital primordium develops and gives rise to the female genitalia whereas the male primordium is repressed. Conversely, in males the male genital primordium develops and gives rise to the male genitalia whereas the female genital primordium is repressed.
genital disc sexually dimorphic development
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.
The increase in size or mass of a meristem, a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation.
A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60).
The addition of a mannose residue to a protein acceptor molecule.
The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.
protein amino acid O-linked mannosylation
Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.
Progression of the ring gland over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The ring gland is a neuroendocrine organ found in higher Dipterans, which is composed of the prothoracic gland, the corpus allatum, and the corpora cardiacum. The ring gland is the site of production and release of ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology terms 'ring gland ; FBbt:00001722, 'prothoracic gland ; FBbt:00001724', 'corpus allatum ; FBbt:00005800' and 'corpus cardiacum ; FBbt:00005799.
Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phthalate, any ester or salt of phthalic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with diphenyl phthalate, C(20)H(14)O(4).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dibutyl phthalate, C(16)H(22)O(4).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ethanol, CH(3)-CH(2)-OH.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a spiracle are generated and organized. Spiracles are the openings in the insect open tracheal system; externally they connect to the epidermis and internally they connect to the tracheal trunk.
spiracle morphogenesis, open tracheal system
The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically repress translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs.
down regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by miRNA
down-regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by miRNA
downregulation of translation involved in gene silencing by miRNA
gene silencing by miRNA, negative regulation of translation
negative regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by microRNA
inhibition of translation involved in gene silencing by miRNA
miRNA-mediated gene silencing, negative regulation of translation
negative regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by miRNA
The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.
mRNA cleavage involved in gene silencing by microRNA
miRNA-mediated gene silencing, mRNA cleavage
mRNA cleavage involved in gene silencing by miRNA
The transfer of a microRNA (miRNA) strand from a miRNA:miRNA duplex onto the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC).
gene silencing by miRNA, miRNA loading onto RISC
miRNA-mediated gene silencing, miRNA loading onto RISC
microRNA loading onto RISC involved in gene silencing by microRNA
miRNA loading onto RISC involved in gene silencing by miRNA
Transport of pre-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Pre-miRNAs are a ~60-70 nucleotide stem loop intermediate in miRNA production, produced by the nuclear cleavage of a primary miRNA (pri-mRNA) transcript. Pre-miRNAs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where further cleavage occurs to produce a mature miRNA product.
pre-microRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.
Division of the central nervous system into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments.
Division of the brain into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments.
Division of an appendage, an organ or part that is attached to the main body of an organism, into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. Most arthropod appendages, such as the legs and antennae, are visibly segmented.
OBSOLETE. Division of a leg into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. Most arthropod appendages are visibly segmented; the Drosophila leg for example has nine segments, each separated from the next by a flexible joint.
Partitioning the insect head anlage into a fixed number of segmental units. The number of segments composing the insect head has long been a subject of debate, but it is generally agreed that there are 6 or 7 segments. From anterior to posterior the head segments are the procephalic segments (labral, (ocular), antennal and intercalary) and the gnathal segments (mandibular, maxillary and labial).
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'head segment ; FBbt:00000006' and its children.
Partitioning the insect head anlage into procephalic (labral, (ocular), antennal and intercalary) segments. The procephalic segments lie anterior to the gnathal (posterior head) segments, and are pattered by different segmentation gene cascades to the abdominal, thoracic and posterior head (gnathal) segments.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'procephalic segment ; FBbt:00000007' and its children.
Partitioning the posterior region of the insect head anlage into gnathal (mandibular, maxillary and labial) segments. Unlike the anterior head (procephalic) segments, formation of the posterior head (gnathal) segments occurs by a similar mechanism to trunk segmentation, where a cascade of gap genes, pair-rule genes and segment-polarity genes subdivide the embryo into progressively smaller domains.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'gnathal segment ; FBbt:00000011' and its children.
Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8.
The specification of the characteristic structures of the intercalary segment of the anterior head, following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'intercalary segment ; FBbt:00000010'.
specification of segmental identity, intercalary segment
The specification of the characteristic structures of trunk segments, following establishment of segment boundaries. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, trunk
The process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation in the chitin-based larval cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
chitin-based larval cuticle pattern formation
Allocation of embryonic cells to the wing disc founder populations, groups of cells that are committed to contribute to the formation of a wing imaginal disc.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.
Ensuring that a tube is the correct width.
Ensuring that the Malpighian tubule is the correct width. Malpighian tubules have a uniform circumference along their length; the circumference of the tubes is eight cells during the time the cells are dividing, after which the cells rearrange producting tubes with a cirumference of two cells.
regulation of Malpighian tubule diameter
Ensuring that a Malpighian tubule is the correct length and diameter.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-phosphotransferase activity
inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, and ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate.
ATP:1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5-phosphotransferase activity
inositol trisphosphate 5/6-kinase activity
inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5-kinase activity
inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 6-kinase activity
inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase activity
A multiprotein complex that binds microtubules in a Hedgehog-dependent manner, and is required for signal transduction by members of the Hedgehog family of proteins. The core components of the complex are the serine/threonine protein kinase Fused, the kinesin motor protein Costal2 (Cos2), and a zinc finger transcription factor (Gli family members in humans, and Cubitus interruptus (Ci) in Drosophila).
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 25. Ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development, particularly metamorphosis, in insects and other arthropods.
Note that in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway, this activity catalyzes the conversion of 2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone (3-beta,5-beta-ketodiol) to 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (3-beta,5-beta-ketotriol).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
regulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
negative regulation of dephosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
positive regulation of dephosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
positive regulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
up regulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
up-regulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
upregulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
activation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
stimulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation
Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
down regulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
down-regulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
downregulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
negative regulation of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
inhibition of protein amino acid dephosphorylation
negative regulation of protein dephosphorylation
The regionalization process that subdivides the wing imaginal disc into the wing and notum (body wall) subfields, thus determining whether cells ultimately differentiate wing or notum-specific structures.
The process in which a cell in the larval wing imaginal disc becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a notum cell, if left in its normal environment.
The process in which a cell in the larval wing imaginal disc becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a wing cell, if left in its normal environment.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of a DNA molecule.
The migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous epidermis.
wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells
Formation of hardened covering (a scab) at a wound site. The scab has multiple functions including limiting blood loss, providing structural stability to the wound and guarding against infection.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of non-sensory hairs. These hairs are polarized cellular extensions that cover much of the insect epidermis.
non-sensory hair organization and biogenesis
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'trichome ; FBbt:00004979'.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an imaginal disc-derived wing hair. A wing hair is an actin-rich, polarized, non-sensory apical projection that protrudes from each of the approximately 30,000 wing epithelial cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
wing trichome organization and biogenesis
imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization and biogenesis
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'wing hair ; FBbt:00004340'.
imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization
Extrusion of a cellular projection from the apical membrane of an epithelial cell in an imaginal disc-derived wing. Outgrowth initiates approximately 35 hours after puparium formation from the distal side of the cell, and at this stage the cellular extension is termed a prehair.
imaginal disc-derived wing hair outgrowth
Growth of a prehair in the approximately 10 hour period following its emergence from an epidermal cell in an imaginal disc-derived wing. Prehair elongation is guided and/or driven by the polymerization of actin filaments and the orderly crosslinking of filaments into bundles.
imaginal disc-derived wing hair elongation
Determination of the site in the cell of an imaginal disc-derived wing at which a prehair initiates outgrowth. Restriction of prehair initiation to the distalmost part of a cell is essential to ensure that each wing epithelial cell produces one adult hair that points distally.
imaginal disc-derived wing hair site selection
Ensuring that hairs in the imaginal disc-derived wing continue to point distally during development, following the initial establishment of wing hair polarity.
maintenance of imaginal disc-derived wing hair orientation
The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of a limb bud.
mesenchymal cell migration involved in limb bud formation
An intercellular bridge that connects the germline cells of a male cyst.
An intercellular bridge that connects the germline cells of a female cyst.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Toll-like protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an enhancer, a transcription regulatory region that is somewhat distal from the core promoter and which enhances transcription from that promoter.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms regions of the chromosome that are being actively transcribed.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms regions of the chromosome that are not being actively transcribed.
The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.
negative regulation of hippo signaling pathway
negative regulation of hippo signalling cascade
negative regulation of hippo signaling cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.
positive regulation of hippo signaling pathway
positive regulation of hippo signalling cascade
positive regulation of hippo signaling cascade
The proteolytic cleavages to the Notch protein that occur as a result of ligand binding. Ligand binding at the cell surface exposes an otherwise inaccessible cleavage site in the extracellular portion of Notch, which when cleaved releases a membrane-tethered form of the Notch intracellular domain. Subsequent cleavage within the transmembrane domain then leads to the release of the soluble Notch intracellular domain (NICD).
Notch receptor processing, ligand-dependent
The proteolytic cleavages to the Notch protein that occur prior to ligand binding. A primary cleavage event within the extracellular domain whilst the Notch protein in still in the secretory pathway, leads to the transportation of a processed heterodimer to the cell surface.
Notch receptor processing, ligand-independent
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.
long-chain fatty acyl CoA metabolic process
long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.
long-chain fatty acyl CoA biosynthetic process
long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process
A multiprotein complex at least composed of serine palmitoyltransferases and ORM proteins (known as ORMDL proteins in mammals and other higher vertebrates) that plays a key role in sphingolipid homeostasis.
serine palmitoyltransferase, Orm1/2, Tsc3 and Sac1 complex
The directed movement of the purine ribonucleoside inosine, also known as hypoxanthine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of inosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of inosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport
positive regulation of inosine transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of inosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport
negative regulation of inosine transport
The directed movement of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxypurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of hypoxanthine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of hypoxanthine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of 6-hydroxypurine transport
positive regulation of hypoxanthine transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of hypoxanthine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of 6-hydroxypurine transport
negative regulation of hypoxanthine transport
The process in which acetyl-CoA is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.
The process in which coenzyme A is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
The process in which flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.
The process in which heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The process in which nicotinamide mononucleotide is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nicotinamide mononucleotide is a ribonucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-n-glycosidic linkage with the c-1 position of d-ribose. It is a constituent of NAD and NADP.
nicotinamide mononucleotide transmembrane transport
A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2).
toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 heterodimeric complex
Toll-like receptor 1-Toll-like receptor 2 protein complex
A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6).
toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 heterodimeric complex
Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 protein complex
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes.
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signalling pathway
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signalling pathway
regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway
regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of PPAR signaling pathway
negative regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of PPAR signaling pathway
positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul8 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core. In S. cerevisiae, Mms1p acts as the adaptor protein and substrate specificity is conferred by any of a number of different proteins.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex, in which the complex is formed through interaction of the protein(s) with a interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the DNA.
protein-DNA interferon-stimulated response element complex assembly
A nuclear body associated with the histone gene locus that is thought to contain all of the factors necessary for histone mRNA transcription and pre-mRNA processing. In Drosophila, U7 snRNP is located in the histone locus body rather than the distinct Cajal body.
The directed movement of thymine, 5-methyluracil, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of thymine, 5-methyluracil, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of thymine, 5-methyluracil, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of 5-methyluracil transport
negative regulation of thymine transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of thymine, 5-methyluracil, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of 5-methyluracil transport
positive regulation of thymine transport
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), a regulatory sequence within mRNA which directs incorporation of a selenocysteine at a stop codon (UGA) during translation.
selenocysteine insertion sequence binding
An immunoglobulin-like complex that is present in at least the plasma membrane of pre-B cells, and that is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two surrogate light chains, each composed of the lambda-5 and VpreB proteins, and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.
Despite its name, the pre-BCR is not a receptor complex, as it appears to provide a low level of signal not dependent on a ligand, but rather simply on correct assembly of the complex as a measure for correct Ig heavy chain recombination and folding. A significant proportion of pre-BCR complexes fail to reach the cell surface, and in some cases may provide their signaling function from the trans-Golgi network or lysosome.
A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains and is involved in NF-kappaB activation. In humans at least, the complex comprises the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC13 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant 1A (UEV1A).
The growing (plus) end of a microtubule. In vitro, microtubules polymerize more quickly at the plus end than at the minus end. In vivo, microtubule growth occurs only at the plus end, and the plus end switches between periods of growth and shortening, a behavior known as dynamic instability.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing chondroitin sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan made up of two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a zymogen, an enzymatically inactive precursor of an enzyme that is often convertible to an active enzyme by proteolysis.
The directed movement of a sterol into a cell or organelle. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
The directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of an epithelium to the other.
A process in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) from one side of a membrane to the other.
carbon dioxide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a very long-chain fatty acid residue. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very-long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
very long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The directed movement of a sterol across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a SLIT protein to a Roundabout (ROBO) family receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Roundabout signaling pathway.
regulation of Roundabout signalling pathway
regulation of Roundabout signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Roundabout signaling pathway.
negative regulation of Roundabout signalling pathway
negative regulation of Roundabout signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Roundabout signaling pathway.
positive regulation of Roundabout signalling pathway
positive regulation of Roundabout signaling pathway
The initial formation of a transcriptionally silent chromatin structure such as heterochromatin at silent mating-type loci.
establishment of chromatin silencing at silent mating-type cassette
The initial formation of a transcriptionally silent chromatin structure such as heterochromatin at the telomere.
establishment of chromatin silencing at telomere
The maintenance of chromatin in a transcriptionally silent state such as heterochromatin at silent mating-type loci.
maintenance of chromatin silencing at silent mating-type cassette
The maintenance of chromatin in a transcriptionally silent state such as heterochromatin at the telomere.
maintenance of chromatin silencing at telomere
The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Monokine induced by gamma interferon production
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9.
regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9.
negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9.
positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production
Positive regulation of an adaptive immune response mediated via cytokine production by helper T cell.
helper T cell enhancement of adaptive immune response
Positive regulation of a T cell mediated immune response mediated via cytokine production by a helper T cell.
helper T cell enhancement of T cell mediated immunity
helper T cell enhancement of T cell mediated immune response
Positive regulation of a B cell mediated immune response mediated via cytokine production by a helper T cell.
helper T cell enhancement of B cell mediated immunity
helper T cell enhancement of B cell mediated immune response
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a histone. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue at position 41 of the histone.
histone tyrosine kinase activity (H3-Y41 specific)
histone-tyrosine kinase activity (H3-Y41 specific)
histone kinase activity (H3-Y41 specific)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-11 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.
histone threonine kinase activity (H3-T11 specific)
histone-threonine kinase activity (H3-T11 specific)
histone kinase activity (H3-T11 specific)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-6 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.
histone threonine kinase activity (H3-T6 specific)
histone-threonine kinase activity (H3-T6 specific)
histone kinase activity (H3-T6 specific)
The modification of histones by addition of a phosphate group to a serine residue.
The modification of histones by addition of a phosphate group to a threonine residue.
The modification of histones by addition of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a threonine residue at position 11 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a threonine residue at position 6 of the histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone + NAD+ = 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione + NADH.
dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity
The directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
regulation of catenin protein nuclear translocation
regulation of catenin import into nucleus
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
positive regulation of catenin protein nuclear translocation
positive regulation of catenin import into nucleus
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
negative regulation of catenin protein nuclear translocation
negative regulation of catenin import into nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic prometaphase, the stage following prophase in mitosis (in higher eukaryotes) during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic prometaphase, the stage following prophase in mitosis (in higher eukaryotes) during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region.
positive regulation of mitotic prometaphase
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitotic prometaphase, the stage following prophase in mitosis (in higher eukaryotes) during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region.
negative regulation of mitotic prometaphase
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase in the context of an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
activation of MAPK activity involved in innate immune response
A MAPK cascade that contributes to an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
MAPKKK cascade involved in innate immune response
MAPK cascade involved in innate immune response
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase in the context of an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
activation of MAPKK activity involved in innate immune response
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase in the context of an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
activation of MAPKKK activity involved in innate immune response
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase in the context of an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
inactivation of MAPK activity involved in innate immune response
The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus in the context of an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
nuclear translocation of MAPK involved in innate immune response
MAPK import into nucleus involved in innate immune response
Signaling between cells of the same type. The signal produced by the signaling cell binds to a receptor on, and affects a cell of the same type.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information between the extracellular matrix and a cell.
The directed movement of hexose across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The directed movement of gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Gluconate is the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of gluconate transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of gluconate transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of gluconate transmembrane transport
The directed movement of acetate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.
The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane.
The directed movement of phosphate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of triose phosphate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Triose phosphate is any organic three carbon compound phosphate ester.
triose phosphate transmembrane transport
Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.
maintenance of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
maintenance of protein localization in ER
maintenance of protein location in endoplasmic reticulum
retention of protein in endoplasmic reticulum
maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclic-di-GMP, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate = halima-5(6),13-dien-15-yl diphosphate.
halima-5(6),13-dien-15-yl-diphosphate lyase (cyclizing)
halimadienyl diphosphate synthase activity
halimadienyl-diphosphate synthase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tuberculosinol (halima-5,6,dien-15-ol), a secondary metabolite in Mycobacteria.
halima-5,6,dien-15-ol biosynthetic process
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.
cell migration involved in vasculogenesis
The directed movement of a dipeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond.
The directed movement of a tripeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A tripeptide is a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
The directed movement of nickel (Ni) cations across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of borate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol + L-cysteine + ATP = 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+. 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol is also known as glucosaminyl-inositol or GlcN-Ins, and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as desacetylmycothiol or Cys-GlcN-Ins.
L-cysteine:1D-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside ligase
cysteine-glucosaminylinositol ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + acetyl-CoA = mycothiol + coenzyme A + H+. Mycothiol is also known as AcCys-GlcN-Ins and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as Cys-GlcN-Ins or desacetylmycothiol.
acetyl-CoA:Cys-GlcN-Ins acetyltransferase
Loosely bound to one surface of a thylakoid membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Loosely bound to one surface of a plastid thylakoid membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
peripheral to plastid thylakoid membrane
Loosely bound to the surface of a plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the lumen but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
peripheral to lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane
extrinsic to lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane
Loosely bound to the surface of a plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the stroma but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
peripheral to stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane
extrinsic to stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane
Loosely bound to one surface of a plastid membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Loosely bound to one surface of a plastid inner membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Loosely bound to the surface of a plastid inner membrane that faces the stroma, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
peripheral to stromal side of plastid inner membrane
extrinsic to stromal side of plastid inner membrane
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.
cellular response to leukocyte interferon
cellular response to lymphoblast interferon
cellular response to lymphoblastoid interferon
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.
cellular response to fibroblast interferon
The formation of a protein complex between the coat proteins and proteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate 6-phosphate + H2O = 3-keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate.
L-ascorbate 6-phosphate lactonase activity
The process in which a vitamin is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The establishment of the diencephalon with respect to the left and right halves.
determination of left/right asymmetry in diencephalon
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to determination of organismal asymmetry with respect to the left and right halves.
TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
TGF-beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
TGFbeta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway that is involved in the determination of organismal asymmetry with regard to its left and right halves.
regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
regulation of TGF-beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
regulation of TGFbeta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
regulation of transforming growth factor receptor beta signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway that is involved in the determination of the lateral plate mesoderm with respect to its left and right halves.
regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
regulation of TGF-beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
regulation of TGFbeta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
This term was made obsolete because it describes regulation of the nodal signaling pathway. Nodal proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, but are distinct from TGF-beta proteins themselves. TGF-beta proteins are not currently known to regulate left/right asymmetry in the lateral mesoderm.
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.
determination of pancreatic left/right asymmetry
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
positive regulation of vascular wound healing
The series of molecular signals initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to a receptor, where the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that contribute to progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
luteinizing hormone signalling pathway involved in ovarian follicle development
luteinizing hormone signaling pathway involved in ovarian follicle development
Combining with the choriogonadotropin hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
choriogonadotropin hormone receptor activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any lipase.
The segregation of angioblasts into discrete arterial and venous vessels from one common precursor vessel.
The directional migration of angioblast cells as part of selective angioblast sprouting, which results in angioblast segregation into arterial and venous populations.
angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting
The orderly movement of angioblasts, cells involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting.
regulation of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chylomicron, a large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE.
The directed movement of angioblasts from the lateral mesoderm to the midline which occurs as part of the formation of the early midline vasculature.
angioblast cell migration from lateral mesoderm to midline
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.
regulation of Notch signalling pathway involved in heart induction
regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.
positive regulation of Notch signalling pathway involved in heart induction
positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction
The spontaneous peristaltic movements of the stomach that aid in digestion, moving food through the stomach and out through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.
The process in which the liquid and liquid-suspended solid contents of the stomach exit through the pylorus into the duodenum.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing an A/A mispair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing an A/G mispair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a C/C mispair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a T/T mispair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a C/T mispair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA containing a G/G mispair.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
negative regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
The disaggregation of the SNARE protein complex into its constituent components. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of disassembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,5 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
lipopolysaccharide-1,5-galactosyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the cyclic AMP response element (CRE), a short palindrome-containing sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to cyclic AMP.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the MH2 (MAD homology 2) domain of a protein. The MH2 domain is found at the carboxy terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads. The MH2 domain mediates interaction with a wide variety of proteins and provides specificity and selectivity to Smad function and also is critical for mediating interactions in Smad oligomers.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the MH1 (MAD homology 1) domain of a protein. The MH1 domain is found at the amino terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads and can mediate DNA binding in some proteins. Smads also use the MH1 domain to interact with some transcription factors.
The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros.
metanephric part of ureteric bud development
The development of the portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
positive regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
negative regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.
regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.
positive regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.
negative regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity
The removal of an alkyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.
Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
The hydrolytic removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent RNA demethylase
Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent DNA demethylase
A multimeric protein complex that removes monoubiquitin from histone H2A. In Drosophila and mammals, the core of the complex is composed of Calypso/BAP1 and Asx/ASXL1, respectively.
Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase complex
The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group.
A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K29-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.
The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated protein.
monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitinylation
monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitylation
monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitination
The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone protein.
monoubiquitinated histone deubiquitinylation
monoubiquitinated histone deubiquitylation
monoubiquitinated histone deubiquitination
The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone H2A protein.
monoubiquitinated histone H2A deubiquitinylation
monoubiquitinated histone H2A deubiquitylation
monoubiquitinated histone H2A deubiquitination
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A heterodimer of NF-kappa B p50 and p65 subunits.
Note that the p50 subunit is encoded by NFKB1 gene in human and the p65 subunit is encoded by the RELA gene in human. Similar nomenclature is used in other vertebrate species. The p50 subunit has a precursor form p105 in some publications.
The directed movement of substances from the plasma membrane back to the trans-Golgi network, mediated by vesicles.
retrograde transport, plasma membrane to Golgi
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropanoate + NADP+ = 3-oxopropanoate + H+ + NADPH.
3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
3-hydroxypropanoate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
3-hydroxypropionate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate, that contribute to the biosynthesis of chitin.
UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis involved in chitin biosynthesis
UDP-GlcNAc biosynthetic process involved in chitin biosynthesis
UDP-GlcNAc biosynthetic process involved in chitin biosynthetic process
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine anabolism involved in chitin biosynthesis
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process involved in chitin biosynthetic process
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine formation involved in chitin biosynthesis
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis involved in chitin biosynthesis
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis involved in chitin biosynthesis
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H2O = AMP + NMNH + 2 H+.
The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6).
regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6).
negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6).
positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production
The regulated release of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) from a cell or group of cells.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 secretion
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the regulated release of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) from a cell or group of cells.
regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the regulated release of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) from a cell or group of cells.
negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the regulated release of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) from a cell or group of cells.
positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 secretion
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to carbohydrates, such as the triglyceride synthesis genes.
Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine-triphosphate + H2O = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine phosphate + diphosphate. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine-triphosphate, or 8-oxo-dGTP, is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis causing transversion mutations. 8-oxo-dGTPase hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to its monophosphate form to prevent the misincorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into cellular DNA.
8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-deoxyguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphatase activity
8-oxo-dGTP pyrophosphohydrolase activity
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of disassembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
positive regulation of SNARE complex disassembly
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of disassembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
negative regulation of SNARE complex disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
positive regulation of SNARE complex assembly
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
negative regulation of SNARE complex assembly
The establishment of the nervous system with respect to the left and right halves.
determination of left/right asymmetry in nervous system
The regulated release of interferon-beta from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta secretion.
down regulation of interferon-beta secretion
down-regulation of interferon-beta secretion
downregulation of interferon-beta secretion
negative regulation of IFN-beta secretion
negative regulation of interferon-beta secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta secretion.
positive regulation of IFN-beta secretion
up regulation of interferon-beta secretion
up-regulation of interferon-beta secretion
upregulation of interferon-beta secretion
stimulation of interferon-beta secretion
positive regulation of interferon-beta secretion
A multiprotein nickel-containing complex that possesses urease activity (catalysis of the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide).
Eukaryotic microorganisms, plants, and probably Gram-positive bacteria, possess a homopolymeric urease. In contrast, urease complexes from gram-negative bacteria studied thus far clearly possess three distinct subunits (alpha, beta and gamma). Tightly bound nickel is present in all urease complexes.
Removal of the initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue from a protein that contributes to protein maturation, the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
protein initiator methionine removal involved in protein maturation
Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
oxidative single-stranded DNA demethylation
Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
oxidative single-stranded RNA demethylation
The signaling process in which signaling from the receptor ROBO is brought to an end, rather than being reversibly modulated.
termination of Roundabout signal transduction
OBSOLETE. The process in which a SLIT protein causes activation of the receptor, Roundabout (ROBO).
initiation of Roundabout signal transduction
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
intracellular signal transduction pathway
signal transmission via intracellular cascade
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is passed on from a receptor at the cell surface to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
intracellular signal transduction involved in cell surface receptor linked signalling
intracellular signaling cascade involved in cell surface receptor linked signaling
intracellular signaling chain involved in cell surface receptor signaling
This term was made obsolete because the syntax of the term is incorrect.
intracellular signal transduction involved in cell surface receptor linked signaling
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is passed from the insulin receptor to components of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) cascade, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
PI3K cascade involved in signaling from the insulin receptor
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade involved in insulin receptor signalling
phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade involved in insulin receptor signaling
phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade involved in insulin receptor signalling
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade involved in insulin receptor signaling
OBSOLETE. The process in which a signal is passed from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to components of the MAPKKK cascade, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
MAPKKK cascade involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signalling
MAPKKK cascade involved in signaling from the EGFR
MAPKKK cascade involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling
Catalysis of the reaction: pheophorbide a + H2O = pyropheophorbide a + methanol + CO2. The reaction occurs in two steps; pheophoridase catalyzes the conversion of pheophorbide a to a precursor of pyropheophorbide a, C-13(2)-carboxylpyropheophorbide a, by demethylation, and then the precursor is decarboxylated non-enzymatically to yield pyropheophorbide a.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
negative regulation of chromatin binding
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
positive regulation of chromatin binding
Any process that modulates the size of a kidney.
Any process that modulates the size of a pronephric kidney.
Any process that modulates the size of a metanephric kidney.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin.
beta-catenin-independent Wnt receptor signaling pathway
non-canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway
This term should only be used when Wnt receptor signaling occurs via a beta-catenin-independent route but the downstream effectors are unknown. If the downstream effectors are known, consider instead annotating to one of the children, or requesting a new term.
non-canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway
The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins.
The trimethylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins to form the derivative N,N,N-trimethylproline.
This term was made obsolete because N-terminal proline residues cannot be trimethylated.
N-terminal peptidyl-proline trimethylation
The methylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins.
The monomethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N-methylserine.
N-terminal peptidyl-serine monomethylation
The dimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethylserine.
N-terminal peptidyl-serine dimethylation
The trimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N,N-trimethylserine.
N-terminal peptidyl-serine trimethylation
The modification of histone H4 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 20 of the histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 20) + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = histone H4 L-lysine (position 20) + succinate + formaldehyde + CO2. This reaction is the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 20 of the histone H4 protein.
histone demethylase activity (H4-K20 specific)
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in regions of the embryo being delineated into the area in which the pronephric kidney will develop.
retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in pronephric field specification
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in pronephric field specification
The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.
The process of binding or confining an extracellular signaling ligand, such that the ligand is unable to bind to its cell surface receptor.
extracellular sequestering of receptor ligand
negative regulation of protein bioavailability
Preventing a ligand from binding to its cell surface receptor be achieved by binding to the ligand directly, or by binding to members of a ligand-containing complex.
sequestering of extracellular ligand from receptor
Confining a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to the extracellular matrix (ECM), such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted as homodimers, non-covalently associated with N-terminal pro-peptides, and are targeted to the extracellular matrix through interaction with matrix proteins.
negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway by extracellular sequestering of BMP
negative regulation of BMP signalling pathway by extracellular matrix sequestering of BMP
negative regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway by extracellular matrix sequestering of bone morphogenetic protein
Confining BMP in the extracellular matrix may be achieved by binding BMP directly, or by binding to members of a BMP-containing complex.
sequestering of BMP in extracellular matrix
Confining TGFbeta to the extracellular matrix (ECM) such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. TGFbeta is secreted as part of a latent complex that is targeted to the extracellular matrix through latent-TGFbeta-binding protein (LTBP)-mediated association with matrix proteins.
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway by extracellular matrix sequestering of TGFbeta
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway by extracellular matrix sequestering of TGFbeta
sequestering of TGFbeta LLC in extracellular matrix
sequestering of TGFbeta large latency complex in extracellular matrix
sequestering of TGFbeta in extracellular matrix
A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions released from an intracellular store to convert a signal into a response.
calcium signaling using intracellular calcium source
calcium signalling using intracellular calcium source
calcium-mediated signalling using intracellular calcium source
calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source
A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions imported from an extracellular source to convert a signal into a response.
calcium signaling using extracellular calcium source
calcium signalling using extracellular calcium source
calcium-mediated signalling using extracellular calcium source
calcium-mediated signaling using extracellular calcium source
Combining with a purine or purine derivative (purine nucleoside or purine nucleotide) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine or purine derivative to initiate a change in cell activity.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine or purine derivative and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
G-protein coupled purinergic receptor signalling pathway
G-protein coupled purinergic receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signalling pathway
G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine nucleotide to initiate a change in cell activity.
purinergic nucleotide receptor signalling pathway
purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity.
A signaling adaptor can bring together both protein and non-protein molecules within a signaling pathway.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.
establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization to extracellular region
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt receptor signaling pathway by the directed movement of a Wnt protein within the extracellular region.
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localisation in extracellular region
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization in extracellular region
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization in extracellular region
positive regulation of Wnt signaling range
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization to extracellular region
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + acetate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an acetyl group from N-acetylglucosaminylinositol.
1-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-1D-myo-inositol acetylhydrolase activity
1D-myo-inositol 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside deacetylase activity
N-acetyl-1D-myo-inositol-2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside deacetylase activity
N-acetylglucosaminylinositol deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleic acid or protein acceptor.
Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6A).
N6-isopentenyladenosine methylthiotransferase activity
Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A).
N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine methylthiotransferase activity
Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) of the beta-carbon of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid.
Note that peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid is typical of bacterial ribosomal protein S12.
aspartic acid methylthiotransferase activity
The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.
The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.
FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis in bone marrow
FGFR signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis in bone marrow
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis in bone marrow
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which contributes to hemopoiesis.
FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in hematopoiesis
FGFR signaling pathway involved in hematopoiesis
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in hematopoiesis
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in hemopoiesis
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in hemopoiesis
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.
FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow
FGFR signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow
Catalysis of the transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group to a sulphur atom within a cysteine residue of a protein.
This term should not be used to annotate the nitrosylating action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) if the nitroso group is synthesized directly on the substrate.
peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity
Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which contributes to the progression of the orbitofrontal cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development
FGFR signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development
fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development
The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.
The removal of a C-terminal, gene-encoded glutamate residue from a protein.
protein primary sequence deglutamylation
The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation.
removal of posttranslational polyglutamylation
The removal of a branching point glutamate residue. A branching point glutamate connects a glutamate side chain to a gene-encoded glutamate residue.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a stem-loop in a small nuclear RNA (snRNA). An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together clathrin and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
A histone deubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is removed from a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, or K120 in mammals.
histone H2B conserved C-terminal lysine deubiquitination
The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts.
A long, thin projection from a root epidermal cell that contains F-actin and tubulin, and a cell wall.
This term is a child of 'cell projection' and not 'cell hair' to distinguish it from animal cell hairs, which are morphologically distinct.
The tip portion of an outgrowth of a root epidermal cell.
Enables the directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.
The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi ceramide transport
The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver).
A renal system process in which glucose is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron.
The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.
The process in which an epidermal growth factor-activated receptor is activated via signaling events from a G-protein coupled receptor. This is an example of cross-talk between the EGF and GPCR signaling pathways.
EGFR transactivation upon GPCR stimulation
epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation by G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
epidermal growth factor-activated receptor transactivation by G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
epidermal growth factor-activated receptor transactivation by G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of juvenile hormone to a receptor, and ending with regulation of cell state or activity.
juvenile hormone mediated signalling pathway
juvenile hormone-mediated signaling pathway
juvenile hormone mediated signaling pathway
The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.
The progression of the cystic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cystic duct runs from the gall bladder to the common bile duct.
Addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit via a nitrogen (N) atom of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.
Note that the only known alpha amino glycosylation is on an asparagine; see UniProtKB:P58522. However, this feature is not differentiated from normal N-glycosylation of asparagine.
N-terminal protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation
The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
Bone mineralization can also occur after a fracture and as a response to stress; in these cases, consider using the term 'bone mineralization ; GO:0030282'.
bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
A protein complex that contains at least CD40 (a cell surface receptor of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily), and other signaling molecules.
A complex composed of two proteins, prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2 (PHB1/PHB-1 and PHB2/PHB-2) that is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes and associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex is a macromolecular supercomplex composed of repeating heterodimeric subunits of PHB1 and PHB2. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex plays a role in a number of biological processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis and function, development, replicative senescence, and cell death.
mitochondrial inner membrane prohibitin complex
Preserving the permeability barrier between the blood and the brain in a stable functional or structural state. The cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to a stilbenoid. Stilbenoids are secondary products of heartwood formation in trees that can act as phytoalexins. Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones.
The process in which a bacterium enters a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The transfer of information between living organisms.
The transfer of information occurring at the level of a multicellular organism.
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a signal. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information to trigger a response, and is functional when it can activate a receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding
The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.
For changes in locomotory behavior upon introduction to a novel environment, consider instead the child term: locomotory exploration behavior ; GO:0035641.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 17) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 17). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 17 of histone H3.
histone methylase activity (H3-R17 specific)
histone-arginine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-R17 specific)
histone methyltransferase activity (H3-R17 specific)
Combining with L-DOPA to initiate a change in cell activity. L-DOPA is the modified amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid, and is the precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine.
L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine receptor activity
The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated anandamide.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine.
intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation
enteric smooth muscle cell differentiation
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to the melanosome, a specialised lysosome-related organelle.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-delta-4,5-steroid + NADPH + H(+) = a 5-beta-3-oxo-steroid + NADP(+).
3-oxo-delta(4,5)-steroid 5-beta-reductase activity
The fluctuation in mating behavior that occurs over an approximately 24 hour cycle.
A complex that functions in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II transcribed non-coding RNAs. This complex interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of PolII and the terminator sequences in the nascent RNA transcript. In yeast this complex consists of Nrd1p, Nab3p, and Sen1p.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the AP-3 adaptor complex. The AP-3 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).
Formation of a protein complex between the cytoplasmic coat proteins on clathrin-coated vesicles and proteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.
cargo loading into clathrin-coated vesicle
Formation of a protein complex between proteins of the AP-1 adaptor complex and proteins that are going to be transported by a clathrin-coated vesicle. The AP-1 adaptor protein complex is a component of the cytoplasmic coat found on clathrin-coated vesicles, and binds to sorting signals of cargo to facilitate their trafficking.
cargo loading into clathrin-coated vesicle, AP-1-mediated
Formation of a protein complex between proteins of the AP-3 adaptor complex and proteins that are going to be transported by a clathrin-coated vesicle. In some cases, The AP-3 complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that, in some organisms, links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle.
cargo loading into clathrin-coated vesicle, AP-3-mediated
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-18 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-18-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway
The activity of linking kinesins, cytoplasmic proteins responsible for moving vesicles and organelles towards the distal end of microtubules, to melanosomes.
kinesin-associated melanosomal adaptor activity
A protein complex required for the methylation of a glutamine (Gln) residue in the protein release factor eRF1. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Trm112p and Mtq2p.
A protein complex that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and converts Rab-GDP to Rab-GTP. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Mon1 and Ccz1, and serves as a GEF for the Rab Ypt7p.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a cell in the epidermis that contributes to the migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap to reestablish a continuous epidermis.
Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells
Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like 4 receptor, where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like 2 receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 2 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response.
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathway
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Toll-like 4 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Toll-like 2 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
MAL-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
MyD88 adapter-like dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.
MAL-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
MyD88 adapter-like dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway
TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor-dependent TLR signaling pathway
TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like 4 receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.
TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway
Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway
TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway
TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.
TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway
TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ovary that produces an ovule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ovary is the enlarged basal portion of a carpel and matures into a fruit. An ovule is the multicellular structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells, and develops into a seed.
Catalysis of the reaction: an enone + NADPH + H+ = a ketone + NADP+.
The directed movement of an oligopeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
Catalysis of the transfer of oligopeptides from one side of the membrane to the other.
oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity
The process in which tricarboxylic acids are transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transport
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.
anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.
posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 15.
toll-like receptor 15 signalling pathway
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 21.
toll-like receptor 21 signalling pathway
The migration of a memory T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A memory T cell is a distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive.
The migration of a helper T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A helper T-cell is an effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.
The passage of a helper T cell between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.
A cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers of the sperm flagellum. Consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs that assemble from distal to proximal throughout spermiogenesis. The fibrous sheath probably influences the degree of flexibility, plane of flagellar motion, and the shape of the flagellar beat.
The migration of a T-helper 1 cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A T-helper 1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.
The passage of a T-helper 1 cell between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation. A T-helper 1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the chemokine CCL5 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 signalling pathway
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of macrophage migration inhibitory factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
macrophage migration inhibitory factor signalling pathway
macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway
A protein complex that binds macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Comprises CD74 and CD44 cell surface proteins.
macrophage migration inhibitory factor receptor complex
A protein complex comprising nitric oxide synthase 2 and CD74. This stable complex formation is thought to prevent CD74 degradation by caspases.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.
degradation of damaged mitochondrial protein
The process in which cells degrade mitochondria by inducing a vacuole-like structure which directly engulfs and degrades the unhealthy mitochondria by accumulating lysosomes.
In this mechanism of mitochondrion degradation, the mitochondrion is directly engulfed by a lysosome-like vacuole. It is therefore distinct from canonical autophagy, which is mediated by a double-membrane autophagosome.
mitochondrion degradation by induced vacuole formation
The migration of a monocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
The migration of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation
The migration of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation
The migration of a T-helper 17 cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
The directed movement of an astrocyte guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of monocytes such that the total number of monocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The movement of a monocyte from the bone marrow to the blood stream.
The directed movement of a helper T cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 17 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 1 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 2 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, that is dependent on the activity of interleukin 4 (IL-4).
IL-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes
interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes
The change in morphology and behavior of a memory T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
The change in morphology and behavior of a T-helper 1 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a T helper 2 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 12.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor.
macrophage migration inhibitory factor binding
The directed movement of tRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium or flagellum, mediated by motor proteins.
The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium or flagellum toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-12 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-12-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-15 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-15-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD24, a CD marker and cell adhesion molecule that occurs on many B-lineage cells and mature granulocytes, and is involved in B cell activation and differentiation as well as T cell co-stimulation.
A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The multiplication or reproduction of common myeloid progenitor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A common myeloid progenitor cell is a progenitor cell committed to the myeloid lineage.
common myeloid progenitor cell proliferation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid derivative that acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.
response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.
cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with S-nitrosoglutathione, a nitrosothiol considered to be a natural nitric oxide (NO) donor involved in S-nitrosylation, and in the storage and transport of nitric oxide in biological systems.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a dinitrosyl-iron complex. Nitric oxide (NO) is stored as dinitrosyl-iron complexes, which form spontaneously from Glutathione (GSH), S-nitrosoglutathione, and trace amounts of ferrous ions, or by reaction of iron-sulfur centers with NO.
dinitrosyl-diglutathionyl-iron complex binding
The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is stored in the form of dinitrosyl-iron complexes, which are stabilized, and possibly sequestered, by binding to glutathione S-transferase proteins.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor.
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a flagellum that contributes to flagellum organisation.
intraflagellar transport involved in flagellum organisation
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium morphogenesis.
intraflagellar transport involved in cilium morphogenesis
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis.
cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis
The process of forcing a substance into another organism, either by penetrating the skin of the other organism or by applying the substance externally to a sensitive tissue such as those that surround the eyes.
injection of substance in to other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the manifestation of some change or damage to the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modification of morphology or physiology of other organism
The expansion of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
The expansion of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
The expansion of an activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
The expansion of an activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell cytokine production
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 1 cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 2 cell.
The appearance of granzyme A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon.
The region of the myelin sheath nearest to the axon.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the abaxonal region of the myelin sheath. The abaxonal region is the region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon.
protein localisation to myelin sheath abaxonal region
protein localization to myelin sheath abaxonal region
Any process that modulates the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA trinucleotide repeats. DNA trinucleotide repeats are naturally occurring runs of three base-pairs.
maintenance of DNA trinucleotide repeats
The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol) to form phosphatidic acid (PA).
The directional movement of an organism from one side of an epithelium to the other within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
migration in host through an epithelial cell layer
migration of symbiont within host by transepithelial trafficking
transepithelial migration of symbiont in host
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21.
The binding of a mesangial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. A mesangial cell is a cell that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the cytoplasm and resulting in the breakdown of a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target rRNA truncated degradation intermediate.
cytoplasmic polyadenylation-dependent rRNA catabolic process
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state.
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve maturation
The process in which the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve morphogenesis
The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve structural organisation
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve structural organization
The process that gives rise to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve formation
The orderly movement of a motor neuron precursor cell that contributes to formation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.
motor neuron precursor migration involved in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve formation
The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor
The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor
The movement of a B cell to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus.
B-cell chemotaxis across high endothelial venule
B cell chemotaxis across high endothelial venule
A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-4 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-4-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-13 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-13-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-13-mediated signaling pathway
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.
insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose
insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
positive regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose
positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.
This term is intended for annotation of fish and other organisms which contain a glomerulus as part of the pronephric nephron. It should not be used for annotation of Xenopus, which contains a pronephric glomus rather than a glomerulus.
The progression of the pronephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells).
angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD80, a CD marker that occurs on antigen presenting cells such as activated B cells and monocytes that provides a co-stimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD86, a CD marker that occurs on antigen presenting cells that provides co-stimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival.
The directed movement of a mature natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). A mature natural killer cell is a natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class and other stress related molecules.
activated natural killer cell chemotaxis
The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell activation.
CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of nickel cations within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of nickel ions at the level of a cell.
The association of two or more multisubunit protein complexes to form dimers or other multimers of a protein complex.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in kidney development
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell migration involved in metanephric kidney development
cell migration involved in metanephros development
The orderly movement of undifferentiated metanephric mesenchymal cells (precursors to metanephric mesangial cells) from the mesenchyme into the cleft of the developing glomerulus, during development of the metanephros.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFalpha) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signalling pathway
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signalling pathway
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway
A postsynaptic membrane that is part of another organism, i.e. a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting. A postsynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters transmit the signal across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration as a result of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta binding to one of its physiological ligands.
positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by PDGF receptor-beta signaling pathway
positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by PDGFR-beta signaling pathway
positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by betaPDGF receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signalling pathway
positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.
positive regulation of transport across mitochondrial membrane
mitochondrial membrane permeability transition
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.
negative regulation of transport across mitochondrial membrane
mitochondrial membrane impermeabilization
negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability
A complex for the transport of metabolites into the cell, consisting of 4 subunits: a transmembrane substrate-binding protein (known as the S component), and an energy-coupling module that comprises two ATP-binding proteins (known as the A and A' components) and a transmembrane protein (known as the T component). Transport of the substrate across the membrane is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex, ECF-type
energy coupling factor (ECF)-type ABC transporter
The ECF-type transporters differs from other types of ABC transporters because the substrate-binding subunit lies integral to the membrane.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex, transmembrane substrate-binding subunit-containing
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to tellurite [TeO3(2-)]. Methylated derivatives of tellurite include Te(CH3)2 (dimethyltelluride) and Te2(CH3)2 (dimethylditelluride).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tellurite methyltransferase activity
SAM-dependent tellurite methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: n-alkanal + NADP+ = alk-2-enal + NADPH + H+.
NADPH:2-alkenal alpha,beta-hydrogenase activity
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.
Increases the activity of a ubiquitin-specific protease, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of various forms of polymeric ubiquitin sequences.
ubiquitin-specific protease activator activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The adrenal cortex is located at the periphery of the adrenal gland and controls glucose and electrolyte metabolism, response to stress and sexual development through the production of different classes of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens).
The process that gives rise to the adrenal cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The adrenogonadal primordium from which the adrenal cortex is formed derives from a condensation of coelomic epithelial cells (the urogenital ridge; the same structure from which gonads and kidney also originate).
Construction of an egg coat, a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an egg coat. An egg coat is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.
structural constituent of vitelline envelope
structural constituent of zona pellucida
A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in another organism. Blood coagulation is the sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.
modulation by organism of blood clotting in other organism
modulation by organism of blood coagulation in other organism
regulation by organism of blood clotting in other organism
regulation of blood clotting in other organism
regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
modulation of blood coagulation in other organism
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in another organism. Blood coagulation is the sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.
positive regulation by organism of blood clotting in other organism
positive regulation by organism of blood coagulation in other organism
positive regulation of blood clotting in other organism
positive regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
A protein complex that initiates the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) required for meiotic recombination. Consists of a protein that catalyses formation of the double-strand breaks (Spo11 in S. cerevisiae and Rec12 in S. pombe), and a number of accessory proteins.
meiotic recombination initiation complex
Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that decreases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
The elimination by an organism of sodium in the urine.
Any process that modulates the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
Any process that decreases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
The amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time can be decreased by decreasing the volume of urine produced (antidiuresis) and/or by decreasing the concentration of sodium in the urine.
negative regulation of renal sodium excretion
Any process that increases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
The amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time can be increased by increasing the volume of urine produced (diuresis) and/or by increasing the concentration of sodium in the urine.
positive regulation of renal sodium excretion
Any process where water is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron, which acts to decrease the amount of urine that is excreted from the body per unit time.
renal water absorption involved in negative regulation of urine volume
Any process where sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron, which contributes to decreasing the amount of sodium that is excreted in urine per unit time.
renal sodium ion absorption involved in negative regulation of renal sodium excretion
An increase in the amount of urine excreted over a unit of time, as a result of pressure natriuresis.
diuresis resulting from pressure natriuresis
positive regulation of urine volume by pressure natriuresis
An increase in the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time, as a result of pressure natriuresis.
natriuresis resulting from pressure natriuresis
positive regulation of renal sodium excretion by pressure natriuresis
The process in which angiotensin decreases the amount of sodium that is excreted in urine over a unit of time.
negative regulation of renal sodium excretion by angiotensin
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism.
regulation of morphology of other organism
regulation of physiological process of other organism
regulation of physiology of other organism
regulation of morphology or physiology of other organism
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism
A DNA recombination process that results in the unidirectional transfer of genetic material from a donor sequence to a highly homologous acceptor.
A gene conversion process in which a segment of about 50-200 base pairs is transferred from the donor to the acceptor.
A gene conversion process in which a segment of more than 1000 base pairs is transferred from the donor to the acceptor.
A DNA recombination process that results in the equal exchange of genetic material between the recombining DNA molecules.
The directed movement of rubidium ions (Rb+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of rubidium ions (Rb+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
rubidium cation transmembrane transporter activity
rubidium transmembrane transporter activity
rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of rubidium ions (Rb+) by the kidney.
A renal system process in which rubidium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving palmatine, a berberine alkaloid found in many plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of palmatine, a berberine alkaloid found in many plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving berbamunine, an isoquinoline alkaloid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of berbamunine, an isoquinoline alkaloid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an ergot alkaloid, an indole alkaloid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an ergot alkaloid.
The region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell, where polarized growth occurs.
A cell tip at which no growth takes place. For example, in fission yeast the cell end newly formed by cell division does not grow immediately upon its formation, and lacks actin cytoskeletal structures.
A cell tip which has existed for at least one complete cell cycle, and at which polarized growth occurs. For example, in fission yeast the cell end that existed prior to cell division grows immediately after division, and contains a distinctive complement of proteins including actin cytoskeletal structures.
A cell tip that was newly formed at the last cell division, and that has started to grow after the cell has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). New end take-off is when monopolar cells initiate bipolar growth.
new cell tip after activation of bipolar cell growth
A cell tip which has existed for at least one complete cell cycle, and at which polarized growth occurs, which is part of a cell that has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). For example, in fission yeast the cell end that existed prior to cell division grows immediately after division, and contains a distinctive complement of proteins including actin cytoskeletal structures.
old cell tip after activation of bipolar cell growth
A membrane-bound structure present in the nucleus of a spermatozoon. There is variation in the number of endonuclear canals between sperm of different organisms, and some species lack these structures altogether. The endonuclear canal may provide a supporting role for the sperm nucleus, and originates during spermiogenesis from an invagination of the nuclear envelope.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials.
photoreceptor cell outer segment organisation
photoreceptor outer segment organization
photoreceptor cell outer segment organization
The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct.
The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The process in which the nephric duct grows along its axis. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Krueppel-associated box (KRAB) domain of a protein. The approximately 75 amino acid KRAB domain is enriched in charged amino acids, and is found in the N-terminal regions of many zinc finger-containing transcription factors.
Any process in which a horizontal cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina. A horizontal cell is a neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina. Targeting of retinal neurons to the appropriate lamina is vital to establish the architecture of the retina.
laminar positioning of retinal horizontal cell
A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a chromosome passenger complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the spindle midzone. A chromosome passenger complex is a protein complex that contains the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin, and coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.
CPC complex localization to spindle midzone
chromosomal passenger complex localization to spindle midzone
chromosome passenger complex localisation to spindle midzone
chromosome passenger complex localization to central spindle
chromosome passenger complex localization to spindle equator
chromosome passenger complex localization to spindle midzone
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a eosinophil cell. A eosinophil is any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an eosinophil cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a eosinophil cell fate.
The process involved in the specification of identity of an eosinophil cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an eosinophil cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
A protein complex that associates dynamically with the vacuolar membrane, and is proposed to have a role in membrane-associated trafficking or regulatory processes. In S. cerevisiae the complex contains Seh1p, Sec13p, Npr2p, Npr3p, Iml1p, Mtc5p, Rtc1p, and Sea4p.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
glial cell derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway
glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway
glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dITP (deoxyinosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate). dITP is a deoxyinosine phosphate compound having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.
2'-Deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate metabolic process
2'-Deoxyinosine-5'-triphosphate metabolic process
deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate metabolic process
deoxyinosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate) metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dITP, a deoxyinosine phosphate compound having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.
2'-Deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate catabolic process
2'-Deoxyinosine-5'-triphosphate catabolic process
deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate catabolic process
deoxyinosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate) catabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.
A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to protein kinase C alpha.
alphav-beta3 integrin-protein kinase C alpha complex
A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). IGF1R is a heterotetramer that consists of two alpha-subunits and two beta-subunits.
alphav-beta3 integrin-IGF-1-IGF1R complex
A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to high mobility group box 1 protein.
alphav-beta3 integrin-high mobility group box 1 complex
A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition.
Catalysis of the reaction: dITP + H2O = dIMP + diphosphate.
2'-Deoxyinosine-5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
deoxyinosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K11-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number. The NLR signaling pathway begins with binding of a ligand to a NLR receptor and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process.
nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway
nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signal transduction
nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signal transduction pathway
nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signalling pathway
nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway
The directed movement of lactate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of copper ions.
cellular response to copper ion starvation
The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the centromeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.
maintenance of centromeric meiotic sister chromatin cohesion
maintenance of meiotic sister chromatin cohesion at centromere
maintenance of sister chromatin cohesion at centromere at meiosis I
maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric
The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the chromosome arms, is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.
maintenance of meiotic sister chromatin cohesion along arms
maintenance of sister chromatin cohesion along arms at meiosis I
maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, arms
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DED domain (death effector domain) of a protein, a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices that is related in structure to the death domain (DD).
For binding to the death domain, consider instead the term 'death domain binding ; GO:0070513'.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.
The directed movement of lactate across a plasma membrane.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of a nail plate are generated and organized. The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin, and serves to protect the tips of digits.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amacrine cell, an interneuron generated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the vertebrate retina. Amacrine cells integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. Amacrine cells lack large axons.
The rhythmic process of defecation that consists of an intestinal oscillator which regulates calcium waves. These waves in turn control a stereotypical, three-part pattern of muscle contractions. In some organisms, defecation can recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. For example, in a well-fed Caenorhabditis elegans, the defecation motor program occurs approximately every 45 seconds, and is temperature- and touch-compensated.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arabinan, a branched homopolymer of L-arabinose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal 1,4-beta-linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, exochitinases progressively cleave off two subunits from the reducing or non-reducing ends of the chitin chain.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.
vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.
aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation
Catalysis of the reaction: isoguanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
The attachment of a developing otolith to the kinocilia of tether cells in the inner ear.
The directed movement of an organism out of the body, tissues or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism out of a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in another organism. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
modulation by organism of platelet aggregation in other organism
regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
modulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in a second organism.
down-regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
downregulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
inhibition of platelet aggregation in other organism
suppression of platelet aggregation in other organism
negative regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in another organism.
upregulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
up-regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
positive regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood mast cell degranulation in another organism. Mast cell degranulation is the regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.
regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
modulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
Any process in which an organism increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood mast cell degranulation in another organism.
upregulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
up-regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
positive regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the hydrolysis of proteins in another organism by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
The regulated release of parathyroid hormone into the circulatory system.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in another organism. Blood coagulation is the sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.
down-regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
downregulation of blood coagulation in other organism
negative regulation of blood clotting in other organism
suppression of blood coagulation in other organism
inhibition of blood coagulation in other organism
negative regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lack of contact with other members of the same species.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lack of contact with other members of the same species.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.
cellular response to immobilisation stress
cellular response to immobilization stress
The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The progression of the ventral aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ventral aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ventral aorta are generated and organized. The ventral aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism.
pore complex biogenesis in other organism
pore formation in membrane of other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a calcium channel in another organism.
modulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a calcium channel in another organism.
down-regulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated calcium channel in another organism. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
down-regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-dependent calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-sensitive calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a low voltage-gated calcium channel in another organism. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
down-regulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of low voltage gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of low voltage-dependent calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a high voltage-gated calcium channel in another organism. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
down-regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
downregulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of high voltage gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of high voltage-dependent calcium channel activity in other organism
inhibition of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
The controlled breakdown of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
The morphogenetic process in which the foramen ovale closes after birth, to prevent blood flow between the right and left atria. In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. Closure of the foramen ovale after birth stops this blood flow.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with flurbiprofen.
2-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl])propanoic acid binding
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.
cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor
cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region containing frequent adenine and uridine bases within the 3' untranslated region of a mRNA molecule.
mRNA 3'-UTR adenylate/uridylate-rich element binding
The regulated release of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from a cell or group of cells.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 secretion
The directed movement of RNA from the cytoplasm into a mitochondrion.
cytoplasmic RNA import into mitochondrion
nuclear-encoded RNA import into mitochondrion
The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, from the cytoplasm into a mitochondrion.
cytoplasmic rRNA import into mitochondrion
nuclear-encoded rRNA import into mitochondrion
The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.
The regulated release of any corticosteroid hormone into the circulatory system.
The regulated release of any mineralocorticoid into the circulatory system. Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.
The regulated release of aldosterone into the circulatory system. Aldosterone is a pregnane-based steroid hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney.
The regulated release of any glucocorticoid hormone into the circulatory system. Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.
The regulated release of corticosterone into the circulatory system. Corticosterone is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.
The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates.
The regulated release of testosterone into the circulatory system. Testosterone is an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5.
The regulated release of estrogen into the circulatory system. Estrogen is a steroid hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals.
The regulated release of estradiol into the circulatory system.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a microsatellite, a repeat_region in DNA containing repeat units (2 to 4 base pairs) that is repeated multiple times in tandem.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism.
down regulation of peptidase activity in other organism
down-regulation of protease activity in other organism
downregulation of peptidase activity in other organism
negative regulation of protease activity in other organism
inhibition of protease activity in other organism
negative regulation of peptidase activity in other organism
The regulated release of androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) into the circulatory system.
The regulated release of dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one) into the circulatory system.
3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one secretion
The regulated release of estrone into the circulatory system.
3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one secretion
The appearance of a perforin protein due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs) within the mitochondrion.
mitochondrial aberrant ncRNA catabolic process
mitochondrial non-coding RNA surveillance
The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading messenger RNA (mRNA) within the mitochondrion.
mitochondrial aberrant RNA catabolic process
mitochondrial messenger RNA surveillance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, by regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of gluconeogenesis by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthesis by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthesis by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of gluconeogenesis by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of gluconeogenesis by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of gluconeogenesis by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of gluconeogenesis by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of gluconeogenesis by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of gluconeogenesis by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of gluconeogenesis by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthesis by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthesis by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthesis by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthesis by down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthesis by down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthesis by downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthesis by negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthetic process by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glucose biosynthesis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport, by regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of oligopeptide transport by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of oligopeptide transport by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport by stopping, preventing or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of oligopeptide transport by down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of oligopeptide transport by down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of oligopeptide transport by downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of oligopeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
negative regulation of oligopeptide transport by inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of oligopeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport, by regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of dipeptide transport by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of dipeptide transport by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of dipeptide transport by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of dipeptide transport by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of dipeptide transport by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of dipeptide transport by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of dipeptide transport by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of dipeptide transport by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of dipeptide transport by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport by stopping, preventing or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of dipeptide transport by down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of dipeptide transport by down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of dipeptide transport by downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
negative regulation of dipeptide transport by inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of dipeptide transport by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of starch, by modulating the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of starch breakdown by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of starch breakdown by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of starch catabolic process by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of starch catabolism by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of starch catabolism by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of starch degradation by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of starch degradation by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of starch catabolic process by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of starch, by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of starch breakdown by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of starch breakdown by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of starch catabolic process by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of starch catabolism by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of starch catabolism by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of starch degradation by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of starch degradation by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of starch catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the glyoxylate cycle by modulating the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of glyoxylate bypass by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of glyoxylate bypass by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of glyoxylate cycle by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of glyoxylate cycle by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glyoxylate cycle by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of glyoxylate bypass by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate bypass by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate bypass by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate bypass by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate bypass by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate cycle by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate cycle by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate cycle by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate cycle by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate cycle by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate cycle by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of glyoxylate cycle by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ergosterol biosynthetic process by modulating the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of ergosterol anabolism by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of ergosterol formation by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of ergosterol synthesis by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of ergosterol anabolism by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of ergosterol formation by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of ergosterol synthesis by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ergosterol biosynthesis by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of ergosterol anabolism by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol anabolism by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol anabolism by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol anabolism by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol formation by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol formation by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol formation by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol formation by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol synthesis by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol synthesis by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol synthesis by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol synthesis by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol anabolism by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol formation by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol synthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.
The evagination of a Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a COPI-coated vesicle.
Remodeling the acyl chains of premature (de novo synthesized) cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate mature cardiolipin containing high-levels of unsaturated fatty acids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.
response to misfolded or unfolded protein
response to topologically incorrect protein
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.
cellular response to misfolded or unfolded protein
cellular response to topologically incorrect protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sterol import, by regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of sterol import by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of sterol influx by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of sterol influx by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of sterol uptake by regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of sterol uptake by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of sterol import by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sterol import by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of sterol import by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol import by positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of sterol import by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol import by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol import by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol import by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol influx by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol influx by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol influx by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol influx by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol influx by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol influx by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol uptake by activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol uptake by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol uptake by stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol uptake by up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol uptake by up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol uptake by upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of sterol import by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine to form peptidyl-threonine.
The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-histidine to form peptidyl-histidine.
Selective degradation of protein aggregates by macroautophagy.
The microtubule organizing center on a spindle that forms as part of meiosis; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.
A heterodimeric transcription factor complex composed of proteins from the c-Fos, c-Jun, activating transcription factor (ATF) or JDP families. The subunits contain a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain that is essential for dimerization and DNA binding. Jun-Fos heterodimers bind preferentially to a heptamer consensus sequence (TPA responsive element (TRE)), whereas Jun-ATF dimers bind the cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) to regulate transcription of target genes.
The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein that contributes to the breakdown of a glycoprotein.
protein deglycosylation involved in glycoprotein catabolic process
The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 139 of the histone.
Residue 1 of histone H2AX is taken as the first residue following removal of the initiating Methionine (Met).
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-139 residue of the C-terminal tail of histone H2A.
histone kinase activity (H2A.x-S139 specific)
Residue 1 of histone H2A is taken as the first residue following removal of the initiating Methionine (Met).
histone kinase activity (H2A-S139 specific)
OBSOLETE. The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a reduced availability of nitrogen.
This term was made obsolete because the GO term 'pseudohyphal growth ; GO:0007124' describes growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
invasive growth in response to nitrogen limitation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a tongue muscle cell.
A developmental process that arises as an organism progresses toward the end of its lifespan that results in a decline in behavioral activities such as locomotory behavior, and learning or memory.
This term is intended for use when the normal role of a gene product is to result in behavioral decline, and should not be used when decline in behavior is a mutant phenotype.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.
A transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structure present in senescent cells. Contains the condensed chromatin of one chromosome and is enriched for histone modifications. Thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes.
senescence-associated heterochromatin foci
senescence-associated heterochromatin focus
The assembly of chromatin into senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structures present in senescent cells, containing the condensed chromatin of one chromosome, and enriched for histone modifications. Formation of these chromatin structures is thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes.
senescence-associated heterochromatin foci formation
senescence-associated heterochromatin focus formation
senescence-associated heterochromatin focus assembly
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a tendon cell. Tendon cell are elongated fibrocytes in which the cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. Tendon cells have a central cell nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and are responsible for synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of nitric oxide (NO).
The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length.
The series of events by which a muscle stretch stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a rhabdomere.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus of a rhabdomere.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate.
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate anabolism
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate biosynthesis
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate formation
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate synthesis
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, in the pellicle of ciliate protozoans that discharges a mucus-like secretion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from simpler components.
'de novo' pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process
'de novo' pyridoxal 5'-phosphate anabolism
'de novo' pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis
'de novo' pyridoxal 5'-phosphate formation
'de novo' pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthesis
'de novo' pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthetic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule.
protein-coding primary transcript binding
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the GAF domain of a protein.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.
response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor
response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.
cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor
cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus
A body present in the cytoplasm of some dinoflagellates, which is the source of bioluminescence; emits light on acidification in the presence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, which proceeds by phosphorylation of sucrose to form sucrose-6-phosphate. The subsequent actions of a hydrolase and a fructokinase generate fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate.
sucrose catabolic process to fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein N-methyl-L-glutamine.
protein-glutamine N-methyltransferase activity
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endosome.
Division of an imaginal disc-derived leg into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. The Drosophila leg, for example, has nine segments, each separated from the next by a flexible joint.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the cyanelle envelope; also faces the cyanelle stroma.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the cyanelle envelope.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the cyanelle envelope; includes the peptidoglycan layer.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus.
An transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome, and in which active degradation takes place.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.
The process, occurring in the embryo, in which the anatomical structures of a skeletal limb joint are generated and organized. A skeletal limb joint is the connecting structure between the bones of a limb.
embryonic skeletal limb joint morphogenesis
A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 7 (TMPRSS7); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 7.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-TMPRSS7 complex
protein C inhibitor-matriptase-3 complex
protein C inhibitor-transmembrane protease serine 7 complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 11E (TMPRSS11E); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 11E.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-TMPRSS11E complex
protein C inhibitor-transmembrane protease serine 11E complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-PLAT complex
protein C inhibitor-tissue-type plasminogen activator complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-PLAU complex
protein C inhibitor-U-plasminogen activator complex
protein C inhibitor-urokinase-type plasminogen activator complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and thrombin (F2); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of thrombin.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-thrombin complex
protein C inhibitor-coagulation factor II complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and prostate-specific antigen (KLK3); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of prostate-specific antigen.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-KLK3 complex
protein C inhibitor-kallikrein-3 complex
protein C inhibitor-prostate-specific antigen complex
A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and plasma kallikrein (KLK1B); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of plasma kallikrein.
plasma serine protease inhibitor-plasma kallikrein complex
protein C inhibitor-plasma kallikrein complex
The process in which the guanylyltransferase enzyme responsible for adding a 7-methylguanosine cap on pre-mRNA becomes associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 5' end of a transcript.
capping enzyme targeting to RNA polymerase II
recruitment of guanylyltransferase to RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex
recruitment of mRNA capping enzyme to RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex
The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a neural crest cell physically separates from the rest of the neural tube.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mediator complex. The mediator complex is a protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mediator complex. The mediator complex is a protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a cardiac neural crest cell physically separates from the rest of the neural tube.
The change in morphology and behavior of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation
A protein complex that is located at the ciliary transition zone and consists of tectonic proteins, B9 domain-containing proteins and other proteins. Acts as a barrier that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes. In mouse, members of the complex include TCTN1, TCTN2, B9D1, MKS1, CC2D2A and other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the polyphenol, curcumin.
(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione metabolic process
(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the polyphenol, curcumin.
(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione breakdown
(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione catabolic process
(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione catabolism
(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione degradation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA. A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA is any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.
OBSOLETE. A dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.
This term was made obsolete because it accidentally reused an exisiting id. See replacement term GO:0044393.
OBSOLETE: The modification of a protein amino acid by the addition of a malonyl (CO-CH2-CO) group.
This term was made obsolete because it accidentally shared the same ID as negative regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway by negative regulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity. New id is GO:0044394.
OBSOLETE. The addition of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) to peptidyl-lysine to form N6-malonyl-L-lysine.
This term was made obsolete because it accidentally reused an exisiting id. See replacement term GO:0044392.
The removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO), from an amino acid residue within a protein or peptide.
The process of removing a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from an malonylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.
The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
The modification of a peptidyl-lysine residue by the addition of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) to form N6-succinyl-L-lysine.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the trailing edge. The trailing edge is the area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a uropod. A uropod is a membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a migrating cell.
A large plasma membrane-lined circular pore that perforates the flattened glomerular endothelium and, unlike those of other fenestrated capillaries, is not spanned by diaphragms; the density and size of glomerular fenestrae account, at least in part, for the high permeability of the glomerular capillary wall to water and small solutes.
glomerular endothelial cell fenestration
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-malonyllysine + H2O => protein-lysine + malonate. This reaction is the removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from a malonylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.
peptidyl-malonyllysine demalonylase activity
protein malonyl lysine demalonylation activity
protein-malonyllysine demalonylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-succinyllysine + H2O => protein-lysine + succinate. This reaction is the removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.
peptidyl-succinyllysine desuccinylase activity
protein-succinyllysine desuccinylase activity
A specialized cell-cell junction found between the cells of the excretory system, which provides a barrier for filtration of blood or hemolymph.
A specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a filtration diaphragm, a specialized cell-cell junction found between the cells of the excretory system, which provides a barrier for filtration of blood or hemolymph.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nephrocyte diaphragm, a specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a slit diaphragm, specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.
The directed movement of a muscle cell towards a tendon cell in response to an external stimulus. Tendon cells, for example, produce positive guidance cues that attract muscle cells.
muscle cell chemotaxis towards tendon cell
muscle cell chemotaxis toward tendon cell
A region that surrounds the active zone of the presynaptic plasma membrane, and is specialized for the control of synaptic development.
A cone-shaped structure in the head of a spermatozoon, which is formed by the coalescence of Golgi fragments following the completion of meiosis. The acroblast is situated adjacent to the acrosomal vesicle.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'acroblast ; FBbt:00004947'.
A membrane-tethered derivative of the centriole, and the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium. As well as anchoring the cilium, the basal body is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport.
The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.
The process of transferring a fucosyl group to a serine or threonine residues in a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors, which occur in the presence of light.
light dependent chlorophyll biosynthetic process
light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis
light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors, which occur in the absence of light.
light independent chlorophyll biosynthetic process
light-independent chlorophyll biosynthesis
light-independent chlorophyll biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriochlorophyll, which occur in the presence of light. Bacteriochlorophylls are any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria; they differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants.
light dependent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
light-dependent bacteriochlorophyll anabolism
light-dependent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis
light-dependent bacteriochlorophyll formation
light-dependent bacteriochlorophyll synthesis
light-dependent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriochlorophyll, which occur in the absence of light. Bacteriochlorophylls are any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria; they differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants.
light independent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
light-independent bacteriochlorophyll anabolism
light-independent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis
light-independent bacteriochlorophyll formation
light-independent bacteriochlorophyll synthesis
light-independent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
The process of transferring a fucosyl group to an N-glycan. An N-glycan is the carbohydrate portion of an N-glycoprotein when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues.
Intramembranous ossification from the surface of a cartilage element as the perichondrium becomes a periosteum, without replacement of cartilage.
Direct ossification in which bone formation occurs as result of the direct transformation of non-bone cells into bone cells without cell division.
Some intramembranous ossification may also be classified as metaplastic; the former classifies based on tissue type location, and the latter based on mechanism/cell division.
Ossification that requires the replacement of a preexisting tissue prior to bone tissue formation.
Ossification wherein bone tissue forms within ligamentous tissue.
Ligamentous ossification may occur via replacement ossification or metaplastic ossification or both in any one instance.
Ossification wherein bone tissue forms within tendonous tissue.
Tendonous ossification may occur via replacement ossification or metaplastic ossification or both in any one instance.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from the minus end of a microtubule.
minus-end specific microtubule depolymerization
The directed movement of a purine nucleotide-sugar into, out of or within a cell. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
Catalysis of the transfer of a purine nucleotide-sugar from one side of the membrane to the other. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
purine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular ammonia (NH3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
extracellular ammonia-gated ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular phenylacetaldehyde has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
ionotropic phenylacetaldehyde receptor activity
extracellular phenylacetaldehyde-gated ion channel activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
The directed movement of GDP-fucose into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
GDP-fucose import into endoplasmic reticulum
GDP-fucose transport across endoplasmic reticulum membrane
GDP-fucose transport into endoplasmic reticulum lumen
GDP-fucose import into endoplasmic reticulum lumen
The directed movement of GDP-fucose into the Golgi lumen. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
GDP-fucose transport across Golgi membrane
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of iron ions.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron deficiency
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron ion starvation
A protein complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, and which possesses glutathione synthase activity (catalysis of the reaction: L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ATP + glycine = ADP + glutathione + 2 H(+) + phosphate). In eukaryotes, the complex is homodimeric, in E. coli glutathione synthase exists as a tetramer, and in S. pombe the complex exists as a homodimer or a heterotetramer.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
Generation of the cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate that marks the site of cytokinesis. This process includes the recruitment and localized activation of signals such as RhoA at the site of the future furrow to ensure that furrowing initiates at the correct site in the cell.
Consider also annotating to 'establishment of contractile ring localization involved in cell cycle cytokinesis ; GO:0032188'.
Advancement of the cleavage furrow from the outside of the cell inward towards the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow acts as a 'purse string' which draws tight to separate daughter cells during cytokinesis and partition the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells. The furrow ingresses until a cytoplasmic bridge is formed.
Consider also annotating to 'contractile ring contraction involved in cell cycle cytokinesis ; GO:0000916'.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate anabolism
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthesis
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate formation
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate synthesis
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process
The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of invasive growth as a result of deprivation of glucose, by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
transcriptional activation of genes involved in invasive growth
positive regulation of invasive growth in response to glucose limitation by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule that contributes to forming the mature 3' end of a miRNA from a pre-miRNA.
exonucleolytic trimming to generate 3' end of miRNA from pre-miRNA
This term was made obsolete because it is not real a process, and was created accidentally.
3'-5'-exoribonuclease activity involved in pre-miRNA 3'-end processing
OBSOLETE. Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a miRNA from a pre-miRNA.
Any process involved in preventing uncommitted germ-line stem cells in the male gonad from differentiating as another cell type.
Any process involved in preventing uncommitted germ-line stem cells in the female gonad from differentiating as another cell type.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving Kdo2-lipid A, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of Kdo2-lipid A, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component.
di[3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid A biosynthesis
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a class I peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane in a PEX19-dependent manner.
Currently identified mPTSs vary greatly in length, and cannot be distinguished by primary structure analysis, suggesting that the peroxisomal sorting information is not contained within a specific amino acid sequence. There do however appear to be two classes of mPTSs: class 1 mPTSs that are bound by PEX19 and imported in a PEX19-dependent manner, and class 2 mPTSs that are not bound by PEX19 and mediate protein import independently of PEX19. The two classes cannot be defined based on their amino acid sequence.
peroxisome membrane class-1 targeting sequence binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a class II peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane in a PEX19-independent manner.
peroxisome membrane class-2 targeting sequence binding
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate, a precursor of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N).
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinose undecaprenyl phosphate metabolic process
undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N metabolism
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate, a precursor of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N).
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate anabolism
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate biosynthesis
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate formation
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate synthesis
undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis
4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl undecaprenyl phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-linolenic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of inositol.
cellular response to inositol starvation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very long-chain fatty acyl CoA metabolic process
very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA metabolism
very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
medium-chain fatty acyl CoA metabolic process
medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA breakdown
very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolism
very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA degradation
very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process
A cable structure, surrounding some cell types (e.g. proximal or bronchial tubular epithelial cells), and composed of hyaluranon (HA), a ubiquitous connective tissue glycosaminoglycan.
A process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a hyaluranon cable, a cable structure, surrounding some cell types (e.g. proximal or bronchial tubular epithelial cells), and composed of hyaluranon (HA), a ubiquitous connective tissue glycosaminoglycan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.
response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.
cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of double-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.
dsDNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity
double-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.
A multienzyme complex possessing three kinds of enzymes that catalyze the chain reactions in the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle, enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HACD), and acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (KACT).
For fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complexes located in the mitochondrial matrix, consider instead the term 'mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex ; GO:0016507'.
A microtubule-based flagellum that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3-sulfino-L-alanine (cysteine sulfinate).
A sperm-specific voltage-gated calcium channel that controls the intracellular calcium ion concentration and, thereby, the swimming behavior of sperm. Consists of a heteromeric tetramer surrounding a calcium ion- selective pore. May also contain additional auxiliary subunits.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hydrogen peroxide
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H2 + NADPH + H+ -> prostaglandin F2alpha + NADP+. This reaction is the reduction of prostaglandin H2 ((5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-Epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate) to prostaglandin F2alpha ((5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-Trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate).
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin D2 + H+ + NADPH -> 11-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha + NADP+.
prostaglandin D2 11-ketoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)H + H+ -> 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)+. This reaction is the reduction of 15-keto-prostaglandin.
15-ketoprostaglandin delta13-reductase activity
15-oxo-delta13-prostaglandin reductase activity
15-oxoprostaglandin 13-reductase activity
delta13-15-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity
prostaglandin delta13-reductase activity
Note that this is the reverse of the reaction described in '15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase activity ; GO:0047522'.
Catalysis of the reaction: thromboxane B2 + NAD+ = 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 + NADH + H+.
NAD dependent 11-hydroxythromboxane B2 dehydrogenase activity
Note that the KEGG:R05060 reaction does not stipulate the acceptor group, and is therefore slightly more general than the activity described by GO:0036133.
11-hydroxythromboxane B2 dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H2 = 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) + malonaldehyde (MDA).
12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid synthase activity
The orderly movement of a Schwann cell from one site to another. A Schwann cell is a glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintainance and function.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-aspartate.
L-kynurenine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity
kynurenine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from kynurenine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.
kynurenine-oxo-acid transaminase activity
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-hydroxyhistidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-histidine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-histidine + succinate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-asparagine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl 3-hydroxy-L-asparagine + succinate + CO2.
peptidyl-asparagine 3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction L-phenylalanine + oxaloacetate = phenylpyruvate + aspartate.
L-phenylalanine:oxaloacetate transaminase activity
L-phenylalanine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity
The directed, self-propelled movement of a flagellum.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kringle domain. Kringle domains are protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages, and are important in protein-protein interactions with blood coagulation factors.
Any process that modulates the frequency of flagellum movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of dendritic cells such that the total number of dendritic cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.
A digestive process in which food, usually grass or hay, is swallowed into a multi-compartmented stomach, regurgitated, chewed again, and swallowed again.
Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
phosphatidylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling
Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylinositol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylinositol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
phosphatidylinositol acyl-chain remodeling
Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylserine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylserine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
phosphatidyl-L-serine acyl-chain remodeling
phosphatidylserine acyl-chain remodeling
Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
phosphatidylcholine acyl-chain remodeling
Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylethanolamine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
phosphatidylethanolamine acyl-chain remodeling
Remodeling the acyl chains of triacylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate triacylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
Remodeling the acyl chains of diacylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate diacylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
Inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. The structure of inner dynein arms is complex and may vary within the axoneme. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.
Outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. Outer dynein arms contain 2-3 heavy chains, two or more intermediate chains and a cluster of 4-8 light chains. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein inner arm, an inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.
The regulated release of a melanocyte-stimulating hormone, any of a group of peptide hormones that are produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland, and stimulate the production of melanin to increase pigmentation.
melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion
The regulated release of calcitonin, a peptide hormone that participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
The regulated release of oxytocin, a cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Oxytocin is the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary, and together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, is believed to influence social cognition and behavior.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid -> 2-hexaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol + CO2.
3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid decarboxylase activity
The attachment of a cell to an underlying abiotic (non-living) substrate via adhesion molecules.
The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of an increase in temperature.
invasive growth in response to temperature stimulus
invasive growth in response to elevated temperature
invasive growth in response to high temperature
A reversible switch of a cell from one cell type or form to another, at a frequency above the expected frequency for somatic mutations. Phenotypic switching begins with changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns and ends when the morphology of a population of cells has reverted back to the default state, accompanied by altered expression patterns. For example, Candida albicans switches from a unicellular form to an invasive multicellular filamentous form upon infection of host tissue, and from white cells to opaque cells for sexual mating. Phenotypic switching also occurs in multicellular organisms; smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibit phenotypic transitions to allow rapid adaption to fluctuating environmental cues.
Mating type switching is not considered a type of phenotypic switching: for mating type switching, consider instead annotating to 'mating type switching ; GO:0007533'.
A reversible switch of a cell from one phenotype to another that occurs upon infection of a host or host cell. For example, Candida albicans switches from a unicellular form to an invasive multicellular filamentous form upon infection of host tissue. Phenotypic switching begins with changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns and ends when the morphology of a population of cells has reverted back to the default state, accompanied by altered expression patterns.
phenotypic switching in response to host
The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to an increase in temperature.
filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid -> 2-methoxy-6-decaprenylphenol + CO2.
3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid decarboxylase activity
The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to deprivation of nourishment.
filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to starvation
The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to a chemical stimulus.
filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to chemical stimulus
A process that generates thiamine (vitamin B1) from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the inorganic anion thiosulfate, a sulfur oxide that has formula O3S2.
Catalysis of the reaction: butane + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ = butanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + glutaredoxin disulfide + H2O -> ribonucleoside diphosphate + glutaredoxin.
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, glutaredoxin disulfide as acceptor
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a neutral pH (pH close to 7) stimulus.
The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to a pH stimulus.
filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to pH
The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to a neutral pH (pH close to 7) stimulus.
filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to neutral pH
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an osteoclast cell to attain its fully functional state. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, and which typically differentiates from monocytes.
The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to a biotic (living) stimulus.
filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to biotic stimulus
A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a linear element. A linear element is a proteinaceous scaffold associated with S. pombe chromosomes during meiotic prophase.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans.
Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 15-oxolipoxin A4 + NAD(P)H + H+ = 13,14-dihydro-15-oxolipoxin A4 + NAD(P)+.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an early phagosome.
The process in which a cell switches from growing as a round budding cell to growing as a filament (elongated cells attached end-to-end). An example of this is the yeast-hyphal transition of Candida albicans.
cell growth mode switching, budding to filamentous
Catalysis of the reaction: abieta-7,13-diene-18-al + H2O + NAD+ = abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate + NADH + H+.
abieta-7,13-dien-18-al dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: abieta-7,13-diene + NADPH + H+ + O2 = abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = indolin-2-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: indolin-2-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
indolin-2-one,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
3-hydroxyindolin-2-one,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one-forming)
3-hydroxyindolin-2-one monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase activity
A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving zymosterol, (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zymosterol, (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol).
Any process which produces dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate) without de novo synthesis.
deoxythymidine monophosphate biosynthesis via salvage pathway
Catalysis of the reaction: cholest-4-en-3-one + NADH + H+ + O2 = 26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + NAD+ + H2O. This reaction involves the hydroxylation of the C26 carbon, followed by oxidation of the alcohol to the carboxylic acid via the aldehyde intermediate.
cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione + NADH + H+ + O2 = 9alpha-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione + NAD+ + H2O.
3-ketosteroid 9alpha-hydroxylase activity
3-ketosteroid 9-alpha-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-isokaurene + O2 + NADPH + H+ = ent-2alpha-hydroxyisokaurene + H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-cassa-12,15-diene + O2 + NADPH + H+ = ent-11beta-hydroxycassa-12,15-diene + NADP+ + H2O.
ent-cassadiene C11alpha-hydroxylase activity
ent-cassa-12,15-diene 11-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 10beta,14beta-dihydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = abieta-7,13-dien-18-al + NADP+ + 2 H2O. This is a two step reaction. The first step is: abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = abieta-7,13-dien-18,18-diol + + NADP+ + H2O. The second step is a spontaneous reaction: abieta-7,13-dien-18,18-diol = abieta-7,13-dien-18-al + H2O.
abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol hydroxylase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a histone protein by individual cells.
This term was created even though it describes a process relating to a group of gene products, because histones are highly conserved proteins that are essential components of cellular chromatin in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of expression of a histone-encoding gene. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein.
regulation of expression of histone-encoding gene
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of expression of a histone-encoding gene. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein.
positive regulation of expression of histone-encoding gene
up-regulation of histone gene expression
positive regulation of histone gene expression
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of expression of a histone-encoding gene. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein.
down-regulation of histone gene expression
downregulation of histone gene expression
negative regulation of expression of histone-encoding gene
negative regulation of histone gene expression
Catalysis of the reaction: 9beta-pimara-7,15-diene + 3 O2 + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ = 9beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19-oate + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O. This is a three-step reaction: (a) 9beta-pimara-7,15-diene + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 9beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol + NADP+ + H2O, (b) 9beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 9neta-pimara-7,15-dien-19-al + NADP+ + 2 H2O, (c) 9beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19-al + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 9beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19-oate + NADP+ + H2O.
9beta-pimara-7,15-diene oxidase activity
The covalent alteration performed by one organism of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) in another organism. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
protein modification process in other organism
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
The process in which the contractile ring is maintained, typically in response to an internal or external cue.
This term can be used to annotate maintenance of either bacterial or fungal contractile rings.
The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter.
This term can be used to annotate contraction of either bacterial or fungal contractile rings.
The process in which a contractile ring is assembled and/or maintained in a specific location.
This term can be used to annotate localization of either bacterial or fungal contractile rings.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus.
response to hematopoietic growth factor KL
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus.
cellular response to hematopoietic growth factor KL
cellular response to stem cell factor stimulus
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H2O = dGMP + diphosphate.
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate diphosphohydrolase
Catalysis of the reaction: dTTP + H2O = dTMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GMP + diphosphate.
GTP diphosphohydrolase (diphosphate-forming); guanosine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase
Catalysis of the reaction: ITP + H2O = IMP + diphosphate.
inosine-5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + H2O = UMP + diphosphate.
uridine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: XTP + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of adenine.
cellular response to adenine deprivation
A special chromosome region located towards one end of a chromosome that contains dispersed copies of short, repetitive DNA sequences and functions as a cis-acting element essential for presynaptic homologous chromosome pairing and chromosome-nuclear envelope attachment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of vitamin B1 (also called thiamin and thiamine).
cellular response to vitamin B1 deprivation
cellular response to vitamin B1 starvation
The process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) as a result of deprivation of glucose.
cell cycle arrest in response to glucose starvation
The process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during G2 phase as a result of deprivation of glucose.
mitotic G2 cell cycle arrest in response to glucose starvation
The process of targeting a protein to, and inserting it into, the nuclear inner membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein.
protein targeting to nuclear inner membrane
The directed movement of L-glutamine, the L-enantiomer of glutamine, into a cell or organelle.
The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The directed movement of L-threonine, the L-enantiomer of threonine, into a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of L-tyrosine, the L-enantiomer of tyrosine, into a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of glycine into a cell or organelle.
The removal of glucuronic acid from a conjugated substrate.
The removal of glucuronic acid from an acyl-glucuronide.
The modification of an substrate by the conjugation of glucuronic acid to form an acyl-glucuronide (also called an acyl-glucuronoside).
Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.
acyl-glucuronide deglucuronidation activity
Catalysis of the reaction: gallate + O2 = (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: taxusin + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7beta-hydroxytaxusin + NADP+ + H2O.
The region between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, as found in organisms such as filamentous fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into 4-hydroxybutyrate.
glutamate degradation to 4-hydroxybutyrate
In the catabolism of glutamate in mammals, succinate semialdehyde is converted to succinate (see GO:0006540). Plants can utilize an alternative route, converting succinic semialdehyde to 4-hydroxybutyrate using gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
glutamate catabolic process to 4-hydroxybutyrate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into succinate, that includes the conversion of 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde by the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) transaminase.
glutamate degradation via gamma aminobutyrate transaminase activity
glutamate catabolic process to succinate via 2-oxoglutarate-dependent GABA-transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NADP+ + H2O = succinate + NADPH + 2 H+.
NADP-dependent succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinate semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
This function is similar to EC:1.2.1.24 [succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)], and EC:1.2.1.16 [succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)], but is specific for NADP+.
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a neutral pH (pH close to 7) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.
The directed movement of phytochelatin 2 (PC2) into the vacuole. Phytochelatin 2 is a glutathione-related peptide composed of (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n=2, and where the Glu and Cys residues are linked through a gamma-carboxylamide bond.
The directed movement of phytochelatin 3 (PC3) into the vacuole. Phytochelatin 3 is a glutathione-related peptide composed of (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n=3, and where the Glu and Cys residues are linked through a gamma-carboxylamide bond.
The directed movement of phytochelatin 4 (PC4) into the vacuole. Phytochelatin 4 is a glutathione-related peptide composed of (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n=4, and where the Glu and Cys residues are linked through a gamma-carboxylamide bond.
The directed movement of cadmium ions into the vacuole.
The directed movement of a peroxisome along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under salt stress. The stress is usually an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to salt stress
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to menadione stress
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to menadione
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylamine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylamine stimulus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a multivesicular body. A multivesicular body is a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of raffinose that occur in the presence of oxygen.
The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a cap structure is added to the 5' end of a nascent RNA polymerase II transcript. All RNA polymerase II transcripts receive a 7-methyl-G cap. Then for (at least) small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), the7-methyl-G cap is hypermethylated to become a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG) cap.
Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation.
The appearance of granulysin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-DOPA + O2 = ? + H2O. This reaction catalyzes the oxygenation of the dopamine precursor L-DOPA, to the corresponding o-quinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: dopamine + O2 = ? + H2O. This reaction catalyzes the oxygenation of dopamine to the corresponding o-quinone.
The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule.
A multiprotein ATPase complex involved in the release of polyubiquitinated proteins, including those damaged by oxidative stress, from the outer mitochondria membrane into the cytoplasm where they are presented to the proteasome for proteolysis, a process also referred to as mitochondria-associated degradation (MAD). In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Npl4p and Vms1p.
The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells into a substrate.
Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through water, often by means of active fin movement.
For behavioral aspects of swimming, consider instead annotating to 'swimming behavior ; GO:0036269'.
The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of swimming. Swimming is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diuretic stimulus. A diuretic is an agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylphenidate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gemcitabine stimulus. Gemcitabine is a 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position, and is used as a drug in the treatment of various carcinomas.
response to 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a statin stimulus, a compound that inhibits HMG-CoA reductases.
response to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lapatinib stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 5-fluorouracil stimulus.
response to 5-fluoropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antidepressant stimulus, a mood-stimulating drug.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anticonvulsant stimulus, a drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a deprivation of nitrogen.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to nitrogen starvation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in response to deprivation of glucose.
positive regulation of protein export from nucleus in response to glucose starvation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-canavanine stimulus. L-canavanine is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group.
The non-sexual aggregation between single-celled organisms of different species.
The non-sexual aggregation between single-celled organisms of different species mediated by interaction of a protein in one species and a carbohydrate in the other species. For example, coflocculation between S. pombe and E. coli is mediated by mannose residues in the yeast cell wall interacting with lectin protein in E. coli cell projections.
coflocculation via lectin-mannose interaction
coflocculation via protein-carbohydrate interaction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
positive regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus in response to hydrogen peroxide
Actin-based structures involved in establishing close contact between Sertoli-Sertoli cells or Sertoli-spermatids in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SAGA complex, a SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains Spt8 (in budding yeast) or a homolog thereof.
A filamentous cortical structure formed, in S. pombe, by the eisosome component Pil1.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iloperidone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ximelagatran stimulus.
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein.
The phosphorylation by a protein of a residue on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues.
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.
This term should be used when a decrease in oxygen levels is not considered a stress response. For a hypoxic stress response, consider instead 'response to hypoxia ; GO:0001666'.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.
cellular response to lowered oxygen levels
This term should be used when a decrease in oxygen levels is not considered a stress response. For a hypoxic stress response, consider instead 'cellular response to hypoxia ; GO:0071456'.
cellular response to decreased oxygen levels
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.
cellular response to raised oxygen levels
This term should be used when an increase in oxygen levels is not considered a stress response. For a hyperoxic stress response, consider instead 'cellular response to hyperoxia ; GO:0071455'.
cellular response to increased oxygen levels
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.
This term should be used when an increase in oxygen levels is not considered a stress response. For a hyperoxic stress response, consider instead 'response to hyperoxia ; GO:0055093.
Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.
Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA by a mechanism that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA.
recombination-dependent interstrand cross-link repair
recombinational interstrand cross-link repair
Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA by a mechanism that does not involve homologous DNA recombination.
recombination-independent interstrand cross-link repair
non-recombinational interstrand cross-link repair
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of a B cell receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell.
The appearance of macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
macrophage colony-stimulating factor production
The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle.
The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the umbilical cord are generated and organized. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an ameloblast, a cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ.
The developmental growth that results in the increase in length of the embryonic heart tube. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(2030) in 23S rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N(6)-methyladenine(2030) in 23S rRNA.
23S rRNA (adenine(2030)-N(6))-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1516) in 16S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1516) in 16S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
16S rRNA (guanine(1516)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the M band. The M band is the midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere.
Catalysis of the ATP-dependent rewinding of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to reform base pairs between strands. Often acts on ssDNA bubbles bound by replication protein A (RPA).
nucleoside-triphosphatase activity involved in DNA annealing
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose + H2O = 2-(acetylamino)-4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose + acetate.
chitin oligosaccharide amidohydrolase activity
chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase activity
In contrast to EC 3.5.1.41 (chitin deacetylase) this enzyme is specific for the chitin disaccharide.
chitin disaccharide deacetylase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The regulatory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit to regulate both its activity and subcellular location.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The catalytic subunit catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit binding
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.
Any process in which the SREBP-SCAP complex is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. The SREBP-SCAP complex is formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). In the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed. In the presence of sterols, the complex binds ER-resident proteins such as INSIG, which retain the complex in the ER.
Consider also annotating to the cellular component term: SREBP-SCAP-Insig complex ; GO:0032937.
SREBP-SCAP complex retention in endoplasmic reticulum
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a 5' tyrosyl-RNA phosphodiester bond between a protein and RNA. In picornaviruses, this covalent bond connects VPg, a viral-encoded protein essential for RNA replication, to the 5' end of all nascent picornavirus genomes; it is cleaved from virion RNA prior to its engaging in protein synthesis.
uridylylpolynucleotide-(5' P->O)- tyrosine phosphodiesterase activity
Combining with a peptide pheromone, and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the mating-type peptide pheromone M-factor and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. M-factor is a nine-membered oligopeptide that consists of tyrosyl, threonyl, prolyl, lysyl, valyl, prolyl, tyrosyl, methionyl and methyl S-farnesylcysteinate residues joined in sequence, and is a peptide pheromone released by Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells of the cellular mating type Minus.
M-factor mating pheromone receptor activity
mating-type M-factor pheromone receptor activity
Combining with the mating-type peptide pheromone P-factor and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. P-factor is a polypeptide of 23 residues, with the sequence Thr-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Gln-Ser-Trp-Asn-Thr-Phe-Val-Asn-Pro-Asp-Arg-Pro-Asn-Leu, and is a peptide pheromone released by Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells of the cellular mating type Plus.
P-factor mating pheromone receptor activity
mating-type P-factor pheromone receptor activity
The regulated release of ghrelin from a cell or organ. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid hunger-stimulating peptide hormone.
The regulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) from a cell or organ. Pancreatic polypeptide is a 36 amino acid polypeptide secreted by islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas.
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling pathway
Combining with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
vascular endothelial growth factor A-activated receptor activity
Combining with vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
vascular endothelial growth factor B-activated receptor activity
Combining with vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
vascular endothelial growth factor C-activated receptor activity
Combining with vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
C-fos induced growth factor receptor activity
vascular endothelial growth factor D-activated receptor activity
Combining with vascular endothelial growth factor E (VEGF-E) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
vascular endothelial growth factor E-activated receptor activity
The progression of an avascular cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Corneal avascularity (the absence of blood vessels in the cornea) is required for optical clarity and optimal vision. Avascular corneas are present in most animals, except Manatees.
avascular cornea development in camera-type eye
Combining with placental growth factor (PlGF) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
placental growth factor receptor activity
placental growth factor-activated receptor activity
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of intestinal stem cells within a population of cells.
The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to the receptor Fas on the surface of the cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Fas is a death domain-containing member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily.
The lipid bilayer of a virion, a complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle.
The attachment of a lymphocyte to an endothelial cell of a high endothelial venule (HEV) via adhesion molecules. A HEV cell is an endothelial cell that is cuboidal, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream.
lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venule
For the transition of leukocytes from rolling to adhered, consider instead annotating to 'leukocyte adhesive activation ; GO:0050902'.
lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cell of high endothelial venule
The process of hardening a chitin-based cuticle by mineral incorporation. For example, the cuticle of crustaceans is hardened by the incorporation of calcium carbonate.
chitin-based cuticle hardening by biomineralisation
chitin-based cuticle sclerotization by biomineralization
The process of hardening of a chitin-based cuticle by protein cross-linking, and the incorporation of phenolic precursors. This mechanism of cuticle hardening occurs in insects and is usually accompanied by darkening of the cuticle.
chitin-based cuticle sclerotization by protein cross-linking and cuticle tanning
chitin-based cuticle sclerotization by protein cross-linking
The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that combine cognitive functions and physical movement. For example, driving a car, throwing a ball, or playing a musical instrument.
Generation and organization of a platelet, a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a platelet to attain its fully functional state. A platelet is a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-cysteine stimulus. L-cysteine is an optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.
The directed movement of glutathione into a cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-5-monosubstituted hydantoin = L-5-monosubstituted hydantoin.
The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms where cell surface galactose residues mediate adhesion between cells.
The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms where cell surface mannose residues mediate adhesion between cells.
The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 13 (H2A-K13) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K13 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.
The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 15 (H2A-K15) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K15 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.
The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group to lysine-119 (H2A- K119) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms.
histone H2A monoubiquitination (H2A-K119)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-desacetyl-2-hydroxyethyl bacteriochlorophyllide a = bacteriochlorophyllide a + 2 H+.
2-desacetyl-2-hydroxyethyl bacteriochlorophyllide a dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine + reduced acceptor = 2-iminoacetate + 4-methylphenol + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + acceptor + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) + ATP = cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG) + ADP + phosphate.
This reaction is the intramolecular cyclization of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and is the second step in the biosynthesis of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG).
cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycerate + ATP = 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + ADP.
This reaction is the first step in the biosynthesis of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG).
The formation of a D-alanyl ester of lipoteichoic acid by transfer of D-Ala onto a membrane-associated lipoteichoic acid (LTA).
The elimination by an organism of potassium in the urine.
The process in which the sorocarp stalk is generated and organized. The sorocarp stalk is a tubular structure that consists of cellulose-covered cells stacked on top of each other and surrounded by an acellular stalk tube composed of cellulose and glycoprotein. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum.
Catalysis of the interconversion of the two enantiomers of a chiral amino acid or amino acid derivative.
racemase activity, acting on amino acids and derivatives
A double layer of lipid molecules that surrounds an ascus, a capsule containing the sexual spores in some fungi.
The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.
transforming growth factor beta activation
The release of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) from its latent state.
transforming growth factor-beta1 activation
transforming growth factor beta1 activation
The release of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta2) from its latent state.
transforming growth factor beta2 activation
The release of transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-beta3) from its latent state.
transforming growth factor beta3 activation
The ability of a photoreceptor to adjust to varying levels of light.
Light adaptation is usually a combination of cell desensitization and response acceleration.
The processes required for a cone photoreceptor to recover, following light activation, so that it can respond to a subsequent light stimulus. Cone recovery requires the shutoff of active participants in the phototransduction cascade, including the visual pigment and downstream signal transducers.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
proteasome-mediated transcription factor catabolism
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor catabolic process
Accepts activated D-alanine and subsequently transfers D-alanine onto a teichoic acid acceptor molecule. The carrier protein provides an essential link between the D-alanine-D-alanyl carrier protein ligase and the incorporation of D-alanine into the substrate.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the T-tubule. The T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.
protein localization to transverse tubule
The transfer of information from one cell to another, where the signal travels from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell by passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid. The signaling cell and the receiving cell are usually in the vicinity of each other.
This term should be used with caution, and only used when the signaling between cells has been clearly distinguished from endocrine signaling.
The transfer of information from one cell to another, where an endocrine hormone is transported from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell via the circulatory system (via blood, lymph or cerebrospinal fluid). The signaling cell and the receiving cell are often distant to each other.
This term should be used with caution, and only used when the signaling between cells has been clearly distinguished from paracrine signaling.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an opioid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a ligand for an epidermal growth factor receptor. The ligand is functional when it can bind to and activate an epidermal growth factor receptor.
epidermal growth factor receptor ligand maturation
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, as part of protein maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. In Drosophila for example, in the Golgi apparatus of the signal producing cell, Spitz is cleaved within its transmembrane domain to release a functional soluble extracellular fragment.
EGFR ligand maturation by peptide bond cleavage
epidermal growth factor receptor ligand processing
peptide bond cleavage involved in EGFR ligand maturation
peptide bond cleavage involved in epidermal growth factor receptor ligand maturation
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to contribute to the directed movement of a motile cell towards a higher concentration of netrin.
netrin receptor activity involved in positive chemotaxis
netrin receptor activity involved in chemoattraction
A series of molecular events initiated by the binding of a netrin protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Netrins can act as chemoattractant signals for some cells and chemorepellent signals for others. Netrins also have roles outside of cell and axon guidance.
netrin-activated signal transduction pathway
The intracellular process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell via a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF). TRAFs are directly or indirectly recruited to the intracellular domains of cell surface receptors, and engage other signaling proteins to transfer the signal from a cell surface receptor to other intracellular signaling components.
tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor signal transduction
tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor signaling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by the movement of a signaling receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. Receptor internalization can have a positive or negative effect on a signaling pathway.
regulation of signaling pathway by receptor endocytosis
regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization
Any process in which the internalization of a signaling receptor activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. Receptor internalization can enhance signaling by concentrating signaling molecules in one location, or by moving a ligand-activated receptor to the location of downstream signaling proteins. Endosomes for example can serve as important intracellular signaling platforms.
positive regulation of signaling pathway by receptor endocytosis
positive regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization
Any process in which internalization of a signaling receptor stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. Receptor internalization can attenuate or reduce the strength of signaling by reducing the concentration of cell surface receptors available to ligands.
negative regulation of signaling pathway by receptor endocytosis
negative regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization
Any process in which internalization of a Wnt receptor stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signal transduction.
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway by Wnt receptor internalization
ligand-dependent internalization of Frizzled
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by Wnt receptor endocytosis
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by Wnt receptor internalization
Any process in which internalization of a Wnt receptor activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway by Wnt receptor endocytosis
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by LRP6 internalization
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by Frizzled internalization
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by Wnt receptor internalization
Any process in which internalization of an insulin receptor stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signal transduction. Internalization of insulin in association with its receptor clears insulin from the circulation and is necessary for subsequent insulin dissociation from the receptor and insulin degradation.
agonist-stimulated insulin receptor internalization
negative regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway by insulin receptor internalization
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway by insulin receptor internalization
Any process in which internalization of an insulin receptor activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Endocytosis of activated receptors can concentrate receptors within endosomes and allow the insulin receptor to phosphorylate substrates that are spatially distinct from those accessible at the plasma membrane.
positive regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway by insulin receptor internalization
positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway by insulin receptor internalization
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of an insulin receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell.
A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of a Wnt receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a Wnt receptor. Internalized Wnt receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by Wnt receptor degradation
The process that results in the return of a Wnt receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a Wnt signal. Internalized Wnt receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.
The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.
Combining with the fat-cell specific hormone leptin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G-protein coupled odorant receptor activity
olfactory receptor activity, G-protein coupled
odorant receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled olfactory receptor activity
Receiving a signal and transmitting the signal in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
receptor activity involved in signal transduction
Note that this term and its child terms are intended for receptors that are directly coupled to a signal transduction pathway. This term should therefore not be used to annotate decoy receptors and other proteins that bind a signal but do not pass the signal on. This term can be used to annotate dependence receptors that transduce a signal when a ligand is withdrawn (in this case, signal withdrawal is considered to be the initiating signal), or receptors that signal at a basal level in the absence of a bound agonist. For receptors that mediate transport of a substance into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis, consider instead the term 'cargo receptor activity ; GO:0038024' and its children.
Combining selectively with an extracellular macromolecule and delivering the macromolecule into the cell via endocytosis.
receptor activity involved in ligand uptake
receptor activity involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis
Note that this term and its child terms are intended for receptors that bind to and internalize molecules by receptor-mediated endocytosis. For receptors that are coupled to a signal transduction pathway, consider instead the term 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children.
Combining with the secreted glycoprotein reelin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
reelin-mediated signal transduction pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of apolipoprotein A-I to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signalling pathway
apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the signal is passed on via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
insulin receptor signaling pathway via PI3K cascade
insulin receptor signalling pathway via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
insulin receptor signaling pathway via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, where the signal is passed on via the MAPKKK cascade.
EGFR signaling pathway via MAPKKK cascade
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via MAPKKK cascade
epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathway via MAPKKK cascade
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via MAPK cascade
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the MAPKKK cascade.
non-canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway via MAPK signaling
non-canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway via MAPKKK cascade
non-canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway via MAPKKK cascade
non-canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway via MAPK cascade
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the JNK cascade.
non-canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway via JNK cascade
non-canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway via JNK cascade
The signaling process in which G-protein coupled receptor signaling is brought to an end. For example, through the action of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that act to accelerate hydrolysis of GTP to GDP on G-alpha proteins, thereby terminating the transduced signal.
termination of G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
termination of G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a VEGFR on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
VEGF-mediated chemotactic endothelial cell migration
VEGF-VEGFR-induced endothelial cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF-activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathway
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in endothelial cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF-activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the absence of a ligand or the withdrawal of a ligand from a receptor.
signal transduction in absence of agonist
signal transduction in absence of ligand
A series of molecular signals beginning with a G-protein coupled receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex, where the G-protein coupled receptor is not bound to an agonist.
G-protein coupled receptor signaling in absence of agonist
G-protein coupled receptor signalling in absence of ligand
basal G-protein coupled receptor signaling
This term is intended for use by G-protein coupled receptors which signal at a low-level in the absence of agonist binding.
G-protein coupled receptor signaling in absence of ligand
Combining with the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor activity
A protein complex that contains two G-protein coupled receptors.
G-protein coupled receptor dimeric complex
A protein complex that contains two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the same subtype. Formation of a GPCR homodimer may be important for the transport of newly formed receptors to the cell surface, and the function of the receptor.
G-protein coupled receptor homodimeric complex
A protein complex that contains two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of different subtypes. Formation of a GPCR heterodimer may alter the functional property of the GPCR.
G-protein coupled receptor heterodimeric complex
Activation of one protomer of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimer by the associated subunit. For example, agonist occupancy in one protomer of a GPCR dimer may activate the associated promoter.
cross-receptor activation within G-protein coupled receptor heterodimer
Inhibition of one protomer of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimer by the associated subunit. For example, agonist activation of one cytokine receptor can prevent activation of its associated cytokine receptor subunit.
cross-receptor inhibition within G-protein coupled receptor heterodimer
A series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular signal combining with a dimeric receptor on the surface of the target cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Heterodimeric and homodimeric GPCRs may have different functional properties from those of the respective monomers.
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway via GPCR dimer
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-5 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-5-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-5-mediated signaling pathway
The regulated release of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) from a cell or group of cells into the extracellular region. TGF-beta is mostly secreted as a large latent TGF-beta complex (LLC) containing latency-associated proteins (LAPs) derived from the N-terminal region of the TGF-beta gene product, dimeric TGF-beta and latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs).
transforming growth factor-beta secretion
A protein complex containing latency-associated proteins (LAPs), mature disulphide-linked dimeric TGF-beta, and latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs). TGF-beta is mostly secreted as part of the large latent complex, and must be subsequently released from the LLC in order to bind to cell surface receptors.
large latent transforming growth factor-beta complex
Combining with an enkephalin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. A enkephalin is a pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met or Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) involved in regulating nociception in the body.
Combining with morphine (17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diol), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with a dynorphin peptide, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Dynorphin is any opioid peptide that is generated by cleavage of the precursor protein prodynorphin.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. For example, some steroid hormone receptors bind to transcription factor complexes to regulate transcription of genes whose promoters do not contain hormone response elements.
ligand-activated nuclear receptor activity
GO:0038049 is intended for annotation of nuclear receptors that regulate transcription by binding to transcription factors or transcription factor complexes. When the nuclear receptor functions by binding directly to DNA response elements, consider instead annotating to 'ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0004879'.
ligand-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
For glucocorticoid receptors that function by binding to other transcription factors, consider instead annotating to 'glucocorticoid-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038051'.
glucocorticoid-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. For example, glucocorticoid-bound receptors can bind to transcription factor complexes to regulate transcription of genes whose promoters do not contain glucocorticoid response elements.
For glucocorticoid receptors that function by binding response elements in DNA, consider instead annotating to 'glucocorticoid-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0038050'.
glucocorticoid-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
For estrogen receptors that function by binding to other transcription factors, consider instead annotating to 'estrogen-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038053'.
estrogen-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to modulate transcription. For example, estrogen-bound receptors can bind to transcription factor complexes to regulate transcription of genes whose promoters do not contain estrogen response elements.
For estrogen receptors that function by binding response elements in DNA, consider instead annotating to 'estrogen-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0038052'.
estrogen-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity
Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G-protein coupled estrogen receptor activity
The controlled release of a member of the BMP family of proteins from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway by stopping, preventing or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of secretion of a member of the BMP family of proteins from the signaling cell.
negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway by negative regulation of bone morphogenetic protein secretion
negative regulation of BMP signalling pathway by negative regulation of BMP secretion
negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway by negative regulation of BMP secretion
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family.
tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 binding
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 binding
tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 11 binding
Combining with a tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate a change in cell activity or function.
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 receptor activity
A homodimeric protein complex containing two IkappaB kinase (IKK) alpha subunits.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by nitric oxide (NO) activating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, guanylyl cyclase activity, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell following activation by cGMP.
nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signalling pathway
nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathway
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-KappaB. The cascade begins with activation of the NF-KappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-Kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-KappaB (p52).
noncanonical nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway
Combining with collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
protein tyrosine kinase collagen receptor activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of collagen to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
collagen-activated RTK signaling pathway
collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signalling pathway
discoidin domain receptor signaling pathway
collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway
Combining with a collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
transmembrane collagen receptor activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP by a mitogen-activated protein kinase, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to cell wall biogenesis.
MAPK activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
MAP kinase activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to cell wall biogenesis.
MAP2K activity involved in cell wall integrity
MAPKK activity involved in cell wall integrity
MAP kinase kinase activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate, where the MAP kinase (MAPK) is part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to cell wall biogenesis.
MAP kinase phosphatase activity involved in regulation of cell wall biogenesis
Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to cell wall biogenesis.
MAP3K activity involved in cell wall integrity
MAPKKK activity involved in cell wall integrity
MAP kinase kinase kinase activity involved in cell wall biogenesis
Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP by a mitogen-activated protein kinase, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to conjugation with cellular fusion.
MAPK activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
MAP kinase activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to conjugation with cellular fusion.
MAP2K activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
MAPKK activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
MAP kinase kinase activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
MAP3K activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
MAPKKK activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
MAP kinase kinase kinase activity involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate, where the MAP kinase (MAPK) is part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to conjugation with cellular fusion.
MAPK phosphatase activity involved in regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
MAP kinase phosphatase activity involved in regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion
Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP by a mitogen-activated protein kinase, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to an innate immune response.
MAPK activity involved in innate immune response
MAP kinase activity involved in innate immune response
Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to an innate immune response.
MAP2K activity involved in innate immune response
MAPKK activity involved in innate immune response
MAP kinase kinase activity involved in innate immune response
Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to an innate immune response.
MAP3K activity involved in innate immune response
MAPKKK activity involved in innate immune response
MAP kinase kinase kinase activity involved in innate immune response
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate, where the MAP kinase (MAPK) is part of a MAPK signaling cascade that contributes to an innate immune response.
MAPK phosphatase activity involved in regulation of innate immune response
MAP kinase phosphatase activity involved in regulation of innate immune response
Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP by a mitogen-activated protein kinase, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that passes on a signal within an osmosensory signaling pathway.
MAP kinase activity involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
MAPK activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
MAP kinase activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate, as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that passes on a signal within an osmosensory signaling pathway.
MAP kinase kinase activity involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
MAP2K activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
MAPKK activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
MAP kinase kinase activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), as part of a MAPK signaling cascade that passes on a signal within an osmosensory signaling pathway.
MAP kinase kinase kinase activity involved in osmosensory signalling pathway
MAP3K activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
MAPKKK activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
MAP kinase kinase kinase activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate, where the MAP kinase (MAPK) is part of a MAPK signaling cascade that passes on a signal within an osmosensory signaling pathway.
MAP kinase phosphatase activity involved in regulation of osmosensory signalling pathway
MAPK phosphatase activity involved in regulation of osmosensory signaling pathway
MAP kinase phosphatase activity involved in regulation of osmosensory signaling pathway
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.
receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway
In GO, a gene product with 'vascular endothelial growth factor-activated receptor activity ; GO:0005021' necessarily binds VEGF to transduce a signal. To represent cross-talk between ligands and receptors, signaling pathways in GO are starting to be named after the receptor and/or the signal. GO:0038084 is for annotation of any pathway in which the ligand VEGF binds and activates any cell surface receptor (VEGFR, PDGFR etc.). For annotation of signaling pathways where a VEGFR binds one of its physiological ligands (VEGF or an alternative growth factor), consider 'vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway ; GO:0048010'.
vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vascular endothelial growth factor.
vascular endothelial growth factor binding
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor signalling pathway
vascular endothelial growth factor-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway
VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
VEGF-activated PDGFRalpha signalling pathway
VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signalling pathway
vascular endothelial growth factor-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway
VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
VEGF-activated PDGFRbeta signalling pathway
VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signalling pathway
vascular endothelial growth factor-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway
VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the orderly movement of a cell from one site to another.
positive regulation of cell migration by VEGF signaling pathway
positive regulation of cell migration by vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway
positive regulation of cell migration by vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the orderly movement of a cell from one site to another.
positive regulation of cell migration by VEGF-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of cell migration by VEGF/PDGFR signaling pathway
positive regulation of cell migration by VEGF-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell proliferation by VEGF-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of cell proliferation by VEGF/PDGFR signaling pathway
positive regulation of cell proliferation by VEGF-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a nodal protein to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin to an Fc receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to an Fc-gamma receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.
Fc gamma receptor-dependent phagocytosis
Fc-gamma receptor signalling pathway involved in phagocytosis
Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis
An Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway that results in the change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.
Fc epsilon RI-dependent mast cell activation
Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell activation
positive regulation of mast cell activation by Fc-epsilon receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of mast cell activation by Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway
Binding to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in the extracellular region, and inhibiting BMP signaling by preventing BMP from binding to its cell surface receptor.
extracellular sequestering of bone morphogenetic protein
sequestering of BMP from receptor via BMP binding
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex containing a type II activin receptor, a type I activin receptor, and a coreceptor of the EGF-CFC family (e.g. Cripto or Cryptic, in mammals).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nodal protein, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily.
Binding to a nodal protein in the extracellular region, and inhibiting nodal signaling by preventing nodal from binding to its cell surface receptor.
sequestering of nodal from receptor via nodal binding
Interacting with an activin receptor complex to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. A receptor antagonist does not initiate signaling upon binding to a receptor, but instead blocks an agonist from binding to the receptor.
This term refers to inhibition of a member of the activin receptor family; activin receptors bind to multiple ligands including activin and nodal.
Interacting with an activin receptor to reduce the action of the agonist nodal. A receptor antagonist does not initiate signaling upon binding to a receptor, but instead blocks an agonist from binding to the receptor.
activin receptor antagonist activity involved in negative regulation of nodal signalling pathway
activin receptor antagonist activity involved in negative regulation of nodal signaling pathway
A protein complex containing at least a type II activin receptor, a type I activin receptor, and a coreceptor (EGF-CFC protein) such as Cripto or Cryptic. Nodal receptor complexes are capable of binding a nodal protein and transducing the signal into the cell.
Nodal signals through activin receptors but (unlike activin) also requires EGF-CFC coreceptors (such as Cripto or Cryptic in mammals) to signal. This term is intended for receptor/co-receptor components and not a nodal-receptor complex.
Binding to a transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) protein in the extracellular region, and inhibiting TGFbeta signaling by preventing TGFbeta from binding to its cell surface receptor.
extracellular sequestering of transforming growth factor-beta
This term is for annotation of gene products that bind to TGFbeta. For gene products that tether the TGFbeta-containing latency complex to the extracellular matrix, but do not necessarily bind TGF-beta directly, consider instead annotating to 'sequestering of TGFbeta in extracellular matrix ; GO:0035583'.
sequestering of TGFbeta from receptor via TGFbeta binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with choriogonadotropin hormone, a heterodimer, with an alpha subunit identical to that of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and a unique beta subunit.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a nodal protein to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.
nodal signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by nodal signaling pathway, involved in determination of left/right symmetry
nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leptin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, which reduces appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.
inhibition of appetite by leptin signaling
negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signalling pathway
reduction of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling
suppression of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals that starts with the binding of stem cell factor to the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT on the surface of a cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Stem cell factor (KIT ligand) binding to the receptor Kit mediates receptor dimerization, activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation. The activated receptor then phosphorylates various substrates, thereby activating distinct signaling cascades within the cell that trigger a change in state or activity of the cell.
stem cell factor receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-2 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-2-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-7 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-7-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-7-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-8 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-8-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-8-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-9 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-9-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-9-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-21 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-21-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-21-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL19 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 signalling pathway
C-C chemokine receptor type 7 signaling pathway
The C-C chemokine CCL19 s a known agonist of the chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7). Consider instead annotating to the child term 'CCL19-activated CCR7 signaling pathway ; GO:0038119'.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL21 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 signalling pathway
The C-C chemokine CCL21 s a known agonist of the chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7). Consider instead annotating to the child term 'CCL21-activated CCR7 signaling pathway ; GO:0038120'.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 signaling pathway
Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 19 (CCL19) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
C-C motif chemokine 19 receptor activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-C chemokine type 7 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signalling pathway
This term was created to show the binding of cytokines to multiple receptor types, and vice-versa. Known agonists of chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) are C-C chemokines CCL19 and CCL21. Consider instead annotating to one of the child terms 'CCL19-activated CCR7 signaling pathway ; GO:0038119' and/or 'CCL21-activated CCR7 signaling pathway ; GO:0038120'.
C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL19 to a C-C chemokine type 7 receptor (CCR7) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL21 to a C-C chemokine type 7 receptor (CCR7) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 21 (CCL21) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
C-C motif chemokine 21 receptor activity
Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
small inducible cytokine A5 receptor activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a heterodimeric TLR1:TLR2 complex to one of it's physiological ligands, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signalling pathway
toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex to one of it's physiological ligands, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signalling pathway
toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptors on the surface of a cell, where the signal is transmitted by ERBB2. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.
receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB3 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB3 receptors have impaired kinase activity and rely on the kinase activity of the heterodimer partner for activation and signal transmission.
receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 signaling pathway
Combining with a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Consider also annotating to 'ERBB3 signaling pathway ; GO:0038129' and/or 'ERBB4 signaling pathway ; GO:0038130'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB3 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3. ERBB3 also has impaired kinase activity and relies on ERBB2 for activation and signal transmission.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and EGFR. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as EGFR.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB4 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB4. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB4.
A series of molecular signals transmitted by a heterodimeric complex of the tyrosine kinase receptors ERBB3 and ERBB4. The pathway begins with binding of a ligand to either cell surface receptor, or the dimeric receptor complex, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals transmitted by a heterodimeric complex of the tyrosine kinase receptors EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor/ERBB1) and ERBB4. The pathway begins with binding of a ligand to either cell surface receptor, or the dimeric receptor complex, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4, followed by ligand-induced homodimerization of ERBB4 and transmission of the signal into the cell by the homodimeric ERBB4 complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptors ERBB4 (also called HER4) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1).
A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptors ERBB4 (also called HER4) and ERBB3 (also called HER3). ERBB3 has impaired kinase activity so relies on the kinase activity of its heterodimer partner for activation and signal transmission.
A homodimeric complex containing two monomers of the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 (also called HER4).
A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 and a ligand-activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1). ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as EGFR.
A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 and a ligand-activated receptor ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3.
A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 and a ligand-activated receptor ERBB4. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB4.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
macrophage colony-stimulating factor signalling pathway
macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
stromal cell-derived factor-1 signaling pathway
CXCL12-activated CXCR7 signaling pathway
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 signaling pathway
Combining with the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor activity
C-X-C motif chemokine 12 receptor activity
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL2 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 signaling pathway
Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-C chemokine type 2 receptor (CCR2) on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
C-C chemokine receptor type 2 signaling pathway
C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL2 to a C-C chemokine type 2 receptor (CCR2) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-C chemokine type 2 receptor (CCR4) on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
C-C chemokine receptor type 4 signaling pathway
chemokine receptor CCR4 signaling pathway
C-C chemokine receptor CCR4 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL2 to a C-C chemokine type 4 receptor (CCR4) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-11 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-11-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-11-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-23 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-23-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-23-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-3 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-3-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-3-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. GM-CSF binds to a heterodimer receptor (CSF2R) consisting of an alpha ligand-binding subunit, and a common beta subunit that is shared with other cytokine receptors.
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor signaling pathway
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signalling pathway
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. G-CSF binds to the receptor (CSF3R).
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor signaling pathway
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signalling pathway
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12 to a C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor (CXCR4) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
CXCL12-activated CXCR4 signalling pathway
CXCL12-activated CXCR4 signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the peptide hormone prolactin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of erythropoietin (EPO) to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
erythropoietin receptor signaling pathway
erythropoietin-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a thrombopoietin to the thrombopoietin receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
thrombopoietin receptor signaling pathway
thrombopoietin-mediated signaling pathway
Combining with the glycoprotein thrombopoietin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of oncostatin-M (OSM) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. OSM can signal via at least two different receptors (a specific receptor and a LIF receptor) to activate different downstream signal transduction pathways.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of angiotensin II binding to an angiotensin receptor on the surface of the cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
angiotensin II-mediated signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, where the signal is passed on within the cell via activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
EGFR signaling pathway via activation of NF-kappaB
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, where the signal is passed on within the cell via I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
EGFR signaling pathway via IKK-dependent activation of NF-kappaB
EGFR signaling pathway via IKK/NF-kappaB cascade
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) binding to one of its physiological ligands and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
In addition to somatostatin (SST), the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) can also be activated by the agonist cortistatin (CST). For signal transduction specifically initiated by the ligand somatostatin, consider instead annotating to the child term 'somatostatin signaling pathway ; GO:0038170'.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the peptide somatostatin (SST) binding to a somatostatin receptor (SSTR). The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
somatostatin-activated somatostatin receptor signaling pathway
somatotrophin release inhibiting factor signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-33 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-33-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-33-mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-17A to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
interleukin-17A-mediated signalling pathway
interleukin-17A-mediated signaling pathway
Combining with the cytokine interleukin-17A and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway in response to an increase in oxygen levels.
negative regulation of SREBP-mediated signaling pathway in response to increased oxygen levels
negative regulation of SREBP-mediated signaling pathway in presence of oxygen
negative regulation of SREBP signaling pathway in response to increased oxygen levels
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway in response to a decrease in oxygen levels.
positive regulation of SREBP-mediated signaling pathway in response to decreased oxygen levels
positive regulation of SREBP-mediated signaling pathway in absence of oxygen
positive regulation of SREBP signaling pathway in response to decreased oxygen levels
Interacting with a death receptor such that the proportion of death receptors in an active form is increased. Ligand binding to a death receptor often induces a conformational change to activate the receptor.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the C5a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. C5a is a peptide derived from the C5 complement factor.
complement component C5a-induced signaling pathway
complement component C5a signaling pathway
The process in which regions of the embryo are delineated into the area in which the pronephric kidney will develop.
The process in which the proximal tubule of the pronephric nephron acquires its identity.
specification of pronephric proximal tubule identity
The process in which the tubules arranged along the proximal/distal axis of the pronephric nephron acquire their identity.
specification of pronephric tubule identity
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a pronephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the pronephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric nephron are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rectal diverticulum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The rectal diverticulum is an outgrowth of the cloaca and links the pronephric kidney to the exterior.
pronephric rectal diverticulum development
The process in which the distal tubule of the pronephric nephron acquires its identity.
specification of pronephric distal tubule identity
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron proximal tubule are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
pronephros proximal tubule morphogenesis
pronephric proximal tubule morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric sinus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric sinus is an ill-defined capillary network that lies between the pronephric tubules.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron distal tubule are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cell differentiation involved in pronephric kidney development
cell differentiation involved in pronephros development
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the pronephros.
cell proliferation involved in pronephric kidney development
cell proliferation involved in pronephros development
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
cell-cell signaling involved in pronephric kidney development
cell-cell signalling involved in pronephros development
cell-cell signaling involved in pronephros development
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development
pattern specification involved in pronephros development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephrostome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nephrostome is the opening of the pronephros into the body cavity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.
The progression of the glomerulus of the pronephric kidney over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney.
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of host cell type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
negative regulation by virus of host type I interferon production
suppression by virus of host interferon type I production
suppression by virus of host type I IFN production
suppression by virus of host type I interferon production
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type I interferon-mediated signaling in the host organism. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
negative regulation by virus of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host type I IFN-mediated signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host type I interferon-mediated signalling pathway
inhibition of host interferon signaling pathway by virus
suppression by virus of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense.
inhibition of host innate immune response by virus
negative regulation by virus of host innate immune response
negative regulation by virus of host innate immunity
suppression by virus of host innate immunity
suppression by virus of host innate immune response
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adaptive immune response of the host organism, an immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
inhibition of host adaptive immune response by virus
negative regulation by virus of host adaptive immune response
negative regulation by virus of host adaptive immunity
suppression by virus of host acquired immune response
suppression by virus of host adaptive immune response
Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
inhibition of host MHC class II molecule presentation by virus
suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II
The process in which a virus effects a change in the function of a host protein via a direct interaction.
modification by virus of host protein function
modulation by virus of host molecular function
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host protein.
down regulation by virus of host protein function
down-regulation by virus of host protein function
negative regulation by virus of host molecular function
negative regulation by virus of host protein function
inhibition by virus of host protein function
suppression by virus of host molecular function
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host receptor.
down-regulation by virus of host receptor activity
downregulation by virus of host receptor activity
negative regulation by virus of host receptor activity
suppression by virus of host receptor function
inhibition by virus of host receptor activity
suppression by virus of host receptor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host pattern recognition receptor. A pattern recognition receptor combines with a molecular pattern based on a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan, to initiate a change in cell activity.
down regulation by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
down-regulation by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
negative regulation by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor function
inhibition by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
viral inhibition of host pattern recognition receptor activity
suppression by virus of host pattern recognition receptor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity.
down-regulation by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
downregulation by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
negative regulation by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
inhibition by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
suppression by virus of host ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host interferon receptor.
down-regulation by virus of host interferon receptor activity
downregulation by virus of host interferon receptor activity
inhibition of host interferon receptors by virus
negative regulation by virus of host interferon receptor activity
inhibition by virus of host interferon receptor activity
suppression by virus of host interferon receptor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protein tyrosine kinase activity.
down-regulation by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
downregulation by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
negative regulation by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
inhibition by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
suppression by virus of host protein tyrosine kinase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity.
down-regulation by virus of host enzyme activity
downregulation by virus of host catalytic activity
negative regulation by virus of host catalytic activity
inhibition by virus of host catalytic activity
suppression by virus of host catalytic activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism.
down-regulation by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
downregulation by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
negative regulation by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
inhibition by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
suppression by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent by which a phosphate group is introduced to a tyrosine residue of a host STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
negative regulation by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of host STAT protein
inhibition of host JAK activity by virus
negative regulation by virus of host JAK
viral inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of host STAT protein
Consider also annotating to 'suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity ; GO:0039576'.
suppression by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of host STAT protein
The process in which a virus effects a change in host enzyme activity.
modulation of catalytic activity of host by virus
regulation by virus of host catalytic activity
regulation of host catalytic activity by virus
modulation by virus of host catalytic activity
The process in which a virus effects a change in host protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.
modulation by virus of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity in host
regulation by virus of host protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
modulation by virus of host protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host cytokine activity.
down-regulation by virus of host cytokine activity
downregulation by virus of host cytokine activity
negative regulation by virus of host cytokine activity
inhibition by virus of host cytokine activity
suppression by virus of host cytokine activity
Any process in which a virus effect a change in the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
Any process in which a virus activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
positive regulation by virus of host autophagy
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
negative regulation by virus of host autophagy
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the host organism.
negative regulation by virus of host mRNA nuclear export
inhibition by virus of host mRNA nuclear export
inhibition of host mRNA nuclear export by virus
suppression of host mRNA nuclear export by virus
suppression by virus of host mRNA export from nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host RNA polymerase II activity.
negative regulation by virus of host RNA polymerase II activity
inhibition of host RNA polymerase II activity by virus
inhibition of host RNA polymerase II by virus
suppression by virus of host RNA polymerase II activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing in the host cell. mRNA processing is the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
negative regulation by virus of host mRNA processing
inhibition by virus of host mRNA processing
inhibition of host mRNA processing by virus
inhibition of host pre-mRNA processing by virus
suppression by virus of host mRNA processing
Any process in which a virus effects a change in the organization of chromatin in the host.
modulation by virus of host chromatin organisation
modulation of host chromatin structure by virus
regulation by virus of host chromatin organization
modulation by virus of host chromatin organization
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis of infected host cells.
modulation of host cell apoptosis by virus
modulation by virus of host apoptotic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TRAF-mediated signal transduction in the host.
negative regulation by virus of host TRAF-mediated signal transduction
inhibition of host TRAF-mediated signal transduction by virus
suppression by virus of host tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor signaling
suppression by virus of host TRAF-mediated signal transduction
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm. Cytosolic PRRs such as RIG-I (DDX58) and MDA-5 (IFIH1) detect RNA synthesized during active viral replication and trigger a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway in response to virus
virus-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway
cytoplasmic caspase-recruiting domain (CARD) helicase signaling pathway
This term should be used for annotation when it is not known which cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) has detected the viral RNA. If the PRR is known, consider instead the child terms. The RIG-like family is composed of at least RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene I; also known as DDX58), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5; also known as helicard or IFIH1) and LGP2.
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to virus
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA. RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
retinoic acid inducible gene I signaling pathway
The apoptosis effect triggered by the RIG-I signaling pathway is inconclusive and may represent an in-vitro phenomenon. Therefore, in GO the term 'RIG-I signaling pathway ; GO:0039529' is positioned under 'regulation of cytokine production' as this is its primary effect.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA. MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm.
regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway
regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to virus
negative regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.
regulation of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.
negative regulation of IFIH1 signaling pathway
negative regulation of MDA-5 signalling pathway
negative regulation of MDA5 signaling pathway
negative regulation of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 signaling pathway
negative regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA.
regulation of retinoic acid inducible gene I signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA.
negative regulation of DDX58 signaling pathway
negative regulation of RIG-I signalling pathway
negative regulation of retinoic acid inducible gene I signaling pathway
negative regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm. This is a mechanism by which the virus evades the host innate immune response.
suppression by virus of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to virus
suppression by virus of host viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-like helicase signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-like receptor signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RLR signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA. This is a mechanism by which the virus evades the host innate immune response.
inhibition by virus of host RIG-I signaling
suppression by virus of host DDX58 signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I signalling pathway
suppression by virus of host RIG-I signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA. This is a mechanism by which the virus evades the host innate immune response.
inhibition by virus of host MDA-5 signaling
suppression by virus of host IFIH1 signaling pathway
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 signalling pathway
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 signaling pathway
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). The cytoplasmic pattern recognition RIG-I recognizes viral RNA synthesized during active viral replication and signals to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
inhibition by virus of host DDX58 activity
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response initiated by host RIG-I, either by binding and inhibiting host RIG-I directly, or by interfering with other processes so that RIG-I is unable to carry out its normal function (e.g. by processing viral RNA so it cannot be recognized by RIG-I, or by promoting the degradation of RIG-I).
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of RIG-I (also known as DDX58) by interacting selectively and non-covalently with RIG-I itself.
inhibition by virus of host DDX58:MAVS binding
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response. Direct binding of viral proteins to the host RIG-I protein can inhibit interaction of RIG-I with its downstream effector MAVS.
suppression by virus of host RIG-I via RIG-I binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I (also known as DDX58), thereby suppressing RIG-I signal transduction. Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the N-terminal CARD domains of RIG-I is crucial for the cytosolic RIG-I signaling pathway to elicit host antiviral innate immunity.
inhibition by virus of host RIG-I activity by inhibition of RIG-I ubiquitination
inhibition by virus of TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination of host RIG-I
inhibition by virus of host DDX58 K63-linked ubiquitination
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response.
suppression by virus of host RIG-I K63-linked ubiquitination
The post-transcriptional removal by a virus of the 5' triphosphate group of their viral RNA, thereby preventing host RIG-I from recognizing viral RNA in the host cell. The intracellular pattern recognition receptor RIG-I (also known as DDX58) recognizes viral RNAs containing 5' triphosphates; removal by the virus of the 5'-terminal triphosphate group from their genome protects the viral RNA from RIG-recognition.
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity by inhibition of RNA binding
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity by viral RNA 5' processing
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by a virus resulting in the hydrolysis of the host RIG-I protein (also known as DDX58) by cleavage of peptide bonds, thereby inhibiting RIG-I signal transduction.
inhibition by virus of host RIG-I activity by RIG-I proteolysis
suppression by virus of host RIG-I activity by RIG-I proteolysis
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), a signal transducer that lies downstream of the viral RNA receptors MDA-5 and RIG-I to coordinate host innate immune responses.
suppression by virus of host MAVS activity
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by a virus resulting in the hydrolysis of the host MAVS (mitochondrial inhibitor of viral signaling) protein by cleavage of peptide bonds, thereby inhibiting the host innate immune response. For example, MAVS harbors a C-terminal transmembrane domain that targets it to the mitochondrial outer membrane; cleavage within this domain removes MAVS from the membrane, thus preventing it from signaling.
suppression by virus of host MAVS activity by MAVS proteolysis
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a host TRAF (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor) protein. TRAFs are intracellular signal transducers that lie downstream of receptors including RIG-I, MDA-5 and Toll-like receptors (TLR) and transfer the signal to other intracellular signaling components.
suppression by virus of host TRAF activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3), a transcription factor in the RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling pathway. Viral infection triggers phosphorylation of cytoplasmic IRF3, which allows IRF3 to form a homodimer, migrate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes.
Inhibition of IRF3-dependent antiviral response
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the phosphorylation of IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3), thereby inhibiting IRF3 activation. In response to signaling from RIG-1/MDA-5 receptors, IRF3 is phosphorylated on multiple serine and threonine residues; phosphorylation results in the cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation of IRF3, DNA binding, and increased transcriptional activation of interferon-encoding genes.
inhibition of virus-induced IRF-3 phosphorylation
inhibition of phosphorylation-induced activation of host IRF3
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity by inhibition of IRF3 phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces IRF3-dependent gene transcription, by preventing or reducing IRF3 binding to promoter sites.
inhibition by virus of host IRF3-DNA binding
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity by inhibition of DNA binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IRF3, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent IRF3 degradation
suppression by virus of host IRF3 activity by positive regulation of IRF3 catabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RIG-I, a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that initiates an antiviral signaling pathway upon binding to viral RNA.
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host chemokine activity.
down-regulation by virus of host chemokine activity
downregulation by virus of host chemokine activity
negative regulation by virus of host chemokine activity
inhibition by virus of host chemokine activity
suppression by virus of host chemokine activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). The cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor MDA-5 detects dsRNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) by interacting selectively and non-covalently with MDA-5 itself. For example, direct binding of viral proteins to the host MDA-5 protein can inhibit interaction of MDA-5 with MAVS, its downstream signaling effector.
suppression by virus of host MDA5 activity by MDA-5 binding
suppression by virus of host MDA-5 activity via MDA-5 binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with MDA-5, a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that initiates an antiviral signaling pathway upon binding to viral dsRNA.
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor-7), a transcription factor in the RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling pathway. Viral infection triggers phosphorylation of cytoplasmic IRF7, which allows IRF7 to form a homodimer, migrate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes.
inhibition of host interferon regulatory factor-7 by virus
suppression by virus of host IRF7 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces IRF7-dependent gene transcription, by promoting the sumoylation of IRF7, thereby disabling its activity.
suppression by virus of host interferon regulatory factor-7 activity by positive regulation of IRF7 sumoylation
suppression by virus of host IRF7 activity by positive regulation of IRF7 sumoylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor-7) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IRF7, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent IRF7 degradation
suppression by virus of host IRF7 activity by positive regulation of IRF7 catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF9 (interferon regulatory factor-9), a transcription factor involved in the innate immune response. Viral infection triggers phosphorylation of cytoplasmic IRF9 bound to STAT1 and STAT2, forming the ISGF3 complex. The ISGF3 complex migrates to the nucleus and activates transcription of IFN-responsive genes.
inhibition of host interferon regulatory factor-9 by virus
suppression by virus of host IRF9 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host IRF9 (interferon regulatory factor-9) by promoting the nuclear accumulation of IRF9. For example, the reovirus mu2 protein promotes nuclear accumulation of host IRF9 by an as yet unconfirmed-mechanism.
suppression by virus of host IRF9 activity by nuclear localization of IRF9
suppression of interferon signaling by nuclear accumulation of IRF9
suppression by virus of host IRF9 activity by positive regulation of IRF9 localization to nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) activity. STATs are SH2 domain-containing proteins which lie downstream of many signaling receptors. Upon phosphorylation by JAKs, STAT proteins hetero- or homo-dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes.
suppression by virus of host signal transducer and activator of transcription activity
inhibition by virus of host STAT activity
suppression by virus of host STAT activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity. STATs are SH2 domain-containing proteins which lie downstream of many signaling receptors. Upon phosphorylation by JAKs, STAT proteins hetero- or homo-dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes.
inhibition by virus of host STAT1 activity
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) activity. STATs are SH2 domain-containing proteins which lie downstream of many signaling receptors. Upon phosphorylation by JAKs, STAT proteins hetero- or homo-dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes.
inhibition by virus of host STAT2 activity
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of STAT1, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent STAT1 degradation
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by positive promotion of STAT1 proteasome-mediated degradation
targeting STAT1 for proteasome-mediated degradation
This term is for annotation of viral proteins that counteract the host anti-viral innate immune response. The Sendai virus protein C binds STAT1 directly to induce its degradation, whereas the V protein of simian virus 5 targets STAT1 for degradation by acting as an adaptor, without binding to STAT1.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by positive regulation of STAT1 catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity by the removal of phosphoric residues from STAT1-O-phospho-tyrosine to form STAT1-tyrosine. For example, the viral phosphatase VH1 dephosphorylates STAT1 to reverse STAT1 activation.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation of STAT1
viral tyrosine phosphatase activity involved in suppression of host STAT1
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by tyrosine dephosphorylation of STAT1
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity by retaining STAT1 in the cytoplasm, so STAT1 is unable to translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of its target genes.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by cytoplasmic sequestering of STAT1
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by negative regulation of STAT protein import into nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces STAT1-dependent gene transcription, by preventing STAT1 from binding to promoter sites in the nucleus.
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by negative regulation of DNA binding
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by inhibition of DNA binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of STAT2, mediated by the proteasome.
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent STAT2 degradation
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by positive promotion of STAT2 proteasome-mediated degradation
targeting STAT2 for proteasome-mediated degradation
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by positive regulation of STAT2 catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) activity by retaining STAT2 in the cytoplasm, so STAT2 is unable to translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of its target genes.
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by negative regulation of STAT protein import into nucleus
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) activity by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT1 protein. For example, the measles virus V protein inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, thereby preventing STAT1 activation.
inhibition by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1
suppression by virus of host STAT1 activity by negative regulation of STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-2) activity by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT2 protein. For example, the measles virus V protein inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT2, thereby preventing STAT2 activation.
inhibition by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT2
suppression by virus of host STAT2 activity by negative regulation of STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. The activation of complement involves the sequential proteolysis of proteins to generate enzymes with catalytic activities. The biological functions of the complement include opsonization, inflammation, lysis of immune complexes, or enhancement of the humoral immune response. For example, the virus complement control protein (VCP) of vaccinia virus, and the complement control protein of herpesvirus inhibit C3 convertase.
inhibition of host complement factors by virus
inhibition of host complement activation by virus
inhibition of host complement cascade by virus
suppression by virus of host complement activation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) activity. TYK2 is an intracellular signal-transducing tyrosine kinase that associates with the cytoplasmic tails of cytokine receptors and transmits the cytokine signal by phosphorylating receptor subunits.
suppression by virus of host TYK2 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) activity by stopping, preventing or reducing phosphorylation and thereby activation of TYK2.
inhibition by virus of host TYK2 activation
inhibition by virus of host TYK2 phosphorylation
suppression by virus of host TYK2 activity by negative regulation of TYK2 tyrosine phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) activity. In the host, binding of a ligand to a receptor triggers activation of JAK proteins, which phosphorylate tyrosine residues on the receptor creating sites for STAT proteins to bind, which are in turn phosphorylated and activated by JAK proteins. By blocking JAK1 activity, many viruses block the host signal transduction pathway.
Consider also annotating to 'suppression by virus of tyrosine phosphorylation of host STAT protein ; GO:0039515'.
suppression by virus of host JAK1 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) activity by stopping, preventing or reducing tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 and thereby activation of JAK1.
suppression by virus of host JAK1 activity by negative regulation of JAK1 phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) activity by interacting directly and selectively with JAK1. For example, the polyoma virus T antigen binds to JAK1 and renders it inactive.
suppression by virus of host JAK1 activity via JAK1 binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 activity. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to lysine residues on various target proteins. Viruses escape from the antiviral activity of ISG15 by using different mechanisms; the influenza B virus NS1 protein for instance blocks the covalent linkage of ISG15 to its target proteins by directly interacting with ISG15. The papain-like protease from the coronavirus cleaves ISG15 derivatives.
suppression by virus of host ISG15 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity. Activation of PKR involves dsRNA binding followed by autophosphorylation. Phosphorylated PKR can then phosphorylate downstream targets such as the translation initiation factor eIF2 to inhibit protein synthesis. Viruses encode a number of mechanisms to inhibit the host antiviral response via PKR, including direct interaction with PKR, promoting degradation of PKR or altering the subcellular location of PKR.
suppression by virus of host EIF2AK2 activity
suppression by virus of host PKR activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity by interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Binding of viral proteins to RNA may sequester or alter the RNA so it can not be recognized by host PKR, or may compete with PKR for dsRNA binding.
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by binding to dsRNA
suppression by virus of host PKR activity via double-stranded RNA binding
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity by promoting the localization of PKR in the nucleus. For example, human cytomegalovirus (HMCV) gene products directly interact with PKR and inhibit its activation by sequestering it in the nucleus, away from both its activator (cytoplasmic dsRNA) and its substrate, (eIF2alpha).
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by nuclear sequestration of PKR
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by positive regulation of PKR localization to nucleus
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by sequestering of PKR in nucleus
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by positive regulation of PKR nuclear localization
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host PKR (protein kinase regulated by RNA) activity by promoting the degradation of PKR via the proteosome. For example, the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) NSs protein induces the down-regulation of PKR by degradation through proteasomes.
downregulation of PKR by degradation through proteosome
promotion by virus of proteosome-dependent PKR degradation
suppression by virus of host PKR activity by positive regulation of PKR catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protein kinase activity.
suppression by virus of host protein kinase activity
A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell via PKR, an intracellular protein kinase that is activated by stress signals or upon binding to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), followed by autophosphorylation. PKR plays a role in the antiviral response, phosphorylating proteins such as the translation initiation factor eIF2 to inhibit protein synthesis during viral infection. Begins with activation of PKR activity, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or inhibition of translation.
The process in which a virus effects a change in host protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) activity, a serine/threonine phosphatase. Different viruses modulate host PP1 activity to remove phosphates from various cellular substrates and downregulate the host's antiviral response.
modulation of host PP1 activity by virus
regulation by virus of host PP1 activity
modulation by virus of host PP1 activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host tetherin activity. Tetherin (also known as BST2) is an alpha interferon-inducible cellular factor that impairs the release of many enveloped viruses. By blocking tetherin activity, many viruses circumvent its antiviral effects.
inhibition of host BST2/Tetherin by virus
suppression by virus of host BST-2 activity
suppression by virus of host tetherin activity
Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
inhibition of host proteasome antigen processing by virus
suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of the host TAP complex, a heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). The TAP complex functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are loaded onto the MHC class I. By inhibiting the TAP complex, the virus prevents viral particles being presented at the cell surface, and thus evades the host immune response.
Viruses utilize multiple mechanisms to inhibit the TAP complex, including promoting degradation of the TAP proteins, interacting with the peptide-binding site of TAP to compete with peptide binding, and interacting with TAP to inhibit ATP binding and peptide-stimulated ATP hydrolysis.
suppression by virus of host TAP complex
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host tapasin (TAP binding protein/TAPBP) activity. Tapasin is a type I transmembrane protein essential for the optimal expression of stable MHC class I molecules on the host cell surface. By inhibiting host tapasin activity, viruses can prevent presentation of their antigens at the cell surface, and thereby evade the host anti-viral immune response.
suppression by virus of host TAP binding protein
Consider also annotating to 'tapasin binding ; GO:0046980'.
suppression by virus of host tapasin activity
Any viral process that decreases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the host mitotic cell cycle.
suppression by virus of G2/M transition of host mitotic cell cycle
Any viral process which decreases the rate or extent of a host cell leaving M phase of the cell cycle. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
inhibition of host mitotic exit by virus
suppression by virus of host exit from mitosis
Any endoribonuclease activity that contributes to the viral-induced catabolism of host mRNA.
GO:0039594 can be used to annotate a host or viral endoribonuclease activity that cleaves host mRNA in response to a viral infection.
endoribonuclease activity involved in viral induction of host mRNA catabolic process
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of host messenger RNA (mRNA).
induction by virus of host mRNA catabolic process
induction by virus of catabolism of host mRNA
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dephosphorylation of a host protein.
modulation by virus of host protein dephosphorylation
Any viral process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host endoribonuclease activity.
GO:0039597 should be used to annotate viral proteins which utilize a host RNase to induce endonucleolytic cleavage of mRNAs (e.g. the NSP1 protein of SARS coronavirus). For viral proteins that have endoribonuclease activity themselves, consider instead annotating to: 'endoribonuclease activity involved in viral induction of host mRNA catabolic process ; GO:0039594'.
induction by virus of host endoribonuclease activity
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of host messenger RNA (mRNA) initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target mRNA.
virus-mediated host mRNA decay by hyperadenylation
For example, the viral SOX protein induces aberrant hyperadenylation of mRNAs within the nucleus, probably by indirectly altering the host cell's nuclear mRNA processing machinery (cellular poly(A) polymerase II (PAPII) and nuclear poly(A) binding protein (PABPN)). Resultant hyperadenylated mRNAs fail to be exported for translation and are subsequently degraded.
induction by virus of host nuclear polyadenylation-dependent mRNA catabolic process
Any process in which a host pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner by a viral endoribonuclease.
host mRNA cleavage by viral endoribonuclease
viral endoribonuclease activity involved in degradation of host mRNA
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of host nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with endonucleolytic cleavage (by either a host or a viral RNAse) to generate unprotected ends.
induction by virus of host endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent mRNA decay
induction by virus of host nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay
Some viruses utilize a host RNase to induce endonucleolytic cleavage of template mRNAs (e.g. the NSP1 protein of SARS coronavirus); for these consider instead annotating to the child term 'induction by virus of host endoribonuclease activity ; GO:0039597'. Other viral proteins act as endonucleases themselves to cleave mRNA and then rely on the host degradation machinery to clear the resulting fragments (e.g. gamma herpesvirus SOX protein); for these cases consider instead annotating to the child term 'endoribonuclease activity involved in viral induction of host mRNA catabolic process ; GO:0039594'.
induction by virus of host endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent mRNA catabolic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a host DNA template.
inhibition of host transcription initiation by virus
suppression by virus of host DNA-dependent transcription, initiation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a host DNA template.
suppression by virus of host transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
Selective and non-covalent interaction of a viral protein with a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP) in the host, including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs), which contributes to the viral-suppression of assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a host DNA template.
TBP-class protein binding involved in viral suppression of host transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation of host mRNA.
viral inhibition of cellular protein synthesis
suppression by virus of host translation
Selective and non-covalent interaction of a viral protein with a member of the TFIIB-class of host transcription factors, which contributes to the viral-suppression of assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a host DNA template.
TFIIB-class transcription factor binding involved in viral suppression of host transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host translation initiation, the host process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein.
suppression by virus of host translation initiation
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by a virus resulting in the hydrolysis of a host translation initiation factor by cleavage of its peptide bonds.
cleavage of host translation initiation factor by viral protease
proteolytic cleavage by virus of host translation initiation factor
suppression by virus of host translation initiation factor activity by proteolysis
cleavage of host translation initiation factor by virus
proteolysis by virus of host translation initiation factor
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a host translation initiation factor by promoting dephosphorylation of a host protein.
GO:0039608 can be used to annotate viral proteins which promote dephosphorylation of a host translation initiation factor itself (e.g. eIF4E) or promote dephosphorylation of a host protein that, when un-phosphorylated, inactivates a translation initiation factor. For example, the transcriptional repressor and eIF4E-binding protein 4E-BP1 is activated by dephosphorylation upon EMCV and poliovirus infections.
suppression by virus of host translation initiation factor activity by induction of host protein dephosphorylation
Any process in which a virus prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a host translation initiation factor.
Inhibition of host translation factors by virus
inhibition of activity of host translation initiation factor
suppression by virus of host EIF-4E activity
suppression by virus of host translation initiation factor activity
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of a host protein.
modulation by virus of host protein phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of a host protein.
viral inhibition of host protein phosphorylation
suppression by virus of host protein phosphorylation
Any process in which a virus activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of a host protein.
induction by virus of host protein phosphorylation
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=1 symmetry. The T=1 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric capsomeres.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=2 symmetry. The T=2 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric dimers.
The T=2 symmetry is an non-official appellation; strictly speaking the capsid has a T=1 symmetry with each unit composed of a homodimer.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=3 symmetry. The T=3 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with pseudo T=3 symmetry. The T=pseudo3 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres.
T=pseudo3 capsids are not T=3 symmetry as described by Caspar and Klug (PMID:14019094) because the basic unit is composed of three different proteins. Since the three subunits are morphologically very similar, the structure is therefore a pseudo T=3.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=4 symmetry. The T=4 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 30 hexameric capsomeres.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=7 symmetry. The T=7 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 60 hexameric capsomeres.
Spherical viruses with T numbers greater than or equal to 7 are skewed. They are therefore described as either right-handed (dextro) or left-handed (laevo).
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=13 symmetry. The T=13 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 120 hexameric capsomeres.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=16 symmetry. The T=16 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 150 hexameric capsomeres.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=25 symmetry. The T=25 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 240 hexameric capsomeres.
The outer layer of a double or triple concentric icosahedral capsid. Outer capsids are part of reoviridae and cystoviridae virions.
The inner layer of a double or triple concentric icosahedral capsid. Inner capsids are part of reoviridae and cystoviridae virions.
The intermediate layer of a triple concentric icosahedral capsid. Intermediate capsids are part of reoviridae virions.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=147 symmetry. T=147 icosahedral capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 1460 hexameric capsomeres for a total of 8820 capsid proteins.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=169 symmetry. T=169 icosahedral capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 1680 hexameric capsomeres for a total of 10140 capsid proteins.
The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=219 symmetry. T=219 icosahedral capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 2180 hexameric capsomeres for a total of 13140 capsid proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive movement along a single- or double-stranded RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, that contributes to the packing of viral DNA into a capsid.
DNA translocase activity involved in viral DNA genome packaging
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive movement along a single- or double-stranded RNA molecule, which contributes to the packaging of viral RNA into a nucleocapsid.
RNA translocase activity involved in viral RNA genome packaging
Any process mediated by a virus that results in the death of cells in the host organism.
The viral-killing of host cells by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.
killing by virus of host cells involved in superinfection exclusion
killing by virus of host cells during superinfection exclusion
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the host organism. Peptidoglycans are any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
viral inhibition of host peptidoglycan biosynthesis
suppression by virus of host peptidoglycan biosynthetic process
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall biogenesis in the host organism. Cell wall biogenesis includes the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and the assembly and arrangement of these constituent parts.
suppression by virus of host cell wall biogenesis
The breakdown of host DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, by a virus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipopolysaccharide during attachment of a virion to the host cell surface. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is situated in the outer part of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall.
LPS binding involved in viral attachment to host cell
lipopolysaccharide binding involved in viral attachment to host cell
virion attachment, binding to host lipopolysaccharide
The prevention or delay of host cell lysis by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.
suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfecting virus
suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfection
The killing by a virus of host cell by cytolysis, caused by a virus stopping, preventing, or reducing peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the host organism. Peptidoglycans are any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
cytolysis by virus via suppression of host peptidoglycan biosynthetic process
The lipid bilayer of a virion contained inside the protein capsid.
The region of a virion in which the nucleic acid is confined.
The region of a host cell that contains the viral genome.
To annotate the region of the complete virus particle in which the viral genome is contained, instead use 'virion nucleoid ; GO:0039642'.
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host NF-kappaB activity.
suppression by virus of host NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host cell G1/S transition checkpoint.
G1/S host cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation by virus
modulation by virus of host G1/S transition checkpoint
Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host cell G0/G1 transition checkpoint.
G0/G1 host cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation by virus
modulation by virus of host G0/G1 transition checkpoint
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) activity. PABP binds to the poly(A) tail of mRNA to facilitate translation.
inhibition of host poly(A)-binding protein by virus
suppression by virus of host PABP activity
suppression by virus of host poly(A)-binding protein activity
Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination in the host organism. Ubiquitination is the process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.
modulation of host ubiquitin pathway by virus
modulation by virus of host protein ubiquitination
The process in which a virus effects a change in host ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Ubiquitin-protein ligase activity catalyzes the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine.
modulation of host E3 ubiquitin ligases by virus
modulation by virus of host ubiquitin-protein ligase activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host caspase activity. Caspases are cysteine-type endopeptidases which contribute to the apoptotic process.
suppression by virus of host cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
Any process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of host cysteine-type endopeptidase activity (also called caspase activity) which contributes to the apoptotic process.
induction by virus of host cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
Any process in which a virus starts, promotes, or enhances the activity of the host transcription factor NF-kappaB.
activation by virus of host NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host DNA-dependent transcription; the cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. Viral proteins can interfere with either host RNA polymerase or with transcription factors.
suppression by virus of host DNA-dependent transcription
The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.
establishment of mitotic spindle localisation
mitotic spindle positioning or orientation
spindle positioning involved in mitotic cell cycle
mitotic spindle positioning and orientation
establishment of mitotic spindle localization
Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle anabolism
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle biosynthetic process
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle formation
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle synthesis
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle development
Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
chitin-based cuticle biosynthetic process
Attaching of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium
Attaching of a chitin-containing cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
chitin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium
OBSOLETE. Attaching of a protein-based cuticle to the epithelium underlying it.
protein-based cuticle attachment to epithelium
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.
Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.
Note that this term and its definition depart from the usual conventions for GO 'regulation' process terms; regulation of rate is not usually distinguished from regulation of extent or frequency, but it makes sense to do so for growth regulation.
Any process that increases the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
negative regulation of multicellular organism growth
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
positive regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in the germ line of a hermaphrodite.
hermaphrodite germ-line sex determination
The determination of female sex and sexual phenotype in the germ-line of the hermaphrodite.
feminization of hermaphroditic germ-line
The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.
establishment of cell nucleus localization
establishment of localization of nucleus
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
positive regulation of vulval development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
negative regulation of vulval development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression; the process is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence.
regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
Any heritable epigenetic process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein function by self-perpetuating conformational conversions of normal proteins in healthy cells. This is distinct from, though mechanistically analogous to, disease states associated with prion propagation and amyloidogenesis. A single protein, if it carries a glutamine/asparagine-rich ('prion') domain, can sometimes stably exist in at least two distinct physical states, each associated with a different phenotype; propagation of one of these traits is achieved by a self-perpetuating change in the protein from one form to the other, mediated by conformational changes in the glutamine/asparagine-rich domain. Prion domains are both modular and transferable to other proteins, on which they can confer a heritable epigenetic alteration of function; existing bioinformatics data indicate that they are rare in non-eukarya, but common in eukarya.
regulation of protein activity, epigenetic
regulation of molecular function, epigenetic
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within snRNA, resulting in a change in the properties of the snRNA.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic soma are generated and organized.
Note that this term was 'body morphogenesis (sensu Nematoda)'.
Any process, mediated by small non-coding RNAs, that stops, prevents or reduces the rate that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.
down regulation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
down-regulation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
downregulation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
inhibition of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
negative regulation of translation, ncRNA-mediated
Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.
regulation of development, heterochronic
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hermaphrodite genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structures.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
regulation of FGF receptor signaling pathway
regulation of FGF receptor signalling pathway
regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
down regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of FGF receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of FGF receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of FGFR signaling pathway
inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.
polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions
Migration of a cell in a multicellular organism that, having changed its location, is required to induce normal properties in one or more cells at its new location. An example of this would be the distal tip cells of Caenorhabditis elegans.
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.
behavioral response to temperature stimulus
behavioural response to temperature stimulus
The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
transport of peptides or proteins into host
translocation of peptides or proteins into host
The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a hermaphroditic organism's soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Promotion of male sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic nematode soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Promotion of female sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
The determination of male sex and sexual phenotype in the germ-line of the hermaphrodite. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
masculinization of hermaphroditic germ-line
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-18.
Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-15.
Combining with interleukin-15 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-16.
Combining with interleukin-16 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-19.
Combining with interleukin-19 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-20.
Combining with interleukin-20 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-22.
Combining with interleukin-22 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-23.
Combining with interleukin-23 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor complex.
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor complex binding
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor complex binding
A protein complex that binds interleukin-12; comprises a beta1 and a beta2 subunit.
Regulated re-replication of DNA within a single cell cycle, resulting in an increased cell ploidy. An example of this process occurs in the synthesis of Drosophila salivary gland cell polytene chromosomes.
Note that this term is only to be used in situations were this process occurs normally. Not to be used to describe mutant or diseased states.
A membrane-bounded organelle as it is found in the host cell in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: peptidylproline (omega=180) = peptidylproline (omega=0).
This term was made obsolete because it is contains gene product specific characteristics.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of 14-Ala-Leu-15 in insulin B chain and cleavage of 413-Lys-Leu-414 in alpha chain of fibrinogen.
Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix metalloproteinase activity
Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom metalloproteinase activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate.
OBSOLETE. Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby preventing the synthesis of angiotensin II from its precursor, angiotensin I.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a regulator of a non-existent molecular function term.
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions.
The modification of a C-terminal peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-L-lysine methyl ester.
peptidyl-L-lysine methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-lysine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines.
regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines.
down regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
downregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cytokine anabolism
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthesis
negative regulation of cytokine formation
negative regulation of cytokine synthesis
inhibition of cytokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine).
peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form pros-methylhistidine
The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine).
peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form tele-methylhistidine
The incorporation of vanadium a metallo-sulfur cluster such as VFe(7-8)S(n).
vanadium incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster
vanadium incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster
The incorporation of a metal into a metallo-molybdopterin complex.
metal incorporation into metallo-molybdopterin complex
The incorporation of tungsten into a tungsten-molybdopterin complex.
tungsten incorporation into tungsten-molybdopterin complex
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with neurexins, synaptic cell surface proteins related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.
The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of fluid across epithelia.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
W-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
W-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process
The actions or reactions of an organism in response to an odor.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acyl-CoA within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a light-responsive receptor in the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The assembly and arrangement of a rhabdomere within a cell. The rhabdomere is the organelle on the apical surface of a photoreceptor cell that contains the visual pigments.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or lysine residue.
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.
OBSOLETE. Binds to transforming growth factor beta receptor and anchors it to a particular subcellular location.
transforming growth factor beta receptor anchor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
regulation of EGF receptor signaling pathway
regulation of EGF receptor signalling pathway
regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
down regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of EGF receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of EGF receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of EGFR signaling pathway
inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that results in an increase in the efficacy of transmission at a neuromuscular synapse.
long-term strengthening of neuromuscular junction
The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.
Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
Glial cell growth that occurs in the perineurium, a cell layer that ensheaths projections of peripheral nerves, such as motor axons.
The specification of polarized ommatidia. Ommatidia occur in two chiral forms. The trapezoidal arrangement of photoreceptors in the dorsal part of the eye is the mirror image of that in the ventral part.
establishment of ommatidial planar polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine.
regulation of pteridine metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.
regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Maintenance of the oocyte nucleus in a particular position within the cell during the establishment and maintenance of the axes of the oocyte. An example of this process is found In Drosophila melanogaster.
maintenance of oocyte nucleus localization during oocyte axis determination
maintenance of oocyte nucleus position during oocyte axis determination
oocyte axis determination, maintenance of oocyte nucleus localization
oocyte axis determination, maintenance of oocyte nucleus position
oocyte axis determination, oocyte nucleus anchoring
oocyte nucleus anchoring during oocyte axis determination
maintenance of oocyte nucleus location involved in oocyte dorsal-ventral axis specification
maintenance of oocyte nucleus location involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis determination
maintenance of oocyte nucleus location involved in oocyte dorsoventral axis specification
maintenance of oocyte nucleus location involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
Combining with a leucokinin, any of several octapeptide hormones found in insects, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium or flagellum, mediated by motor proteins.
The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).
The incorporation of nickel into a nickel-iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide, found in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.
nickel incorporation into nickel-iron-sulphur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulphide
nickel incorporation into nickel-iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide
The glycosylation of peptidyl-amino acids through a phosphoester bond forming, for example, GlcNAc-alpha-1-P-Ser residues.
protein amino acid phosphate-linked glycosylation
The glycosylation of peptidyl-serine through a phosphoester bond forming, for example, GlcNAc-alpha-1-P-Ser residues.
protein amino acid phosphate-linked glycosylation via serine
protein phosphate-linked glycosylation via serine
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylsphingolipidinositol (GSI) anchors, which attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylsphingolipidinositol (GSI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The sphingolipid group is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via a ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GSI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.
5-methyltetrahydrofolate-dependent methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate.
5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate-dependent methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule, dependent on the presence of 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin.
5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin-dependent methyltransferase activity
An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10.
An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4.
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of resting T cell proliferation
up regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
up-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
upregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
activation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
stimulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of activated T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of activated T-cell proliferation
positive regulation of activated T-lymphocyte proliferation
up regulation of activated T cell proliferation
up-regulation of activated T cell proliferation
upregulation of activated T cell proliferation
activation of activated T cell proliferation
stimulation of activated T cell proliferation
positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation
A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein.
alpha-beta T lymphocyte receptor complex
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte receptor complex
A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises gamma and delta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes antigen directly, without a requirement for processing and presentation by an MHC protein.
gamma-delta T lymphocyte receptor complex
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte receptor complex
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokines, any of a group of proteins or glycoproteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines.
positive regulation of cytokine anabolism
positive regulation of cytokine biosynthesis
positive regulation of cytokine formation
positive regulation of cytokine synthesis
up regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
upregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
activation of cytokine biosynthetic process
stimulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A.
tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthetic process
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).
Catalysis of the splitting and linkage of glucan molecules, resulting in glucan chain elongation.
Catalysis of the splitting and linkage of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan molecules, resulting in (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain elongation.
The addition of a galactose molecule to a protein amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
The nitrogen metabolic process that encompasses the uptake of nitrate from the environment and reduction to ammonia, and results in the incorporation of nitrogen derived from nitrate into cellular substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of T cell proliferation
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of thiamine phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase activity
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase activity
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase activity
fructose 1,6-diphosphate phosphatase activity
fructose bisphosphate phosphatase activity
fructose diphosphate phosphatase activity
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unprocessed ribosomal RNA transcript.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
neurotransmitter biosynthesis and storage
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I. This results in the initiation of meiotic recombination.
meiotic DNA double-strand break formation
During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during leptotene and zygotene.
early meiotic recombination nodule assembly
During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during pachytene. Involved in the catalysis crossing over.
late meiotic recombination nodule assembly
OBSOLETE. Exports diffusible peptide signals that are responsible for binding to other cells and triggering a series of responses to facilitate mating.
This term was made obsolete because it is too gene product specific.
OBSOLETE. The strong but reversible binding of a heavy metal ion by a larger molecule such as protein.
The fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.
homotypic vacuole fusion (non-autophagic)
homotypic vacuole fusion, non-autophagic
The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.
retrograde (endosome to Golgi) transport
The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.
A process of DNA recombination occurring within a plasmid or between plasmids and other plasmids or DNA molecules.
An organelle found in cnidoblast (nematoblast) cells. When matured, these stinging organelles store toxins and can deliver them when the cnidocil (a short extension of the cnidocyst) is stimulated by a prey or another stimulus.
The reverse transcription of an RNA molecule followed by recombination between the resultant cDNA and its homologous chromosomal allele.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with proteins with similar structure/function to receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases.
receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein binding
OBSOLETE. Initiates or upregulates transcription in the presence of zinc.
This term was obsoleted because it is defined as a Process term, i.e. it is defined only in terms of the process it acts in and it does NOT convey any information about the molecular nature of the function or whether the function is based on binding DNA, on interacting with other proteins, or some other mechanism. To transfer all annotations without review, the BP term indicated is considered to be equivalent and thus the only appropriate destination for all annotations. To reannotate to a MF term, you will probably need to revisit the original literature or other primary data because this "MF" term was not defined in terms of mechanism of action and there are multiple possibilities in the revised MF structure. In reannotation, please also consider descendent terms of the suggested MF terms as a more specific term may be more appropriate than the MF terms indicated. Please be aware that you may wish to request a new term if the mechanism of action of this gene product is not yet represented or if you are annotating for an RNAP different than one for which there is a specific suggested term. Also note that if there is no information about how the gene product acts, it may be appropriate to annotate to the root term for molecular_function.
zinc-mediated transcriptional activator activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid or lipid residues occurring in a lipoprotein, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids or the lipid group.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of interleukin-12.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the alpha subunit of interleukin-12.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a plastid and form the plastid envelope.
Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid.
lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore formation.
regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation.
negative regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
nuclear membrane-endoplasmic reticulum continuum
nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum
nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
down regulation of protein catabolic process
down-regulation of protein catabolic process
downregulation of protein catabolic process
negative regulation of protein breakdown
negative regulation of protein catabolism
negative regulation of protein degradation
negative regulation of protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylene, a mixture of three colorless, aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, ortho-, meta- and para-xylene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of m-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of o-xylene, (1,2-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene), a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), a chlorinated broad spectrum contact insecticide.
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane breakdown
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane catabolism
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane degradation
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylmercury (MeHg+), a highly toxic organometal which can accumulate in tissues, particularly in fish species.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylmercury (MeHg+), a highly toxic organometal.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylmercury (MeHg+), a highly toxic organometal.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinate, the anion of quinic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, in the presence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, any hydrocarbon with one or more chlorine atoms attached to it.
chlorinated hydrocarbon metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving halogenated hydrocarbons, any hydrocarbon with one or more halogen atoms attached to it. Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
halogenated hydrocarbon metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nylon, a polymer where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups; these compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids and amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanuric acid, a suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicant, and a potential degradation product of triazine herbicides, such as atrazine and simazine. It is widely used for the stabilization of available chlorine in swimming pool water and is also the starting compound for the synthesis of many organic derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanuric acid, a potential degradation product of triazine herbicides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-cyclopropylmelamine, a triazine compound commonly used as an insect growth regulator insecticide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-cyclopropylmelamine, a triazine compound commonly used as an insecticide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any s-triazine compound. These compounds include many pesticides of widespread use in agriculture, and are characterized by a symmetrical hexameric ring consisting of alternating carbon and nitrogen atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chlorinated hydrocarbons, any hydrocarbon with one or more chlorine atoms attached to it.
chlorinated hydrocarbon catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of halogenated hydrocarbons, any hydrocarbon with one or more halogen atoms attached to it.
halogenated hydrocarbon catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of styrene, an aromatic hydrocarbon liquid used in the manufacture of polystyrene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propylene, an alkene produced by catalytic or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons or as a by-product of petroleum refining.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol), an aromatic compound derived from the fermentation of lichen and synthesized by some higher plants.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane into dimethylsilanediol. The former is a tetramer of the latter.
catabolic process of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane to DMSD
catabolism of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane to DMSD
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane breakdown to dimethylsilanediol
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane degradation to dimethylsilanediol
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane catabolic process to dimethylsilanediol
The aerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dimethylsilanediol, the smallest member of the dialkylsilanediols. Dimethylsilanediol is the monomer of polydimethylsiloxane, a compound which can be found in a wide range of industrial and consumer products.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cresol, a mixture of the aromatic alcohol isoforms o-, p-, and m-cresol, which is obtained from coal tar or petroleum. The isomers are used as disinfectants, textile scouring agents, surfactants and as intermediates in the manufacture of salicylaldehyde, coumarin, and herbicides as well as being a major component of creosote.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic phenol-containing compound metabolism
anaerobic phenol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate breakdown
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate catabolism
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate degradation
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate anabolism
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate biosynthesis
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate formation
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthesis
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid derivative breakdown
cellular amino acid derivative catabolic process
cellular amino acid derivative catabolism
cellular amino acid derivative degradation
cellular modified amino acid degradation
cellular modified amino acid catabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1, an interleukin produced mainly by activated macrophages. It is involved in the inflammatory response, and is identified as an endogenous pyrogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-7.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-9.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-11.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-14.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-15.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-16.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-19.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-20.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-21.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-22.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-23.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18.
Catalysis of the conversion of cobyrinic acid to cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide via the intermediate formation of cobyrinic acid c-monoamide.
Note that this enzyme does not have an EC number yet, as its activity has not been proven experimentally. May need to be moved in the future.
cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase activity
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an asexual spore wall, the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of mitosis. Examples of this process are found in Bacterial and Fungal species.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a spore wall; a spore wall is the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.
Any process that results in the repair of damaged RNA.
The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of a follicular epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
establishment of planar polarity of follicular epithelium
The maintenance of an established polarized follicular epithelial sheet.
maintenance of polarity of follicular epithelium
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an embryonic epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
establishment of planar polarity of embryonic epithelium
The maintenance of an established polarized embryonic epithelial sheet.
maintenance of polarity of embryonic epithelium
The maintenance of an established polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.
maintenance of polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of a larval imaginal disc epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
establishment of planar polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines that act in hemopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of two related white cell populations, granulocytes and monocytes-macrophages.
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor biosynthetic process
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor anabolism
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthesis
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor formation
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional ribosome.
The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-serinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide.
molybdenum incorporation via L-serinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide
The modification of peptidyl-asparagine to form peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioasparagine, typical of bacterial ribosomal protein S12.
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioasparagine anabolism from peptidyl-asparagine
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioasparagine formation from peptidyl-asparagine
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioasparagine synthesis from peptidyl-asparagine
peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioasparagine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-asparagine
Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress.
Combining with neuropeptide F, an invertebrate neuropeptide thought to play a role in neuroregulation, to initiate a change in cell activity. In many species, neuropeptide F is between 36 and 39 amino acid residues terminating in a phenylalaninamide residue.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-hydroxyaspartic acid.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-asparagine to form peptidyl-hydroxyasparagine.
The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
natural killer cell mediated cell killing
natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
regulation of NK cell mediated cell death
regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing
regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis
regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
regulation of natural killer-cell mediated cytolysis
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
protection from NK cell mediated cell death
protection from NK cell mediated cell killing
protection from NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
protection from natural killer cell mediated cell death
protection from natural killer cell mediated cell killing
protection from NK cell mediated cytolysis
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
susceptibility to NK cell mediated cell death
susceptibility to NK cell mediated cell killing
susceptibility to NK cell mediated cytolysis
susceptibility to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cell death
susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cell killing
susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
Note that this term is intended for cell-surface molecules on a target cell which interact with activating receptors on a natural killer cell to promote natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
A protein complex that contains two proteins (know in several organisms, including Drosophila, as NXF1 and NXF2) and is required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomal large subunit biogenesis and assembly
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomal small subunit biogenesis and assembly
The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA via processes such as template switching, which does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and but does not increase the endogenous mutation rate.
Note that 'error-free' does not mean that literally zero errors occur during DNA synthesis, but that the error rate is low, comparable to that of DNA synthesis during replication.
The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
Catalysis of the reaction: NH3 + 2 H2O + 6 ferricytochrome c = nitrite + 6 ferrocytochrome c + 7 H+.
ammonia:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase activity
nitrite reductase (cytochrome; ammonia-forming)
nitrite reductase (cytochrome, ammonia-forming) activity
OBSOLETE. Functions as an immunogenic target for the host immune system that masks other invariant surface molecules from immune recognition.
cell surface antigen activity, host-interacting
Catalysis of the addition of the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
dolichyl-P-Glc:Man9GlcNAc2-PP-dolichyl glucosyltransferase activity
dolichyl pyrophosphate Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NAD(+) = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H(+) + 2 NADH.
beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA-reductase activity
beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity
(R)-mevalonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating)
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADH) activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity
Catalysis of the addition of the second glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
dolichyl-P-Glc:Glc1Man9GlcNAc2-PP-dolichyl glucosyltransferase activity
dolichyl pyrophosphate Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the introduction of a trans double bond between C4 and C5 of the long chain base region of a sphingolipid. Sphingolipids are composed of a long chain base (LCB) amide-linked to a very long chain fatty acid.
delta-4 sphingolipid desaturase activity
sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate = 5-aminolevulinate.
(S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate 4,5-aminomutase activity
glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase activity
glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.
major histocompatibility complex binding
Note that this term does not include binding to the antigen peptide bound to the MHC protein, for this also annotate to 'peptide antigen binding ; GO:0042605' or one of its children.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.
major histocompatibility complex class I binding
major histocompatibility complex class I ligand
Note that this term does not include binding to the antigen peptide bound to the MHC protein. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'peptide antigen binding ; GO:0042605' or one of its children.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.
major histocompatibility complex class II binding
major histocompatibility complex class II ligand
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier URM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier Hub1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein URM1 to other proteins or other substrate molecules.
Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 to other proteins.
A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate or create new sounds.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lupeol. This reaction is the cyclization of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene (2,3-oxidosqualene) to lupeol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = beta-amyrin. This reaction is the cyclization and rearrangement of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene (2,3-oxidosqualene) into beta-amyrin.
oxidosqualene:beta-amyrin cyclase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphate.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cuticle.
The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.
regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
The specification of the characteristic structures of the mandibular segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
See also the fly_anatomy.ontology term 'mandibular segment ; FBbt:00000012'.
specification of segmental identity, mandibular segment
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
regulation of protein import into cell nucleus
regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
regulation of protein import into nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
positive regulation of protein import into cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
positive regulation of protein-nucleus import
up regulation of protein import into nucleus
up-regulation of protein import into nucleus
upregulation of protein import into nucleus
activation of protein import into nucleus
stimulation of protein import into nucleus
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
down regulation of protein import into nucleus
down-regulation of protein import into nucleus
downregulation of protein import into nucleus
negative regulation of protein import into cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
negative regulation of protein-nucleus import
inhibition of protein import into nucleus
negative regulation of protein import into nucleus
Any homoeostatic process in which an organism maintains its internal body temperature at a relatively constant value. This is achieved by using metabolic processes to counteract fluctuations in the temperature of the environment.
A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, usually causing an increase in blood pressure.
negative regulation of blood vessel size
An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.
positive regulation of blood vessel size
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels.
Any process resulting in the inhibition or termination of the activity of protein kinase C.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with bacteriochlorophyll, a form of chlorophyll found in photosynthetic bacteria, such as the purple and green bacteria. There are several types, designated a to g. Bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll b are structurally similar to the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b found in plants.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of dipeptides, preferentially hydrophobic dipeptides including prolyl amino acids.
L-amino-acyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase activity
N2-beta-alanylarginine dipeptidase activity
cytosol non-specific dipeptidase activity
glycylleucine dipeptide hydrolase activity
human cytosolic non-specific dipeptidase activity
N(2)-beta-alanylarginine dipeptidase activity
cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. Penicillins are produced naturally during the growth of various microfungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
inhibition of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
inhibition of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
inhibition of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the hypocretin receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + heparan sulfate = UDP + (N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-heparan sulfate.
heparan sulphate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
heparin N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
heparan sulfate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
structural constituent of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.
directed movement in response to stimulus
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to light.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to gravity.
taxis in response to gravitational stimulus
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of an oxidizable substrate, for example, fructose.
taxis in response to oxidizable substrate
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of an alternative electron acceptor, for example, nitrate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.
OBSOLETE. Synthesis and deposition of a protein-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. Examples of this process are found in invertebrate species.
cuticle biosynthetic process during molting
cuticle development involved in protein-based cuticle molting cycle
The synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based non-cellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
chitin-based cuticle development during molting
cuticle development involved in chitin-based cuticle molting cycle
Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle development during molting
cuticle development involved in collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle
The chemical reactions and pathways involving keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanogenic glycosides, any glycoside containing a cyano group that is released as hydrocyanic acid on acid hydrolysis; such compounds occur in the kernels of various fruits.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanogenic glycosides, any glycoside containing a cyano group that is released as hydrocyanic acid on acid hydrolysis; such compounds occur in the kernels of various fruits.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan; indoles are biologically active substances based on 2,3-benzopyrrole, formed during the catabolism of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
regulation of NF-kappaB import into cell nucleus
regulation of NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into cell nucleus
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
positive regulation of NF-kappaB-nucleus import
up regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
up-regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
upregulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
activation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
stimulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
down regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
down-regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
downregulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
negative regulation of NF-kappaB import into cell nucleus
negative regulation of NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
negative regulation of NF-kappaB-nucleus import
inhibition of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
negative regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
The directed movement of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
The orientation of free radical substrates in such a way that only a particular stereoisomer is synthesized by an enzyme. Best characterized as a function during lignan biosynthesis.
guiding stereospecific synthesis activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271).
GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis, de novo pathway
GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process, de novo pathway
'de novo' GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process
The formation of GDP-L-fucose from L-fucose, without de novo synthesis. L-fucose is phosphorylated by fucokinase and then converted by fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (EC:2.7.7.30).
GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis, salvage pathway
GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process, salvage pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-fucose, 6-deoxy-L-galactose, a sugar that occurs in fucans, a class of polysaccharides in seaweeds, especially Fucus species, and in the cell wall matrix of higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose).
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)H + H+. In the reverse reaction, a mixture of GDP-D-rhamnose and its C-4 epimer is formed.
GDP-4-keto-D-rhamnose reductase activity
GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose:NAD(P)+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
guanosine diphosphate-4-keto-D-rhamnose reductase activity
GDP-4-dehydro-D-rhamnose reductase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
thiamine pyrophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
thiamine pyrophosphate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
multiprenylmenaquinone catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.
fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
water-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
The removal of one or more phosphate groups from thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phylloquinone, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants. Phylloquinone has vitamin K activity and is known as vitamin K1.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone cofactors.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinone cofactors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any chemokine receptor.
Catalysis of the formation of both isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate from (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate.
(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate reductase (IPP and DMAPP forming)
Note that the enzyme performing this function has only recently been characterized, and not completely (see PMID:11818558). The common and systematic names have been suggested by TIGR, who have recently compiled an HMM model for this gene (TIGR00216). The enzyme appears to catalyze the final step in the non-mevalonate terpene biosynthesis pathway. Its two products, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, are apparently generated from a common intermediate formed by the enzyme. The mechanism and identity of the reductant have not yet been determined.
hydroxymethylbutenyl pyrophosphate reductase activity
Any process in which factors in the hemolymph (the invertebrate equivalent of vertebrate blood and lymph) precipitate into insoluble clots in order to prevent loss of body fluid, and at the same time prevent the movement of microbes. Hemolymph coagulation is also part of the invertebrate humoral immune response.
Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei.
The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
A myosin complex containing a class III myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin III is monomeric myosin that serves as a link between the cytoskeleton and the signaling complex involved in phototransduction, and differs from all other myosins in having an N-terminal kinase domain.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.
The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte. Plasmatocytes are a class of arthropod hemocytes important in the cellular defense response.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid and dependent on the coupling of the alpha subunit of G proteins to the hormone receptors.
gibberellic acid mediated signalling, G-alpha-dependent
gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway, G-alpha-dependent
Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid and not dependent on the coupling of the alpha subunit of G proteins to the hormone receptors.
gibberellic acid mediated signalling, G-alpha-independent
gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway, G-alpha-independent
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = sphingosine + phosphate.
sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity.
OBSOLETE. The shedding of the old protein-based cuticular fragments during the molting cycle. Examples of this process are found in invertebrates.
The shedding of the old collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle fragments during the molting cycle. Examples of this process are found in invertebrates.
ecdysis, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
amino acid derivative biosynthetic process
cellular amino acid derivative anabolism
cellular amino acid derivative biosynthesis
cellular amino acid derivative biosynthetic process
cellular amino acid derivative formation
cellular amino acid derivative synthesis
cellular modified amino acid biosynthesis
cellular modified amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered.
Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane
The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the conversion of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) into the acyclic monoterpenes beta-myrcene, (E)-beta-ocimene, and other minor cyclic monoterpenes.
myrcene/(E)-beta-ocimene synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + caffeoyl-CoA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + feruloyl-CoA.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase activity
caffeoyl coenzyme A methyltransferase activity
caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase activity
trans-caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase activity
caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + pimelate = AMP + diphosphate + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA.
6-carboxyhexanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
6-carboxyhexanoyl-CoA synthetase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it.
ethanolamine and derivative metabolic process
ethanolamine-containing compound metabolism
ethanolamine-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine.
arginine biosynthetic process via ornithine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nopaline into other compounds, including proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopine into other compounds, including proline.
Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.
Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.
Development of photoreceptors, sensory cells that react to the presence of light, found in the ocellus.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by an inactivation of a proportion of genes on both of the X chromosomes of the XX sex, leading to a decrease, of half, of the levels of gene expression from these chromosomes. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
dosage compensation by hypoactivation of X chromosome
The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the rate of movement depends on the intensity (rather than the direction) of the stimulus.
A response by a motile cell to a soluble chemical that involves an increase or decrease in speed (positive or negative orthokinesis) or of frequency of movement or a change in the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior (klinokinesis).
The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the speed or frequency of movement is increased or decreased.
The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior is altered.
Catalysis of the reduction of versicolorin A to sterigmatocystin.
A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.
odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
Note that placoid scales found in the cartilaginous fishes presumably develop through the same processes, but are found on the dermis, rather than in the mouth or pharynx. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placoid_scale#Placoid_scales.
odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.
odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
regulation of eye photoreceptor development
regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
positive regulation of eye photoreceptor development
up regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
up-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
upregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
activation of eye photoreceptor cell development
stimulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
positive regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
down regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
down-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
downregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
negative regulation of eye photoreceptor development
inhibition of eye photoreceptor cell development
negative regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
positive regulation of tooth development
positive regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
negative regulation of tooth development
negative regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.
regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.
positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx.
negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth
negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth
negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell.
Note that this term refers to the mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.
detection of triacylated bacterial lipoprotein
perception of triacylated bacterial lipopeptide
perception of triacylated bacterial lipoprotein
Note that bacterial lipopeptides are derived from bacterial lipoproteins, but the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in the literature.
detection of triacyl bacterial lipopeptide
The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.
detection of diacylated bacterial lipoprotein
perception of diacylated bacterial lipopeptide
perception of diacylated bacterial lipoprotein
detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the intramembrane proteolysis of a signal peptide, following its removal from a preprotein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain, occurring within the plasma membrane.
Note that although GO generally avoids the use of localization information in terms, in this case an exception was made. This is because the fact that the cleavage occurs within the membrane is integral to its function, as it is the only thing that distinguishes this group from other aspartic endopeptidases.
aspartic endopeptidase activity, intramembrane cleaving
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat2 protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat6 protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat7 protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat2 protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat2 protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat2 protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat2 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat6 protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat6 protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat6 protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 protein
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat7 protein.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat7 protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat7 protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat7 protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha biosynthesis
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha biosynthetic process
tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
regulation of TNF alpha biosynthetic process
regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthetic process
regulation of tumor necrosis factor anabolism
regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis
regulation of tumor necrosis factor formation
regulation of tumor necrosis factor synthesis
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthesis
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthetic process
regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
positive regulation of TNF alpha biosynthesis
positive regulation of TNF alpha biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TNF biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthesis
positive regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthetic process
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor anabolism
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor formation
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor synthesis
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthesis
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthetic process
up regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
upregulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
activation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
stimulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
down regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
downregulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TNF alpha biosynthesis
negative regulation of TNF alpha biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TNF biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthesis
negative regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthetic process
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor anabolism
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor formation
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor synthesis
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthesis
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthetic process
inhibition of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.
benzene and derivative metabolic process
benzene-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin; especially, the proteolytic cleavage of hemoglobin to yield free heme, peptides, and amino acids.
Note that 'hydrolysis' is actually a reaction rather than a process. The synonym 'hemoglobin hydrolysis' was the text string associated with the secondary ID GO:0020029, which was retained because its definition did describe a process.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.
The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-arginine, omega-N-glycosyl-L-arginine.
protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation via arginine
protein N-linked glycosylation via arginine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.
The series of events leading to chemical and structural alterations of an existing cell wall that can result in loosening, increased extensibility or disassembly.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cell wall. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. A cell wall is the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
The series of events resulting in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls and contribute to multidimensional cell growth.
cell wall modification during multidimensional cell growth
cell wall modification involved in multidimensional cell growth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.
regulation of photosynthesis, light reaction
The stabilization of the photosystem II protein complex, resulting from the phosphorylation of its structural protein subunits, in a cell actively involved in photosynthesis.
The stabilization of the photosystem I protein complex, resulting from the phosphorylation of its structural protein subunits, in a cell actively involved in photosynthesis.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.
A hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication.
Modulates the activity of the enzyme eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase.
eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase regulator activity
Increases the activity of the enzyme eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase.
eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase activator activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
pteridine and derivative metabolic process
pteridine-containing compound metabolism
pteridine-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
pteridine and derivative biosynthetic process
pteridine-containing compound biosynthesis
pteridine-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
pteridine and derivative catabolic process
pteridine-containing compound catabolism
pteridine-containing compound degradation
pteridine-containing compound catabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = alpha-amyrin. This reaction is a cyclization and rearrangement of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene (2,3-oxidosqualene) into alpha-amyrin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
A protein complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus, the importin alpha-subunit/CAS/Ran, and which functions to shuttle the importin alpha-subunit out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
importin alpha-subunit nuclear export complex
A protein complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus, the importin alpha and beta-subunits and any protein which has a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). The complex acts to import proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore.
NLS-dependent protein nuclear import complex
A complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus and yeast, the export receptor CRM1 (also known as exportin 1), the Ran protein and any RNA with a nuclear export sequence (NES). The complex acts to export RNA molecules with a NES from the nucleus through a nuclear pore.
A spherical, membrane-bounded organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa, which participates in ATP and molecular hydrogen formation.
A complex of three proteins, which in animals is approximately 150kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), or -5 (IGFBP-5) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). The complex plays a role in growth and development.
insulin-like growth factor ternary complex
A complex of two proteins, which in animals is 50kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and one of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), -2 (IGFBP-2), -4 (IGFBP-4) and -6 (IGFBP-6). The complex plays a role in growth and development.
insulin-like growth factor binary complex
An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.
A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal aspartate or glutamate from a peptide, with a preference for aspartate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = a lipid + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.
Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
A specialised tubular organelle, assembled in hexagonal bundles within an external membrane. Mannosomes are specific to molluscs and are thought to be involved in a general stress reaction.
Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.
Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.
Specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.
Catalysis of the reaction: formyl-L-methionyl peptide + H2O = formate + methionyl peptide.
formyl-L-methionyl peptide amidohydrolase activity
Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.
A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class I
antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I
exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.
The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or inner membrane and cell wall (Fungi).
OBSOLETE: Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles that are formed when some cells are homogenized.
A membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.
A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish.
Note that this term does not refer to the extraembryonic membrane surrounding the embryo of amniote vertebrates as this is an anatomical structure and is therefore not covered by GO.
Portion of the cell formed during the process of bacterial sporulation that will ultimately become the core of the endospore. An endospore is a type of dormant cell that is resistant to adverse conditions.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + 2 H+.
NADPH dehydrogenase (riboflavin) activity
NADPH-riboflavin oxidoreductase activity
NADPH2:riboflavin oxidoreductase activity
NADPH:riboflavin oxidoreductase activity
reduced-riboflavin:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
riboflavin mononucleotide (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity
A protective structure surrounding some fungi and bacteria, attached externally to the cell wall and composed primarily of polysaccharides. Capsules are highly organized structures that adhere strongly to cells and cannot be easily removed. Capsules play important roles in pathogenicity, preventing phagocytosis by other cells, adherance, and resistance to dessication.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an antigen peptide.
Note that this term can be used to describe the binding of a peptide to an MHC molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CD4, a receptor found on the surface of T cells, monocytes and macrophages.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes.
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.
A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
See also the cellular component term 'MHC class I peptide loading complex ; GO:0042824'.
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CD70, a receptor found on the surface of most activated B cells and some activated T cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CD154, a receptor found on the surface of some activated lymphocytes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving paclitaxel, an alkaloid compound used as an anticancer treatment.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of paclitaxel, an alkaloid compound used as an anticancer treatment.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a common storage material of prokaryotic cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a common storage material of prokaryotic cells.
poly-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthetic process
The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction directly drives some other reaction, for example ion transport across a membrane.
ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-unfolding)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction is not directly coupled to any other reaction.
Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.
ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the active transport of a substance across a membrane.
ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances
A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues.
The deposition of a plug of sperm or other gelatinous material into the opening of the vulva by a male at the termination of copulation. Probably acts to prevent subsequent matings by other males.
Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of water.
behavioural response to water deprivation
behavioral response to water deprivation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of water.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.
The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.
The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.
Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.
The myosin part of any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.
The actin part of any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.
The region of a chloroplast to which the DNA is confined.
The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.
The region of a plastid to which the DNA is confined.
The region of a proplastid to which the DNA is confined.
A circular DNA molecule containing chloroplast encoded genes.
Underdeveloped thylakoids found in etioplasts, lacking competent photosynthetic membranes. Rapidly develop into mature thylakoids in the presence of light.
The membrane of prothylakoids, underdeveloped thylakoids found in etioplasts, lacking competent photosynthetic membranes.
The pigmented membrane of any thylakoid.
The peripheral segment of respiratory chain complex I located in the mitochondrion. Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain, consisting of at least 34 polypeptide chains. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex. The complete complex is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix.
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex, peripheral segment
NADH-Q oxidoreductase complex, peripheral segment
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, peripheral segment
The mitochondrial membrane segment of respiratory chain complex I. Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain, consisting of at least 34 polypeptide chains. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex. The complete complex is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix.
NADH-Q oxidoreductase complex, membrane segment
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, membrane segment
Combining with ecdysis-triggering hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
ecdysis-triggering hormone receptor activity
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase kinase activity in response to phosphorylation by a member of the MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKK) family or another upstream kinase.
activation of JUN kinase kinase kinase activity
Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinase kinases (JNKKKs).
JUN kinase kinase kinase kinase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the lateral surface of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.
major histocompatibility complex class II protein binding, via lateral surface
MHC class II protein binding, via lateral surface
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the antigen binding groove of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.
major histocompatibility complex class II protein binding, via antigen binding groove
MHC class II protein binding, via antigen binding groove
Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.
Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.
up regulation of cell fate specification
up-regulation of cell fate specification
positive regulation of cell fate specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.
regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.
down regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification
down-regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification
downregulation of mesodermal cell fate specification
inhibition of mesodermal cell fate specification
negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification
Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell.
regulation of endoderm cell fate specification
regulation of endodermal cell fate specification
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an endoderm cell.
down regulation of endodermal cell fate specification
down-regulation of endodermal cell fate specification
downregulation of endodermal cell fate specification
negative regulation of endoderm cell fate specification
inhibition of endodermal cell fate specification
negative regulation of endodermal cell fate specification
Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell.
regulation of ectoderm cell fate specification
regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an ectoderm cell.
down regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification
down-regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification
downregulation of ectodermal cell fate specification
negative regulation of ectoderm cell fate specification
inhibition of ectodermal cell fate specification
negative regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
auditory receptor cell fate specification
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
auditory receptor cell fate determination
Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an auditory hair cell.
regulation of auditory hair cell fate specification
regulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a retinal cone cell.
regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye cone cell, a cone-shaped cell, that focuses light in a compound eye.
The process in which the cone cells of the compound eye, the lens-secreting cells in the ommatidia, adopt pathways of differentiation that lead to the establishment of their distinct cell type.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a compound eye cone cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
compound eye cone cell fate specification
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a compound eye cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
compound eye cone cell fate determination
Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a compound eye cone cell.
regulation of compound eye cone cell fate specification
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a compound eye cone cell.
down regulation of cone cell fate specification
down-regulation of cone cell fate specification
downregulation of cone cell fate specification
inhibition of cone cell fate specification
negative regulation of compound eye cone cell fate specification
The process in which a cell becomes committed to becoming a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a cardioblast cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification
The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of a crystal cell, a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.
regulation of crystal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.
down regulation of crystal cell differentiation
down-regulation of crystal cell differentiation
downregulation of crystal cell differentiation
inhibition of crystal cell differentiation
negative regulation of crystal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.
up regulation of crystal cell differentiation
up-regulation of crystal cell differentiation
upregulation of crystal cell differentiation
activation of crystal cell differentiation
stimulation of crystal cell differentiation
positive regulation of crystal cell differentiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.
The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The beginning of development of the breasts in the female.
The beginning of the menstrual cycle; the first menstrual cycle in an individual.
Cessation of menstruation, occurring in (e.g.) the human female usually around the age of 50.
The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
The series of molecular signals mediated by follicle-stimulating hormone.
follicle stimulating hormone signaling pathway
follicle stimulating hormone signalling pathway
follicle-stimulating hormone signalling pathway
follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway
The series of molecular signals mediated by luteinizing hormone.
The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.
The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels.
The cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and endometrial tissues from the nonpregnant uterus.
The sloughing of the endometrium and blood vessels during menstruation that results from a drop in progesterone levels.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a photoreceptor cell found in the ocellus.
ocellus photoreceptor cell differentiation
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into photoreceptor cell in the ocellus. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
ocellus photoreceptor cell fate commitment
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of elastin.
A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP or GTP.
A process in which microorganisms irreversibly attach to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
Female behaviors associated with the care and rearing of offspring.
Male behaviors associated with the care and rearing offspring.
The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA or RNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on one or more X chromosomes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on both X chromosomes in the monogametic sex, ultimately resulting in a two-fold reduction in transcription from these chromosomes. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
dosage compensation complex assembly during dosage compensation by hypoactivation of X chromosome
dosage compensation complex assembly involved in dosage compensation by hypoactivation of X chromosome
A pigment-bearing structure that is derived from the cytoplasmic membrane, sometimes consisting of simple invaginations and sometimes a complete vesicle. This component is found in certain photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria.
Note that this structure is distinct from the chromoplast of plants, which is also sometimes called a chromatophore; it also should not be confused with the specialized pigment-producing cells known as chromatophores, found in fish and amphibian skin.
The lipid bilayer associated with a plasma membrane-derived chromatophore; surrounds chromatophores that form complete vesicles.
plasma membrane-derived chromatophore membrane
Discrete structures that partition the water-insoluble portion of the yolk of oocytes and ova, which may or may not be membrane enclosed.
Soluble complex of the mitochondrial intermembrane space composed of various combinations of small Tim proteins; acts as a protein transporter to guide proteins to the Tim22 complex for insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane.
mitochondrial intermembrane space protein transporter complex
Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space.
mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase complex
A multi-subunit complex embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that mediates insertion of carrier proteins into the inner membrane.
mitochondrial inner membrane protein insertion complex
The change in morphology and behavior of alpha-beta T cells resulting from exposure to a superantigen, a microbial antigen with an extremely potent activating effect on T cells that bear a specific variable region.
alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation by superantigen
alpha-beta T-cell activation by superantigen
alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation by superantigen
alpha-beta T cell activation by superantigen
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.
thiamin and derivative metabolic process
thiamin-containing compound metabolic process
thiamine and derivative metabolic process
vitamin B1 and derivative metabolic process
thiamine-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), and related compounds.
thiamin and derivative biosynthetic process
thiamin-containing compound biosynthetic process
thiamine and derivative biosynthetic process
thiamine-containing compound biosynthesis
vitamin B1 and derivative biosynthetic process
thiamine-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.
thiamin and derivative catabolic process
thiamin-containing compound catabolic process
thiamine and derivative catabolic process
thiamine-containing compound degradation
vitamin B1 and derivative catabolic process
thiamine-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
riboflavin and derivative metabolic process
vitamin B2 and derivative metabolic process
flavin-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
riboflavin and derivative biosynthetic process
vitamin B2 and derivative biosynthetic process
flavin-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
flavin-containing compound catabolic process breakdown
flavin-containing compound catabolic process degradation
riboflavin and derivative catabolic process
vitamin B2 and derivative catabolic process
flavin-containing compound catabolic process
A large protein complex, containing around 8-10 subunits in yeast, including Duo1p, Dam1p, Dad1p and Ask1p. The complex forms part of the kinetochore, associates with microtubules when the kinetochore attaches to the spindle, and plays a role in spindle attachment, chromosome segregation and spindle stability.
condensed nuclear chromosome kinetochore-associated DASH complex
Note that this complex is conserved in fungi but has not been observed in metazoans.
A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a PH domain (pleckstrin homology) of a protein, a domain of about 100 residues that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.
A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.
A membrane-bounded plant organelle found in the developing endosperm, contains storage proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NADH = ADP + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide kinase activity
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (phosphorylating)
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a drug that has originated externally to the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a drug that has originated internally within the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an antibiotic that has originated externally to the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an antibiotic that has originated internally within the cell or organism.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.
A stage in the circadian sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes marked changes including rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate and brain activity.
All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions.
circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a period of dormancy in which to pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs.
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a period of dormancy, similar to hibernation, but that occurs during the summer. It insulates against heat to prevent the harmful effects of the season.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.
Extremely large, unmyelinated axon found in invertebrates. Has high conduction speeds and is usually involved in panic or escape responses.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids, a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very-long-chain fatty acid catabolic process
very long-chain fatty acid catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
very long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.
A cell or part of the cell that constitutes an early developmental stage of a spore, a small reproductive body that is highly resistant to desiccation and heat and is capable of growing into a new organism, produced especially by certain bacteria, fungi, algae, and nonflowering plants.
An immature spore undergoing development. The spore usually consists of nucleic acid, prospore membrane(s) that encase the nucleic acid, and ultimately a cell wall that covers the membrane(s). This type of spore is observed in ascopore-forming fungi.
An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxyl-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex ; GO:0000506', which represents a distinct complex with a different catalytic activity.
The movement of nucleosomes along a DNA fragment.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 22.
Note that in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway, this activity catalyzes the conversion of 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (ketotriol) to 2-deoxyecdysone.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 2.
Note that in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway, this activity catalyzes the conversion of 2-deoxyecdysone to ecdysone. It can also catalyze the conversion of 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (ketotriol) to 22-deoxyecdysone.
The series of events required to receive a stimulus indicating DNA damage has occurred and convert it to a molecular signal.
detection of DNA damage during DNA damage response
DNA damage response, perception of DNA damage
DNA damage response, detection of DNA damage
A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.
DNA damage response, signal transduction
response to DNA damage stimulus by intracellular signaling cascade
signal transduction in response to DNA damage
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in induction of apoptosis
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator
A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription.
DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription
The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP.
ATP synthesis coupled electron transport
The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP in the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane ATP synthesis coupled electron transport
The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
organelle ATP synthesis coupled electron transport
mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport
The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.
mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport
The transport of protons across the plasma membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.
plasma membrane ATP synthesis coupled proton transport
The process in which the 3'-terminal CCA of a tRNA is removed and restored. This often happens to uncharged tRNA.
Cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA; may involve endonucleolytic or exonucleolytic cleavage, or both.
The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing extra 3' nucleotides from tRNA precursor, generating 3' termini of tRNAs. A 3'-hydroxy group is left at the tRNA terminus and a 5'-phosphoryl group is left at the trailer molecule.
3' tRNA processing endoribonuclease activity
3'-tRNA processing endoribonuclease activity
Any mechanism of immune avoidance that does not directly interfere with the host immune system; for example, some viruses enter a state of latency where their protein production is drastically downregulated, meaning that they are not detected by the host immune system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any mechanism of immune avoidance that directly affects the host immune system, e.g. blocking any stage in host MHC class I and II presentation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating the host complement system, e.g. by possessing complement receptors which mediate attachment to, then infection of, host macrophages, which are eventually destroyed. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
active immune evasion via modulation of host complement system
active immune evasion via regulation of host complement system
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host complement system
Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating host cytokine networks, e.g. by secreting proteins that mimic cytokine receptors that act to sequester host cytokines and inhibit action. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
active immune evasion via modulation of host cytokine network
active immune evasion via regulation of host cytokine network
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host cytokine network
Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating the host's antigen processing or presentation pathways, e.g. by blocking any stage in MHC class II presentation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host antigen processing and presentation pathway
active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing and presentation
active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing/presentation
active immune evasion via regulation of antigen processing and presentation
active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host antigen processing and presentation
The process in which a ubiquitin group, or multiple groups, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein.
protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown
protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation
protein ubiquitinylation during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
protein ubiquitinylation during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
protein ubiquitylation during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
protein ubiquitylation during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
myofibrillar protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown
myofibrillar protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
myofibrillar protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
myofibrillar protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation
protein ubiquitination during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
A ribosome bound to mRNA that forms part of a polysome.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.
mRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.
transcription of nuclear rRNA large Pol I transcript
transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript from RNA polymerase I promoter
The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter.
5S class rRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from a mitochondrial DNA template.
rRNA transcription from mitochondrial promoter
The synthesis of RNA from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase.
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase.
rRNA transcription from plastid promoter
The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.
snRNA transcription from Pol II promoter
snRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.
snRNA transcription from Pol III promoter
snRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.
tRNA transcription from Pol III promoter
tRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
OBSOLETE. Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (or equivalent protein) to another protein, as a part of NEDD8-dependant protein catabolism.
protein neddylation during NEDD8 class-dependent protein breakdown
protein neddylation during NEDD8 class-dependent protein catabolism
protein neddylation during NEDD8 class-dependent protein degradation
protein neddylation during RUB1-dependent protein catabolic process
protein neddylation during RUB1-dependent protein catabolism
protein neddylation during NEDD8 class-dependent protein catabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H4 L-lysine (position 20) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H4 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 20). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 20 of the histone H4 protein.
histone H4 lysine 20-specific methyltransferase activity
histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H4-K20 specific)
histone methylase activity (H4-K20 specific)
Note that in some species, the methyl group may be added to a lysine in a slightly different position of the histone H4 protein, but that this term still applies.
histone methyltransferase activity (H4-K20 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.
histone H3 lysine 4-specific methyltransferase activity
histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-K4 specific)
histone methylase activity (H3-K4 specific)
Note that in some species, the methyl group may be added to a lysine in a slightly different position of the histone H3 protein, but that this term still applies.
histone methyltransferase activity (H3-K4 specific)
Catalysis of the addition of a phosphate group onto a serine or threonine residue in any member of the polo kinase class of proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with identical proteins to form a homooligomer.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fucose, the pentose 6-deoxygalactose.
A membrane-enclosed sac that takes up most of the volume of a mature plant cell. Functions include storage, separation of toxic byproducts, and cell growth determination.
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with neuronal Cdc2-like kinase, an enzyme involved in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and neuro-cytoskeleton dynamics.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the vitamin D receptor, a nuclear receptor that mediates the action of vitamin D by binding DNA and controlling the transcription of hormone-sensitive genes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Polarized growth from one end of a cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size along one axis through simultaneous polarized growth from opposite ends of a cell, resulting in morphogenesis of the cell.
Bipolar cell growth refers to a change in both cell size and cell shape. For shape changes where cell size is not affected, consider instead the term 'establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity resulting in cell shape ; GO:0061246' and its children.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process
A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules.
Note that although this complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum, there is some evidence that it may also be found in the Golgi.
A heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). Functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
transporter associated with antigen presentation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone deacetylase.
Electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the RNA element BRE (Bruno response element).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. D-glucarate is derived from either D-glucose or L-gulose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil.
4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil.
4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil.
4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine).
chrysobactin biosynthetic process, peptide formation
chrysobactin biosynthetic process, peptide modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving achromobactin, a citrate siderophore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore.
achromobactin biosynthetic process, peptide formation
achromobactin biosynthetic process, peptide modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the siderochrome pyochelin (2-(2-o-hydroxyphenyl-2-thiazolin-4-yl)-3-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the siderochrome pyochelin (2-(2-o-hydroxyphenyl-2-thiazolin-4-yl)-3-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid).
pyochelin biosynthetic process, peptide formation
pyochelin biosynthetic process, peptide modification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderochrome pyochelin (2-(2-o-hydroxyphenyl-2-thiazolin-4-yl)-3-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis.
The directed movement of aldarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of D-galactarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. D-galactarate is the D-enantiomer of galactarate, the anion of galactaric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-galactarate, the D-enantiomer of the anion of galactaric acid.
The directed movement of aldonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of D-galactonate, the D-enantiomer of galactonate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of aldarate from one side of the membrane to the other.
aldarate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-galactarate, the D-enantiomer of the anion of galactaric acid, from one side of the membrane to the other.
D-galactarate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate, from one side of the membrane to the other.
D-glucarate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of aldonate from one side of the membrane to the other.
aldonate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate, from one side of the membrane to the other.
D-glucuronate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-galactonate, the D-enantiomer of galactonate, from one side of the membrane to the other.
D-galactonate transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of L-arabinose, the L-enantiomer of arabinose, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of cysteine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of microcin, a class of glycine-rich, bactericidal peptides (antibiotics) produced by some enteric bacteria, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of microcin B17, a bactericidal peptide (antibiotic) produced by some enteric bacteria, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of the membrane to the other.
amide transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of molybdenum (Mo) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
molybdenum ion transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of 3-phenylpropionic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of 3-phenylpropionic acid from one side of the membrane to the other.
3-phenylpropionate acid transporter activity
3-phenylpropionic acid transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of polymyxin, any of a group of related antibiotics produced by Bacillus polymyxa and active against most Gram-negative bacteria, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of fosmidomycin, a phosphonic acid derivative with potent activity against Gram-negative organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of polymyxin, any of a group of related antibiotics produced by Bacillus polymyxa and active against most Gram-negative bacteria, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of fosmidomycin, a phosphonic acid derivative with potent activity against Gram-negative organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The directed movement of an arabinose polymer, a repeating chain of arabinose monomers, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of arabinose, a pentose monosaccharide that occurs in both D and L configurations, and as a polymer, from one side of the membrane to the other.
arabinose transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an arabinose polymer, a repeating chain of arabinose monomers, from one side of the membrane to the other.
arabinose polymer transmembrane transporter activity
The process of linking a protein to peptidoglycan via a carboxy terminal threonine carboxyl group through a pentaglycyl peptide to the lysine or diaminopimelic acid of the peptidoglycan.
peptidoglycan-protein cross-linking via L-threonyl-pentaglycyl-murein
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl(alpha-tubulin) + H2O = alpha-tubulin + acetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.
9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.
The directed movement of xanthine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Xanthine (2,6-dihydroxypurine) is a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine, but is not present in nucleic acids.
Catalysis of the transfer of xanthine from one side of a membrane to the other. Xanthine (2,6-dihydroxypurine) is a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine, but is not present in nucleic acids.
xanthine transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to living organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of acridine (10-azaanthracene), a heterocyclic ring compound found in crude coal-tar anthracene, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to living organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of acridine (10-azaanthracene), a heterocyclic ring compound found in crude coal-tar anthracene, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Catalysis of the transfer of a colicin from one side of a membrane to the other. Colicins are a group of antibiotics produced by E. coli and related species that are encoded by a group of naturally occurring plasmids, e.g. Col E1.
colicin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of group A colicins (colicins E1, E2, E3, A, K, and N) from one side of a membrane to the other.
group A colicin transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of a colicin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Colicins are a group of antibiotics produced by E. coli and related species that are encoded by a group of naturally occurring plasmids, e.g. Col E1.
The directed movement of group A colicins (colicins E1, E2, E3, A, K, and N) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of an alkylphosphonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of an alkylphosphonate from one side of a membrane to the other.
alkylphosphonate transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of an alkanesulfonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alkanesulfonates are organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.
The directed movement of benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid transport
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glucocorticoid binding to its receptor.
glucocorticoid receptor signalling pathway
glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a neuromedin U receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuromedin U, a hypothalamic peptide involved in energy homeostasis and stress responses.
Enables the directed movement of benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid transporter activity
m-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid transporter activity
3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The directed movement of a ferrichrome into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ferrichromes are any of a group of growth-promoting Fe(III) chelates formed by various genera of microfungi. They are homodetic cyclic hexapeptides made up of a tripeptide of glycine (or other small neutral amino acids) and a tripeptide of an N'acyl-N4-hydroxy-L-ornithine.
Enables the directed movement of a ferrichrome into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Ferrichromes are any of a group of growth-promoting Fe(III) chelates formed by various genera of microfungi. They are homodetic cyclic hexapeptides made up of a tripeptide of glycine (or other small neutral amino acids) and a tripeptide of an N'acyl-N4-hydroxy-L-ornithine.
The directed movement of the siderochrome enterobactin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of the siderochrome enterochelin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The directed movement of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The directed movement of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of the D-enantiomer of an amino acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of D-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. D-amino acids are the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
D-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. D-alanine is the D-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid.
D-alanine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of D-serine from one side of a membrane to the other. D-serine is the D-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
D-serine transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of glucosides from one side of the membrane to the other. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.
glucoside transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of salicin (saligenin-beta-D-glucopyranoside), a glucoside of o-hydroxybenzylalcohol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of arbutin, a glycoside found in the bearberry and related plants which has been used to treat urinary-tract diseases, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of salicin (saligenin-beta-D-glucopyranoside), a glucoside of o-hydroxybenzylalcohol, from one side of the membrane to the other.
salicin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of arbutin, a glycoside found in the bearberry and related plants which has been used to treat urinary-tract diseases, from one side of the membrane to the other.
arbutin transmembrane transporter activity
A pathway of aromatic compound degradation by ortho-cleavage; one branch converts protocatechuate, derived from phenolic compounds, to beta-ketoadipate, and the other branch converts catechol, generated from various aromatic hydrocarbons, amino aromatics, and lignin monomers, also to beta-ketoadipate. Two additional steps accomplish the conversion of beta-ketoadipate to tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.
The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
The directed movement of dextrin, any one, or the mixture, of the intermediate polysaccharides formed during the hydrolysis of starch, which are dextrorotatory, soluble in water, and precipitable in alcohol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of maltodextrin, any polysaccharide of glucose residues in beta-(1,4) linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of dextrin, any one, or the mixture, of the intermediate polysaccharides formed during the hydrolysis of starch, which are dextrorotatory, soluble in water, and precipitable in alcohol, from one side of the membrane to the other.
dextrin transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of maltodextrin, any polysaccharide of glucose residues in beta-(1,4) linkage, from one side of the membrane to the other.
maltodextrin transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of alkanesulfonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Catalysis of the transfer of antimonite from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.
antimonite secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + antimonite(in) = ADP + phosphate + antimonite(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acridine(in) = H+(in) + acridine(out).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thioredoxin, a small disulfide-containing redox protein that serves as a general protein disulfide oxidoreductase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a small disulfide-containing redox protein that serves as a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the biotin carboxyl carrier protein, a subunit of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.
biotin carboxyl carrier protein anabolism
biotin carboxyl carrier protein biosynthesis
biotin carboxyl carrier protein formation
biotin carboxyl carrier protein synthesis
biotin carboxyl carrier protein biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-carrier protein.
acyl carrier protein biosynthetic process
acyl-carrier-protein biosynthetic process
The directed movement of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lactone from one side of a membrane to the other. A lactone is a cyclic ester of a hydroxy carboxylic acid, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
Catalysis of the transfer of homoserine from one side of a membrane to the other. Homoserine is alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.
homoserine transmembrane transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of lactone from one side of a membrane to the other. A lactone is a cyclic ester of a hydroxy carboxylic acid, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
lactone transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in beta-D-glucans containing (1->3) and (1->4) bonds.
1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase activity
1,3-1,4-beta-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase activity
1,3;1,4-beta-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase activity
1,3;1,4-beta-glucan endohydrolase activity
beta-(1->3), (1->4)-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
(1->3)-beta-glucan 3-glucanohydrolase activity
(1->3)-beta-glucan endohydrolase activity
1,3-beta-D-glucan 3-glucanohydrolase activity
1,3-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase activity
glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the retinoic acid receptor, a ligand-regulated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, alpha, beta or gamma.
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
positive regulation of JAK protein activity by tyrosine phosphorylation
activation of JAK protein by tyrosine phosphorylation
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it.
tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 protein
Upregulation of the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase.
L-ornithine carboxy-lyase activator activity
ornithine decarboxylase activator activity
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase.
ornithine decarboxylase regulator activity
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein.
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator binding
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.
amyloid precursor protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.
amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid.
regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism
regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis
regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation
regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis
regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid.
down regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
down-regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
downregulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of APP biosynthetic process
negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism
negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis
negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation
negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis
inhibition of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid.
positive regulation of APP biosynthetic process
positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism
positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis
positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation
positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis
up regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
upregulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
activation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
stimulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.
amyloid precursor protein catabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with X11-like protein, a neuron-specific adaptor protein.
The selective interaction of actin monomers with specific molecules that inhibit their polymerization by preventing their access to other monomers.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
regulation of transcription factor import into cell nucleus
regulation of transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import
regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
The directed movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
transcription factor import into cell nucleus
transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
transcription factor import into nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
down regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
down-regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
downregulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
negative regulation of transcription factor import into cell nucleus
negative regulation of transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
negative regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import
inhibition of transcription factor import into nucleus
negative regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
positive regulation of transcription factor import into cell nucleus
positive regulation of transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
positive regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import
up regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
up-regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
upregulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
activation of transcription factor import into nucleus
stimulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
positive regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus
The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.
cytoplasmic retention of transcription factor
cytoplasmic sequestration of transcription factor
cytoplasmic storage of transcription factor
maintenance of transcription factor protein location in cytoplasm
retention of transcription factor in cytoplasm
sequestering of transcription factor in cytoplasm
sequestration of transcription factor in cytoplasm
storage of transcription factor in cytoplasm
cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
down regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
down-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
downregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
inhibition of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
up regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
up-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
upregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
activation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
stimulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transport of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
The directed movement of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Golgi to plasma membrane cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein transport
Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.
Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transport of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
down regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
down-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
downregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
inhibition of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transport of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
up regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
up-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
upregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
activation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
stimulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
The selective interaction of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport to the cell membrane.
cytoplasmic retention of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein
cytoplasmic sequestering of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein
cytoplasmic sequestration of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein)
cytoplasmic storage of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein
maintenance of CFTR protein location in cytoplasm
retention of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein in cytoplasm
sequestering of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein) in cytoplasm
sequestration of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein) in cytoplasm
storage of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein in cytoplasm
cytoplasmic sequestering of CFTR protein
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
A series of molecular signals that leads to the upregulation of calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity in response to the signal.
activation of phospholipase A2 activity by calcium-mediated signalling
calcium-dependent activation of phospholipase A2
calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activation
activation of phospholipase A2 activity by calcium-mediated signaling
Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of rDNA repeats.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin.
Any process that modulates the binding and fusion of a sperm to the oocyte plasma membrane.
regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane
Any process that stops or prevents the binding and fusion of a sperm to the oocyte plasma membrane.
down regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane
down-regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane
downregulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane
inhibition of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane
negative regulation of sperm-oocyte fusion
negative regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A.
regulation of TNF-B biosynthetic process
regulation of TNF-beta biosynthetic process
regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthesis
regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthesis
regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthetic process
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthesis
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthetic process
regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A.
positive regulation of LTA biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TNF-B biosynthesis
positive regulation of TNF-B biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TNF-beta biosynthesis
positive regulation of TNF-beta biosynthetic process
positive regulation of lymphotoxin A anabolism
positive regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthesis
positive regulation of lymphotoxin A formation
positive regulation of lymphotoxin A synthesis
positive regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthesis
positive regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthetic process
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthesis
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthetic process
up regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
up-regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
upregulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
activation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
stimulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
positive regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A.
down regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
down-regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
downregulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
negative regulation of LTA biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TNF-B biosynthesis
negative regulation of TNF-B biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TNF-beta biosynthesis
negative regulation of TNF-beta biosynthetic process
negative regulation of lymphotoxin A anabolism
negative regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthesis
negative regulation of lymphotoxin A formation
negative regulation of lymphotoxin A synthesis
negative regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthesis
negative regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthetic process
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthesis
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthetic process
inhibition of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
negative regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process
A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any complex of RNA and protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any part of a ribosome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any part of the larger ribosomal subunit.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any part of the small ribosomal subunit.
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process
Modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
cysteine-type endopeptidase regulator activity involved in apoptotic process
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Note that this term represents the return of T cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of T cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation.
down regulation of macrophage activation
down-regulation of macrophage activation
negative regulation of macrophage activation
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.
positive regulation of macrophage activation
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages.
Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with a chromatin insulator sequence, a DNA sequence that prevents enhancer-mediated activation or repression of transcription.
Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.
The modification of an amino acid to an active form, for incorporation into a peptide, protein or other macromolecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules.
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in nonribosomal peptide synthesis.
tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide anabolism
tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis
tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide formation
tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide synthesis
tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process
Activation of an amino acid for incorporation into a peptide by a nonribosomal process.
amino acid activation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process
Activation of an amino acid for incorporation into a peptide by a nonribosomal process, catalyzed by subunits of nonribosomal peptide synthase. The amino acid is adenylated at its carboxylate group (ATP-dependent) then transferred to the thiol group of an enzyme-bound phosphopantetheine cofactor.
amino acid adenylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase
amino acid adenylylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin that require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, ranging from local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation, mediated by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling factors.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.
DNA methylation involved in embryo development
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the establishment of DNA methylation patterns in the gamete.
DNA methylation involved in gamete generation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded telomere-associated DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a phosphorylated dolichol derivative.
dolichyl monophosphate biosynthetic process
The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain.
The contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediate feeding in nematodes.
Any process that modulates the contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediates feeding in nematodes.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.
taxis in response to temperature stimulus
Entry into the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage of nematode development.
Exit from the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage of nematode development.
Maintenance of a nematode during the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage of nematode development.
Anterior movement of an organism, following the direction of the head of the animal.
Posterior movement of an organism, e.g. following the direction of the tail of an animal.
Any process that modulates the speed, mechanical force, or rhythm of the posterior movement of an organism.
Any process that modulates the speed, mechanical force, or rhythm of the anterior movement of an organism.
The alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the meiotic spindle, during meiosis I.
The alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the meiotic spindle, during meiosis II.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
extracellular structure organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the intracellular bridge. An intracellular bridge is a direct link between the cytoplasms of sister cells that allows cells to communicate with one another.
intercellular bridge organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a flagellum, a long thin projection from a cell, used in movement.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is positively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
positive regulation of apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is negatively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
negative regulation of apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
positive regulation of programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
down regulation of programmed cell death
down-regulation of programmed cell death
negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
negative regulation of programmed cell death
The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
OBSOLETE. The nucleus of a plant pollen cell, the male gamete, and its descendents.
This term was made obsolete because the definition was incorrect.
sperm cell nucleus (sensu Magnoliophyta)
The nucleus of a megasporocyte, a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores, and its descendents.
The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
Either of two nuclei located centrally in a flowering plant embryo sac that eventually fuse to form the endosperm nucleus.
The nucleus of an antipodal cell, one of three cells of the embryo sac in angiosperms, found at the chalazal end of the embryo away from the point of entry of the pollen tube, and its descendents.
The nucleus of a plant egg cell. This nucleus is found at the micropylar end of the embryo.
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.
The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
positive regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
negative regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.
Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase Cdc42.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the GTPase Cdc42.
positive regulation of Cdc42 GTPase activity
The directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of L-arginine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into a cell or organelle.
A cytokinesis process that involves a set of conserved proteins including FtsZ, and results in the formation of two similarly sized and shaped cells; the process in which prokaryotic cells divide.
Note that this term is intended for the annotation of prokaryotic gene products.
Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
Any process that generates purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates a pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process which produces a purine deoxyribonucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine organic nitrogenous bases, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
Any process which produces an amino acid from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
up regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
up-regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
upregulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
activation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
stimulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
positive regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
down regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
down-regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
downregulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
inhibition of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
negative regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell which is dependent on the presence of type IV pili. Includes social gliding motility and twitching motility.
The process of withdrawing a pilus back into a cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with replication fork barriers found in rDNA spacers, sites that inhibit replication forks in the direction opposite to rDNA transcription.
rDNA spacer replication fork barrier binding
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication by impeding the progress of the DNA replication fork.
negative regulation of DNA replication at replication fork barrier
See also the biological process term 'site-specific replication termination ; GO:0071170' and its children.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.
Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
1,3-dimethyluroporphyrinogen III dehydrogenase activity
dihydrosirohydrochlorin dehydrogenase activity
precorrin-2:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
down regulation of vascular permeability
down-regulation of vascular permeability
negative regulation of vascular permeability
Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
positive regulation of vascular permeability
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth.
Note that mammalian NT-5 was initially named differently from amphibian NT-4 because of sequence differences, but the two genes were later shown to be functionally equivalent [SF:919858].
Any process that modulates an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade.
regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade.
up regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
up-regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
upregulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
activation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
stimulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade.
down regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
down-regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
downregulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
inhibition of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
down regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
down-regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
downregulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
inhibition of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
negative regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
up regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
up-regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
upregulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
activation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
stimulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
positive regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.
The process in which nucleated precursor cells lose their nucleus during erythrocyte maturation.
The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transport
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transport
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transport
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H2O = ribose 1,5 bisphosphate + phosphate + H+.
5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate pyrophosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
Removal of the Okazaki RNA primer from the lagging strand of replicating DNA, by a combination of the actions of DNA polymerase, DNA helicase and an endonuclease.
Catalysis of the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.
Catalysis of the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 5' to 3'.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; drives the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.
ATP-dependent 3' to 5' DNA helicase activity
ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; drives the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 5' to 3'.
ATP-dependent 5' to 3' DNA helicase activity
ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of single-stranded DNA, and it drives another reaction.
single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity
Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of translational machinery localization
establishment and maintenance of translational protein localization
regulation of translation by machinery localisation
regulation of translation by machinery localization
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript into a mature snoRNA.
The endonucleolytic cleavage of snoRNA 3' ends, which is required for mature snoRNAs to be functional.
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of the spindle.
The cell cycle process in which spindle integrity is maintained during M phase of meiosis.
The cell cycle process in which spindle integrity is maintained during M phase of mitosis.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.
The synthesis of DNA that contributes to the process of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
DNA synthesis during double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
DNA synthesis involved in double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
The synthesis of DNA that contributes to the process of double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing.
DNA synthesis during double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing
DNA synthesis involved in double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing
Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.
The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night).
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.
negative regulation of caspase activation
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.
down regulation of photosynthesis, light reaction
down-regulation of photosynthesis, light reaction
downregulation of photosynthesis, light reaction
inhibition of photosynthesis, light reaction
negative regulation of photosynthesis, light reaction
Structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring as a result of cation stress, an increase or decrease in the concentration of positively charged ions in the environment.
chromatin remodeling in response to cation stress
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of cation stress, an increase or decrease in the concentration of positively charged ions in the environment.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a heterocyst, a differentiated cell in certain cyanobacteria whose purpose is to fix nitrogen.
A structural framework, or 'dense core' at the interior of an acrosome. May regulate the distribution of hydrolases within the acrosome and their release during the acrosome reaction.
The volume enclosed within the acrosome membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown
proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism
proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation
proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.
ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the multivesicular body pathway
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway
ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the multivesicular body pathway
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
cell envelope organization and biogenesis
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cell wall of the type found in Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall is the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane.
1-2nm peptidoglycan-based cell wall biogenesis
Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell wall biogenesis
The assembly of an outer membrane of the type formed in Gram-negative bacteria. This membrane is enriched in polysaccharide and protein, and the outer leaflet of the membrane contains specific lipopolysaccharide structures.
Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell outer membrane assembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ions, charged atoms or groups of atoms.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with anions, charged atoms or groups of atoms with a net negative charge.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cations, charged atoms or groups of atoms with a net positive charge.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ferredoxin, any simple, nonenzymatic iron-sulfur protein that is characterized by having equal numbers of atoms of iron and labile sulfur. Iron and sulfur atoms are present in one or two clusters of two or four atoms of each.
Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Any process which produces a nucleotide, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide), from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase core enzyme, containing a specific subunit composition defined as the core enzyme.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit.
Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous inhibitory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit.
The process of transporting a substance into, and confining within, a vacuole.
The process of transporting sodium ions into, and confining within, a vacuole.
sequestering of sodium ion (Na+) in vacuole
sequestration of sodium ion (Na+) in vacuole
vacuolar sequestering of sodium ion (Na+)
vacuolar sequestration of sodium ion (Na+)
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3.
fms-like-tyrosine kinase (Flt)-4 binding
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 binding
A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregates in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes.
The extracellular (rather than the intracellular) exterior of a dividing septum; this surface is usually composed of cell wall material, for example, lineal (1,3)-beta-D-glucan in S. pombe.
The cell wall material that surrounds the septum in fungal cells.
A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histones H4 and H2A.
H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex
A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex
Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment.
Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.
Non-terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.
Protrusion from a dendrite. Spines are specialised subcellular compartments involved in the synaptic transmission. They are linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Because of their bulb shape, they function as a biochemical and an electrical compartment. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.
Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sulfate, SO4(2-), a negatively charged small molecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.
The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane.
Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates.
The portion of the cell soma (cell body) that excludes the nucleus.
Extracellular matrix material consisting of polysaccharides and protein.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of extracellular fibrils, extracellular matrix material consisting of polysaccharides and/or proteins.
extracellular fibril organization and biogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of carbohydrates across a membrane.
carbohydrate-transporting ATPase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carbohydrate(in) -> ADP + phosphate + carbohydrate(out).
The directed movement of a bacteriocin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Bacteriocins are a group of antibiotics produced by bacteria and are encoded by a group of naturally occurring plasmids, e.g. Col E1. Bacteriocins are toxic to bacteria closely related to the bacteriocin producing strain.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; drives the transport of bacteriocins across a membrane.
bacteriocin-transporting ATPase activity
The directed movement of daunorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic produced by Streptomyces coeruleorubidus or S. peucetius and used as an antineoplastic into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + daunorubicin(in) = ADP + phosphate + daunorubicin(out).
daunorubicin-transporting ATPase activity
The process of preserving the structure and function of mature myelin. This includes maintaining the compact structure of myelin necessary for its electrical insulating characteristics as well as the structure of non-compact regions such as Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and paranodal loops. This does not include processes responsible for maintaining the nodes of Ranvier, which are not part of the myelin sheath.
The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs.
Non-compact myelin located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier in a myelin segment. These non-compact regions include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for synthesizing the myelin. Lateral loops are found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier, while Schmidt-Lantermann clefts are analogous structures found within the compact myelin internode.
Regions within compact myelin in which the cytoplasmic faces of the enveloping myelin sheath are not tightly juxtaposed, and include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for making the myelin. Schmidt-Lanterman incisures occur in the compact myelin internode, while lateral loops are analogous structures found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein from the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family, a group of chromosomal ATPases with a role in mitotic chromosome organization.
structural maintenance of chromosomes family protein binding
A ubiquitin ligase complex, located in the cytoplasm, in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
cytoplasmic Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein complex
cytoplasmic SCF ubiquitin ligase complex
A ubiquitin ligase complex, located in the nucleus, in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + anion(out) = ADP + phosphate + anion(in).
anion transmembrane-transporting ATPase activity
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.
Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or other small molecules.
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with laminins, glycoproteins that are major constituents of the basement membrane of cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with laminin-1, a glycoprotein trimer with the subunit composition alpha1, beta1, gamma1.
A protein complex composed of the Fanconi anaemia (FA) proteins including A, C, E, G and F (FANCA-F). Functions in the activation of the downstream protein FANCD2 by monoubiquitylation, and is essential for protection against chromosome breakage.
The disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleic acids, metal ions or carbohydrate groups.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
down regulation of protein complex disassembly
down-regulation of protein complex disassembly
downregulation of protein complex disassembly
inhibition of protein complex disassembly
negative regulation of protein complex disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
up regulation of protein complex disassembly
up-regulation of protein complex disassembly
upregulation of protein complex disassembly
activation of protein complex disassembly
stimulation of protein complex disassembly
positive regulation of protein complex disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
regulation of protein complex disassembly
The environmental space outside of an organism; this may be a host organism in the case of parasitic and symbiotic organisms.
Large, cysteine proteinase rich lysosomes, often found in the amastigote (an intracytoplasmic, nonflagellated form of the parasite) stage of Leishmania species belonging to the mexicana complex.
Any process that occur in response to the presence of critically short telomeres.
DNA damage response, telomere maintenance
telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.
Catalysis of the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other, in a sodium dependent manner.
sodium-dependent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
sodium-dependent organic anion transport
The directed, sodium-independent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
sodium-independent organic anion transport
A ribosome contained within a chloroplast.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process
A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes.
A laminin complex composed of alpha4, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha4, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.
A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma3 polypeptide chains.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate.
ATP diphosphohydrolase (phosphate-forming) activity
An extracellular multi-enzyme complex containing up to 11 different enzymes aligned on a non-catalytic scaffolding glycoprotein. Functions to hydrolyze cellulose.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
extracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
extracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
Granule free cytoplasm, lying immediately below the plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of potassium ion transport
down-regulation of potassium ion transport
downregulation of potassium ion transport
negative regulation of potassium transport
negative regulation of potassium ion conductance
negative regulation of potassium ion transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of potassium transport
up regulation of potassium ion transport
up-regulation of potassium ion transport
positive regulation of potassium conductance
positive regulation of potassium ion conductance
positive regulation of potassium ion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), occurring as part of the process of jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance.
ethylene anabolism during jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
ethylene biosynthetic process during jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
ethylene formation during jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
ethylene synthesis during jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
ethylene biosynthesis involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + H2O = CDP + phosphate. May or may not be coupled to another reaction.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any phospholipase, enzymes that catalyze of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-L-Asp-L-Glu + H2O = N-acetyl-L-Asp + L-Glu.
N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase activity
N-acetylated-alpha-linked-amino dipeptidase activity
N-acetylated-gamma-linked-acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase)
N-acetylated-gamma-linked-acidic dipeptidase activity
acetylaspartylglutamate dipeptidase activity
pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase activity
pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamate hydrolase activity
pteroylpolygammaglutamyl hydrolase activity
pteroylpolyglutamic acid hydrolase activity
microsomal gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase
Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix.
The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.
Note that unlike mammals or Drosophila, C. elegans (and many lower organisms) do not have professional macrophages/phagocytes, instead cell corpses are engulfed by neighboring cells. Cell types that can function as engulfing cells include hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells, pharyngeal muscle cells, and intestinal cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.
regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.
regulation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) anabolism
regulation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis
regulation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) formation
regulation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis
regulation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthetic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving apocarotenoids, a class of compounds derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, many of which are biologically important e.g. retinal and abscisic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of apocarotenoids by the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. Many apocarotenoids are biologically important e.g. retinal and abscisic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of apocarotenoids, a class of compounds derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, many of which are biologically important e.g. retinal and abscisic acid.
A multisubunit complex that in Saccharomyces is composed of three subunits, Rav1p, Rav2p and Skp1p. Acts transiently to catalyze assembly of cytoplasmic V1, with membrane embedded V0 to form the V-ATPase holoenzyme.
regulator of the (H+)-ATPase of the vacuolar and endosomal membranes
Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.
A multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. In mammals it is typically composed of seven Apaf-1 subunits bound to cytochrome c and caspase-9. A similar complex to promote apoptosis is formed from homologous gene products in other eukaryotic organisms.
A protein complex, found in the mitochondria, that in yeast consists of a large and a small subunit. Possesses glutamate synthase (NADH) activity.
mitochondrial glutamate synthase complex (NADH)
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with glutathione; a tripeptide composed of the three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine.
A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.
The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules by a leukocyte.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation.
regulation of immune cell granule exocytosis
regulation of leukocyte granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation.
down regulation of leukocyte degranulation
down-regulation of leukocyte degranulation
downregulation of leukocyte degranulation
negative regulation of immune cell degranulation
negative regulation of leucocyte degranulation
negative regulation of leukocyte degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation.
positive regulation of immune cell degranulation
positive regulation of leucocyte degranulation
up regulation of leukocyte degranulation
up-regulation of leukocyte degranulation
positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation.
regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.
down regulation of mast cell degranulation
down-regulation of mast cell degranulation
downregulation of mast cell degranulation
negative regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of mast cell degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation.
positive regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis
up regulation of mast cell degranulation
up-regulation of mast cell degranulation
positive regulation of mast cell degranulation
The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of eosinophil degranulation.
regulation of eosinophil granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of eosinophil degranulation.
down regulation of eosinophil degranulation
down-regulation of eosinophil degranulation
downregulation of eosinophil degranulation
negative regulation of eosinophil granule exocytosis
negative regulation of eosinophil degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil degranulation.
positive regulation of eosinophil granule exocytosis
up regulation of eosinophil degranulation
up-regulation of eosinophil degranulation
upregulation of eosinophil degranulation
positive regulation of eosinophil degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation.
regulation of neutrophil granule exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of neutrophil degranulation.
down regulation of neutrophil degranulation
down-regulation of neutrophil degranulation
downregulation of neutrophil degranulation
negative regulation of neutrophil granule exocytosis
negative regulation of neutrophil degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil degranulation.
positive regulation of neutrophil granule exocytosis
up regulation of neutrophil degranulation
up-regulation of neutrophil degranulation
upregulation of neutrophil degranulation
positive regulation of neutrophil degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a cytotoxic T cell.
cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.
regulation of cytotoxic T cell granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte degranulation
regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T-cell degranulation
regulation of cytotoxic T-cell granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte degranulation
regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.
down regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
down-regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
downregulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-cell degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
inhibition of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell granule exocytosis
positive regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-cell degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-cell granule exocytosis
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis
up regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
up-regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
upregulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
activation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
stimulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.
regulation of NK cell granule exocytosis
regulation of natural killer cell granule exocytosis
regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer cell degranulation.
down regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
down-regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
downregulation of natural killer cell degranulation
negative regulation of NK cell degranulation
negative regulation of NK cell granule exocytosis
negative regulation of natural killer cell granule exocytosis
inhibition of natural killer cell degranulation
negative regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.
positive regulation of NK cell degranulation
positive regulation of NK cell granule exocytosis
positive regulation of natural killer cell granule exocytosis
up regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
up-regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
upregulation of natural killer cell degranulation
activation of natural killer cell degranulation
stimulation of natural killer cell degranulation
positive regulation of natural killer cell degranulation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin, occurring during the deposition of coloring matter in an organ or organism.
pigment metabolic process during developmental pigmentation
pigment metabolism during developmental pigmentation
pigment metabolic process involved in developmental pigmentation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 4' positions.
phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of folate.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of 3',5'-cAMP.
chemotaxis to adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate
The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.
protein targeting to vacuole during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the MVB pathway
protein targeting to vacuole during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the MVB pathway
protein vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway
protein vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway
protein-vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the MVB pathway
protein-vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the MVB pathway
protein-vacuole targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway
protein-vacuole targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway
protein targeting to vacuole during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway
protein targeting to vacuole involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway
The process of directing proteins towards a membrane using signals contained within the protein, occurring that contributes to ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway; the destruction of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with a ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway.
protein membrane targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway
protein membrane targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway
protein targeting to membrane during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the MVB pathway
protein targeting to membrane during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the MVB pathway
protein-membrane targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the MVB pathway
protein-membrane targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway
protein-membrane targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway
protein-membrane targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the MVB pathway
protein targeting to membrane during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway
protein targeting to membrane involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.
response to exogenous double-stranded RNA
Note that the presence of exogenous double-stranded RNA is usually indicative of a viral infection. Consider also annotating to 'response to virus ; GO:0009615'.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.
The apex of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone; site of polarized growth.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase activity
Note that the polyprenyl sidechain substrate for these methyltransferases varies in length between species, for example, 6 units in S. cerevisiae, 8 units in E. coli and 10 units in G. suboxidans. Where the length of the substrate polyprenyl chain is unknown, the term '2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity ; GO:0008425' should be used.
2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
2-hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase activity
2-hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state.
Catalysis of a site-specific breakage and reunion reaction that generates two hairpin telomeres from a replicated telomere substrate. Occurs via a two-step transesterification with a protein-DNA intermediate similar to that used by topoisomerases and site-specific recombinases.
Note that while this enzyme uses a similar reaction chemistry to topoisomerases and site-specific recombinases, it performs a unique reaction. Topoisomerases promote breakage and reunion of either one or two DNA strands to alter the topological state of a DNA molecule. Site-specific recombinases perform a more complex reaction in which four strands are broken and subsequently joined to a different DNA duplex, resulting in the production of a recombinant product. The telomere resolvases on the other hand, must break two phosphodiester bonds in a single DNA duplex (one on each strand) and join each end with the opposite DNA strand to form covalently closed hairpin telomeres.
site-specific telomere resolvase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = CMP + diphosphatidylglycerol.
CDP-diacylglycerol-phosphatidylglycerol phosphatidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate = CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol.
CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol synthase
CTP:2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate cytidyltransferase activity
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
enucleate red blood cell differentiation
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds.
Catalysis of a reaction that generates a free radical, a highly reactive molecule with an unsatisfied electron valence pair.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dihydroflavodoxin + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycine = 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + flavodoxin semiquinone + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycin-2-yl radical.
PFL-glycine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine H transferase (flavodoxin-oxidizing, S-adenosyl-L-methionine-cleaving) activity
[pyruvate formate-lyase]-activating enzyme activity
formate C-acetyltransferase-glycine dihydroflavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving)
formate acetyltransferase activating enzyme activity
formate acetyltransferase-glycine dihydroflavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving) activity
formate-C-acetyltransferase-activating enzyme
pyruvate formate-lyase-activating enzyme
[formate-C-acetyltransferase]-activating enzyme activity
The process in which successful recombination of a T cell receptor beta chain into a translatable protein coding sequence leads to rescue from apoptosis and subsequent proliferation of an immature T cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.
The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.
CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell lineage commitment
CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD4-positive/CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment
CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation.
regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
downregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
upregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
activation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
stimulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell lineage commitment
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell fate commitment
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell lineage commitment
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
regulation of CD8-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
downregulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of CD8-positive T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
upregulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
activation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
stimulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell development
positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation
The process in which a newly activated T cell acquires specialized features of a memory T cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of memory T cell differentiation.
regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of memory T-cell differentiation
regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of memory T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of memory T cell differentiation.
down regulation of memory T cell differentiation
down-regulation of memory T cell differentiation
downregulation of memory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of memory T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of memory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of memory T cell development
negative regulation of memory T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of memory T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of memory T cell differentiation
up-regulation of memory T cell differentiation
upregulation of memory T cell differentiation
activation of memory T cell differentiation
stimulation of memory T cell differentiation
positive regulation of memory T cell development
positive regulation of memory T cell differentiation
The process of elimination of immature T cells which react strongly with self-antigens.
A receptor complex found on immature T cells consisting of a T cell receptor beta chain and the pre-TCR-alpha chain, along with additional signaling components including CD3 family members and additional signaling proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin B1, a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by various species from the Aspergillus group of fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin B2, a mycotoxin produced by the fungal species Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius.
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.
The regulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. CRH is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates corticotropic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary to produce corticotropic hormone (CTH) and other biologically active substances e.g. 2-endorphin, release of CRH is affected by serum levels of cortisol, by stress and by the sleep/wake cycle.
corticotropin-releasing factor secretion
corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion.
regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor secretion
regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Helix Loop Helix, a domain of 40-50 residues that occurs in specific DNA-binding proteins that act as transcription factors. The domain is formed of two amphipathic helices joined by a variable length linker region that can form a loop and it mediates protein dimerization.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphoribosyl group from 5'-phosphoribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate to position 64 of initiator tRNA.
initiator tRNA phosphoribosyl-transferase activity
tRNA A64-2'-O-ribosylphosphate transferase activity
The regulated release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that in humans is the major circulating hormone of the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal gland.
A series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a glucocorticoid hormone.
glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway
The regrowth of skeletal muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.
Combining with corticotropin-releasing hormone and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
corticotropin-releasing factor receptor activity
corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity
regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
positive regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity
positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
negative regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity
negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.
regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade
regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase cascade
regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade
regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade
regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.
negative regulation of MAP kinase cascade
negative regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade
negative regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase cascade
negative regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade
negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade
negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.
positive regulation of MAP kinase cascade
positive regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade
positive regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade
positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade
positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with myopalladin, a myofibrillar protein with titin-like Ig domains.
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of skeletal muscle regeneration.
up regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
up-regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
upregulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
activation of skeletal muscle regeneration
stimulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle regeneration.
down regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
down-regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
downregulation of skeletal muscle regeneration
inhibition of skeletal muscle regeneration
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate).
ortho-aminobenzoic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate).
ortho-aminobenzoic acid catabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with protein kinase B, an intracellular kinase that is important in regulating glucose metabolism.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase.
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-dependent protein kinase binding
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with protein histidine kinase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Myogenic Regulatory Factor (MRF), a member of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors.
An autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation pathway by which two molecules of carbon dioxide are fixed to form glyoxylate. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is assumed to be converted to malate, and two CO2 molecules are thereby fixed. Malyl-CoA is thought to be cleaved to acetyl-CoA, the starting molecule, and glyoxylate, the carbon fixation product.
carbon fixation by 3-hydroxypropionate cycle
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-heptaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-heptaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
2-heptaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase activity
2-heptaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-nonaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-nonaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
2-nonaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase activity
2-nonaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-decaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-decaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
2-decaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase activity
Note that the polyprenyl sidechain substrate for these methyltransferases varies in length between species, for example, 6 units in S. cerevisae, 8 units in E. coli and 10 units in G. suboxidans. Where the length of the substrate polyprenyl chain is unknown, the term '2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity ; GO:0008425' should be used.
2-decaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = ubiquinol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxy phenol methylase activity
3-demethylubiquinone-9 3-methyltransferase activity
2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
negative regulation of transcription factor activity
down regulation of transcription factor activity
down-regulation of transcription factor activity
downregulation of transcription factor activity
inhibition of transcription factor activity
negative regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
response to polypeptide hormone stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.
response to corticotropin-releasing factor stimulus
response to corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetoacetic acid, 3-oxobutanoic acid; the empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetone, propan-2-one.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetone, propan-2-one.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetone, propan-2-one.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkyne, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkyne, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkyne, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
regulation of secondary metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, as part of the process of glucose catabolism to ethanol, CO2 and ATP.
ethanol biosynthetic process involved in glucose fermentation to ethanol
OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a single or short exposure to a lithium ion stimulus.
This term was made obsolete because 'short' is not a quantitative or meaningful measurement of time.
response to short exposure to lithium ion
OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a long or persistent exposure to a lithium ion stimulus.
This term was made obsolete because 'long' is not a quantitative or meaningful measurement of time.
response to long exposure to lithium ion
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as F-type ATPase), a two-sector ATPase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in bacterial plasma membranes.
proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly
Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase.
regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.
regulation of rhamnose catabolic process
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fermentation, the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to other compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, resulting in energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The anaerobic conversion of pyrimidine nucleobases, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylose.
regulation of D-xylose catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular carbohydrate catabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of a D isotype.
The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell.
pigment metabolic process during pigmentation
pigment metabolic process involved in pigmentation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, as part of the accumulation of pigment.
pigment metabolic process during pigment accumulation
pigment metabolism during pigment accumulation
pigment metabolic process involved in pigment accumulation
The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.
pigment accumulation in response to external stimulus
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in pigment accumulation.
pigment biosynthetic process during pigment accumulation
pigment biosynthetic process involved in pigment accumulation
The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus.
pigment accumulation in response to UV light
The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus.
pigment accumulation in tissues in response to UV light
The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to an external stimulus.
The aggregation of the pigment anthocyanin in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus.
anthocyanin accumulation in tissues in response to UV light
The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pigment anthocyanin, contributing to anthocyanin accumulation in a tissue in response to a UV light stimulus.
anthocyanin biosynthesis during anthocyanin accumulation in tissues in response to UV light stimulus
anthocyanin biosynthetic process during anthocyanin accumulation in response to UV light
anthocyanin biosynthetic process during anthocyanin accumulation in tissues in response to UV light stimulus
anthocyanin biosynthetic process involved in anthocyanin accumulation in response to UV light
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
The directed movement of substances from endosomes to pigment granules.
The replacement, within chromatin, of resident histones or histone subunits with alternative, sometimes variant, histones or subunits.
Note that this term also includes the exchange of sperm-specific histones or protamines with histones, occurring during spermatogenesis and fertilization.
Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.
Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs.
Prevention of degradation of RNA molecules.
The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of a substance.
ATPase activity, coupled to movement of substances
A complex of a large and small subunit which catalyze the packaging of DNA into viral heads. Note that not all viral terminases have this structure, some exist as single polypeptides.
An active cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex essential for heterochromatin assembly by RNAi and histone H3K9 methylation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with both a protein or protein complex and a membrane, in order to maintain the localization of the protein at a specific location on the membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
Note that protein homodimerization is a molecular function: 'protein homodimerization activity ; GO:0042803'.
regulation of protein homodimerization activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
Note that protein heterodimerization is a molecular function: 'protein heterodimerization activity ; GO:0046982'.
regulation of protein heterodimerization activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any component on the surface of a cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any component on the surface of a eukaryotic cell.
A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Any process in which skeletal muscle fibers change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process in which the skeletal muscle fibers change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.
A form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
positive regulation of JUN kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
negative regulation of JUN kinase activity
A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A).
Note that the actions of the activin complex are the opposite of those of the inhibin complex, which is a dimer of an inhibin beta-A or inhibin beta-B subunit and an inhibin alpha subunit. See also the cellular component term 'inhibin complex ; GO:0043511'.
A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-B subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-B or activin/inhibin beta-B).
Note that the actions of the activin complex are the opposite of those of the inhibin complex, which is a dimer of an inhibin beta-A or inhibin beta-B subunit and a inhibin alpha subunit. See 'inhibin complex ; GO:0043511'.
Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B.
Note that the actions of the inhibin complex are the opposite of those of the activin complex, which is a dimer of an inhibin beta-A and/or inhibin beta-B subunit. See also the cellular component term 'activin complex ; GO:0048180'.
Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit.
Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-B subunit.
A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha (p35, product of the IL12A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta subunit (p40, product of the IL12B gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space.
Note that this heterodimeric cytokine utilizes the IL-12p35 subunit as its alpha chain, which is also used by IL-35 as its alpha chain, and utilizes the IL-12p40 subunit as its beta chain, which is also used by IL-23 as its beta chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
regulation of p53 induced by DNA damage response
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
positive regulation of p53 induced by DNA damage response
up regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
up-regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
upregulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
activation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
stimulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
down regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
down-regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
downregulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
negative regulation of p53 induced by DNA damage response
inhibition of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.
regulation of myosin II filament organisation
regulation of myosin II filament assembly or disassembly
regulation of myosin II filament organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.
regulation of myosin II filament assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.
regulation of myosin II filament disassembly
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a leucine zipper domain, a protein secondary structure exhibiting a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells
regulation of neuron programmed cell death
regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death
regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells
regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in the nervous system. It may stop or prevent or reduce the rate of cell death by apoptosis and it is activated by stress to counteract death signals in central nervous systems. Different neuroprotective mechanisms may be activated to combat distinct types of cellular stress, ERK pathway is one of several neuroprotective mechanisms and it is a model system to study neuronal apoptosis, which may contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases and aging-related neuron loss.
This term was made obsolete because it refers to assays rather than processes. If neuron death by apoptosis is assessed, consider using GO:0043523 regulation of neuron apoptotic process. If neuron death is assessed but the cell death modality isn't defined, refer to GO:0070997 neuron death. Where non-neuronal cells are involved, and/or processes other than cell death are described, please use other terms for annotation.
A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA.
A protein complex required for the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNA. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least two subunits, Trm11p and Trm112p.
A multisubunit complex involved in ER/Golgi trafficking (Golgi to ER Traffic). In yeast, includes Get1p, Get2p and Get3p proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate = AMP + NH2. Other substrates include AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester and AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester.
adenosine 5' monophosphoramidase activity
adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate hydrolase activity
adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with angiostatin, a proteolytic product of plasminogen or plasmin containing at least one intact kringle domain, and which is an inhibitor of angiogenesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate.
inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate binding
The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
up regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
up-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
upregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
activation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
stimulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
down regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
down-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
downregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
inhibition of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule.
Increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.
protein ser/thr kinase activator activity
protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity
A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1 complex
A multienzyme, heterooligomeric complex involved in dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. In yeast the complex is composed of Alg7p, which catalyzes the first step (GlcNAc1-PP-Dol from dolichol-phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc), and Alg13p plus Alg14p, the catalytic and anchoring subunits respectively, which together catalyze the second step (GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol from GlcNAc1-PP-Dol and UDP-GlcNAc) of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis.
See also the molecular function term 'N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphodolichol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity ; GO:0004577'.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase complex
The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.
regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity
up regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
up-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
down regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
negative regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity
inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity
The oxidation of arsenite to arsenate, using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Arsenite oxidase provides electrons to an electron carrier which transfers them to oxygen utilizing respiratory systems.
aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, adaptor proteins that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex.
insulin receptor substrate [protein] binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of inorganic nitrogen.
Enables the directed movement of odorants, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Heterodimeric protein complex composed of a 70 kDa and a 80 kDa subunit, binds DNA through a channel formed by the heterodimer. Functions in DNA double stranded break repair, chromosome maintenance, transcription regulation, V(D)J recombination, and activation of DNA-PK.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific structure or configuration e.g. triplex DNA binding or bent DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.
regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway
regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway
regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway
regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.
positive regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway
up regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
activation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.
down regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway
negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA repeat elements.
Any process involved in sustaining CRISPR repeat clusters, including capture of new spacer elements, expansion or contraction of clusters, propagation of the leader sequence and repeat clusters within a genome, transfer of repeat clusters and CRISPR-associated (cas) genes to new genomes, transcription of the CRISPR repeat arrays into RNA and processing, and interaction of CRISPR/cas loci with the host genome. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) elements are a family of sequence elements containing multiple direct repeats of 24-48 bp with weak dyad symmetry which are separated by regularly sized nonrepetitive spacer sequences.
maintenance of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat elements
The creation of two or more plastids by division of one plastid. A plastid is any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA.
The creation of two or more leucoplasts by division of one leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.
Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
The series of events in which a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external chemical gradient, usually toward or away from it.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.
nuclear matrix organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an elaioplast, a leucoplast in which oil is stored.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the periplasmic space, the region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, or the inner membrane and cell wall in fungi.
periplasmic space organization and biogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mycelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mycelium is the mass of hyphae that constitutes the vegetative part of a fungus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sporangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A sporangium is a structure producing and containing spores.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
The region of a bacterial cell to which the DNA is confined.
The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.
endospore external encapsulating structure
The outermost layer of a bacterial endospore, which is loosely attached and located outside of the endospore coat. It is generally composed of protein, carbohydrate, and perhaps lipid.
The layer in a bacterial endospore that lies under the exosporium, and is impermeable to many toxic molecules. The coat may also contain enzymes that are involved in endospore germination.
The outer membrane around a bacterial endospore, located between the endospore cortex and endospore coat.
A layer surrounding a bacterial endospore found inside the outer endospore membrane, but outside the membrane surrounding the endospore core. It consists of peptidoglycan of a different chemical nature than that found in vegetative cell walls which results in less cross-linking of peptidoglycan.
The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.
The Y-shaped region of a cytoplasmic replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.
A cytoplasmic complex of two polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. Examples of this component are found in prokaryotic species.
cytoplasmic DNA replication factor C complex
A nuclear complex of five polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase delta or epsilon. In Saccharomyces and several other species, the subunits are known as Rfc1p-Rfc5p, although subunit names do not necessarily correspond between different species.
nuclear DNA replication factor C complex
A multi-component enzymatic machine at the cytoplasmic replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, DNA polymerase, DNA helicase, and other proteins.
A multi-component enzymatic machine at the nuclear replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of carbon utilization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate utilization.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprene, C5H8.
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoprene, C5H8.
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoprene, C5H8.
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene catabolic process
A multifactor complex composed of multiple translation initiation factors and the initiatior tRNAiMet, which is ready to bind to the small (40S) ribosome to form the 43S preinitiation complex. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is composed of eIF1, eIF2, eIF3, and eIF5.
multifactor translation initiation factor (eIF) complex
The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.
The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sucrose.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a DNA template as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of DNA-dependent transcription in response to stress
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a domain within the same polypeptide.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.
cortical microtubule cytoskeleton organization
cortical microtubule organization and biogenesis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
The disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleic acids, metal ions or carbohydrate groups.
A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair.
A protein complex composed of three identical PCNA monomers, each comprising two similar domains, which are joined in a head-to-tail arrangement to form a homotrimer. Forms a ring-like structure in solution, with a central hole sufficiently large to accommodate the double helix of DNA. Originally characterized as a DNA sliding clamp for replicative DNA polymerases and as an essential component of the replisome, and has also been shown to be involved in other processes including Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, translesion DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation.
proliferating cell nuclear antigen complex
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a non-coding RNA molecule.
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule. In eukaryotes, substrates include nuclear non-coding RNAs such as precursors and a variety of incorrectly processed forms of snRNAs, snoRNAs, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as well as discarded RNA fragments which have been removed from ncRNA primary transcripts. Polyadenylation of precursors is often linked to termination of transcription, but polyadenylation of RNAs targeted for degradation may also occur post-transcriptionally. This polyadenylation is important both for 3'-end processing to produce mature ncRNA species and also for targeting incorrectly processed or discarded RNA molecules for degradation.
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end of a non-coding RNA, occurring as part of the process of polyadenylation-dependent non-coding RNA catabolism.
ncRNA polyadenylation during polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process
ncRNA polyadenylation involved in polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule.
modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA.
polyadenylation-dependent RNA catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.
polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylnaphthalene, an organic compound, C10H7CH3, obtained from coal tar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bisphenol A, 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, a synthetic, aromatic organic compound used as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and in the manufacture of epoxy resins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving puromycin, 3'-deoxy-N,N-dimethyl-3'-(O-methyl-L-tyrosinamido)adenosine, an aminonucleoside antibiotic that is a potent inhibitor of translation; produced by the bacterium Streptomyces alboniger.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of puromycin, an aminonucleoside antibiotic that is a potent inhibitor of translation; produced by the bacterium Streptomyces alboniger.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid), a fungistatic compound widely used as a food preservative; it is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its hydroxylation to cis-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate followed by dehydrogenation to catechol.
benzoate catabolic process via hydroxylation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving novobiocin, a coumarin antibiotic produced by the bacterium Gyrasestreptomyces spheroides, that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of novobiocin, a coumarin antibiotic produced by the bacterium Gyrasestreptomyces spheroides, that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetracycline, (4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by streptomyces bacteria that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetracycline, (4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by streptomyces bacteria that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cephalosporin, any of large class of tetracyclic triterpene broad-spectrum antibiotics similar both chemically and in their mode of action to penicillin, first isolated from the culture filtrates of mediterranean fungus acremonium (cephalosporium acremonium), and effective against gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cephalosporin, any of large class of tetracyclic triterpene broad-spectrum antibiotics similar both chemically and in their mode of action to penicillin, first isolated from the culture filtrates of mediterranean fungus acremonium (cephalosporium acremonium), and effective against gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
myo-inositol phosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.
The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.
The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.
mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptosis
mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process
The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.
The space within a host but external to the plasma membrane of host cells, e.g. within host bloodstream.
That space within the plasma membrane of a host cell.
A cell within a host organism. Includes the host plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the host cell wall and cell envelope.
A double-enveloped cell compartment, composed of the endosymbiont with its plasmalemma (as inner envelope) and an outer envelope (the perisymbiontic membrane) derived from the host cell.
A double-enveloped cell compartment, composed of an endosymbiont with its plasmalemma (as inner envelope) and a non-endosymbiotic outer envelope (the perisymbiontic membrane).
A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants.
A membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).
The soluble material inside the peribacteroid membrane, but outside of the bacteroid, within a bacteroid-containing symbiosome.
A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants, of a host cell.
A host-derived membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).
The soluble material inside the peribacteroid membrane, but outside of the bacteroid, within a bacteroid-containing symbiosome of a host cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein.
regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
The complex wall surrounding a pollen grain.
Note that this term is a child of 'extracellular matrix part ; GO:0044420' rather than the more specific middle lamella-containing extracellular matrix ; GO:0048196', because unlike the usual plant cell wall, the pollen wall does not contain a middle lamella, as specified in the definition of 'middle lamella-containing extracellular matrix ; GO:0048196'.
The outer layer of the pollen grain wall which is composed primarily of sporopollenin.
Note that the exine is highly resistant to strong acids and bases.
The outer part of the exine, which stains positively with basic fuchsin in optical microscopy and has higher electron density in conventionally prepared TEM sections.
Note that ectexine is distinguished on staining properties; compare with 'sexine ; GO:0043673'. See also 'endexine ; GO:0043671'.
The inner part of the exine, which stains.
Note that endexine is distinguished on staining properties; compare with 'sexine ; GO:0043673'. See also 'ectexine ; GO:0043669'.
The inner, non-sculptured part of the exine which lies below the sexine.
Note that nexine is distinguished on purely morphological criteria; compare with 'endexine ; GO:0043671'. See also 'sexine ; GO:0043673'.
The outer, sculptured layer of the exine, which lies above the nexine.
Note that the sexine sometimes consists of 5 layers, but of those, 3 layers are the most common (sexine 1 = columellae; sexine 2 = tectum; sexine 3 = sculpture elements). Sexine is distinguished on purely morphological criteria; compare with 'ectexine ; GO:0043669'. See also 'nexine ; GO:0043672'.
A rod-like element of the sexine and ectexine, supporting either the tectum (the layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella), or supporting a caput (an architectural element on top of a columella).
The layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella, granules or other infratectal elements.
A small pore in the outer wall of a mycelial spore through which the germ tube exits upon germination. It can be apical or eccentric in its location.
The innermost of the major layers of the pollen grain wall which underlies the exine and borders the cytoplasm.
Note that the intine is not acetolysis resistant and is therefore absent in conventionally prepared palynological material.
A complex of cell wall invaginations in a synergid cell, similar to those in transfer cells.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu2+ = ADP + phosphate + Cu2+, directly driving the transport of the copper ions across a membrane.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a type IV pilus. A type IV pilus is composed of a pilus fiber and approximately ten proteins at its base; type IV pili play a role in cell motility, adherence to substrates, and aggregation.
A complex of proteins related to those involved in bacterial DNA conjugative transfer, that permits the transfer of DNA or proteins into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells. In general the type IV complex forms a multisubunit cell-envelope-spanning structure composed of a secretion channel and often a pilus or other surface filament or protein(s).
type IV protein secretion system complex
The modification process that results in the conversion of glutamate charged on a tRNA(Gln) to glutaminyl-tRNA.
Note that this process has been observed in some archaeal and bacterial species.
conversion of glutamyl-tRNA to glutaminyl-tRNA
The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after translation has begun but before the protein has been released from the ribosome.
co-translational amino acid modification
This term should only be used to annotate a protein modification process that occurs after the start of translation but while the protein is still on the ribosome.
The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.
post-translational amino acid modification
posttranslational amino acid modification
This term should only be used to annotate a protein modification process that occurs after the protein has been released from the ribosome, and is therefore strictly post-translational. Modification of a free protein (one not attached to a ribosome) and modification of a C-terminal residue are post-translational processes. Some protein modifications occur while the protein is still in the ribosome but before translation has been completed; these modification processes are considered co-translational and should not be annotated using this term.
The modification process that results in the conversion of aspartate charged on a tRNA(Asn) to asparaginyl-tRNA.
Note that this process has been observed in some archeal and bacterial species.
conversion of aspartyl-tRNA to asparaginyl-tRNA
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, occurring as a part of the non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms.
cell-cell adhesion involved in flocculation
The attachment of one cell to another cell via protein-carbohydrate (flocculin-mannan) interaction, occurring as a part of the mannose-sensitive, nonsexual aggregation of cells.
cell-cell adhesion involved in flocculation via cell wall protein-carbohydrate interaction
The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure.
The series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors.
The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products involved in dedifferentiation that occurs as part of a normal process, such as regeneration. It should not be used for dedifferentiation that occurs in an abnormal or disease state such as cancer.
A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Iridosomes are synthesized in iridophore cells and are silver, gold or iridescent in appearance.
A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which uric acid and/or purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Leucosomes are synthesized in leucophore cells and have a whitish cast.
A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which pteridine pigments are synthesized and stored. Pterinosomes are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.
A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which an unknown blue pigment is localized. Cyanosomes are synthesized in cyanophores and are blue in appearance.
A tissue-specific cytoplasmic vesicle surrounded by a membrane half-leaflet within which carotenoid pigments are stored. Carotenoid vescicles are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a photoreceptor cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a photoreceptor cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanophycin, a non-protein, non-ribosomally produced amino acid polymer composed of an aspartic acid backbone and arginine side groups.
multi-L-arginyl-poly(L-aspartic acid) metabolism
The attachment of a parasite adhesion molecule to a nonidentical adhesion molecule on the microvasculature of a host cell, thereby adhering the parasite to the host cell.
heterophilic cell adhesion involved in cytoadherence to microvasculature, mediated by parasite protein
The attachment of a cell to either a host cell or a microbial cell of the same species, or to an underlying host substrate, such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules, occurring during the formation of a biofilm in or on a surface in a host species.
cell adhesion during single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism
cell adhesion involved in single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism
The attachment of a cell to a surface, via cell adhesion molecules, contributing to the formation of a biofilm.
cell adhesion involved in biofilm formation
The attachment of a cell to a surface, via cell adhesion molecules, during the formation of a biofilm composed of microorganisms of the same species.
cell adhesion during single-species biofilm formation
cell adhesion involved in single-species biofilm formation
The attachment of a cell to a surface, via cell adhesion molecules, contributing to the formation of a biofilm composed of microorganisms of different species.
cell adhesion during multi-species biofilm formation
cell adhesion involved in multi-species biofilm formation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoisocaproate + CoA = (R)-2-hydroxyisocaproyl-CoA.
(R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate CoA transferase activity
(R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate CoA-transferase activity
2-hydroxyisocaproate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoisocaproate + NADH + H+ = (R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate + NAD+.
(R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (R)-citramalate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate = H+ + 2-hydroxy 3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate. 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate is also known as DK-MTP-1-P, and 2-hydroxy 3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate as HK-MTPenyl-1-P.
This function is part of the process of methionine salvage.
2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate. 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate is also known as HK-MTPenyl-P, and 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene as DHK-MTPene.
2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthio-phosphopentene phosphatase activity
2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA = H2O + glutaconyl-CoA.
(R)-2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase activity
2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(hydroxymethyl)glutarate + NAD(+) = 2-formylglutarate + H(+) + NADH.
(S)-2-hydroxymethylglutarate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + O2 + H+ = 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + H2O.
2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate + acetyl-CoA = L-3-aminobutyryl-CoA + acetoacetate.
3-keto-5-aminohexanoate cleavage activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = vinylacetyl-CoA + H2O.
4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase activity
gamma-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA dehydratase activity
gamma-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase activity
4-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + H(+) = 4-cresol + CO(2).
4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetate carboxy-lyase (4-methylphenol-forming)
4-hydroxyphenylacetate carboxy-lyase activity
p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + H2O = 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)uracil + ammonia.
2,5-diamino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one deaminase activity
2,5-diamino-6-ribitylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate = D-glyceraldehyde + pyruvate.
2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate = D-glyceraldehyde + pyruvate.
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione + H2O = 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione + orthophosphate.
5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminoimidazole + CO2 = 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylate.
5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylate lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-methionine.
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + H2O = 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + formate.
2-amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one formate-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-ureido-4-imidazole carboxylate + H2O = 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylate + NH3 + CO2.
5-ureido-4-imidazole carboxylate hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-hydroxynicotinate to 2,5-dihydroxypyridine, dependent on O2, NADH +H+ and FAD.
6-hydroxynicotinate 3-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxynicotinate + H(2)O + O(2) = 2,6-dihydroxynicotinate + H(2)O(2).
6-hydroxynicotinate hydroxylase activity
6-hydroxynicotinate:O2 oxidoreductase activity
6-hydroxynicotinic acid dehydrogenase activity
6-hydroxynicotinic acid hydroxylase activity
6-hydroxynicotinate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methylbase + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methylbase. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methylpurine or 3-methylpyrimidine base and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the methylated base, leaving an apurinic or apyrimidinic site.
Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N1-methyladenine and N3-methylcytosine in DNA and RNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N1-methyladenine and N3-methylcytosine as formaldehyde.
alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase
DNA-N1-methyladenine dioxygenase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alkylated DNA; recognizes and removes both N-3- and N-7-methyl purines by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic (AP) site.
This term was made obsolete because it represents an enzyme with four different activities.
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase IV activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at apurinic or apyrimidinic sites to products with a 5'-phosphate.
Escherichia coli endodeoxyribonuclease V activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methanophenazine + reduced coenzyme F420 = dihydromethanophenazine + coenzyme F420.
1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 dehydrogenase activity
reduced coenzyme F420 dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the removal of uracil from a U*G mispair by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free uracil and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.
GU mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase activity
G/U mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 3 H(2)O = 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-(1-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-phosphate + 3 H(+) + 2 phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-2-aminoadipate + acetyl-CoA = N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipate + CoA.
L-2-aminoadipate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin + lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine = coenzyme F420-0 + GMP.
LPPG:FO 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-L-aminoadipate = ADP + N-acetyl-L-aminoadipate 5-phosphate.
N-acetyl-L-aminoadipate 5-phosphotransferase activity
N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipyl-delta-phosphate + NADPH + H+ = N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipate semialdehyde + NADP+ + orthophosphate.
N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-aminoadipate semialdehyde + L-glutamate = 2-oxoglutarate + N2-acetyl-L-lysine.
N-acetyl-lysine aminotransferase activity
N2-acetyl-L-lysine aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = acetate + L-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + H2O = 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenol + MgATP + H2O = phenylphosphate + MgAMP + orthophosphate.
ATP:phenol:water phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of one or more alpha-D-mannose residues from GDP-mannose to positions 2,6 and others in 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol.
GDP mannose-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
GDP mannose:1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
GDPmannose:1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose-phosphatidyl-inositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
phosphatidyl-myo-inositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
phosphatidylinositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (polyphosphate)n + AMP = (polyphosphate)n-1 + ADP.
polyphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: RTP + adenosylcobinamide = adenosylcobinamide phosphate + RDP (where RTP is either ATP or GTP).
RTP:adenosylcobinamide phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine = CoA + enzyme N6-(S-[2-methylpropanoyl]dihydrolipoyl)lysine.
2-methylpropanoyl-CoA:enzyme-6-N-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:S-(2-methylpropanoyl)transferase activity
2-methylpropanoyl-CoA:enzyme-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:S-(2-methylpropanoyl)transferase activity
enzyme-dihydrolipoyllysine:2-methylpropanoyl-CoA S-(2-methylpropanoyl)transferase activity
dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(2)O = alpha-ribazole + phosphate.
alpha-ribazole-5'-P phosphatase activity
alpha-ribazole-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide + H(2)O = (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol + adenosylcobyrate.
adenosylcobinamide amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + adenosylcobyric acid + (R)-1-aminopropan-2-yl phosphate = ADP + phosphate + adenosylcobinamide phosphate, and ATP + adenosylcobyric acid + (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol = ADP + phosphate + adenosylcobinamide.
adenosylcobyric acid:(R)-1-aminopropan-2-yl phosphate ligase (ADP-forming)
adenosylcobinamide-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + CoA = ADP + phosphate + acetyl-CoA.
acetate--CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity
acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (adenosine diphosphate-forming)
acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) activity
acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 2-methylbutanoate + CoA = ADP + orthophosphate + 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA.
branched chain acyl CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) activity
branched chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) activity
branched-chain acyl CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) activity
branched-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate + 2-oxoglutarate = N-acetyl-2-L-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate + L-glutamate.
N-acetyl-L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
N-acetyl-diaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
acetyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-digeranylgeranylglycerol + L-serine = archaetidylserine + CMP.
CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol inositol 1-archaetidyltransferase activity
CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol:l-serine O-archaetidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + phenylacetate + CoA = ADP + orthophosphate + phenylacetyl-CoA.
aryl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) activity
Modulates the activity of UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
UDP-glucose diphosphorylase regulator activity
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase regulator activity
glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase regulator activity
UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase regulator activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)glucosamine + (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)glucosamine + [acyl-carrier protein].
UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] glucosamine N-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the repair of T/G mismatches arising from deamination of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by nicking double-stranded DNA within the sequence CT(AT)GN or NT(AT)GG next to the mismatched thymidine residue. The incision is mismatch-dependent and strand-specific, in favor of the G-containing strand. The incision serves as a starting point for subsequent excision repair by DNA polymerase I, which excises thymidine and reinserts cytidine.
T/G mismatch-specific endonuclease activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNACys + sulfide = L-cysteinyl-tRNACys + phosphate.
O-phosphoseryl-tRNA:cysteinyl-tRNA synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-pyrrolysine + tRNA(Pyl) = AMP + diphosphate + L-pyrrolysyl-tRNA(Pyl).
Catalysis of the reaction: S-(5-deoxy-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine = (S)-4,5-dihydroxypentane-2,3-dione + L-homocysteine.
S-(5-deoxy-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine homocysteine-lyase [(4S)-4,5-dihydroxypentan-2,3-dione-forming]
A complex composed of four polypeptides, a telomere-protecting terminal protein (Tpg), a telomere-associated protein (Tap), DNA polymerase (PolA) and topoisomerase I (TopA), that functions in the replication of the telomeric regions of linear chromosomes, plasmids and circular replicons of some bacterial species.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-demethylmenaquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = menaquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
demethylmenaquinone methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cytidine = ADP + CMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl phosphate + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + orthophosphate.
acyl-phosphate:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
acylphosphate glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
acylphosphate:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
acyl-phosphate glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: (1) GTP + F420-0 + L-glutamate = GDP + phosphate + F420-1, and (2) GTP + F420-1 + L-glutamate = GDP + phosphate + gamma-F420-2. This is the GTP-dependent successive addition of two L-glutamates to the L-lactyl phosphodiester of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (F420-0) to form F420-0-glutamyl-glutamate (F420-2), with a gamma-linkage between the two glutamates.
coenzyme F420-0 gamma-glutamyl ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme F420-2 + L-glutamate + GTP = coenzyme F420-3 + GDP + orthophosphate.
coenzyme F420-2 alpha-glutamyl ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cobyrinate + 2 L-glutamine + 2 ATP + 2 H2O = cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide + 2 L-glutamate + 2 ADP + 2 orthophosphate.
cobyrinate a c diamide synthase activity
cobyrinate a c-diamide synthase activity
cobyrinate a,c diamide synthase activity
cobyrinate a,c-diamide synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethionine + cobalt-precorrin 6B = S-adenosylhomocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 7.
precorrin-6Y C5,15-methyltransferase (decarboxylating)
cobalt-precorrin 6B C5-methyltransferase activity
cobalt-precorrin-6B C5-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 7 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = cobalt-precorrin 8 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + CO2.
cobalt-precorrin 7 C15-methyltransferase activity
cobalt-precorrin-7 C15-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 8 = cobyrinate.
cobalt-precorrin 8 methylmutase activity
cobalt-precorrin 8X methylmutase activity
cobalt-precorrin-8X methylmutase activity
cobalt-precorrin-8 methylmutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 5A + H2O = cobalt-precorrin 5B + acetaldehyde.
cobalt-precorrin 5A acetaldehyde-lyase activity
cobalt-precorrin-5A acetaldehyde-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 5B + S-adenosylmethionine = S-adenosylhomocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 6A.
cobalt-precorrin 5B C1-methyltransferase activity
cobalt-precorrin-5B C1-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cobalt-factor II = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cobalt-factor III.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cobalt-factor-II C20-methyltransferase activity
cobalt-factor II C20 methyltransferase activity
cobalt-precorrin-2 C(20)-methyltransferase activity
cobalt-factor II C20-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 3 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = cobalt-precorrin 4 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
cobalt-precorrin 3 C17-methyltransferase activity
cobalt-precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase activity
cobalt-precorrin-3 C17-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and flavin acts as an electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, oxidizing metal ions with flavin as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 cob(I)yrinate a,c diamide + FMN + 3 H(+) = 2 cob(II)yrinate a,c diamide + FMNH(2).
cob(II)yrinic acid-a,c-diamide:FMN oxidoreductase activity
cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-phenyllactate + [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-{[(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propyl phosphonato]oxy}phosphonate = (R)-3-phenyllactoyl-CoA + trans-cinnamate.
(E)-cinnamoyl-CoA:(R)-phenyllactate CoA-transferase activity
cinnamoyl-CoA:phenyllactate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropanoate + NAD+ = (E)-cinnamate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylamine + a dimethylamine corrinoid protein = a methylated dimethylamine corrinoid protein + methylamine.
dimethylamine:corrinoid methyltransferase activity
This function is the first step in the pathway of methanogenesis from dimethylamine.
dimethylamine methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate + 2 H(2)O = 2-formylglutarate + NH(4)(+).
6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinate amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = 4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5'-phosphate + CO2 + diphosphate.
beta-ribofuranosylaminobenzene 5'-phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + coenzyme F420 = CO2 + reduced coenzyme F420.
formate dehydrogenase (coenzyme F420) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde + H2O + acceptor = D-glycerate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde + H2O + NADP+ = D-glycerate + NADPH + H+.
glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H+ + 2 reduced ferredoxin.
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Fd oxidoreductase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin reductase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 2-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reactions: (1) glycine + H2O + O2 = glyoxylate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide; (2) D-alanine + H2O + O2 = pyruvate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide; (3) sarcosine + H2O + O2 = glyoxylate + methylamine + hydrogen peroxide; (4) N-ethylglycine + H2O + O2 = glyoxylate + ethylamine + hydrogen peroxide.
glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + formaldehyde = D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamine + 2 ATP + 2 H(2)O + hydrogenobyrinate = 2 L-glutamate + 2 ADP + 4 H(+) + hydrogenobyrinate a,c-diamide + 2 phosphate.
hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c diamide synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) activity
hydrogenobyrinic-acid:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylspheroidene + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = spheroidene + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
hydroxyneurosporene-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-formiminoglycine = imidazolone + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-2-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.
3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate synthase (ferredoxin) activity
3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, CoA-indole-acetylating)
indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + CoA = propionyl-CoA + formate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.
2-ketoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase activity
2-oxoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase activity
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate synthase (ferredoxin) activity
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating; CoA-2-methylpropanoylating)
keto-valine-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
ketoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase activity
branched-chain ketoacid ferredoxin reductase activity
branched-chain oxo acid ferredoxin reductase activity
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: lyso-ornithine lipid + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = ornithine lipid + [acyl-carrier protein].
lyso-ornithine lipid acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + L-ornithine = lyso-ornithine lipid + [acyl-carrier protein].
ornithine-acyl[acyl carrier protein] N-acyltransferase activity
ornithine-acyl [acyl carrier protein] N-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + orthophosphate = acyl phosphate + [acyl-carrier protein].
phosphate:acyl-[acyl carrier protein] acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol + orthophosphate.
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatase activity
phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate + orthophosphate.
phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-(S)-lactate + GTP = lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine + diphosphate.
phospholactate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + ATP + 5'-phospho-ribosylglycinamide = 5'-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide + ADP + diphosphate.
5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide transformylase 2
formate-dependent GAR transformylase activity
phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(Cys) + O-phospho-L-serine + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + phosphoseryl-tRNA(Cys).
O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Cys) synthetase activity
phosphoserine--tRNA(Cys) ligase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactate = phosphoenolpyruvate + sulfite.
(2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
(2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase activity
(2R)-phospho-3-sulfolactate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + precorrin-3A = H(2)O + NAD(+) + precorrin-3B.
precorrin-3A,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H(2)O + precorrin-5 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + acetate + 2 H(+) + precorrin-6X.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:precorrin-5 C1-methyltransferase (deacetylating)
precorrin-6X synthase (deacetylating) activity
precorrin-6A synthase (deacetylating) activity
Catalysis of the irreversible NADH-dependent formation of propionyl-CoA from acryloyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + propionyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA + propionate.
propionyl-CoA succinate CoA-transferase activity
propionyl-CoA:succinate CoA transferase activity
propionyl-CoA:succinate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 21 and 42 nucleotides, respectively, from the 5'- and 3'-termini of a 5S-rRNA precursor.
5S ribosomal RNA maturation endonuclease activity
5S ribosomal maturation nuclease activity
Catalysis of the reaction: spheroidene + O2 = spheroidenone + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + H(2)O + NAD(+) = N-succinyl-L-glutamate + 2 H(+) + NADH.
N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
N-succinylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinyl glutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinylglutamic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
succinylglutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine = N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate.
2-N-succinyl-L-ornithine:2-oxoglutarate 5-aminotransferase activity
N(2)-succinylornithine 5-aminotransferase activity
N2-succinyl-L-ornithine:2-oxoglutarate 5-aminotransferase activity
N2-succinylornithine 5-aminotransferase activity
succinyl ornithine transaminase activity
succinyl-ornithine transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5 sulfur + oxygen + 4 H2O = sulfite + thiosulfate + 2 hydrogen sulfide + 9 H+.
Catalysis of the methylation of adenine-57 and adenine-58 in the T-loop of tRNA.
tRNA (adenine-57, 58 N1-) methyltransferase activity
tRNA (adenine-57, 58-N1-) methyltransferase activity
tRNA (adenine-57, 58-N(1)-) methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine + selenophosphate = 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine + phosphate (at the wobble position in tRNA).
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine-37 + H2O = inosine-37 + NH3, in a tRNA-Ala molecule.
tRNA-specific adenosine-37 deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: fumarate + coenzyme M + coenzyme B = succinate + coenzyme M + coenzyme B + heterodisulfide.
thiol-driven fumarate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-decylubiquinone + 2 thiosulfate = 6-decylubiquinol + tetrathionate.
thiosulfate oxidoreductase, tetrathionate-forming activity
thiosulfate:6-decylubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
thiosulfate:quinone oxidoreductase activity
thiosulphate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
thiosulphate:quinone oxidoreductase activity
thiosulfate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated methylamine corrinoid protein + coenzyme M = a methylamine corrinoid protein + methyl-CoM. This reaction is the transfer of the methyl group from the methylated corrinoid cofactor of a methylamine corrinoid protein to coenzyme M.
methylamine-specific methylcobalamin:CoM methyltransferase activity
methylcobamide:CoM methyltransferase activity
methylcobamide:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
dimethylamine-specific methylcobalamin:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
monomethylamine-specific methylcobalamin:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
trimethylamine-specific methylcobalamin:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
methylcobamide:CoM methyltransferase II isozyme A
This function is the second step in the pathway of methanogenesis from monomethylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine.
methylamine-specific methylcobalamin:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trimethylamine + a trimethylamine corrinoid protein = a methylated trimethylamine corrinoid protein + dimethylamine.
trimethylamine:corrinoid methyltransferase activity
This function is the first step in the pathway of methanogenesis from trimethylamine.
trimethylamine methyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reactions: uracil + H2O + acceptor = barbiturate + reduced acceptor; and thymine + H2O + acceptor = 5-methylbarbiturate + reduced acceptor.
This term was made obsolete because it represents two separate molecular functions.
Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + H2O = 4-ureido-5-imidazole carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + H2O + NAD+ = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + NH3 + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: Kdo2-lipid A + phosphatidylethanolamine = phosphoethanolamine-Kdo2-lipid A + diacylglycerol.
Note that Kdo is an abbreviation for 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid.
phosphatidylethanolamine:Kdo2-lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the 1-phosphate group of lipid A.
lipid A 1-phosphomethyltransferase activity
lipid A phosphomethyltransferase activity
lipid A phosphate methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate + L-phenylalanine = phenylpyruvate + L-methionine.
branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
branched chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity
branched-chain-amino-acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity
branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + GTP = 2-phospho-(S)-lactate + GDP.
Catalysis of the reactions: (KDO)-lipid IVA + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = KDO2-lipid IVA + CMP, and lipid IVA + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = (KDO)-lipid IVA + CMP.
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-glucose = AMP + D-glucose 6-phosphate.
ADP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate = AMP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase activity
ADP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
ADP-specific phosphofructokinase activity
A subcomplex of DNA polymerase III composed of the epsilon subunit which has proofreading activity, and the theta subunit which enhances the epsilon subunit's proofreading activity.
DNA polymerase III, proof-reading complex
DNA polymerase III, proof-reading subcomplex
DNA polymerase III, proofreading subcomplex
DNA polymerase III, proofreading complex
A heptamer that includes the tau and gamma products of the dnaX gene and the chi/psi subcomplex. Confers structural asymmetry that allows the polymerase to replicate both leading and lagging strands.
DNA polymerase III, clamp loader complex
A dimer composed of the chi and psi subunits which is a subassembly of the DNA polymerase III DnaX complex and serves as a bridge between the DnaX complex and the single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB).
DNA polymerase III, clamp loader chi/psi subcomplex
DNA polymerase III, DnaX complex, chi/psi subcomplex
Catalysis of the incision of damaged DNA on the 3' side of a lesion, typically at the ninth phosphodiester bond 3' of the damage.
Note that this function occurs as part of nucleotide excision repair (NER).
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + protein-cysteine = S-palmitoyl protein + CoA, specific for Ras proteins.
DHHC cysteine-rich domain-containing protein ERF2
A heterotrimeric complex composed of the subunits RecF, RecO and RecR. Mediates the loading of RecA protein specifically onto SSB-coated gapped DNA during DNA repair.
Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated methanol corrinoid protein + coenzyme M = a methanol corrinoid protein + methyl-CoM. This reaction is the transfer of the methyl group from the methylated corrinoid cofactor of a methylamine corrinoid protein to coenzyme M.
MtaC protein: coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
MtaC protein:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
methanol-specific methylcobalamin: coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
methanol-specific methylcobalamin:CoM methyltransferase activity
This function is the second step in the pathway of methanogenesis from methanol.
methanol-specific methylcobalamin:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: monomethylamine + a monomethylamine corrinoid protein = a methylated monomethylamine corrinoid protein + NH3.
monomethylamine:corrinoid methyltransferase activity
This function is the first step in the pathway of methanogenesis from monomethylamine.
monomethylamine methyltransferase activity
A heterotrimeric protein complex composed of a methanol methyltransferase subunit, a corrinoid protein and a methanol-specific corrinoid:coenzyme M methyltransferase subunit. Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methanol to coenzyme M as part of the pathway of methanogenesis from methanol.
methanol-coenzyme M methyltransferase complex
methanol: coenzyme M methyltransferase complex
methanol:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
cyclic nucleotide gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity
cyclic nucleotide regulated mechanosensitive ion channel
cyclic nucleotide-regulated mechanosensitive ion channel
small conductance mechanosensitive ion channel
cyclic nucleotide-regulated small mechanosensitive ion channel
cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
cyclic nucleotide activated ion channel activity
cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel activity
cyclic nucleotide-activated ion channel activity
cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity
The function of binding to an anti-sigma factor and stopping, preventing or reducing the rate of its activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate = N(2)-acetyl-L-citrulline + H(+) + phosphate.
N-acetylornithine transcarbamylase activity
acetylornithine transcarbamylase activity
carbamoyl-phosphate:2-N-acetyl-L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity
carbamoyl-phosphate:N2-acetyl-L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity
N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + ornithine(in) = arginine(in) + ornithine(out).
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolytic cleavage of multi-L-arginyl-poly-L-aspartic acid (cyanophycin; a water-insoluble reserve polymer) into aspartate-arginine dipeptides.
Catalysis of the ATP-dependent polymerization of arginine and aspartate to multi-L-arginyl-poly-L-aspartic acid (cyanophycin; a water-insoluble reserve polymer).
Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine(out) + putrescine(in) = agmatine(in) + putrescine(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + agmatine(in) = arginine(in) + agmatine(out).
arginine-agmatine exchange transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelate = succinate semialdehyde + pyruvate.
2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-ene-1,7-dioic acid aldolase activity
4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelate aldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetamide + H2O = indole-3-acetate + NH3. Indole-3-acetamide is known as IAM and indole-3-acetate as IAA.
Catalysis of the transfer of methionine from one side of a membrane to the other.
methionine transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide = 5'-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin.
AMP, sulfite:thioredoxin-disulfide oxidoreductase (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming)
AMP,sulfite:thioredoxin-disulfide oxidoreductase (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-forming)
thioredoxin-dependent 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase activity
adenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine = tRNA 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine + guanine.
archaeal tRNA-guanine transglycosylase activity
archaeosine tRNA-ribosyltransferase activity
7-cyano-7-deazaguanine tRNA-ribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-aminoadipate + acetyl-CoA = N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate + coenzyme A.
alpha-aminoadipate acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-acetyl-L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate = N(2)-acetyl-L-gamma-aminoadipyl phosphate + NADPH.
N-acetyl-alpha-glutamyl-phosphate reductase activity
N-acetyl-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
This function is part of the prokaryotic alpha-aminoadipate lysine biosynthesis pathway.
N-acetyl-gamma-aminoadipyl-phosphate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate + NAD+ + 2 H2O = 2-aminoadipate + NADH + H+. Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate is also known as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate.
This function is part of the pipecolate pathway of lysine catabolism.
delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: lysine(out) + cadaverine(in) = lysine(in) + cadaverine(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + oxidized flavodoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced flavodoxin.
pyruvate:flavodoxin oxidoreductase activity
pyruvate-flavodoxin oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reactions: 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate; (1a) 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate = 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate; (1b) 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate.
5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl-phosphate phosphohydrolase (isomerizing)
This function is involved in the process of methionine salvage.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + coenzyme A = propionyl-CoA + formate.
This function is part of an anaerobic pathway for the catabolism of L-threonine.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-threonine (or D-allo-threonine) = glycine + acetaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-tagatose 6-phosphate + NH3.
galactosamine-6-phosphate deaminase activity
This function is part of the pathway of N-acetyl-galactosamine and galactosamine utilization.
galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+.
NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) (non-phosphorylating) activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity
non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (non-phosphorylating) activity
Catalysis of the transfer of glycolate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycolate is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
glycolic acid transmembrane transporter activity
hydroxyacetic acid transmembrane transporter activity
glycolate transmembrane transporter activity
Catalysis of the reduction of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA.
Catalysis of the hydration of mesaconyl-CoA to beta-methylmalyl-CoA.
beta-methylmalyl-CoA dehydratase activity
This function is part of an alternate glyoxylate cycle for acetate assimilation.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: malate(out) + Na+(out) = malate(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: malate + H+ = L-lactate + CO2.
This function is part of the process of degradation of L-malic acid by lactic acid bacteria.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + corrinoid protein = CO + methylcorrinoid protein + CoA.
CO-methylating acetyl-coenzyme A synthase activity
acetyl-CoA:corrinoid protein O-acetyltransferase activity
CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin = CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.
carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity
carbon-monoxide,water:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
carbon-monoxide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a carboxysome, an organelle found in the Cyanobacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat and enzymes for the fixation of carbon dioxide.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: melibiose(out) + Na+(out) = melibiose(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a geranylgeranyl group from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to (S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate to form (S)-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate.
This function is involved in archaeal lipid synthesis.
(S)-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in (S)-glyceryl phosphate by geranylgeranyl diphosphate to form (S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate.
(S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglycerylphosphate synthase activity
(S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and of the D-galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate.
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-6-sulfate 6-sulfohydrolase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity
acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(P)+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
NAD(P)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)) (phosphorylating)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (phosphorylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: lactaldehyde + NADP+ = methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+.
lactaldehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent) activity
Catalysis of the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: acetate(out) + cation(out) = acetate(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the acetylation of residue Lys609 of the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase, using acetyl-CoA as substrate.
acetyl-CoA synthetase acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the cyclization of part of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan chain by formation of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucosidic bond.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-(1,4-alpha-D-glucano)-transferase (cyclizing)
alpha-1,4-glucan 4-glycosyltransferase, cyclizing
neutral-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase
cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in (1->6)-alpha-D-glucans and derived oligosaccharides.
glucan alpha-1,6-D-glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive alpha-maltose residues from the non-reducing ends of the chains.
1,4-alpha-D-glucan alpha-maltohydrolase activity
glucan-1,4-alpha-maltohydrolase activity
glucan 1,4-alpha-maltohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl + O2 = 2-hydroxy-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acid.
2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoserine to homoserine to form phosphohomoserine.
phosphoserine:homoserine phosphotransferase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
negative regulation of multi-organism process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
positive regulation of multi-organism process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.
regulation of symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism
Catalysis of the reaction: isochorismate = salicylate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Thr).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ala-tRNA(Pro).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Cys-tRNA(Pro).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala) and Gly-tRNA(Ala).
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-L-citrulline + H2O = citrulline + acetate.
N-acetyl-L-citrulline deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + factor gamma-F420-2 + H+ = coenzyme F390-A + diphosphate.
ATP:coenzyme F420 adenyltransferase activity
ATP:coenzyme F420 adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-lysine + O2 + H2O = 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
A trimeric protein complex which in E. coli is composed of the subunits MreB, MreC and MreD. The complex directs longitudinal cell wall synthesis, maintaining cell morphology.
chromosome segregation directing complex
longitudinal peptidoglycan synthesis-directing complex
chromosome segregation-directing complex
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + sulfur = hydrogen sulfide + NADP+.
CoA-dependent NAD(P)H sulfur oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H elemental sulfur oxidoreductase activity
coenzyme A-dependent NAD(P)H sulfur oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) = ADP + O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Sec).
O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 7-methylguanine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 7-methylguanine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 7-methylguanine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 7-methylguanine, leaving an abasic site.
DNA-7-methylguanine glycosylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.
ribose-1,5-bisphosphate isomerase activity
ribose 1,5-bisphosphate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + cadaverine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + N-(3-aminopropyl)cadaverine.
cadaverine aminopropyl transferase activity
cadaverine aminopropyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + S-adenosylmethioninamine = N1-aminopropylagmatine + 5'-methylthioadenosine.
agmatine aminopropyl transferase activity
agmatine aminopropyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N1-aminopropylagmatine + H2O = spermidine + urea.
aminopropylagmatine ureohydrolase activity
Any process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.
regulation by host of viral transcription
regulation of viral transcription by host
modulation by host of viral transcription
Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.
negative regulation of viral transcription by host
negative regulation by host of viral transcription
Any process is which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.
positive regulation of viral transcription by host
positive regulation by host of viral transcription
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with suramin, a naphthalenesulfonic acid compound which is used in the treatment of diseases caused by trypanosomes and worms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap.
exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process involved in endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 3'-poly(A) tail.
exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process involved in deadenylation-dependent decay
Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle), as part of the double layer follicle stage of oogenesis.
primary ovarian follicle growth during double layer follicle stage
primary ovarian follicle growth involved in double layer follicle stage
Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle) as part of the primary follicle stage of oogenesis.
primary ovarian follicle growth during primary follicle stage
primary ovarian follicle growth involved in primary follicle stage
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
ossification involved in skeletal development
ossification involved in bone maturation
The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.
ossification involved in bone remodelling
ossification involved in bone remodeling
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a macromolecular complex.
cellular macromolecular complex organization
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization
macromolecular complex subunit organisation
macromolecular complex subunit organization
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
The formation of spores derived from the products of meiosis. A cellular spore is a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
The formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis. A cellular spore is a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.
regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.
positive regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.
negative regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis.
regulation of asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis.
negative regulation of asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis.
positive regulation of asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation of enzyme activity in other organism
activation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation of catalytic activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
up regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
up-regulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
upregulation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
activation by host of symbiont enzyme activity
positive regulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
up regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
up-regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
upregulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
activation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
positive regulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling, a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling, a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signalling
positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling
Any process which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling, a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signalling
negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling
The process in which unfolded proteins are transported across the cytoplasmic membrane in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the Sec complex, in a process involving proteolytic cleavage of an N-terminal signal peptide.
protein translocation by the Sec complex
Note that this term represents an activity and not a cellular structure. Consider also annotating to the cellular structure term 'cell envelope Sec protein transport complex ; GO:0031522'. For proteins involved in bacterial Type II secretion across the outer membrane, consider annotating to 'protein secretion by the Type II secretion system ; GO:0015628'. For proteins involved in Sec-complex dependent translocation into the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum, consider annotating to 'SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation ; GO:0006616'. Note that this term is used for annotation of proteins that compose the transport complex but not the proteins being transported.
The process in which folded proteins are transported across cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria and membranes of organelles derived from bacteria (chloroplasts and mitochondria) by the TAT complex.
protein translocation by the TAT complex
protein translocation by the Twin-arginine translocation complex
Note that this term represents an activity and not a cellular structure. Consider also annotating to the cellular structure term 'TAT protein translocation system complex ; GO:0033281'. Note that this term is used for annotation of proteins that compose the transport complex but not the proteins being transported.
The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.
cellular component maintenance at cellular level
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropionate + ATP + CoA = 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
AMP-dependent synthetase and ligase:Enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase
3-hydroxy propionyl-CoA synthetase activity
acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase/GroES-like domain
Note that this function is one of the activities of the trifunctional enzyme propionyl-coenzyme A synthase. See PMID:11821399.
3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA = acrylyl-CoA + H2O.
3-hydroxy propionyl-CoA dehydratase activity
3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acryloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = propionyl-CoA + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acryloyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + a reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein = propionyl-CoA + NAD+ + an oxidized electron-transfer flavoprotein.
Note that this function is part of the process of L-alanine fermentation to propionate.
Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + glyoxylate = L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA.
L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA = mesaconyl-CoA + H2O.
L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + (R)-citramalate = succinate + (R)-citramalyl-CoA.
succinyl-CoA:(R)-citramalate CoA transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:R-citramalate CoA transferase
L-carnitine dehydratase/bile acid-inducible protein F
succinyl-CoA:(R)-citramalate CoA-transferase activity
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the symbiont organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is used to annotate gene products of the host. To annotate symbiont gene products, consider the biological process term "positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction; GO:0075336".
negative regulation by host of symbiont adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group.
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.
The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group.
The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 9 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 18 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 23 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 4 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 27 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 36 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 79 of the histone.
The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.
The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 9 of the histone.
The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.
The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 8 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 16 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 3 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 10 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 28 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 1 of the histone.
The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 1 of the histone.
The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 14 of the histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K9 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K9 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K18 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K18 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 23) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 23).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K23 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K23 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H4-K5 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H4-K5 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 8) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 8).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H4-K8 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H4-K8 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 12) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 12).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H4-K12 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H4-K12 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
H2A histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H2A-K5 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H2A-K5 specific)
The process in which an organism or its progeny spreads from one location to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directional movement of an organism from one place to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process that begins with the production and formation of structures and molecules in an organism that are required for the acquisition and utilization of nutrients from its host organism, and the ends with the acquirement of the nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology
Any process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cells. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism causes the formation of a mass of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by symbiont in host of tumor, nodule, or growth
The process in which an organism causes the formation in its host organism of a growth whose cells have been transformed and continue to exist in the absence of the first organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by symbiont in host of tumor, nodule, or growth containing transformed cells
The movement of an organism from a host to another host or from a host to another place in the environment. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
dissemination or transmission of organism from host
dissemination or transmission of symbiont from host
The movement of an organism from one host to another (or another place in the environment) by means of a third organism (often an insect or other animal). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
dissemination or transmission of organism from host by vector
dissemination or transmission of symbiont from host by vector
The transfer of virions by means of an organism (often an insect or other animal) in order to create new infection.
A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow on a surface such, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow on an inanimate surface such as a rock or pipe, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine (position 9) = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H2A-K9 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H2A-K9 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
H2B histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H2B-K5 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H2B-K5 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine (position 12) = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 12).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H2B-K12 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H2B-K12 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 4).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K4 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K4 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 27).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K27 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K27 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 36).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K36 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K36 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 72) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 72).
histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K72 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K72 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H4)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H4)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 3 of histone H4.
histone methylase activity (H4-R3 specific)
histone-arginine N-methyltransferase activity (H4-R3 specific)
histone methyltransferase activity (H4-R3 specific)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-28 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.
histone serine kinase activity (H3-S28 specific)
histone-serine kinase activity (H3-S28 specific)
histone kinase activity (H3-S28 specific)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-1 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H4.
histone serine kinase activity (H4-S1 specific)
histone-serine kinase activity (H4-S1 specific)
histone kinase activity (H4-S1 specific)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-1 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2A.
histone serine kinase activity (H2A-S1 specific)
histone-serine kinase activity (H2A-S1 specific)
histone kinase activity (H2A-S1 specific)
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-14 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2B.
histone serine kinase activity (H2B-S14 specific)
histone-serine kinase activity (H2B-S14 specific)
histone kinase activity (H2B-S14 specific)
An increase in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA.
An increase in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in a CpG island in DNA. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.
An decrease in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA.
An decrease in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in a CpG island in DNA. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
The process in which an organism adds a phosphate group to a protein of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products. For host gene products that phosphorylate host proteins, consider annotation to 'protein amino acid phosphorylation ; GO:0006468'. Consider also annotation to the molecular function term 'protein kinase activity ; GO:0004672'.
modification by symbiont of host protein by phosphorylation
The alteration by an organism of the levels of indole acetic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of auxin levels in host
modulation by symbiont of IAA levels in host
Note that this term is intended for use in annotation of symbiont gene products. For host gene products that regulate indole acetic acid levels in the host, consider annotating to 'auxin homeostasis ; GO:0010252'.
modulation by symbiont of indole acetic acid levels in host
A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves more than one organism.
A biosynthetic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances - which involves more than one organism.
A catabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances - which involves more than one organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of the cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
cellular cell wall macromolecule metabolic process
cellular cell wall macromolecule metabolism
cell wall macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of a cell wall, involving more than one organism. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
multi-organism cell wall macromolecule metabolism
multi-organism cell wall macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule destined to form part of a cell wall.
cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process at cellular level
cellular cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process
cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, that involve more than one organism.
main pathways of carbohydrate metabolic process
main pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
multi-organism carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, involving more than one organism.
multi-organism carbohydrate catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues, involving more than one organism.
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance on the surface of the other (symbiont) organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance in symbiont surface
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance in the symbiont cell outer membrane - a lipid bilayer that forms the outermost layer of the symbiont cell envelope. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance in symbiont cell outer membrane
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance that is released by the other organism. This includes substances that are released via pathogen cell lysis.
interaction with host via substance released outside of symbiont cells
interaction with host via substance released outside of symbiont
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism via a type I secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type I secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism via a type V secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type V secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism via a type VI secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via protein secreted by type VI secretion system
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released via rupture of symbiont sporangia, structures producing and containing spores. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance released by sporangia lysis
interaction with host via substance released by lysis of symbiont sporangium
interaction with host via substance released by sporangium lysis
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released via cytolysis of symbiont cells. Cytolysis is the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via substance released by cytolysis of symbiont
interaction with host via substance released by symbiont cytolysis
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance released via symbiont membrane budding, the evagination of a membrane resulting in formation of a vesicle.
interaction with host via substance released by symbiont membrane budding
interaction with host via substance released by membrane budding
The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by a symbiont organism to a location within the host cell cytoplasm.
translocation of symbiont peptides or proteins into host cell cytoplasm
transport of peptides or proteins into host cell cytoplasm
translocation of peptides or proteins into host cell cytoplasm
Any process in which an organism causes host cells to change shape and become round.
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a system process in the host. A system process is a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
regulation by symbiont of host system process
modulation by symbiont of host system process
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by the host organism to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
regulation by symbiont of host digestive system process
modulation by symbiont of host digestive system process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a endocrine process, any of the hormonal, neural, and secretory processes that release products into the blood or lymph, in the host organism.
regulation by symbiont of host endocrine process
modulation by symbiont of host endocrine process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of excretion, the elimination by the host organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
regulation by symbiont of host excretion
modulation by symbiont of host excretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a host neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
regulation by symbiont of host neurological system process
modulation by symbiont of host neurological system process
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.
regulation by symbiont of host respiratory system process
modulation by symbiont of host respiratory system process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.
regulation of respiratory system process
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host cell nucleus.
modification by symbiont of host nucleus
modification of host cell nucleus by symbiont
modification of host nucleus by symbiont
modification by symbiont of host cell nucleus
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host intercellular junction, a specialized region of connection between two cells.
modification of host intercellular junctions by symbiont
modification by symbiont of host intercellular junctions
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in its host organism.
modulation of host cellular process by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cellular process
regulation of host cellular process by symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host cellular process
The process in which a symbiont organism modulates the anion transport, the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, of its host organism.
modification of host anion transport by symbiont
modification by symbiont of host anion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in its host's cell cycle through direct interactions with the host cell macromolecular machinery.
modification by symbiont of host cell cycle
modulation of host cell cycle by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
modulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
The process in which a symbiont organism stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of its host's progression through its cell cycle via direct interactions with the host cell macromolecular machinery.
negative regulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in translation, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein, in its host organism.
modification by symbiont of host translation
modulation of host translation by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host translation
modulation by symbiont of host translation
The process in which a symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein, in its host organism.
negative regulation of host translation by symbiont
negative regulation by symbiont of host translation
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuole organization in its host organism.
modulation by symbiont of host vacuole organisation
modulation of host vacuole organization by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization
modulation by symbiont of host vacuole biogenesis
modulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization
The process in which a symbiont organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuole organization in its host organism.
positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organisation
positive regulation of host vacuole organization by symbiont
positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole biogenesis
positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization
The process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport, in its host organism.
modulation of host receptor-mediated endocytosis by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated endocytosis
modulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated endocytosis
Any process in which a symbiont organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport, in its host organism.
positive regulation of host receptor-mediated endocytosis by symbiont
positive regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated endocytosis
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell or group of cells in its host organism.
modification by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
modulation of host neurotransmitter secretion by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
modulation by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling in its host organism. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signaling
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signalling
modulation of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction in its host organism. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
modulation by symbiont of host nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
modulation of host nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction by symbiont
modulation of host nitric oxide-mediated signaling by symbiont
modulation of host nitric oxide-mediated signalling by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction in its host organism.
modulation of host small GTPase mediated signal transduction by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host small GTPase mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host small GTPase mediated signal transduction
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction in its host organism.
modulation by symbiont of host Rho protein mediated signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host Rho protein-mediated signal transduction
modulation of host Rho protein signal transduction by symbiont
modulation of host Rho protein signaling by symbiont
modulation of host Rho protein signalling by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host Rho protein signal transduction
modulation by symbiont of host Rho protein signal transduction
Any small opening in a host cell membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids, composed of host proteins.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
cellular component biogenesis at cellular level
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
positive regulation of vacuole organisation
positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis
positive regulation of vacuole organization
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
negative regulation of molecular function
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
positive regulation of molecular function
Any constituent part of a host cell's nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. The host is the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
That part of a host cell's nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. The host is the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A short filamentous structure on the surface of a bacterial cell distinguished from other pili by post-translational N-methylation of the pilin monomers.
The controlled release of proteins or DNA by a cell, via the type IV secretion system.
secretion via the type IV secretion system
secretion by the type IV secretion system
The controlled release of DNA by a cell, via the type IV secretion system.
DNA secretion via the type IV secretion system
DNA secretion by the type IV secretion system
A highly specialized structure unique to microsporidia that is required for host cell invasion. In the spore, the polar tube is connected at the anterior end, and then coils around the sporoplasm. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation, the polar tube rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a cell membrane and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the new host cell.
The complex infective apparatus corresponding to the central mass of cytoplasm within a spore that is injected into a host cell by various parasitic microorganisms.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of deoxyribose exchange between purine deoxyribonucleoside as a donor and purine base as an acceptor.
purine 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose + NADP+ = L-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NADPH + H+.
L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dioxopentanoate + NAD+ + H2O = 2-oxoglutarate + NADH + H+.
2,5-dioxopentanoate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
2,5-dioxopentanoate:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase activity
2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: xylitol + NAD+ = L-xylulose + NADH + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, carried out at the level of an individual cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, occurring at the level of the individual cell.
The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0052171'. See also 'development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044111'.
growth involved in symbiotic interaction
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
development during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0052171'. See also 'growth during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044110'.
development involved in symbiotic interaction
The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring within the cells or tissues of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down the tissue of the second organism.
growth in other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051831'. See also 'development in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044113'.
growth in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring within the cells or tissues of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down the tissue of the second organism.
development in other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051831'. See also 'growth in other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044112'.
development in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044412'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044117'.
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
development of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0052108'. See also 'growth of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044116'.
development of symbiont involved in interaction with host
The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
growth of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0052108'. See also 'development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044115'.
growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host
The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044412'. See also 'development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044114'.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0075065'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0044119'.
The increase in size or mass of symbiont, occurring in its host's cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0075065'. See also 'development of symbiont in host cell ; GO:0044118'. This term refers to an increase in mass of a symbiont in a host cell; it should not be used to annotate an increase in number of symbionts, e.g. viral replication in a host cell.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0044121'.
development of symbiont in host organelle
The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0044120'.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's vascular tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host vascular tissue ; GO:0044123'.
development of symbiont in host vascular tissue
The increase in size or mass of symbiont, occurring in its host's vascular tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host organelle ; GO:0075066'. See also 'development of symbiont in host vascular tissue ; GO:0044122'.
growth of symbiont in host vascular tissue
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in its host's intercellular space. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0075067'. See also 'growth of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0044125'.
development of symbiont in host intercellular space
The increase in size or mass of symbiont, occurring in its host's intercellular space. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0075067'. See also 'development of symbiont in host intercellular space ; GO:0044124'.
growth of symbiont in host intercellular space
Any process in which the symbiont regulates the increase in its size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0033665'. See also 'regulation of development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044127'.
regulation of growth of symbiont in host
Any process in which the symbiont regulates its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0033665'. See also 'regulation of growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044126'.
regulation of development of symbiont in host
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases its size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0033666'. See also 'positive regulation of development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044129'.
positive regulation of growth of symbiont in host
Any process in which the symbiont activates or maintains its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0033666'. See also 'positive regulation of growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044128'.
positive regulation of development of symbiont in host
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its increase in size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0033667'. See also 'negative regulation of development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044131'.
negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host
Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont in host ; GO:0033667'. See also 'negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044130'.
negative regulation of development of symbiont in host
The progression of a symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of its host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044408'. See also 'growth of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044133'.
The increase in size or mass of a symbiont within the cells or tissues of its host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044408'. See also 'development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044132'.
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near its host phyllosphere. The host phyllosphere is defined as total above-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0075013'. See also 'growth of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0044135'.
development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere
The increase in size or mass of symbiont occurring on or near its host phyllosphere. The host phyllosphere is defined as total above-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0075013'. See also 'development of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere ; GO:0044134'.
growth of symbiont on or near host phyllosphere
The progression of the symbiont from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near its host rhizosphere. The host rhizosphere is defined as total below-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for its symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0075014'. See also 'growth of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0044137'.
development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere
The increase in size or mass of symbiont occurring on or near its host rhizosphere. The host rhizosphere is defined as total below-ground surfaces of a plant as a habitat for its symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0075014'. See also 'development of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere ; GO:0044136'.
growth of symbiont on or near host rhizosphere
Any process in which the symbiont regulates its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'modulation of growth or development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0075305'. See also 'modulation of growth of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044139'.
modulation of development of symbiont on or near host
Any process in which the symbiont regulates the increase in its size or mass on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'modulation of growth or development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0075305'. See also 'modulation of development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044138'.
modulation of growth of symbiont on or near host
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in the symbiont's size or mass on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0075309'. See also 'negative regulation of development of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0044141'.
negative regulation of growth of symbiont on or near host surface
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont's progression from an initial condition to a later condition, on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0075309'. See also 'negative regulation of growth of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0044140'.
negative regulation of development of symbiont on or near host surface
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont's increase in size or mass on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0075337'. See also 'positive regulation of development of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0044143'.
positive regulation of growth of symbiont on or near host surface
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont's progression from an initial condition to a later condition, on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0075337'. See also 'positive regulation of growth of symbiont on or near host surface ; GO:0044142'.
positive regulation of development of symbiont on or near host surface
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in size or mass of an organism occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
modulation of growth of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'modulation of growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0075338'. See also 'modulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044145'.
modulation of growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
modulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'modulation of growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0075338'. See also 'modulation of growth of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044144'.
modulation of development of symbiont involved in interaction with host
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in size or mass of an organism occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
negative regulation of growth of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0075340'. See also 'negative regulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044147'.
negative regulation of growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
negative regulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'negative regulation of growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0075340'. See also 'negative regulation of growth of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044146'.
negative regulation of development of symbiont involved in interaction with host
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in size or mass of an organism occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
positive regulation of growth of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0075339'. See also 'positive regulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044149'.
positive regulation of growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
positive regulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'positive regulation of growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0075339'. See also 'positive regulation of growth of symbiont during interaction with host ; GO:0044148'.
positive regulation of development of symbiont involved in interaction with host
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near the exterior of its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
development of organism on or near symbiont surface
The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring on or near the exterior of its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development of organism on or near symbiont surface ; GO:0051857'. See also 'development of organism on or near symbiont surface ; GO:0044150'.
growth of organism on or near symbiont surface
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near the exterior of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051827'. See also 'growth on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044153'.
development on or near surface of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring on or near the exterior of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
growth on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0051827'. See also 'development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044152'.
growth on or near surface of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 14 of the histone.
A small pit, depression, or invagination, such as any of the minute pits or incuppings of the host cell membrane formed during pinocytosis, that communicates with the outside of a host cell and extends inward, indenting the host cytoplasm and the host cell membrane. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the host cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two host cells or between a host cell and the host extracellular matrix. At a host cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the host plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
A prolongation or process extending from a host cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the host cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan.
A membranous cellular structure within the host cell that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the host plasma membrane. In eukaryotic host cells they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.
The pigmented membrane of any host thylakoid.
A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a host cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell cytoplasmic vesicle.
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of host cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the host cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the host cell. The various elements of the host cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of host cellular shape but also have roles in other host cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
The part of the host cell cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the host cell cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The host ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the host cell endoplasmic reticulum.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell endoplasmic reticulum.
host cell endoplasmic reticulum membrane
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the host cell cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The host rough ER has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell rough endoplasmic reticulum.
host rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane
host cell rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the host cell cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The host smooth ER has no ribosomes adhering to the outer surface.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
host smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane
host cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane
A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the host Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi transport.
host cell ER-Golgi intermediate compartment
host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the host cell ER-Golgi intermediate compartment system.
host ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
host cell ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
A membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to host cell lysosomes for degradation.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endosome.
Thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile host cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone; usually approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, can be up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contains a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward.
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic host cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the host cell Golgi apparatus.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another.
hemolysis of erythrocytes in other organism
hemolysis of red blood cells in other organism
The process in which a unicellular organism grows in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
filamentous growth of a unicellular organism
The process in which a multicellular organism grows in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
filamentous growth of a multicellular organism
The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) that contributes to the process of protein folding.
protein binding involved in protein folding
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from host early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Host late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell late endosome.
Any particle of coalesced lipids in the cytoplasm of a host cell. May include associated proteins.
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most host animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and host cell lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell lysosome and separating its contents from the host cell cytoplasm.
OBSOLETE: Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles, 50-150 nm in diameter, that are formed when some eukaryotic host cells are homogenized and that sediment on centrifugation at 100000 g.
This term was obsoleted because it refers to a cell fractionation experimental result and not a bona fide cellular component.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the host cell mitochondrion and separating its contents from the host cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the host cell mitochondrion and form the host cell mitochondrial envelope.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the host cell mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the host cell mitochondrial envelope.
A specialized secretory lysosome that is present in cells with cytolytic capability such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cytolytic granules mediate the storage and regulated excretion of lytic molecules for killing of target cells.
Long, dynamic tubular channels, formed by invagination of the nuclear envelope, that extend deep into the nucleoplasm. The channels have an underlying lamina and are implicated in functioning in signaling and transport.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic host cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a Rel Homology Domain (RHD) of a protein. The RHD is found in a family of eukaryotic transcription factors, which includes NF-kappaB, Dorsal, Relish and NFAT.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a TRAF-type zinc finger domain of a protein.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the host nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the host cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the host nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the host nuclear envelope.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the host nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.
The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a host cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments.
The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the host nuclear membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD(+) or oxygen.
Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis.
UMP biosynthesis via nucleoside salvage pathway
UMP biosynthetic process via nucleoside salvage pathway
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation (ternary) complex
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from derivatives of it (either adenine, ADP or adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate) without de novo synthesis.
AMP biosynthetic process via salvage pathway
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from simpler components.
'de novo' cytidine 5'-triphosphate biosynthetic process
Any process which produces cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
CTP biosynthetic process via salvage pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
transcription regulatory region DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an intronic DNA region that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.
intronic transcription regulatory region DNA binding
Fully spanning both phospholipid bilayers of a plasma membrane.
A secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
A cell of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
Any constituent part of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
The cell membrane of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one host cell to that of an adjacent host cell.
The host cell cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the host nucleus.
host cell perinuclear region of cytoplasm
The junction between a nerve fiber of one host neuron and another host neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication.
An intracytoplasmic membrane-bounded compartment in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria, is the site of anammox catabolism.
A cytoplasmic structure found in bacterial phyla Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia containing a condensed nucleoid and ribosomes and surrounded by an intracytoplasmic membrane. It is surrounded by ribosome-free cytoplasm, in a compartment called the paryphoplasm.
A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.
Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the apical dendrite emerges.
Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the basilar dendrite emerges.
A cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded compartment found within Methanotrophic bacteria that contains enzymes and electron transfer proteins for methane catabolism. This structure is analogous to the thylakoid of Cyanobacteria and the anammoxosome of anaerobic ammonium oxidation organisms.
methanotroph intracytoplasmic membrane-bound compartment
The external part of the host cell wall and/or host plasma membrane.
The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer host membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or inner host membrane and host cell wall (Fungi).
An envelope that surrounds a bacterial host cell and includes the host cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the host periplasmic space, host cell wall, and host outer membrane if present.
A specialized area of membrane of the host axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the host neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many host synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.
A zone of apposition between the membranes of two organelles, structured by bridging complexes. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are specialized for communication, including the efficient traffic of small molecules such as Ca2+ ions and lipids, as well as enzyme-substrate interactions.
A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial membranes, structured by bridging complexes. These contact sites are thought to facilitate inter-organelle calcium and phospholipid exchange.
endoplasmic-reticulum-mitochondrion membrane contact site
The chemical reactions and pathways in a single multicellular organism that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. These processes, unlike cellular metabolism, can include transport of substances between cells when that transport is required.
single multicellular organismal metabolic process
multicellular organismal metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides by salivary amylase. Salivary amylase is released by salivary glands, usually in the mouth.
salivary polysaccharide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level of a multicellular organism.
multicellular organismal lipid catabolic process
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested lipids into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. These processes, unlike cellular metabolism, can include transport of substances between cells when that transport is required.
multicellular organismal catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level of a multicellular organism.
multicellular organismal polysaccharide catabolic process
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested polysaccharides into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
regulation of organismal metabolic process
regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular polysaccharide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The slowing of metabolic processes to very low levels in order to conserve energy as a part of hibernation.
inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation
down regulation of metabolic activity during hibernation
down-regulation of metabolic activity during hibernation
downregulation of metabolic activity during hibernation
negative regulation of metabolic activity during hibernation
negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by pepsin in the stomach. Pepsin is generated from its precursor pepsinogen, which is activated by hydrolchloric acid (gastric acid).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
down regulation of organismal metabolic process
down-regulation of organismal metabolic process
downregulation of organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of organismal metabolism
inhibition of organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
positive regulation of organismal metabolism
up regulation of organismal metabolic process
up-regulation of organismal metabolic process
upregulation of organismal metabolic process
activation of organismal metabolic process
stimulation of organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in a multicellular organism, occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
multicellular organismal protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested proteins into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into fatty acids and monoglycerides of lipids in the small intestine. Lipids are broken down by lipases released by the pancreas.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, large molecules including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, in multicellular organisms occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, in a single multicellular organism, occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
single multicellular organismal carbohydrate metabolic process
multicellular organismal carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
multicellular organismal polysaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular polysaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular macromolecule catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, in multicellular organisms occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
multicellular organismal macromolecule catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, in multicellular organisms occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
multicellular organismal protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances in multicellular organisms, occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
multicellular organismal biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, in a single multicellular organism occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
single multicellular organismal carbohydrate catabolic process
multicellular organismal carbohydrate catabolic process
A process that results in the breakdown of the cell wall.
A process carried out by an organism that results in the breakdown of the cell wall of a second organism.
A membrane of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
Electron dense material observed coating the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane in certain regions of a neuron, e.g., the axon initial segment; the nodal membrane at the Node of Ranvier.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
A tubular structure of relatively uniform size that connects a mitochondrial crista to the mitochondrial inner boundary membrane.
Site of contact between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane found in neuronal mitochondria; may play a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the inner and outer boundary membranes.
A cell-cell contact zone that consists of membrane invaginations extending from either cell, which contain tight-, gap-, and adherens junctions. Peg and socket contacts form between endothelial cells and pericytes, and between lens fiber cells.
A small version of the zonula adherens type junction, characterized by a symmetrical adherent point between two cells.
Sites of close apposition of the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.
The space bounded by the mitochondrial cristae membranes, continuous with the intermembrane space.
Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.
A structure at the distal end of a dendrite adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. dendriole.
Small dendrites that makes up a brush structure found as the terminal specialization of a dendrite of a unipolar brush cell (UBC).
The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell dendrite.
The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon.
The terminal specialization found in some types of dendrites which consists of numerous small terminal branches, giving the dendrite a tufted appearance.
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.
The plasma membrane of a cell that bears surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella, excluding the plasma membrane on cell projections.
The axon of a dorsal root ganglion cell that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated.
An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons as "mossy" appearance in Golgi stained preparations.
The axon of inferior olive neuron that projects to the cerebellar cortex, largely via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. They range in diameter from 1-3 um and are myelinated until they enter the granule cell layer. They give off collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei. They synapse extensively with the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the molecular layer, where each fiber branches repeatedly to "climb" along the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Each Purkinje cell is innervated by only a single climbing fiber.
Distinctive, unmyelinated axons produced by granule cells.
Any of the smaller branches of an axon that emanate from the main axon cylinder.
The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals.
The terminal specialization of a calyciferous axon which forms large synapses in the mammalian auditory central nervous system.
The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.
A dendrite arising from another dendrite.
A spine that originates from the axon, usually from the initial segment.
A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck.
A membrane-bounded vesicle found predominantly in Plasmodium female gametocytes, that becomes progressively more abundant as the gametocyte reaches full maturity. These vesicles lie beneath the subpellicular membrane of the gametocyte, and the release of their contents into the parasitophorous vacuole has been postulated to aid in the escape of gametocytes from the erythrocyte after ingestion by the mosquito.
A dense granule-like organelle of the apical complex of merozoites, released into the parasitophorous vacuole, mediating protease-dependent rupture and parasite exit from the infected erythrocyte.
A transient, cytoplasmic organelle found in Plasmodium species that resembles a cytoplasmic inclusion body and whose function is poorly understood. Crystalloids form in ookinetes and disappear after ookinete-to-oocyst transformation.
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K6-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.
The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells, via the type VII protein secretion system.
protein secretion by the type VII secretion system
A specialized axon terminus which is produced by retinal cone cells. Pedicles are large, conical, flat end-feet (8-10 micrometers diameter) of the retinal cone axon that lie more or less side by side on the same plane at the outer edge of the outer plexiform layer (OPL).
A specialized neuron projection which is the site of synaptic transmission produced by retinal rod cells. Rod spherules are small round enlargements of the axon (3-5 micrometers diameter) or even extensions of the cell body.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + fumarate = alpha-iminosuccinate + succinate.
This is based on the finding that L-aspartate oxidase (NadB) of E. coli preferentially uses fumarate as the electron acceptor and does so under anaerobic conditions. The same enzyme uses oxygen as the electron acceptor under aerobic conditions. The EC conflates the two reactions in EC 1.4.3.16 (as they are catalyzed by the same enzyme).
L-aspartate:fumarate oxidoreductase activity
The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface.
cell migration involved in wound healing epiboly
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism].
A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum in which proteins with improper or incorrect folding accumulate. Enzymes in this compartment direct proteins with major folding problems to translocation to the cytosol and degradation, and proteins with minor folding problems to the ER, to interact with chaperon proteins.
endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a retinoic acid-responsive element, a variable direct repeat of the sequence PuGGTCA spaced by five nucleotides (DR5) found in the promoters of retinoic acid-responsive genes, to which retinoic acid receptors bind.
retinoic acid-responsive element binding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription that contributes to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
regulation of transcription involved in anterior/posterior axis specification
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.
Part of the dendritic spine that connects the dendritic shaft to the head of the dendritic spine.
Distal part of the dendritic spine, that carries the post-synaptic density.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of endothelial cell migration.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of endothelial cell migration
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of endothelial cell migration
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of cell to cell adhesion.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in positive regulation of wound healing.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of wound healing
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of wound healing
The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis.
Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification
Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the generation and the organization of the digestive tract.
Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis
Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of epithelial cell to mesenchymal cell transition.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in neural crest cell differentiation.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in neural crest cell differentiation
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in neural crest cell differentiation
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the negative regulation of apoptotic process.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic process.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of apoptosis
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of apoptosis
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to modulating the rate or frequency of cell proliferation.
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation
The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, by a mechanism dependent upon sodium ions.
The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation
canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in pancreatic beta cell proliferation
canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.
cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus
The process of transferring information from a stromal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted, as part of prostate gland development.
stromal-epithelial cell signalling involved in prostate gland development
stromal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development
Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides.
cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, which forms part of the cell wall.
plant-type cell wall polysaccharide breakdown
plant-type cell wall cellulose catabolic process
The removal of a section of DNA from a larger DNA molecule by the making of dual incisions that flank the section to be excised.
An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment by invagination of the plasma membrane to form uncoated micropinosomes, differentiated from macropinosomes by their smaller size, on average 95 nm.
An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment by the 'ruffling' of the cell membrane to form heterogeneously sized intracellular vesicles called macropinosomes, which can be up to 5 micrometers in size.
A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of pinocytosis.
A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of micropinocytosis.
A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of macropinocytosis.
A defense process that protects an organism from invading foreign DNA.
A defense process that protects an organism from invading foreign DNA. The process begins by the deamination of foreign double-stranded DNA cytidines to uridines. These atypical DNA nucleosides are then converted by a uracil DNA glycosylase to abasic lesions, and the process ends with the degradation of the foreign DNA.
clearance of foreign intracellular DNA by conversion of DNA cytidine to uridine
Any process that modulates the propensity of rRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize rRNAs.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with vascular damage and hemorrhage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in hemorrhagic damage to other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism.
modulation of molecular function in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in another organism.
modulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in another organism.
negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the function of proteins in a second organism.
negative regulation of molecular function in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a potassium channel in another organism.
modulation of potassium channel activity in other organism
A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change to the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
The behaviour of consuming the whole or part of another organism for the purposes of nutrition.
The behaviour of consuming part of another organism for the purposes of nutrition via a particular tissue e.g. vascular tissue.
The behaviour of consuming part of another organism for the purposes of nutrition via a vascular tissue.
feeding from vascular tissue of another organism
The behaviour of feeding on the blood of another organism via specialized mouth parts and chemical agents used to penetrate vascular structures in the skin of hosts.
The process of forcing a substance into the bloodstream of another organism, whilst feeding on blood of other organism. The substance may facilitate the feeding process, e.g. by preventing the blood from clotting.
injection of substance into other organism during feeding on blood of other organism
The behaviour of consuming phloem sap, usually by penetration of the phloem wall, for the purposes of nutrition.
The behaviour of consuming xylem exudate from plant xylem tissue for the purposes of nutrition.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cytokinin, any of a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-specific manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.
DNA bending involving sequence-specific DNA binding
Any process that modulates the volume of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
The directed movement of a RNA polymerase II core complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II core complex import into nucleus
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II core complex localization to nucleus
RNA polymerase II complex import into nucleus
RNA polymerase II complex localisation to nucleus
RNA polymerase II complex localization to nucleus
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.
RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding, bending
The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-independent manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.
DNA bending involving non-sequence-specific DNA binding
non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, an actin cortical patch.
protein localisation to actin cortical patch
protein localization to actin cortical patch
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell as a result of an insulin stimulus.
cellular glucose import in response to insulin stimulus
glucose import in response to insulin stimulus
The process by which a CLRC ubiquitin ligase complex is transported to, or maintained in, heterochromatin. CLRC ubiquitin ligase complex is an active cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex essential for heterochromatin assembly by RNAi and histone H3K9 methylation.
CLRC ubiquitin ligase complex localisation to heterochromatin
CLRC ubiquitin ligase complex localization to heterochromatin
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information, occurring within a host cell.
The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites, occurring in a host cell.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. Occurring in a host cell.
Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. Occurring in a host cell.
integral to host endoplasmic reticulum membrane
The stopping, prevention, or reduction in frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity as a result of regulating the phosphorylation status of that protein kinase.
negative regulation of protein kinase activity by regulation of protein phosphorylation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small protein activating enzyme, such as ubiquitin-activating enzyme.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase.
small conjugating protein ligase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small protein conjugating enzyme such as ubiquitin conjugating enzyme.
small protein conjugating enzyme binding
Either of the two subunits of a ribosome: the ribosomal large subunit or the ribosomal small subunit.
The addition of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) to peptidyl-lysine to form N6-malonyl-L-lysine.
A dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.
Although in some literature 'microspike' and 'filopodium' are used synonymously, in GO microspike refers to a cell projection that is distinct from a filopodium. See also 'filopodium ; GO:0030175'.
The modification of a protein amino acid by the addition of a malonyl (CO-CH2-CO) group.
The process of directing proteins towards the vacuolar membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin cortical patch, a discrete actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells, at sites of endocytosis.
A process of actin cortical patch localization in which the patch moves from the cell surface to the inside of the cell.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the swelling of soft tissues of the bitten organism as a result of excess water accumulation.
envenomation resulting in induction of oedema in other organism
envenomation resulting in induction of edema in other organism
A process in which microorganisms of different species attach to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
A process in which microorganisms of different species attach to and grow on an inanimate surface such as a rock or pipe and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
multi-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
A process in which microorganisms of different species attach to and grow in or on a surface in a host species, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
multi-species biofilm formation in or on host organism
Any process in which an organism within a multispecies community gains an advantage in growth or survival over another organism of a different species in that community.
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis. The smaller (micro) member is called the symbiont organism. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs.
symbiotic interaction between host and organism
symbiotic interaction with other non-host organism
Note that this term encompasses all symbiotic relationships between species along a continuum from mutualism through to parasitism, as outlined in the definition.
symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism
The set of specific processes that allow an organism to detect the presence of its host via physical or chemical signals. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The attachment of an organism to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow in or on a surface in a host species, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism
OBSOLETE. Any process in which the symbiont regulates the increase in its size or mass, or its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism.
growth or development of organism on or near host surface
This term was made obsolete because it contained a conjunction (or). It has been replaced with the terms 'growth of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044133' and 'development of symbiont on or near host ; GO:0044132'.
growth or development of symbiont on or near host
Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Penetration by an organism into its host organism via naturally occurring openings in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Penetration by an organism into its host organism via active breaching of the physical barriers of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
OBSOLETE. The increase in size or mass of an organism, or the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
growth or development of organism within host
growth or development of symbiont within host
This term was made obsolete because it contained a conjunction (or). It has been replaced with the terms 'development of symbiont in host ; GO:0044114' and 'growth of symbiont in host ; GO:0044117'.
growth or development of symbiont in host
Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, suppresses or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host defense(s) by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of a host pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
induction by symbiont of host defense response
The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of DNA from an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species.
interspecies interaction with other organisms
interspecies interaction between organisms
Any constituent part of the extracellular matrix, the structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as often seen in plants).
Any constituent part of the extracellular region, the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers constituent parts of the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane.
Any constituent part of a virion, a complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle.
Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
Any constituent part of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
Any constituent part of a chromosome, a structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated.
Any constituent part of a mitochondrion, a semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
Any constituent part of the cytoskeleton, a cellular scaffolding or skeleton that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (e.g. the movement of vesicles and organelles) and cellular division. Includes constituent parts of intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, and the microtrabecular lattice.
Any constituent part of the Golgi apparatus, a compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack.
Any constituent part of the endoplasmic reticulum, the irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae.
Any constituent part of cytoplasmic vesicle, a vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Any constituent part of a chloroplast, a chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.
Any constituent part of a plastid, a member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
Any constituent part of a thylakoid, a sac-like vesicle that bears the photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic organisms.
Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material.
Any constituent part of a microbody, a cytoplasmic organelle, spherical or oval in shape, that is bounded by a single membrane and contains oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Any constituent part of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Any constituent part of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
Any constituent part of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Any constituent part of a microtubule-based flagellum, a long, whiplike protrusion from the surface of a eukaryotic cell, whose undulations drive the cell through a liquid medium; similar in structure to a cilium. The flagellum is based on a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus.
Any constituent part of a pilus, a proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
Any constituent part of cytosol, that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane.
Any constituent part of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
Any constituent part of the cell cortex, the region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
Any constituent part of a contractile fiber, a fiber composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.
Any constituent part of a microtubule organizing center, a region in a eukaryotic cell, such as a centrosome or basal body, from which microtubules grow.
Any constituent part of the nucleoplasm, that part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
Any constituent part of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis.
Any constituent part of the nuclear membrane, the envelope that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Any constituent part of a nuclear chromosome, a chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Any constituent part of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.
Any constituent part of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
Any constituent part of a cell septum, a structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.
The assembly of a motile cilium, a cilium that contains a regular longitudinal array of axonemal microtubules. In vertebrates, motile cilia are usually formed around a 9 + 2 microtubule core structure. Motile cilia are often found in tissues where propagation of fluid is necessary for proper organ development or function.
Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
Any constituent part of a flagellum, a long whiplike or feathery structure borne either singly or in groups by the motile cells of many bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes and by the motile male gametes of many eukaryotic organisms, which propel the cell through a liquid medium.
Any constituent part of flagellum, a 20 nm diameter filament composed of subunits of flagellin driven passively at its base by a motor powered by the transmembrane proton potential. Examples of this component are found in bacterial species.
Any constituent part of an external encapsulating structure, a structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell.
Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal, in a different organism.
regulation of sensory perception of pain in another organism
modulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
Catalysis of the reaction: glutaryl-CoA + H2O = CoA + glutarate.
The regulated release of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from a cell or group of cells. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons, notably dopaminergic and motor neurons.
glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secretion
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of blood coagulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant activation, maintenance or an increase in the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction in the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of blood coagulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex in a membrane of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in pore formation in membrane of other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a high voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a low voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of low voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction in the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant activation, maintenance or an increase in the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of platelet aggregation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of blood mast cell degranulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of blood mast cell degranulation in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of mast cell degranulation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant hydrolysis of proteins in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in proteolysis in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism which causes damage to the extracellular matrix of the blood vessels of the bitten organism, ultimately resulting in hemorrhage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in blood vessel ECM, causing hemorrhagic damage in other organism
envenomation resulting in blood vessel extracellular matrix damage, causing hemorrhagic damage in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the inhibition of the process of hemostasis - the stopping of bleeding or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part - in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of hemostasis in other organism
envenomation, impairing hemostasis in other organism
envenomation resulting in impairment of hemostasis in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with fibrinolysis, a process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in fibrinolysis in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with fibrinogenolysis, a process that degrades fibrinogen at a variety of Arg-Lys bonds, thus impairing fibrinogen clotting in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in fibrinogenolysis in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the transmission of a nerve impulse in another organism.
regulation of transmission of nerve impulse in other organism
modulation of transmission of nerve impulse in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the transmission of nerve impulses in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of transmission of nerve impulse in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
modulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
negative regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
positive regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the function of proteins in a second organism.
positive regulation of molecular function in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant activation or increase in the activity of the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in other organism
A process by which one organism modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of another organism.
regulation of blood pressure in other organism
modulation of blood pressure in other organism
A process by which one organism decreases the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of another organism.
negative regulation of blood pressure in other organism
A process by which one organism increases the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of another organism.
positive regulation of blood pressure in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of blood pressure in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of blood pressure in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant increase of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of blood pressure in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant decrease of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of blood pressure in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in a signal transduction process - a cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell - in a second organism.
modulation of signal transduction in other organism
A process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signal transduction process - a cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell - in a second organism.
positive regulation of signal transduction in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a G-protein coupled receptor in a second organism.
modulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a receptor in a second organism.
modulation of receptor activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a G-protein coupled receptor in a second organism.
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 in a second organism.
regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor activity in other organism
modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a receptor in a second organism.
positive regulation of receptor activity in other organism
Combining with glucagon-like peptide 1 and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of signal transduction in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of signal transduction in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of signal transduction in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of signal transduction in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of receptor activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 in a second organism.
positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in a second organism.
modulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
modulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in a second organism.
positive regulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
positive regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in regulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of VIP receptor activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with resultant muscle damage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in muscle damage in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, killing heart myocytes and ultimately resulting in muscle damage in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in myocyte killing causing muscle damage in other organism
envenomation resulting in myocyte killing in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, damaging the extracellular matrix of muscle cells and ultimately resulting in muscle necrosis in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in damage of muscle extracellular matrix causing muscle necrosis in other organism
envenomation resulting in damage of muscle extracellular matrix in other organism
The modification of a protein amino acid by the addition of sulfur.
The modification of a peptidyl-cystine residue in a protein by the addition of sulfur, to form peptidyl-cysteine persulfide.
The modification of a peptidyl-cystine residue in a protein by the transfer of a sulfur atom from a free cysteine (in the process converting the free cysteine to alanine) to the peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-cysteine persulfide.
formation of peptidyl-cystine persulfide by sulphur transfer from free cysteine
The modification of a peptidyl-cystine residue in a protein by the direct addition of H2S, followed by the removal of 2 protons to form peptidyl-cysteine persulfide.
formation of peptidyl-cystine persulfide by sulphur transfer from H2S
Any process that modulates the propensity of mitochondrial mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mitochondrial mRNAs.
regulation of mitochondrial mRNA stability
Any process that modulates the propensity of mitochondrial rRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mitochondrial rRNAs.
regulation of mitochondrial rRNA stability
Multicomponent complex of RNA and proteins that is composed of four active spliceosomes, termed native spliceosomes, connected to each other by the pre-mRNA. The supraspliceosome is the nuclear machine where the pre-mRNA processing takes place, like the 5'-end capping, 3'-end cleavage, splicing and editing.
A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism.
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism
A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis in a second organism.
regulation of apoptotic process in other organism
modulation of apoptotic process in other organism
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism.
positive regulation of apoptotic process in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of apoptosis in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of apoptotic process in other organism
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA (C22 - C24) + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.
very long chain fatty-acyl-CoA oxidase activity
very-long-chain acyl-CoA oxidase activity
very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a reduction in the quantity of fibrinogen found in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of circulating fibrinogen in other organism
envenomation resulting in depletion of circulating fibrinogen in other organism
Any process that modulates the frequency of a reduction in the quantity of fibrinogen circulating in the bloodstream.
regulation of circulating fibrinogen levels
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures of a host cell.
The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystine + H2O <=> pyruvate + NH3 + thiocysteine. Thiocysteine is also known as cysteine persulfide.
L-cystine L-cysteine-lyase (deaminating)
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form in another organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the processing of inactive plasminogen to active plasmin in another organism.
plasminogen activation in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.
envenomation resulting in zymogen activation in other organism
The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the activation of plasminogen into plasmin in the bitten organism. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.
envenomation resulting in plasminogen activation in other organism
A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residues at several positions. In human, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, NSL1/KIAA1267, NSL2/KANSL2, NSL3/KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1, WDR5 and HCF1.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA topoisomerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a S100 protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GTP cyclohydrolase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with resultant modulation of vasodilation of blood vessels, usually causing a reduction in blood pressure, in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of vasodilation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of vasodilation in other organism
A process by which an organism causes vasodilation of blood vessels, usually causing a reduction in blood pressure, in another organism.
regulation of vasodilation in other organism
modulation of vasodilation in other organism
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological quality in another organism. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
regulation of biological quality in other organism
modulation of biological quality in other organism
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction of another organism.
regulation of heart rate in other organism
modulation of heart rate in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency of heart contraction of another organism.
negative regulation of heart rate in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the negative regulation of the heart rate of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of heart rate of other organism
A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced in the uterus.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of an ion channel in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of ion channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of ion channel activity in other organism
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an ion channel in another organism.
regulation of ion channel activity in other organism
modulation of ion channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant negative regulation of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant slowing of the activation kinetics of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in the bitten/stung organism.
voltage-dependence of activation shift (to the left)
envenomation resulting in slowing of activation kinetics of voltage-gated potassium channel in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant blocking of a voltage-gated potassium channel, inhibiting the pore's activity, in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in occlusion of the pore of voltage-gated potassium channel in other organism
The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a chondrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
A large, multimeric protein complex which catalyzes the biosynthesis of cellulose for the plant primary cell wall. In Arabidopsis, contains the essential component proteins CESA1 and -3, and a CESA6-related protein.
primary cell-wall cellulose synthase complex
primary cell wall cellulose synthase complex
A large, multimeric protein complex which catalyzes the biosynthesis of cellulose for the plant secondary cell wall. In Arabidopsis, contains the essential component proteins CESA8, CESA7, and CESA4.
secondary cell-wall cellulose synthase complex
secondary cell wall cellulose synthase complex
A microbial enzyme complex which contains nickel and iron in its active site. In Acetomicrobium flavidum it is an alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer.
A bacterial cell envelope-associated multiprotein system, which binds and degrades starch.
The incorporation of two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.
The incorporation of four iron atoms and four sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.
The biochemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a P-cluster of a nitrogenase, a high-nuclearity, Fe/S-only cluster that can be viewed as two [4Fe-4S] sub-clusters sharing a gamma-6-sulfide.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the starch utilization system complex, a complex of cell envelope-associated proteins that degrades glycan.
assembly of starch utilization system complex
starch utilization system complex assembly
The assembly of a cellulosome, a macromolecular multi-enzyme complex in bacteria that facilitates the breakdown of cellulase, hemicellulase and pectin in the plant cell wall.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbons, where one of the resulting products is ethanol.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose, where one of the resulting products is ethanol.
The chemical reactions and pathway resulting in the formation of butyryl-CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathway resulting in the formation of butyryl-CoA, starting from acetyl-CoA.
butyryl-CoA biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA
butyryl-CoA biosynthetic process from acetyl-CoA
The chemical reactions a resulting in the resulting in the breakdown of butyryl-CoA.
The chemical reactions a resulting in the resulting in the breakdown of butyryl-CoA to form butyrate.
butyryl-CoA catabolic process to butyrate
The chemical reactions a resulting in the resulting in the breakdown of butyryl-CoA to form butanol.
butyryl-CoA catabolic process to butanol
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cellotriose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cellodextrin, a glucose polymer of 2 or more glucose monomers.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cellobiose, a disaccharide that represents the basic repeating unit of cellulose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cellotetraose, an oligosaccharide consisting of four glucose residues resulting from hydrolysis of cellulose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cellopentaose, an oligosaccharide consisting of four glucose residues resulting from hydrolysis of cellulose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with laminaribiose, a disaccharide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pectin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron molybdenum cofactor, the cofactor located at the active site of the molybdenum nitrogenase.
A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of amylopectin stimulus.
A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of pullulan stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of iron-sulfur-molybdenum cofactor, the cofactor located at the active site of the molybdenum nitrogenase.
iron molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic process
iron-sulfur-molybdenum cofactor assembly
Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.
17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-decaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoate.
decaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-10 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-10.
3-demethylubiquinone-10 3-O-methyltransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, used in cancer chemotherapy.
An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that in humans consists of beta5, zeta, mu5 and sigma5 subunits and is found associated with membranes in the endosomes; it is not clear whether AP-5 forms clathrin coats in vivo.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + protein = diphosphate + guanylyl-protein; mediates the addition of an guanylyl (guanosine 5'-monophosphate; GMP group) to specific residues of target proteins.
The removal of a nucleotide from a protein amino acid.
The removal of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) from a protein amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenylyl-protein+ H2O = adenylate + protein; mediates the removal of an adenylyl (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP group) from specific residues of target proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + phytochelatin (in) = ADP + phosphate + phytochelatin (out).
phytochelatin transmembrane transporter ATPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + protein-serine = CMP + protein-serine-choline phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-serine-choline phosphate + H2O = protein-serine + choline phosphate.
Any process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's endothelial cells.
disruption by symbiont of host endothelial cells
The modification of a C-terminal peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-L-threonine methyl ester.
peptidyl-L-threonine methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-threonine
A protein complex that associates with mRNP particles and RNA polymerase II and is proposed to integrate transcript elongation with the regulation of alternative splicing. In humans it is composed of the proteins KIAA1967/DBC1 and ZNF326/ZIRD.
Enables the directed movement of flavine mononucleotide (FMN) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
flavine mononucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that forms the inner rings of the core scaffold, a lattice-like structure that gives the NPC its shape and strength. In S. cerevisiae, the two inner rings are each composed of Nup192p, Nup188p, Nup170p and Nup157p. In vertebrates, the two inner rings are each composed of Nup205, Nup188 and Nup155. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. A single 'spoke', can be isolated and is sometimes referred to as the Nup170 complex.
A substructure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that serves to connect members of the central transport channel (composed of FG-nucleoporins) to the core scaffold (composed of the inner and outer NPC rings). In S. cerevisiae, the linkers are Nic96p and Nup82p. In vertebrates, they are Nup93 and Nup88. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. Both linkers can be isolated in association with specific FG-nucleoporins, complexes that are sometimes referred to as the Nic96 complex (Nic96p-Nsp1p-Nup49p-Nup57p) and the Nup82 complex (Nup82p-Nup116p-Nup159p-Gle2p).
The central substructure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), through which nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNAs, proteins and small molecules occurs. The central transport channel is filled with FG-nucleoporins, which form a selective barrier and provide a series of binding sites for transporter proteins. Characterized S. cerevisiae FG-nucleoporins include Nup159p, Nup145Np, Nup116p, Nup100p, Nsp1p, Nup57p, Nup49p, Nup42p, Nup53p, Nup59p/Asm4p, Nup60p and Nup1. Characterized vertebrate FG-nucleoporins include Nup214, Nup98, Nup62, Nup54, Nup58/45, NLP1, and Nup153.
Filamentous extensions on cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In S. cerevisiae, Nup159p, Nup82p, and Nup42p contribute to the cytoplasmic filaments. In vertebrates, Nup358 is a major component.
A filamentous, cage-like assembly on the nuclear face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In S. cerevisiae, Mlp1p and Mlp2p are two major components of the NPC nuclear basket. In vertebrates, Tpr is a major component.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of muscle in a second organism.
regulation of relaxation of muscle in other organism
modulation of relaxation of muscle in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of smooth muscle in a second organism.
regulation of relaxation of smooth muscle in other organism
modulation of relaxation of smooth muscle in other organism
The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of smooth muscle in the uterus of a second organism.
regulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in other organism
modulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in other organism
positive regulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in other organism
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the attachment site of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP).
ACP phosphopantetheine attachment site binding
The process in which an organism effects a change in the process of cell migration in a second organism.
regulation of cell migration in other organism
modulation of cell migration in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration in a second organism.
negative regulation of cell migration in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration in a second organism.
positive regulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the modulation of cell migration in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of cell migration in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the negative regulation of cell migration in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the positive regulation of cell migration in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of cell migration in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation, in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
modulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway, in a different organism.
positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway, in a different organism.
negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation, in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
modulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway, in a different organism.
positive regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway, in a different organism.
negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation, via the alternative pathway, in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
modulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway, in a different organism.
negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway, in a different organism.
positive regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the regulation of complement activation via the classical pathway of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the negative regulation of complement activation via the classical pathway of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the positive regulation of complement activation via the classical pathway of the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of complement activation via the lectin pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant negative regulation of complement activation via the lectin pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of complement activation via the lectin pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of complement activation via the alternative pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of complement activation via the alternative pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant negative regulation of complement activation via the alternative pathway in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in other organism
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation in a different organism.
regulation of complement activation in other organism
modulation of complement activation in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of complement activation in the bitten/stung organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of complement activation in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of complement activation in other organism
An occluding cell-cell junction formed between the membranes of the apical end of an invading cell (e.g. a merozoite in Plasmodium) and a host target cell (e.g. erythrocyte for Plasmodium infection). The junction is a stable yet dynamic structure that moves around the symbiont cell during invasion, enclosing it in a vacuole surrounded by a membrane.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with cytolysis in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in cytolysis in other organism
The attachment of a symbiont to a host cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.
The attachment of a symbiont to a host epithelial cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.
adhesion of symbiont to host epithelial cell
The attachment of a symbiont to a host endothelial cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.
adhesion of symbiont to host endothelial cell
Catalysis of the reaction: dextrin + H2O = alpha-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: starch + H2O = alpha-D-glucose.
Any process that increases the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion, as part of the process of phagosome maturation.
Any process that modulates the volume of a post-lysosomal vacuole, a membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.
regulation of post-lysosomal vacuole size
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism, occurring as part of a symbiotic interaction.
pore formation in membrane of other organism during symbiotic interaction
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of a host organism.
pore formation in membrane of host by symbiont
The killing by a virus of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
The killing by a virus of a cell in its host organism by cytolysis, caused by the formation by the virus of pores in its host cell membrane.
cytolysis by virus via pore formation in host cell membrane
A process by which a virus has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cell.
A process by which a virus has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cell membrane.
disruption by organism of host cell membrane
disruption by virus of host cell membrane
A cellular process of the specification, formation or maintenance of an alternative cell type, occurring as part of the process of phenotypic switching. Phenotypic switching begins with changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns and ends when the morphology of a population of cells has reverted back to the default state, accompanied by altered expression patterns.
establishment or maintenance of cell type involved in phenotypic switching
The cellular process of the reversion of cells to their original cell type, occurring as part of the process of phenotypic switching. Phenotypic switching begins with changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns and ends when the morphology of a population of cells has reverted back to the default state, accompanied by altered expression patterns.
reversion of cell type to default state involved in phenotypic switching
A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL1 or MLL2 in human, or equivalent in other species.
A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL3 or MLL4 in mammals, or equivalent in other species.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (R)-carnitine(out) + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate(in) = (R)-carnitine(in) + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate(out).
(R)-carnitine:gamma-butyrobetaine antiporter activity
L-carnitine:4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate antiporter activity
L-carnitine:gamma-butyrobetaine antiporter activity
(R)-carnitine:4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate antiporter activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sodium(out)+ malonate(out) = sodium(in) + malonate(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sodium(out)+ galactoside(out) = sodium(in) + galactoside(in).
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sodium(out)+ alanine(out) = sodium(in) + alanine(in).
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sorocarp spore cell, a cell of the sorocarp sorus. A sorocarp is the fruiting body characteristic of certain cellular slime moulds (e.g., Dictyosteliida) and consists of both stalk and a sorus (spore mass).
A multifunctional enzyme complex composed of five different polypeptides that catalyzes the decarbonylation of acetyl-CoA, cleaves the C-C and C-S bonds in the acetyl moiety of acetyl-CoA, oxidizes the carbonyl group to CO2 and transfers the methyl group to tetrahydrosarcinapterin. These reactions are important for methanogenesis.
carbon-monoxide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase complex
CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase complex
acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase-carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complex
A heterodimer which catalyses the reaction of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to form 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (FO), an intermediate of coenzyme F420.
7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase complex
A hexameric complex consisting of three polypeptides in an alpha2beta2gamma2 arrangement. Involved in the reduction of the coenzyme M-bound methyl group to methane, which is the final step in methanogenesis.
A protein complex consisting of four polypeptides which also contains tungsten, a molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide, and iron-sulfur clusters. This protein complex catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 and methanofuran to formylmethanofuran during methanogenesis.
formyl-methanofuran dehydrogenase (tungsten enzyme) complex
A protein complex consisting of three polypeptides which also contains molybdenum, a molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur clusters. This protein complex catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 and methanofuran to formylmethanofuran during methanogenesis.
formyl-methanofuran dehydrogenase (molybdenum enzyme) complex
A protein complex consisted of eight polypeptides. This complex catalyzes the formation of methyl-coenzyme M and H4MPT from N5-methyl-H4MPT and CoM during methanogenesis.
5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin:2-mercaptoethane sulfonate 2-methyltransferase complex
N5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin-coenzyme M methyltransferase complex
methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex
A protein complex that in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum is composed of six subunits, and in Methanosarcina barkeri contains is composed of either two subunits or nine subunits. Catalyzes the conversion of coenzyme B, coenzyme M, and methanophenazine to form N-{7-[(2-sulfoethyl)dithio]heptanoyl}-3-O-phospho-L-threonine and dihydromethanophenazine.
coenzyme M-7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate-heterodisulfide hydrogenase complex
hydrogen:coenzyme-M-7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate-heterodisulfide oxidoreductase complex
CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase complex
A protein complex of three polypeptides which catalyzes the conversion of methanophenazine and hydrogen to form dihydromethanophenazine.
methanophenazine reducing hydrogenase complex
A protein complex of two polypeptides which catalyzes the transfer of methyl group from methylthiol to coenzyme M during methanogenesis.
methylthiol coenzyme M methyl transferase complex
methylthiol:CoM methyltransferase complex
methylthiol:coenzyme M methyl transferase complex
methylthiol:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex
A complex of two polypeptides which form a dodecamer (A6B6). Catalyzes the decarboxylation of sulfopyruvic acid to sulfoacetaldehyde. This reaction is involved in coenzyme M biosynthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O <=> 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + diphosphate +formate + H+. This activity is part of the biosynthesis of methanopterin in Archaea, and requires Fe2+.
Fe(2+)-dependent archaeal-specific GTP cyclohydrolase activity
archaeal-specific GTP cyclohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the overall reaction: methyl-Co(III) methylated-thiol-specific corrinoid protein + coenzyme M = Co(I) methylated--thiol-specific corrinoid protein + methyl-CoM.
methylthiol:coenzyme M methyl transferase activity
This reaction is achieved by the catalysis of two successive steps carried out by the same enzyme - the transfer of a methyl group from the substrate to the cobalt cofactor of a methylated-thiol-specific corrinoid protein (MtsB), and the subsequent transfer of the methyl group from the corrinoid protein to coenzyme M. With most other methanogenesis substrates this process is carried out by two different enzymes (for example, EC 2.1.1.90, methanol-corrinoid protein Co-methyltransferase, and EC 2.1.1.246, methylated methanol-specific corrinoid protein:coenzyme M methyltransferase). The cobalt is oxidized during methylation from the Co(I) state to the Co(III) state, and is reduced back to the Co(I) form during demethylation.
methylthiol:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydromethanopterin + NADPH = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + NADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: tetrahydromethanopterin + L-serine = 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + glycine + H2O.
tetrahydromethanopterin-dependent serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-phosphoserine + SO32- = L-cysteate + HPO4-.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = (2E,6E,10E,14E)-geranylfarnesyl diphosphate + diphosphate.
geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate + H+.
7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil + 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H2O = 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin + 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + oxalate + ammonia + 4 H+.
7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase activity
The directed movement of methionine into a cell or organelle.
The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.
Increases the activity of an exoribonuclease.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: trehalose(out) + H+(out) = trehalose(in) + H+(in).
Injection by a non-enveloped virus of their genome into the host cytoplasm through creation of a pore or channel in the host membrane or cell envelope. This is usually mediated by a viral pore-forming peptide associated with the viral capsid. In phages the genome is delivered into the host cell through a genome delivery apparatus located at one of the viral vertices and, for tailed bacteriophages, through the entire tail which in some phages is contractile.
pore-mediated penetration of viral genome into host cell
viral genome delivery via icosahedral vertex
pore-mediated entry of viral genome into host cell
An E3 ubiquitin ligase complex localized to the ER and Golgi membrane. In fission yeast comprises Dsc1, 2, 3 and 4. Involved in the processes of fission yeast sre1 (human SREBP) transcriptional activator proteolytic cleavage, the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway, and a post-endoplasmic reticulum pathway for protein catabolism.
The process by which a virus causes the death of daughter cells which do not contain its genes after host cell division, by a mechanism of post-segregational killing (PSK). The extrachromosomal viral DNA consist of two genes; the product of the second is long lived and toxic, while the product of the first is short lived and antagonizes the lethal action of the toxin. Daughter cells that do not contain the viral extrachromosomal element are killed by the long lived toxin, while daughter cells that do contain the viral extrachromosomal element are protected by the action of the short lived antitoxin it encodes.
killing by virus of host cell by toxin-antitoxin system
Note that this process occurs after the cell division partitioning event.
killing by virus of host cell by post-segregational killing
A multisubunit complex involved in cytokinesis. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this complex consists of Sho1p, Hof1p, Inn1p and Cyk3p proteins.
The process in which a symbiont undergoes a change in shape or form, within the host's cell.
A biological process that involves only one organism.
A signaling process occurring within a single organism.
OBSOLETE. A response to a stimulus that involves only one organism.
This term was made obsolete because we decided that all responses are single-organism.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving a single organism.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction involving a single organism.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction involving another organism of the same or different species.
A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
A biological process occurring within a single, multicellular organism.
The specific actions or reactions of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.
A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism.
A biosynthetic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances - involving a single organism.
A catabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances - which involves a single organism.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-adenosine-triphosphate + H2O = 2-hydroxy-adenosine phosphate + diphosphate.
2-hydroxy-adenosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-(deoxy)adenosine-triphosphate + H2O = 2-hydroxy-(deoxy)adenosine phosphate + diphosphate.
2-hydroxy-(d)ATP pyrophosphatase activity
2-hydroxy-(deoxy)adenosine-triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity
Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-dGDP + H2O = 8-oxo-dGMP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-GDP + H2O = 8-oxo-GMP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction8-hydroxy-dADP + H2O = 8-hydroxy-dAMP + phosphate.
The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, from one side of a membrane to the other, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the size of an imaginal disc-derived wing.
regulation of imaginal disc-derived wing size
Any process that reduces the size of an imaginal disc-derived wing.
negative regulation of imaginal disc-derived wing size
The process by which the cargo protein is released into the peroxisomal matrix, following translocation across the membrane.
protein import into peroxisome matrix, substrate release
The elimination by an organism of phosphate ions in the urine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism.
single-organism carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism.
single-organism carbohydrate catabolic process
The global reprogramming of epigenetic modifications in the zygote following fertilization. The paternal genome undergoes active DNA demethylation before the first cell division, while the adjacent maternal genome is protected from this process.
The protection of the maternal genome from DNA demethylation in the zygote following fertilization.
protection of DNA demethylation of female pronucleus
The active DNA demethylation of the paternal genome that takes place before the first cell division.
The process of adding or removing a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded hemi-methylated DNA at replication foci (one strand methylated, while the other strand is unmethylated). Cytosine methylation in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.
double-stranded hemi-methylated DNA binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a bone sialoprotein, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein found on the surface of bones and dentin.
A heterodimeric protein complex composed of Ost-alpha/SLC51A and Ost-beta/SLC51B subunits and involved in bile acid transport activity.
The microtubule organizing center on a spindle that forms as part of mitosis; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in modulation of ASIC channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant positive regulation in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of ASIC channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in positive regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant negative regulation in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of ASIC channel activity in other organism
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in other organism
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a neuronal, voltage-insensitive channel that opens when a an extracellular proton has been bound by the channel complex.
Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in another organism.
regulation of ASIC channel in other organism
regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
modulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
Any process in which an organism negatively regulates the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
negative regulation of ASIC channel in other organism
negative regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
Any process in which an organism positively regulates the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.
positive regulation of ASIC channel in other organism
positive regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in other organism
A process that negatively regulates the sensory perception of pain in a different organism.
inhibition of sensory perception of pain in another organism
negative regulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the inhibition of the sensory perception of pain in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in inhibition of sensory perception of pain in other organism
envenomation resulting in negative regulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the modulation of the sensory perception of pain in the bitten organism.
envenomation resulting in regulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
envenomation resulting in modulation of sensory perception of pain in other organism
The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.
intracellular protein transmembrane import
The process of directing proteins towards the nucleus, usually using signals contained within the protein.
The directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle, across a membrane.
The directed movement of amino acids out of a cell or organelle across a membrane.
Any process involved in forming distinct miRNA isoforms from a mature miRNA that differ at their 3'-ends.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule that contributes to forming distinct miRNA isoforms from a mature miRNA.
exonucleolytic trimming to generate 3' end of miRNA
3'-5'-exoribonuclease activity involved in mature miRNA 3'-end processing
The directed, high-affinity movement of zinc (Zn) ions across a membrane into a cell or organelle. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high-affinity zinc ion transmembrane import
Catalysis of the high-affinity transfer of nickel (Ni) cations from one side of a membrane to the other. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
high-affinity nickel cation transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.
cellular response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.
response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus
An autophagic vacuole formed upon fusion between autophagosomes and endosomes.
A type of secondary lysosome in which a primary lysosome has fused with the outer membrane of an autophagosome. It is involved in the second step of autophagy in which it degrades contents with acidic lysosomal hydrolases.
The directed movement of pantothenate into a cell.
The directed movement of biotin into a cell.
The directed movement of dethiobiotin into a cell.
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse, in its host organism.
regulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission
modulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission
negative regulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse via the neurotransmitter choline, in its host organism.
regulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission
modulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission
Any process in which a symbiont organism negatively regulates cholinergic synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse via the neurotransmitter choline, in its host organism.
negative regulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission
Any process in which a symbiont organism negatively regulates the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell or group of cells in its host organism.
negative regulation by symbiont of host neurotransmitter secretion
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level which involves another organism of the same or different species.
Repair of a DSB made between two repeated sequences oriented in the same direction occurs primarily by the single strand annealing pathway. The ends of the break are processed by a 5' to 3' exonuclease, exposing complementary single-strand regions of the direct repeats that can anneal, resulting in a deletion of the unique DNA between the direct repeats.
double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing
SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break.
double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing
Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity.
A DNA metabolic process that prevents or corrects errors to ensure that DNA is replicated accurately. Errors can be corrected either by intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair.
maintenance of fidelity during DNA-dependent DNA replication
maintenance of fidelity involved in DNA-dependent DNA replication
The removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base in DNA. An example is the deamination of cytosine to produce uracil.
The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the A or G base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depurinated sugar.
The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar.
An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum.
The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.
OBSOLETE. A major histocompatibility complex class II receptor. These display processed antigens from virally-infected or transformed cells. Class-II-positive cells ('antigen-presenting cells') can take up antigens from outside by endocytosis, degrade them into small peptides, and re-export the peptides (now bound to MHC class II protein) to the cell surface. These peptide-MHC class II complexes can then be recognized by specific CD4+ lymphocytes.
major histocompatibility complex class II receptor
This term was made obsolete because it was defined ambiguously, and has therefore been used incorrectly in annotations. To update annotations of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class II protein complexes, use the molecular function term 'MHC class II receptor activity ; GO:0032395'; to update annotations of gene products which are components of MHC class II protein complexes, use the cellular component term 'MHC class II protein complex ; GO:0042613'.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
negative regulation of transcription by carbon catabolites
carbon catabolite repression of transcription
Any process involving glucose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription. The presence of glucose in the growth medium inhibits the synthesis of certain enzymes in bacteria growing on the medium. For example, transcription of some catabolic operons is under negative control by specific repressors and glucose is an anti-inducer of xylose utilization and glycerol kinase.
down regulation of transcription by glucose
down-regulation of transcription by glucose
downregulation of transcription by glucose
negative regulation of transcription by glucose
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a HDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence His-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The transport of magnesium ions (Mg2+) into, out of or within a mitochondrion. Transport across the mitochondrial membranes is mediated by a mitochondrial inner membrane protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.
The directed movement of substances from the vacuole to the trans-Golgi network; this occurs in yeast via the prevacuolar/endosomal compartment.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
down regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
downregulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nitric oxide anabolism
negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis
negative regulation of nitric oxide formation
negative regulation of nitric oxide synthesis
inhibition of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
OBSOLETE. DNA repair pathways that tend to increase the endogenous mutation rate.
This term was made obsolete because 'error-prone' does not correspond to a repair mechanism, and the term has been superseded by more specific terms.
OBSOLETE. DNA repair pathways that do not increase the mutation rate above spontaneous background levels, e.g. excision and recombination pathways.
This term was made obsolete because 'error-free' does not correspond to a repair mechanism, and the term has been superseded by more specific terms.
The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.
early endosome to late endosome transport
The transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the cleavage of bonds after acidic amino acids and after branched chain amino acids.
peptidyl-glutamyl peptide hydrolyzing enzyme activity
A mitochondrial protein complex with 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity that participates in intron-independent turnover and processing of mitochondrial transcripts. In humans, the mitochondrial degradosome is a pentameric complex, and in yeast it exists as a heterodimer.
The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround a cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the ends of DNA that are exposed by the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs).
Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
G protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
G-protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
purinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G protein coupled
purinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UDP.
UDP-activated nucleotide receptor activity
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UTP.
UTP-activated nucleotide receptor activity
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by ATP.
ATP-activated nucleotide receptor activity
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by ADP.
ADP-activated nucleotide receptor activity
The acquisition of peroxisomes by daughter cells from the mother cell after replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the number of peroxisomes cells is fairly constant; a subset of the organelles are targeted and segregated to the bud in a highly ordered, vectorial process. Efficient segregation of peroxisomes from mother to bud is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton, and active movement of peroxisomes along actin filaments is driven by the class V myosin motor protein, Myo2p.
Note that 'vectorial' is used in the definition in the mathematical and physical sense of pertaining to 'a quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space relative to another.
OBSOLETE. The asymmetrical division of a neuroblast, the neural precursor in the central nervous system, giving rise to another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell.
neuroblast division (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
This term was made obsolete because the definition was incorrect. Not all neuroblasts divide asymmetrically. Neuroblasts give rise to neurons after division.
The series of four asymmetric divisions undergone by the sensory organ precursor cells to generate cells that have distinct cell fates. For example, in the external sensory organ, the precursor cells give rise to one multidendritic neuron and four additional cells (the socket, shaft, sheath cells and the external sense neuron).
The process of directing proteins towards the chloroplast, usually using signals contained within the protein. Imported proteins are synthesized as cytosolic precursors containing N-terminal uptake-targeting sequences that direct each protein to its correct subcompartment and are subsequently cleaved.
The import of proteins into the chloroplast stroma. Import depends on ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by stromal chaperones. Chloroplast stromal proteins, such as the S subunit of rubisco, have a N-terminal stromal-import sequence of about 44 amino acids which is cleaved from the protein precursor after import.
protein transport into chloroplast stroma
The import of proteins into the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Proteins that are destined for the thylakoid lumen require two uptake-targeting sequences: the first targets the protein to the stroma, and the second targets the protein from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen. Four separate thylakoid-import systems deal with the proteins once they are in the stroma.
chloroplast thylakoid membrane protein import
protein transport into chloroplast thylakoid membrane
protein import into chloroplast thylakoid membrane
The process comprising the import of proteins into the mitochondrion from outside the organelle and their insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The translocase of the outer membrane complex mediates the passage of these proteins across the outer membrane, after which they are guided by either of two inner membrane translocase complexes into their final destination in the inner membrane.
mitochondrial inner membrane protein import
protein transport into mitochondrial inner membrane
protein import into mitochondrial inner membrane
The process comprising the insertion of proteins from outside the organelle into the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediated by large outer membrane translocase complexes.
mitochondrial outer membrane protein import
protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane
protein transport into mitochondrial outer membrane
protein import into mitochondrial outer membrane
The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
mitochondrial intermembrane space protein import
protein transport into mitochondrial IMS
protein transport into mitochondrial intermembrane space
protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space, direct
protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space, nonconservative
protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space
OBSOLETE. The conservative import of proteins into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The entire protein enters the matrix, and then the second targeting sequence directs the protein, presumably bound to a matrix protein, across the inner membrane to the intermembrane space.
conservative mitochondrial IMS protein import
conservative mitochondrial intermembrane space protein import
conservative protein transport into mitochondrial IMS
conservative protein transport into mitochondrial intermembrane space
protein import into mitochondrial IMS, conservative
protein transport into mitochondrial IMS, conservative
protein transport into mitochondrial intermembrane space, conservative
This term was made obsolete because there is no 'conservative' process of protein import into the mitochondrial intermembrane space that is distinct from the more general parent; furthermore, 'conservative' is used in the literature to describe a pathway of import into the inner membrane rather than into the intermembrane space.
protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space, conservative
OBSOLETE. The pathway along which proteins and other substances are moved around and out of the cell. After synthesis on the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), completed polypeptide chains are moved to the Golgi complex and subsequently sorted to various destinations. Proteins synthesized and sorted in the secretory pathway include not only those that are secreted from the cell but also enzymes and other resident proteins in the lumen of the ER, Golgi, and lysosomes as well as integral proteins in the membranes of these organelles and the plasma membrane.
This term was made obsolete because it artificially groups a number of other terms, leading to path problems, its definition is unclear (and lacks genus-differentia features), and it has probably been used incorrectly in annotations.
The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import.
protein transport into peroxisome membrane
The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane.
protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum
The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.
integral ER membrane protein localization
integral ER membrane protein positioning
protein insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membrane
A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which N-terminal cleaved signal sequences direct polypeptides to the ER.
N-terminal cleaved signal sequence mediated protein insertion into ER membrane
protein insertion into ER membrane, N-terminal cleaved signal sequence mediated
protein insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membrane by N-terminal cleaved signal sequence
protein-ER insertion by N-terminal cleaved signal sequence
protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by N-terminal cleaved signal sequence
protein insertion into ER membrane by N-terminal cleaved signal sequence
A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become an ER membrane spanning helix.
protein insertion into ER membrane, stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence mediated
protein insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence
protein-ER insertion by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence
protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence
stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence mediated protein insertion into ER membrane
protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence
A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which signal anchor sequences function as both ER signal sequences and membrane anchor sequences.
internal uncleaved signal-anchor sequence mediated protein insertion into ER membrane
protein insertion into ER membrane, internal uncleaved signal-anchor sequence mediated
protein insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membrane by internal uncleaved signal-anchor sequence
protein-ER insertion by internal uncleaved signal-anchor sequence
protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by internal uncleaved signal-anchor sequence
protein insertion into ER membrane by internal uncleaved signal-anchor sequence
A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which proteins become anchored to the phospholipid bilayer by a covalently attached glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) molecule.
GPI attachment sequence mediated protein insertion into ER membrane
protein insertion into ER membrane, GPI attachment sequence mediated
protein insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membrane by GPI attachment sequence
protein-ER insertion by GPI attachment sequence
protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by GPI attachment sequence
protein insertion into ER membrane by GPI attachment sequence
The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.
maintenance of protein location in Golgi apparatus
A process of exocytosis found in all eukaryotic cells, in which transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane leave the trans-Golgi network in a steady stream. Upon exocytosis, the membrane proteins and lipids in these vesicles provide new components for the plasma membrane, and the soluble proteins inside the vesicles are released into the extracellular space.
A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.
The directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side.
The process that results in the physical movement of a new cis-Golgi stack from the cis-position, nearest the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to the trans position, farthest from the ER, successively becoming first a medial-Golgi cisterna and then a trans-Golgi cisterna.
The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.
The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.
The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens.
The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus.
The process of T cell selection that occurs in extrathymic locations, often resulting T cells of distinct specificities from those selected in the thymus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a cytotoxic T cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.
The process of sparing extrathymically maturing T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.
positive extrathymic T lymphocyte selection
positive extrathymic T-lymphocyte selection
The process of elimination of extrathymically maturing T cells which react strongly with self-antigens.
negative extrathymic T lymphocyte selection
negative extrathymic T-lymphocyte selection
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
up regulation of viral genome replication
up-regulation of viral genome replication
upregulation of viral genome replication
positive regulation of viral genome replication
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
down regulation of viral genome replication
down-regulation of viral genome replication
downregulation of viral genome replication
negative regulation of viral genome replication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
regulation of interferon-gamma anabolism
regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthesis
regulation of interferon-gamma formation
regulation of interferon-gamma synthesis
regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines.
regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10.
regulation of IL-10 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12.
regulation of IL-12 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
down regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
downregulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interferon-gamma anabolism
negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthesis
negative regulation of interferon-gamma formation
negative regulation of interferon-gamma synthesis
inhibition of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
positive regulation of interferon-gamma anabolism
positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthesis
positive regulation of interferon-gamma formation
positive regulation of interferon-gamma synthesis
up regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
upregulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
activation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
stimulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines.
down regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
downregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of chemokine anabolism
negative regulation of chemokine biosynthesis
negative regulation of chemokine formation
negative regulation of chemokine synthesis
inhibition of chemokine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines.
positive regulation of chemokine anabolism
positive regulation of chemokine biosynthesis
positive regulation of chemokine formation
positive regulation of chemokine synthesis
up regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
up-regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
activation of chemokine biosynthetic process
stimulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10.
down regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-10 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-10 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-10 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-10 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10.
positive regulation of IL-10 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-10 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-10 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-10 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12.
down regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-12 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-12 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-12 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-12 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-12 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12.
positive regulation of IL-12 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-12 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-12 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-12 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-12 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
down regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-2 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-2 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-2 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-2 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-2 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
positive regulation of IL-2 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-2 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-2 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-2 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-2 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
positive regulation of innate immune response
Any process involved in the replication of a retroviral genome. Retroviruses use RNA as their nucleic acid and reverse transcriptase to copy their genome into the DNA of the host cells chromosomes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication.
regulation of retroviral genome replication
A protein complex that binds interleukin-18; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the alpha subunit of interleukin-18. IL-18a is a component of IL-18 that is essential for IL-18 binding on the surface of T-helper 1 cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of interleukin-18. IL-18b is a ligand non-binding chain and is required for signaling of IL-18 that binds with IL-18a.
A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.
OBSOLETE. A type of intermediate filament.
A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.
OBSOLETE. Glial fibrillary acidic protein forms filaments in the glial cells that surround neurons and in astrocytes.
OBSOLETE. Peripherin is a type III intermediate filament protein found in neurons of the peripheral nervous system.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organisation
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
Assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of component parts from a filament.
intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization
Disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of component monomers from a filament.
Assembly of intermediate filaments by the addition of component monomers to a filament. Polymerization of intermediate filament proteins results from interactions among several distinct binding sites on the constituent proteins. Nuclear lamin head-to-tail polymers arise from one such interaction. Deletion analysis localized the binding sites to the ends of the rod domain that are highly conserved among all intermediate filament proteins. Data indicate that one type of interaction in intermediate filament protein polymerization is the longitudinal binding of dimers via the conserved end segments of the coiled-coil rod domain.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of monomers from a filament; this usually occurs through the opposing action of kinases and phosphatases.
regulation of intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization
Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments, known as tonofilaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.
Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.
regulation of integrin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins, a subfamily of integrins which contain the beta 2 subunit.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins.
regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthesis
regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.
Note that currently, the only known substrates of neddylation are cullin family proteins.
The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + azole(in) = H+(in) + azole(out). Azoles are heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances.
The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.
The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).
Combining with a bioactive lipid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. A bioactive lipid is a lipid for which changes in lipid levels result in functional consequences in a variety of cellular processes.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + ATP = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose kinase activity
ATP:2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphotransferase activity
acetylglucosamine kinase (phosphorylating)
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
down regulation of meiotic recombination
down-regulation of meiotic recombination
negative regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination
Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction does not require the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.
NAD-independent histone deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + keratan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + keratan 6'-sulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl keratan sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:keratan 6'-sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:keratan sulfotransferase activity
keratan sulfate Gal-6-sulfotransferase activity
keratan sulfate sulfotransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pre-mRNA branch point sequence, located upstream of the 3' splice site.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + O(2) = 2-hydroxy-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase activity
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate oxygenase activity
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP + H2O = UMP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: polysaccharides containing beta-D-mannuronate residues = oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl end. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing beta-D-mannuronate residues to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl groups at their ends.
poly(beta-D-1,4-mannuronide) lyase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, testicular/penile enlargement, breast development and menstrual periods. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of secondary sexual characteristics
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary sexual characteristics
The process in which the anatomical structures of the male copulatory structure in nematodes are generated and organized. The copulatory apparatus is a specialized tail structure reshaped during late post-embryonic development, that includes a fan-like arrangement of nine pairs of chemosensory organs known as rays, sclerotized spicules, the gubernaculum, the hook sensillum, and associated musculature.
Catalysis of the reaction: phytoceramide + inositol phosphate = inositol phosphoceramide.
inositol phosphoceramide synthase activity
The cell cycle process in which the dynamic reorganization of telomeres occurs in early meiotic prophase, during which meiotic chromosome ends are gathered in a bouquet arrangement at the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body. This plays an important role in homologous chromosome pairing and therefore progression through meiosis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA triple helix. The formation of triple helical DNA has been evoked in several cellular processes including transcription, replication, and recombination.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of nucleotides (such as mononucleotides or dinucleotides) from a free 5' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.
ssDNA-specific 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity
single-stranded DNA specific 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity
The activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate
initiation of acetate degradation by acetate
initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
Any process that modulates the activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
regulation of initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate
regulation of initiation of acetate degradation by acetate
regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
Catalysis of the release of the N-terminal residue from a tripeptide.
alanine-phenylalanine-proline arylamidase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetoin, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, often as part of a fermentation pathway or for use as a carbon source.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetoin, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetoin, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an antisigma factor, a factor which inhibits the ability of the sigma factor to function as a transcriptional initiator.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex.
electron transporter, transferring electrons within CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex activity
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
electron transporter, transferring electrons within cytochrome c oxidase complex activity
Enables the directed movement of electrons from the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex and the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
electron transporter, transferring electrons from CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex and cytochrome c oxidase complex activity
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.
electron transporter, transferring electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.
electron transporter, transferring electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.
electron transporter, transferring electrons within cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a class II myosin, any member of the class of 'conventional' double-headed myosins that includes muscle myosin.
A myosin complex containing a class I myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin I heavy chains are single-headed, possess tails of various lengths, and do not self-associate into bipolar filaments; myosin I complexes are involved in diverse processes related to membrane traffic and cell movement.
The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.
The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.
clustering of voltage gated sodium channels
clustering of voltage-dependent sodium channels
clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels
The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.
clustering of voltage gated potassium channels
clustering of voltage-dependent potassium channels
voltage-gated potassium channel clustering
clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels
OBSOLETE. Secretin is a hormone that takes part in the digestion process. It also has effects on organs other than gastrointestinal tract.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a gene product rather than a molecular function.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Note that this term was 'cell fate determination' but the term name was changed to better match its existing definition and the child term 'cell fate determination; GO:0001709' was also created.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific asymmetric distribution, resulting in the formation of daughter cells of different types.
asymmetric protein localisation involved in cell fate determination
asymmetric protein localization involved in cell fate commitment
asymmetric protein localization resulting in cell fate commitment
cell fate commitment, asymmetric protein localization
asymmetric protein localization involved in cell fate determination
Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling
cell-cell signaling during in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate specification
cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment
A large intracellular spectrin-rich structure that has been found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. The fusome is an elongated, branched structure, formed from the spherical spectrosome organelle.
A germline specific spherical organelle, rich in membrane skeletal proteins. Precursor to the fusome.
A direct link between the cytoplasms of sister cells that allows cells to communicate with one another. Germline intercellular bridges facilitate the passage of cytoplasmic components between cells during development. Intercellular bridges have also been found connecting somatic cells.
Germline specific intercellular bridge. During cyst formation in insects, ring canals interconnect the cells of the cyst, facilitating the passage of cytoplasmic components between cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of O-sialoglycoproteins, glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.
Catalysis of the reaction: dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = L-ascorbate + glutathione disulfide.
glutathione dehydroascorbate reductase activity
glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase activity
glutathione:dehydroascorbic acid oxidoreductase activity
glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) activity
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.
establishment and maintenance of basal protein localization
establishment and maintenance of protein localization in basal part of cell
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.
establishment and maintenance of apical protein localization
establishment and maintenance of protein localization in apical part of cell
The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.
The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.
The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.
The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD(P)+ = L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NAD(P)H + H+.
glutamate synthase activity, NADH or NADPH as acceptor
Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
A translation regulator activity that does not involve binding to nucleic acids.
translation factor activity, non-nucleic acid binding
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.
Assembly of the zonula adherens, a cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTGF, produced by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and by skin fibroblasts after activation with TGF-beta.
connective tissue growth factor anabolism
connective tissue growth factor biosynthesis
connective tissue growth factor formation
connective tissue growth factor synthesis
connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.
Note that IgM and IgD can be coexpressed by B cells via an alternate splicing mechanism, but true recombinational isotype switching to IgD has been demonstrated as well. Note that this term is best used to annotate gene products which are involved in the mechanism of DNA recombination used in isotype switching, like the B cell specific Swap70 factor in the mouse, rather than gene products which promote isotype switching such as cytokines or co-stimulatory molecules, which should instead be annotated to 'regulation of isotype switching ; GO:0045191'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
regulation of class switch recombination
regulation of isotype switch recombination
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoproteins, also known as beta lipoproteins, one of the classes of lipoproteins found in the bloodstream of animals, acting as a carrier for cholesterol and fats.
This term was made obsolete because low-density lipoprotein is a macromolecular complex, not a single class of molecule; its degradation involves the dissociation of non-covalently attached constituents as well as some breaking and reforming of covalent bonds.
low-density lipoprotein catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylated low-density lipoproteins.
acetylated low-density lipoprotein breakdown
acetylated low-density lipoprotein catabolism
acetylated low-density lipoprotein degradation
acetylated low-density lipoprotein catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oxidized low-density lipoproteins.
oxidized low-density lipoprotein breakdown
oxidized low-density lipoprotein catabolism
oxidized low-density lipoprotein degradation
oxidized low-density lipoprotein catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The formation of gallstones, hard, crystal-like accretions of cholesterol and bile pigments which develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile.
This term was made obsolete because the process it represents is pathological.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity
establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.
establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.
establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity
The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.
maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
establishment of neuroblast cell polarity
The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the external outer membrane of the cell. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
The directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
MAPK transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
cytoplasmic translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinase
OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of MAP kinase into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
This term was made obsolete because we do not know what it was intended to represent when it was created.
OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of MAPK phosphatase into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
leptomycin B-sensitive MAPK phosphatase transporter activity
The directed movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
MAPK phosphatase export from cell nucleus
MAPK phosphatase transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
Leptomycin B-sensitive movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
MAPK phosphatase export from cell nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive
MAPK phosphatase export out of nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive
MAPK phosphatase transport from nucleus to cytoplasm, leptomycin B sensitive
MAPK phosphatase-nucleus export, leptomycin B sensitive
leptomycin B-sensitive MAPK phosphatase export out of nucleus
leptomycin B-sensitive MAPK phosphatase transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
leptomycin B-sensitive MAPK phosphatase-nucleus export
MAPK phosphatase export from nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fas ligand (FasL or CD95L), an antigen originally found to be expressed on the cell surface of activated human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes and a variety of malignant human lymphoid cell lines.
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitter receptors.
neurotransmitter receptor biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors.
neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process
The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.
cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance
intercellular junction assembly and maintenance
The maintenance of junctions between cells.
Maintaining the zonula adherens junction, the cell-cell adherens junction formed near the apex of epithelial cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.
positive regulation of FasL biosynthesis
up regulation of FasL biosynthetic process
up-regulation of FasL biosynthetic process
upregulation of FasL biosynthetic process
stimulation of FasL biosynthetic process
positive regulation of FasL biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.
down regulation of FasL biosynthetic process
down-regulation of FasL biosynthetic process
downregulation of FasL biosynthetic process
negative regulation of FasL biosynthesis
negative regulation of FasL biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
up regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
upregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
down regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
downregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.
extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis
extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides that make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic process
capsule polysaccharide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides in the slime layer, a diffused layer of polysaccharide exterior to the bacterial cell wall.
slime layer polysaccharide biosynthetic process
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.
external encapsulating structure organisation
external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis
external encapsulating structure organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a slime layer. A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an S-layer enveloping the cell. The S-layer is a crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.
OBSOLETE. A receptor found on the surface of natural killer cells which binds Class I MHC antigens and is required for activation of NK activity. It belongs to the Ly49i family.
This term was made obsolete because the receptor is defined based on its cellular expression pattern, and the definition is inaccurate: receptors on natural killer cells can either activate or inhibit natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
The covalent attachment of a palmitoleyl group to a protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the CXCR1 chemokine receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the CXCR2 chemokine receptor.
Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle.
A protein complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Cytosolic complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.
cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.
Cytosolic complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.
cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)
A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming GTP.
succinate-CoA ligase complex (GDP-forming)
Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the cytosol, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
cytosolic tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex
A protein complex located in the cytosol containing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that, together with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, forms a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors.
cytosolic electron transfer flavoprotein complex
A cytosolic complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).
cytosolic oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
A cytosolic complex of a regulatory and catalytic subunit that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
See also the cellular component term 'cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; GO:0045250'.
cytosol pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) phosphatase complex
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Usually contains fewer subunits than its eukaryotic counterpart; for example, the E. coli complex contains 12 E1 dimers, 8 E2 trimers, and 6 E3 dimers arranged in highly symmetric cubic order.
cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
A protein complex containing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which form a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport system.
A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).
A complex of a regulatory and catalytic subunit that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) phosphatase complex
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration.
succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)
The enzyme, located in the plasma membrane, that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration.
plasma membrane succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)
A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism; the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex, the g and e subunits and the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient.
hydrogen-translocating F-type ATPase complex
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex
proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex
proton-transporting ATP synthase complex
A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the plasma membrane. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane hydrogen-translocating F-type ATPase complex
plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex
The sector of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex in which the catalytic activity resides; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with a membrane, such as the plasma membrane or the mitochondrial inner membrane, when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.
The catalytic sector of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the plasma membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
See also the cellular component term 'plasma membrane ; GO:0005886'.
plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1)
All non-F1 subunits of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral membrane proteins.
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F0 sector
proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(0)
proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)
All non-F1 subunits of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral plasma membrane proteins.
plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core.
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk
proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk
The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase.
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core
proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core
The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis.
hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk
proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated Fo proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk
Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of several polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex.
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function possessed by this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity ; GO:0008137'.
A subcomplex of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane respiratory chain complex I
A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain.
A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane respiratory chain complex II
A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex
ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex
A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex
plasma membrane respiratory chain complex III
A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).
A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane respiratory chain complex IV
A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A ; InterPro:IPR003952), iron-sulfur protein (subunit B) and membrane-bound cytochrome b560 (subunit C; InterPro:IPR000701). In some Archaea, the membrane-bound subunits (C or C and D) do not necessarily contain heme. Membrane-bound subunits can bind or react with quinones.
A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A ; InterPro:IPR003952), iron-sulfur protein (subunit B) and membrane-bound cytochrome b560 (subunit C; InterPro:IPR000701). In some Archaea, the membrane-bound subunits (C or C and D) do not necessarily contain heme. Membrane-bound subunits can bind/react with quinones. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane succinate dehydrogenase complex
A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:IPR003510; InterPro:IPR004224) and D (InterPro:IPR003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)).
See also the molecular function term 'succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity ; GO:0008177'.
A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:IPR003510; InterPro:IPR00224) and D (InterPro:IPR003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. In some species, the complex has only three subunits, and in these cases, there is only one membrane anchor instead of two. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)). Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.
plasma membrane fumarate reductase complex
Catalysis of the generalized reaction: luciferin + O2 = oxidized luciferin + CO2 + light. There may be additional substrates and reactants involved in the reaction. The reaction results in light emission as luciferin returns to the ground state after enzymatic oxidation.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose + NAD(P)+ = D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NAD(P)H + H+.
D-arabinose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs, where the one that provides the 5' portion of the final mRNA is from a splice leader RNA (SL-RNA). The SL-RNA, or mini-exon donor sequence, is added to the 5'-end of the acceptor RNA molecule which provides the mRNA body.
nuclear mRNA trans splicing, SL addition
nuclear mRNA trans splicing, spliced leader addition
The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript.
nuclear mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome
nuclear mRNA cis splicing, via U2-type spliceosome
A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the alpha subunit of the catenin complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the gamma subunit of the catenin complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism following mating.
A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.
The precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate with extracellular matrix proteins in the otolith organs of the vertebrate inner ear.
Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced acceptor + O2 = oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + acceptor + H2O. The enzyme requires ferredoxin.
acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] desaturase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
stearyl acyl carrier protein desaturase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.14.99.6.
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA-(2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl adenosine) = tRNA-(2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine) + O2. 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl adenosine is also known as ms2i6A; 2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine is also known as ms2io6A and 2-methylthio-cis-ribozeatin.
2-methylthio-cis-ribozeatin hydroxylase activity
tRNA-(2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyladenosine)-hydroxylase activity
tRNA-(2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine)-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholan-24-oylglycine + H2O = 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholanate + glycine.
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine amidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-2,4-diaminobutyrate = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + L-glutamate.
2,4-diaminobutyrate 4-aminotransferase activity
L-2,4-diaminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate 4-aminotransferase activity
L-2,4-diaminobutyrate:2-ketoglutarate 4-aminotransferase activity
L-2,4-diaminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate 4-aminotransferase activity
diaminibutyric acid aminotransferase activity
diaminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
diaminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a cell becomes able to take up and incorporate extracellular DNA into its genome.
regulator of establishment of competence for transformation activity
regulation of establishment of competence for transformation
OBSOLETE. Functions to either promote or inhibit the establishment of competence for transformation.
This term was made obsolete because it does not represent a true function.
OBSOLETE. Inhibits the establishment of competence for transformation.
inhibitor of the establishment of competence for transformation activity
OBSOLETE. Activates the establishment of competence for transformation.
activator of the establishment of competence for transformation activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated amino acid residue within a protein.
protein phosphorylated amino acid binding
OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue within a protein.
The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a pheromone stimulus.
invasive growth in response to pheromone
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a rhabdomere membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.
regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.
activation of eye photoreceptor development
stimulation of eye photoreceptor development
up regulation of eye photoreceptor development
up-regulation of eye photoreceptor development
upregulation of eye photoreceptor development
positive regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.
down regulation of eye photoreceptor development
down-regulation of eye photoreceptor development
downregulation of eye photoreceptor development
inhibition of eye photoreceptor development
negative regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development
The formation and development of the equator that forms the boundary between the photoreceptors in the dorsal sector of the eye and those in the ventral sector, dividing the eye into dorsal and ventral halves.
OBSOLETE. The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. This process is independent of SRP and signal recognition.
SRP-independent cotranslational membrane targeting, translocation
SRP-independent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, translocation
A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane; it catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during photo-phosphorylation.
chloroplast hydrogen-translocating F-type ATPase complex
chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex
chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with unmethylated CpG motifs. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters.
A protein complex that binds interleukin-1; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.
The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-tryptophan, to form peptidyl-L-3-hydroxytryptophan.
The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-tyrosine residue by the formation of O4'-(phospho-3'-DNA)-L-tyrosine.
DNA-protein covalent cross-linking via the 3'-end to peptidyl-tyrosine
protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via the 3'-end to peptidyl-tyrosine
The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-tyrosine residue.
DNA-protein covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-tyrosine
protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-tyrosine
The covalent linkage of heme to cytochrome P450 4A1 via hydroxyheme-L-glutamyl ester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an ester bond by a mechanism involving a catalytically active aspartic acid residue.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme-M 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate heterodisulfide + H2 = coenzyme-M + N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine O3-phosphate.
coenzyme-M-7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate-heterodisulphide hydrogenase activity
coenzyme-M-7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate-heterodisulfide hydrogenase activity
The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.
Note that this term describes the transbilayer motion of individual phospholipid molecules, and should not be confused with 'phospholipid scrambling ; GO:0017121'.
The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance.
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.
A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate.
farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of farnesyl diphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with mercury (Hg) ions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class I.
major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthesis
major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II.
major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthesis
major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.
regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthesis
regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthetic process
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.
down regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
down-regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
downregulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
negative regulation of MHC class I anabolism
negative regulation of MHC class I biosynthesis
negative regulation of MHC class I formation
negative regulation of MHC class I synthesis
negative regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthesis
negative regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthetic process
inhibition of MHC class I biosynthetic process
negative regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.
positive regulation of MHC class I anabolism
positive regulation of MHC class I biosynthesis
positive regulation of MHC class I formation
positive regulation of MHC class I synthesis
positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthesis
positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthetic process
up regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
up-regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
upregulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
activation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
stimulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
positive regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.
regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthesis
regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthetic process
regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.
down regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
down-regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
downregulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
negative regulation of MHC class II anabolism
negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthesis
negative regulation of MHC class II formation
negative regulation of MHC class II synthesis
negative regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthesis
negative regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthetic process
inhibition of MHC class II biosynthetic process
negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.
positive regulation of MHC class II anabolism
positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthesis
positive regulation of MHC class II formation
positive regulation of MHC class II synthesis
positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthesis
positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthetic process
up regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
up-regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
upregulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
activation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
stimulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to interleukin-1 Type I receptors.
interleukin-1 Type I receptor antagonist activity
Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to interleukin-1 Type II receptors.
interleukin-1 Type II receptor antagonist activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.
regulation of interferon-alpha anabolism
regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthesis
regulation of interferon-alpha formation
regulation of interferon-alpha synthesis
regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.
down regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
downregulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interferon-alpha anabolism
negative regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthesis
negative regulation of interferon-alpha formation
negative regulation of interferon-alpha synthesis
inhibition of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.
positive regulation of interferon-alpha anabolism
positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthesis
positive regulation of interferon-alpha formation
positive regulation of interferon-alpha synthesis
up regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
upregulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
activation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
stimulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.
regulation of interferon-beta biosynthesis
regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.
down regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
downregulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interferon-beta anabolism
negative regulation of interferon-beta biosynthesis
negative regulation of interferon-beta formation
negative regulation of interferon-beta synthesis
inhibition of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.
positive regulation of interferon-beta anabolism
positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthesis
positive regulation of interferon-beta formation
positive regulation of interferon-beta synthesis
up regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
upregulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
activation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
stimulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1.
regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1.
down regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-1 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-1 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-1 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-1 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-1 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1.
positive regulation of IL-1 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-1 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-1 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-1 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-1 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-11.
regulation of IL-11 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-11.
down regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-11 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-11 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-11 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-11 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-11 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-11.
positive regulation of IL-11 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-11 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-11 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-11 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-11 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-11 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13.
regulation of IL-13 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13.
down regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-13 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-13 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-13 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-13 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-13 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13.
positive regulation of IL-13 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-13 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-13 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-13 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-13 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-14.
regulation of IL-14 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-14.
down regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-14 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-14 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-14 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-14 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-14 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-14.
positive regulation of IL-14 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-14 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-14 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-14 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-14 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-15.
regulation of IL-15 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-15.
down regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-15 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-15 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-15 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-15 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-15 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-15.
positive regulation of IL-15 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-15 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-15 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-15 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-15 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-15 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-16.
regulation of IL-16 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-16.
down regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-16 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-16 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-16 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-16 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-16 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-16.
positive regulation of IL-16 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-16 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-16 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-16 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-16 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-16 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
regulation of IL-17 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
down regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-17 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-17 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-17 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-17 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-17 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
positive regulation of IL-17 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-17 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-17 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-17 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-17 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-17 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18.
regulation of IL-18 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18.
down regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-18 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-18 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-18 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-18 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-18 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18.
positive regulation of IL-18 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-18 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-18 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-18 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-18 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-19.
regulation of IL-19 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-19.
down regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-19 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-19 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-19 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-19 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-19 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-19.
positive regulation of IL-19 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-19 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-19 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-19 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-19 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-19 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-20.
regulation of IL-20 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-20.
down regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-20 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-20 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-20 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-20 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-20 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-20.
positive regulation of IL-20 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-20 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-20 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-20 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-20 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-20 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-21.
regulation of IL-21 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-21.
down regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-21 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-21 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-21 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-21 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-21 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-21.
positive regulation of IL-21 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-21 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-21 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-21 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-21 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-21 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-22.
regulation of IL-22 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-22.
down regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-22 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-22 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-22 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-22 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-22 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-22.
positive regulation of IL-22 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-22 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-22 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-22 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-22 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-22 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-23.
regulation of IL-23 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-23.
down regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-23 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-23 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-23 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-23 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-23 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-23.
positive regulation of IL-23 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-23 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-23 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-23 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-23 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-23 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3.
regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3.
down regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-3 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-3 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-3 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-3 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-3 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3.
positive regulation of IL-3 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-3 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-3 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-3 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-3 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4.
regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4.
down regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-4 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-4 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-4 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-4 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-4 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4.
positive regulation of IL-4 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-4 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-4 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-4 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-4 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5.
regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5.
down regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-5 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-5 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-5 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-5 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-5 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5.
positive regulation of IL-5 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-5 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-5 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-5 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-5 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
down regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-6 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-6 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-6 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-6 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-6 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
positive regulation of IL-6 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-6 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-6 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-6 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-6 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-7.
regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-7.
down regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-7 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-7 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-7 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-7 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-7 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-7.
positive regulation of IL-7 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-7 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-7 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-7 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-7 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-7 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
down regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-8 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-8 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-8 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-8 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-8 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
positive regulation of IL-8 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-8 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-8 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-8 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-8 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-9.
regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-9.
down regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-9 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-9 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-9 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-9 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-9 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-9.
positive regulation of IL-9 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-9 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-9 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-9 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-9 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-9 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of connective tissue growth factor.
regulation of connective tissue growth factor anabolism
regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthesis
regulation of connective tissue growth factor formation
regulation of connective tissue growth factor synthesis
regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of connective tissue growth factor.
down regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
down-regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
downregulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor anabolism
negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthesis
negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor formation
negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor synthesis
inhibition of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of connective tissue growth factor.
positive regulation of connective tissue growth factor anabolism
positive regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthesis
positive regulation of connective tissue growth factor formation
positive regulation of connective tissue growth factor synthesis
up regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
up-regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
upregulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
activation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
stimulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor biosynthetic process
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor anabolism
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthesis
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor formation
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
down regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
down-regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
downregulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of GM-CSF biosynthesis
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor anabolism
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthesis
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor formation
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis
inhibition of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor anabolism
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthesis
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor formation
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis
up regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
up-regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
upregulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
activation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
stimulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of GM-CSF biosynthesis
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any quinone cofactor, such as menaquinone (vitamin K2), ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) or phylloquinone (vitamin K1).
The transient guanylylation of peptidyl-histidine to form (phospho-5'-guanosine)-L-histidine.
enzyme active site formation via (phospho-5'-guanosine)-L-histidine
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
positive regulation of nitric oxide anabolism
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis
positive regulation of nitric oxide formation
positive regulation of nitric oxide synthesis
up regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
upregulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
activation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
stimulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the reaction: a chalcone = a flavanone.
Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroflavonol + 2-oxoglurate + O2 = a flavonol + succinate + CO2 + H2O.
dihydroflavonol,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
flavonoid 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity
The process during wing vibration where the male insect produces a species-specific acoustic signal called a love song.
male courtship behavior, song production
male courtship behaviour, song production
male courtship behaviour, veined wing generated song production
male courtship behavior, veined wing generated song production
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating.
down regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
down-regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
downregulation of female receptivity, post-mating
inhibition of female receptivity, post-mating
negative regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
Catalysis of the cyclization of an epsilon ring at one end of the lycopene molecule (psi, psi-carotene) to form delta-carotene (epsilon, psi-carotene).
Catalysis of the cyclization of beta rings at one or both ends of the lycopene molecule (psi, psi-carotene) to form gamma-carotene or the bicyclic beta-carotene (beta, beta-carotene), respectively.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + uridine = ribofuranose + uracil.
Catalysis of the formation of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine from constituent amino acids and ATP in the presence of magnesium ions and dithioerythritol.
delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: isopenicillin N = penicillin N.
penicillin-N 5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl-epimerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + deacetoxycephalosporin C + O(2) = CO(2) + deacetylcephalosporin C + succinate.
deacetoxycephalosporin C hydroxylase activity
deacetoxycephalosporin-C,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
deacetylcephalosporin C synthase activity
deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase activity
The regulated release of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.
The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
The eukaryotic cell cycle in which a cell is duplicated without changing ploidy, occurring in the embryo.
Any process in which bicoid mRNA is transported to and maintained within the oocyte as part of the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
establishment and maintenance of bicoid mRNA localization
Any process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.
establishment and maintenance of oskar mRNA localization in pole plasm
establishment and maintenance of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
oocyte pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids ubiquitous in insects and other arthropods, in which they initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.
The regulated release of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.
Genetic recombination within the DNA of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA.
recombination within ribosomal DNA repeats
The incorporation of iron into a 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tetrakis-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulfide
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.
Catalysis of the 3-O-acetylation of a trichothecene. Trichothecenes are sesquiterpene epoxide mycotoxins that act as potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis.
trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R8 photoreceptor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The R8 photoreceptor is the founding receptor of each ommatidium.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an R8 cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R8 photoreceptor.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R7 photoreceptor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R7 photoreceptor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The R7 photoreceptor is the last photoreceptor to develop in the ommatidium.
Any process that ensures that the R8 cells are selected in a precise progressive pattern so that they are evenly spaced throughout the eye disc.
regulation of R8 cell spacing in compound eye
Any process that stops or prevents the correct R8 cell spacing pattern in a compound eye.
negative regulation of R8 cell spacing in compound eye
The regionalization process that coordinates the recruitment and organization of other non-R8 photoreceptors by the R8 photoreceptor.
R8 cell-mediated photoreceptor organization
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.
OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of an insect (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of an insect (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ether stimulus.
The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.
Any apoptotic process in a nurse cell. During late oogenesis, following the transfer of substances from the nurse cells to the oocyte, nurse cell remnants are cleared from the egg chamber by apoptotic process.
nurse cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of nurse cells by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nurse cell apoptotic process.
regulation of nurse cell apoptotic process
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome, a large intracellular spectrin-rich structure found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells.
The recruitment of vesicles to the fusome. The vesicles become the fusome tubule network and are necessary for the assembly of the fusome.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + O2 = D-galacto-hexodialdose + hydrogen peroxide.
D-galactose:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-endo-hydroxycineole + NAD(+) = 6-oxocineole + H(+) + NADH.
6-endo-hydroxycineole:NAD+ 6-oxidoreductase activity
6-endo-hydroxycineole dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + trichodiene.
trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, trichodiene-forming)
trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate sesquiterpenoid-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate = aristolochene + diphosphate.
2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, aristolochene-forming)
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate aristolochene-lyase activity
trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, aristolochene-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine = L-glutamate + allysine.
L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate 6-aminotransferase activity
L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
L-lysine:2-oxoglutarate 6-aminotransferase activity
lysine epsilon-aminotransferase activity
lysine:2-ketoglutarate 6-aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-6 double bond into the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: naringenin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = dihydrokaempferol + succinate + CO2.
flavanone,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
naringenin,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectin, a group of galacturonic acid-containing, water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates of high molecular weight and of net negative charge.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone.
Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.
Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the analia of the male over time, from formation to the mature structure. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the analia of the female over time, from formation to the mature structure. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sex comb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sex combs are the male specific chaetae located on the prothoracic tarsal segment of the prothoracic leg.
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to sevenless (sev; a receptor tyrosine kinase) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sevenless signaling pathway.
regulation of sevenless signalling pathway
regulation of sevenless signaling pathway
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dynein, the multisubunit protein complex that is associated with microtubules.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a light chain of the dynein complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heavy chain of the dynein complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an intermediate chain of the dynein complex.
Combining with interleukin-24 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-25 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-26 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-27 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-24.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-25.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-26.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-27.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-16 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-18 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-19 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-20 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-22 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-23 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-24 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-25 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-26 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-27 receptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-24.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-25.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-26.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-27.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-24.
regulation of IL-24 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-25.
regulation of IL-25 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-26.
regulation of IL-26 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-27.
regulation of IL-27 biosynthetic process
regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthesis
regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-24.
down regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-24 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-24 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-24 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-24 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-24 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-25.
down regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-25 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-25 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-25 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-25 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-25 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-26.
down regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-26 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-26 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-26 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-26 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-26 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-27.
down regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
downregulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of IL-27 biosynthesis
negative regulation of IL-27 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-27 anabolism
negative regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthesis
negative regulation of interleukin-27 formation
negative regulation of interleukin-27 synthesis
inhibition of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-24.
positive regulation of IL-24 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-24 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-24 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-24 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-24 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-24 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-25.
positive regulation of IL-25 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-25 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-25 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-25 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-25 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-25 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-26.
positive regulation of IL-26 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-26 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-26 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-26 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-26 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-26 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-27.
positive regulation of IL-27 biosynthesis
positive regulation of IL-27 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-27 anabolism
positive regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthesis
positive regulation of interleukin-27 formation
positive regulation of interleukin-27 synthesis
up regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
upregulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
activation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
stimulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-27 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.
regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.
down regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
downregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cholesterol anabolism
negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis
negative regulation of cholesterol formation
negative regulation of cholesterol synthesis
inhibition of cholesterol biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.
positive regulation of cholesterol anabolism
positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis
positive regulation of cholesterol formation
positive regulation of cholesterol synthesis
up regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
activation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
stimulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the reaction: a gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2.
(gibberellin-1),2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2beta-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the oxidation of C-20 gibberellins to form the corresponding C-19 lactones.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells.
Catalysis of the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate in the cis-configuration to form dehydrodolichyl diphosphate.
dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine = NH(4)(+) + trans-cinnamate.
Catalysis of the reactions: a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid + O2 = 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + a 12'-apo-carotenal; 9-cis-violaxanthin + O2 = 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + (3S,5R,6S)-5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-12'-apo-beta-caroten-12'-al; and 9'-cis-neoxanthin + O2 = 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + (3S,5R,6R)-5,6-dihydroxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-12'-apo-beta-caroten-12'-al.
9-cis-epoxycarotenoid 11,12-dioxygenase activity
nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity
9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the formation of phytyl group from the stepwise reduction of a geranylgeranyl group.
Catalysis of the reaction: cinnamyl alcohol + NADP+ = cinnamaldehyde + NADPH + H+.
cinnamyl-alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+ = (+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+.
NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase activity
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines which induces apoptosis in a wide variety of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand.
regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand.
down regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
down-regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
downregulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL biosynthesis
inhibition of TRAIL biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand.
positive regulation of TRAIL biosynthesis
up regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
up-regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
upregulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
activation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
stimulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL-R1 (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor 1), which engages a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway.
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL-R2 (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor 2), which engages a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway and mediates apoptosis via the intracellular adaptor molecule FADD/MORT1.
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor.
regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthesis
regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor 1.
regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 anabolism
regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthesis
regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 formation
regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 synthesis
regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor 2.
regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 anabolism
regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthesis
regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 formation
regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 synthesis
regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor.
down regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
down-regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
downregulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor anabolism
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthesis
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor formation
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor synthesis
inhibition of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor.
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor anabolism
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthesis
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor formation
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor synthesis
up regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
up-regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
upregulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
activation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
stimulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor 1.
down regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
downregulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 anabolism
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthesis
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 formation
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 synthesis
inhibition of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor 1.
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 anabolism
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthesis
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 formation
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 synthesis
up regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
upregulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
activation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
stimulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 1 biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor 2.
down regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
down-regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
downregulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 anabolism
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthesis
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 formation
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 synthesis
inhibition of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
negative regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor 2.
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 anabolism
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthesis
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 formation
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 synthesis
up regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
up-regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
upregulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
activation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
stimulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of TRAIL receptor 2 biosynthetic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that rapidly induces apoptosis in a variety of transformed cell lines.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of the imaginal disc.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc growth.
negative regulation of imaginal disc growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc growth.
positive regulation of imaginal disc growth
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.
The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
down regulation of B cell differentiation
down-regulation of B cell differentiation
downregulation of B cell differentiation
negative regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of B-cell differentiation
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of B cell development
negative regulation of B cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of B-cell differentiation
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of B cell development
positive regulation of B cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
down regulation of T cell differentiation
down-regulation of T cell differentiation
downregulation of T cell differentiation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of T cell development
negative regulation of T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of T cell development
positive regulation of T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of cytotoxic T cell development
regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
down regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
down-regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
downregulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell development
negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
up-regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
upregulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
activation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
stimulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell development
positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation
regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of gamma-delta T cell development
regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
downregulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell development
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
upregulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
activation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
stimulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell development
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation
regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation
regulation of suppressor T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation
regulation of suppressor T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of regulatory T cell development
regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
down regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
down-regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
downregulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation
negative regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation
inhibition of regulatory T cell differentiation
negative regulation of regulatory T cell development
negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
positive regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation
positive regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation
up regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
up-regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
upregulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
activation of regulatory T cell differentiation
stimulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
positive regulation of regulatory T cell development
positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.
regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation
regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.
down regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
down-regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
downregulation of cumulus cell differentiation
negative regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation
inhibition of cumulus cell differentiation
negative regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.
positive regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation
up regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
up-regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
upregulation of cumulus cell differentiation
activation of cumulus cell differentiation
stimulation of cumulus cell differentiation
positive regulation of cumulus cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
negative regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
down regulation of fat cell differentiation
down-regulation of fat cell differentiation
downregulation of fat cell differentiation
negative regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
negative regulation of adipocyte differentiation
negative regulation of fat cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation
positive regulation of adipocyte differentiation
up regulation of fat cell differentiation
up-regulation of fat cell differentiation
upregulation of fat cell differentiation
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
downregulation of endothelial cell differentiation
inhibition of endothelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
upregulation of endothelial cell differentiation
activation of endothelial cell differentiation
stimulation of endothelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation
regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
down regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
down-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
downregulation of epidermal cell differentiation
inhibition of epidermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation
negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
up regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
up-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
upregulation of epidermal cell differentiation
activation of epidermal cell differentiation
stimulation of epidermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation
positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation
regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
down regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
down-regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
downregulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
negative regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation
inhibition of auditory receptor cell differentiation
negative regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
positive regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation
up regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
up-regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
upregulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
activation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
stimulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
positive regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.
regulation of arthropod blood cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.
down regulation of hemocyte differentiation
down-regulation of hemocyte differentiation
downregulation of hemocyte differentiation
negative regulation of arthropod blood cell differentiation
negative regulation of hemocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of arthropod blood cell differentiation
up regulation of hemocyte differentiation
up-regulation of hemocyte differentiation
upregulation of hemocyte differentiation
positive regulation of hemocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasmatocyte differentiation.
regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasmatocyte differentiation.
down regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
down-regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
downregulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
inhibition of plasmatocyte differentiation
negative regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasmatocyte differentiation.
up regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
up-regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
upregulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
activation of plasmatocyte differentiation
stimulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
positive regulation of plasmatocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
down regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
down-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
downregulation of keratinocyte differentiation
inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation
negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
up regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
up-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
upregulation of keratinocyte differentiation
activation of keratinocyte differentiation
stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
down regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
down-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
downregulation of lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of lymphocyte development
negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
up regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
up-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
upregulation of lymphocyte differentiation
activation of lymphocyte differentiation
stimulation of lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of lymphocyte development
positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
down regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
down-regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
downregulation of T-helper cell differentiation
inhibition of T-helper cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-helper cell development
negative regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
up regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
up-regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
upregulation of T-helper cell differentiation
activation of T-helper cell differentiation
stimulation of T-helper cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-helper cell development
positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
regulation of T-helper 1 cell development
regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
down regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
down-regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
downregulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
inhibition of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell development
negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
up regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
up-regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
upregulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
activation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
stimulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell development
positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
regulation of T-helper 2 cell development
regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
down regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
down-regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
downregulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
inhibition of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell development
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
up regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
up-regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
upregulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
activation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
stimulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell development
positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
down regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
down-regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
downregulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
inhibition of mechanoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
up regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
up-regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
upregulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
activation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
stimulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
positive regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
regulation of melanophore differentiation
regulation of melanocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
down regulation of melanocyte differentiation
down-regulation of melanocyte differentiation
downregulation of melanocyte differentiation
negative regulation of melanophore differentiation
inhibition of melanocyte differentiation
negative regulation of melanocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of melanophore differentiation
up regulation of melanocyte differentiation
up-regulation of melanocyte differentiation
upregulation of melanocyte differentiation
activation of melanocyte differentiation
stimulation of melanocyte differentiation
positive regulation of melanocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
downregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
activation of myeloid cell differentiation
stimulation of myeloid cell differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.
down regulation of basophil differentiation
down-regulation of basophil differentiation
downregulation of basophil differentiation
negative regulation of basophil differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.
up regulation of basophil differentiation
up-regulation of basophil differentiation
upregulation of basophil differentiation
positive regulation of basophil differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
regulation of eosinophil differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
down regulation of eosinophil differentiation
down-regulation of eosinophil differentiation
downregulation of eosinophil differentiation
inhibition of eosinophil differentiation
negative regulation of eosinophil differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
up regulation of eosinophil differentiation
up-regulation of eosinophil differentiation
upregulation of eosinophil differentiation
activation of eosinophil differentiation
stimulation of eosinophil differentiation
positive regulation of eosinophil differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
regulation of red blood cell differentiation
regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
downregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of RBC differentiation
negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation
inhibition of erythrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of RBC differentiation
positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation
up regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
upregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
activation of erythrocyte differentiation
stimulation of erythrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
regulation of macrophage differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
down regulation of macrophage differentiation
down-regulation of macrophage differentiation
downregulation of macrophage differentiation
inhibition of macrophage differentiation
negative regulation of macrophage differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
up regulation of macrophage differentiation
up-regulation of macrophage differentiation
upregulation of macrophage differentiation
activation of macrophage differentiation
stimulation of macrophage differentiation
positive regulation of macrophage differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
down regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
downregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
inhibition of megakaryocyte differentiation
negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
up regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
up-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
upregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
activation of megakaryocyte differentiation
stimulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
down regulation of monocyte differentiation
down-regulation of monocyte differentiation
downregulation of monocyte differentiation
negative regulation of monocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
up regulation of monocyte differentiation
up-regulation of monocyte differentiation
upregulation of monocyte differentiation
positive regulation of monocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
regulation of neutrophil differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
down regulation of neutrophil differentiation
down-regulation of neutrophil differentiation
downregulation of neutrophil differentiation
inhibition of neutrophil differentiation
negative regulation of neutrophil differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
up regulation of neutrophil differentiation
up-regulation of neutrophil differentiation
upregulation of neutrophil differentiation
activation of neutrophil differentiation
stimulation of neutrophil differentiation
positive regulation of neutrophil differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
down regulation of myoblast differentiation
down-regulation of myoblast differentiation
downregulation of myoblast differentiation
negative regulation of myoblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
up regulation of myoblast differentiation
up-regulation of myoblast differentiation
upregulation of myoblast differentiation
positive regulation of myoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
down regulation of neuron differentiation
down-regulation of neuron differentiation
downregulation of neuron differentiation
negative regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
regulation of osteoblast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
down regulation of osteoblast differentiation
down-regulation of osteoblast differentiation
downregulation of osteoblast differentiation
inhibition of osteoblast differentiation
negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
up regulation of osteoblast differentiation
up-regulation of osteoblast differentiation
upregulation of osteoblast differentiation
activation of osteoblast differentiation
stimulation of osteoblast differentiation
positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
regulation of osteoclast differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
down regulation of osteoclast differentiation
down-regulation of osteoclast differentiation
downregulation of osteoclast differentiation
inhibition of osteoclast differentiation
negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
up regulation of osteoclast differentiation
up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation
upregulation of osteoclast differentiation
activation of osteoclast differentiation
stimulation of osteoclast differentiation
positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of R7 differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of R7cell differentiation.
negative regulation of R7 differentiation
negative regulation of R7 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of R7 cell differentiation.
positive regulation of R7 differentiation
positive regulation of R7 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of R8 differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of R8 cell differentiation.
negative regulation of R8 differentiation
negative regulation of R8 cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of R8 cell differentiation.
positive regulation of R8 differentiation
positive regulation of R8 cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
down regulation of epidermis development
down-regulation of epidermis development
negative regulation of epidermal development
negative regulation of hypodermis development
negative regulation of epidermis development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
positive regulation of epidermal development
positive regulation of hypodermis development
positive regulation of epidermis development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
down regulation of glial cell differentiation
down-regulation of glial cell differentiation
downregulation of glial cell differentiation
negative regulation of glia cell differentiation
negative regulation of neuroglia differentiation
inhibition of glial cell differentiation
negative regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
positive regulation of glia cell differentiation
positive regulation of neuroglia differentiation
up regulation of glial cell differentiation
up-regulation of glial cell differentiation
upregulation of glial cell differentiation
activation of glial cell differentiation
stimulation of glial cell differentiation
positive regulation of glial cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation.
regulation of antipodal cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation.
down regulation of antipodal cell differentiation
down-regulation of antipodal cell differentiation
downregulation of antipodal cell differentiation
inhibition of antipodal cell differentiation
negative regulation of antipodal cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation.
up regulation of antipodal cell differentiation
up-regulation of antipodal cell differentiation
upregulation of antipodal cell differentiation
activation of antipodal cell differentiation
stimulation of antipodal cell differentiation
positive regulation of antipodal cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gametophyte central cell differentiation.
regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
regulation of embryo sac central cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac central cell differentiation.
down regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
down-regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
downregulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
negative regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
inhibition of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
negative regulation of embryo sac central cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac central cell differentiation.
positive regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
up regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
up-regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
upregulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
activation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
stimulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation
positive regulation of embryo sac central cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation.
regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation.
down regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
down-regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
downregulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
negative regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
inhibition of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
negative regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation.
positive regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
up regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
up-regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
upregulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
activation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
stimulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation
positive regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synergid cell differentiation.
regulation of synergid cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synergid cell differentiation.
down regulation of synergid differentiation
down-regulation of synergid differentiation
downregulation of synergid differentiation
negative regulation of synergid cell differentiation
negative regulation of synergid differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synergid cell differentiation.
positive regulation of synergid cell differentiation
up regulation of synergid differentiation
up-regulation of synergid differentiation
upregulation of synergid differentiation
positive regulation of synergid differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
down regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
down-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
downregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
inhibition of spermatid nuclear differentiation
negative regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
up regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
up-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
upregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
activation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
stimulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
positive regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Catalysis of the reduction of a ketone group to form the corresponding alcohol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination.
regulation of salivary gland determination
regulation of salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination.
down regulation of salivary gland determination
down-regulation of salivary gland determination
downregulation of salivary gland determination
negative regulation of salivary gland determination
inhibition of salivary gland determination
negative regulation of salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination.
positive regulation of salivary gland determination
up regulation of salivary gland determination
up-regulation of salivary gland determination
upregulation of salivary gland determination
activation of salivary gland determination
stimulation of salivary gland determination
positive regulation of salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in an adult organism.
regulation of adult salivary gland determination
regulation of adult salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in a larval organism.
regulation of larval salivary gland determination
regulation of larval salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in an adult organism.
down regulation of adult salivary gland determination
down-regulation of adult salivary gland determination
downregulation of adult salivary gland determination
negative regulation of adult salivary gland determination
inhibition of adult salivary gland determination
negative regulation of adult salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in a larval organism.
down regulation of larval salivary gland determination
down-regulation of larval salivary gland determination
downregulation of larval salivary gland determination
negative regulation of larval salivary gland determination
inhibition of larval salivary gland determination
negative regulation of larval salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in an adult organism.
positive regulation of adult salivary gland determination
up regulation of adult salivary gland determination
up-regulation of adult salivary gland determination
upregulation of adult salivary gland determination
activation of adult salivary gland determination
stimulation of adult salivary gland determination
positive regulation of adult salivary gland boundary specification
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in a larval organism.
positive regulation of larval salivary gland determination
up regulation of larval salivary gland determination
up-regulation of larval salivary gland determination
upregulation of larval salivary gland determination
activation of larval salivary gland determination
stimulation of larval salivary gland determination
positive regulation of larval salivary gland boundary specification
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein receptors, cell surface proteins that mediate the endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein particles by cells.
low-density lipoprotein receptor anabolism
low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthesis
low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
low-density lipoprotein receptor formation
low-density lipoprotein receptor synthesis
low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor anabolism
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthesis
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor formation
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor synthesis
regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
down regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
down-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor anabolism
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthesis
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor formation
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor synthesis
inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein receptors.
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor anabolism
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthesis
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor formation
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor synthesis
up regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
activation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
stimulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
down regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
downregulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of fatty acid anabolism
negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis
negative regulation of fatty acid formation
negative regulation of fatty acid synthesis
inhibition of fatty acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a flagellum.
negative regulation of flagella assembly
negative regulation of flagellum biogenesis
negative regulation of flagellum assembly
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
down regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
down-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
downregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glycogen anabolism
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthesis
negative regulation of glycogen formation
negative regulation of glycogen synthesis
inhibition of glycogen biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.
down regulation of integrin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of integrin biosynthetic process
downregulation of integrin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of integrin anabolism
negative regulation of integrin biosynthesis
negative regulation of integrin formation
negative regulation of integrin synthesis
inhibition of integrin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
positive regulation of fatty acid anabolism
positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis
positive regulation of fatty acid formation
positive regulation of fatty acid synthesis
up regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
upregulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
activation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
stimulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a flagellum.
positive regulation of flagella assembly
positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis
positive regulation of flagellum assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen anabolism
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthesis
positive regulation of glycogen formation
positive regulation of glycogen synthesis
up regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
up-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
upregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
activation of glycogen biosynthetic process
stimulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.
positive regulation of integrin anabolism
positive regulation of integrin biosynthesis
positive regulation of integrin formation
positive regulation of integrin synthesis
up regulation of integrin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of integrin biosynthetic process
upregulation of integrin biosynthetic process
activation of integrin biosynthetic process
stimulation of integrin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.
positive regulation of protein anabolism
positive regulation of protein biosynthesis
positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process
positive regulation of protein formation
positive regulation of protein synthesis
up regulation of protein biosynthetic process
up-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
upregulation of protein biosynthetic process
activation of protein biosynthetic process
stimulation of protein biosynthetic process
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages shortly after phagocytosing material. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, which play a part in microbiocidal activity.
The phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs at fertilization. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Capacitation, a necessary prerequisite event to successful fertilization, can be induced by reactive oxygen species in vitro; hydrogen peroxide is used as an extracellular oxidant to cross-link the protective surface envelopes.
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
positive regulation of protein breakdown
positive regulation of protein catabolism
positive regulation of protein degradation
up regulation of protein catabolic process
up-regulation of protein catabolic process
upregulation of protein catabolic process
stimulation of protein catabolic process
positive regulation of protein catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
Functions in the storage of nutritious substrates.
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete terms 'storage protein ; GO:0005187' and 'storage protein of fat body (sensu Insecta) ; GO:0008041'.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.
down regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
down-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
downregulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
inhibition of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.
up regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
up-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
upregulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
stimulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
positive regulation of EGF receptor activity
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
up regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
activation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of EGF receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of EGF receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of EGFR signaling pathway
up regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
activation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of FGF receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of FGF receptor signalling pathway
positive regulation of FGFR signaling pathway
up regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.
down regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
down-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
downregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
inhibition of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
up regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
up-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
upregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
activation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
stimulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.
down regulation of Notch signaling pathway
down-regulation of Notch signaling pathway
downregulation of Notch signaling pathway
negative regulation of N signaling pathway
negative regulation of N signalling pathway
negative regulation of Notch signalling pathway
negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.
positive regulation of N signaling pathway
positive regulation of N signalling pathway
positive regulation of Notch signalling pathway
up regulation of Notch signaling pathway
up-regulation of Notch signaling pathway
positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway
Any process that activates or enforces the correct R8 cell spacing in a compound eye.
positive regulation of R8 cell spacing in compound eye
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of S phase of mitotic cell cycle activity.
down regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of S phase of mitotic cell cycle activity.
positive regulation of S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
activation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.
down regulation of Toll signaling pathway
down-regulation of Toll signaling pathway
downregulation of Toll signaling pathway
negative regulation of Tl signaling pathway
negative regulation of Tl signalling pathway
negative regulation of Toll signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.
positive regulation of Tl signaling pathway
positive regulation of Tl signalling pathway
positive regulation of Toll signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
down regulation of acetate catabolic process
down-regulation of acetate catabolic process
downregulation of acetate catabolic process
negative regulation of acetate breakdown
negative regulation of acetate catabolism
negative regulation of acetate degradation
negative regulation of acetate catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
positive regulation of acetate breakdown
positive regulation of acetate catabolism
positive regulation of acetate degradation
up regulation of acetate catabolic process
up-regulation of acetate catabolic process
upregulation of acetate catabolic process
stimulation of acetate catabolic process
positive regulation of acetate catabolic process
Any process that stops or prevents the activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
down regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
down-regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
downregulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
negative regulation of initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate
negative regulation of initiation of acetate degradation by acetate
inhibition of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
negative regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.
positive regulation of initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate
positive regulation of initiation of acetate degradation by acetate
up regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
up-regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
upregulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
activation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
stimulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
positive regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
positive regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity
up regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
up-regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
upregulation of adenylate cyclase activity
stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
down regulation of amino acid metabolic process
down-regulation of amino acid metabolic process
downregulation of amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of amino acid metabolism
inhibition of amino acid metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
positive regulation of amino acid metabolism
up regulation of amino acid metabolic process
up-regulation of amino acid metabolic process
upregulation of amino acid metabolic process
activation of amino acid metabolic process
stimulation of amino acid metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
down regulation of asymmetric cell division
down-regulation of asymmetric cell division
downregulation of asymmetric cell division
negative regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
up regulation of asymmetric cell division
up-regulation of asymmetric cell division
upregulation of asymmetric cell division
positive regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that reduces autophagic vacuole size.
down regulation of autophagic vacuole size
down-regulation of autophagic vacuole size
downregulation of autophagic vacuole size
negative regulation of autophagic vacuole size
Any process that increases autophagic vacuole size.
up regulation of autophagic vacuole size
up-regulation of autophagic vacuole size
positive regulation of autophagic vacuole size
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins.
down regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
downregulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of beta 2 integrin anabolism
negative regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthesis
negative regulation of beta 2 integrin formation
negative regulation of beta 2 integrin synthesis
inhibition of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins.
positive regulation of beta 2 integrin anabolism
positive regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthesis
positive regulation of beta 2 integrin formation
positive regulation of beta 2 integrin synthesis
up regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
upregulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
activation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
stimulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process
Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased.
Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation.
positive regulation of bone biosynthesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell budding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell budding.
OBSOLETE. Any process that reduces the concentration of calcium in the ER.
OBSOLETE. Any process that increases the concentration of calcium in the ER.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through cell cycle
downregulation of progression through cell cycle
negative regulation of cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through cell cycle
inhibition of progression through cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
positive regulation of cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through cell cycle
up regulation of progression through cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through cell cycle
upregulation of progression through cell cycle
activation of progression through cell cycle
stimulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the intestine.
down regulation of cholesterol absorption
down-regulation of cholesterol absorption
downregulation of cholesterol absorption
negative regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the intestine.
positive regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
down regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
down-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
downregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
inhibition of chromatin assembly or disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
positive regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
up regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
up-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
upregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
activation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
stimulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chitin-based cuticular tanning.
negative regulation of cuticle hardening
negative regulation of chitin-based cuticle tanning
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chitin-based cuticular tanning.
positive regulation of cuticle hardening
positive regulation of chitin-based cuticle tanning
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the organization, biogenesis or maintenance of the cytoskeleton.
This term was made obsolete because cytoskeleton is not a process, so the term made no sense.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the organization, biogenesis or maintenance of the cytoskeleton.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eclosion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eclosion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of competence for transformation.
down regulation of establishment of competence for transformation
down-regulation of establishment of competence for transformation
downregulation of establishment of competence for transformation
inhibition of establishment of competence for transformation
negative regulation of establishment of competence for transformation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of competence for transformation.
up regulation of establishment of competence for transformation
up-regulation of establishment of competence for transformation
upregulation of establishment of competence for transformation
activation of establishment of competence for transformation
stimulation of establishment of competence for transformation
positive regulation of establishment of competence for transformation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).
down regulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
down-regulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
downregulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
negative regulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
negative regulation of frizzled-2 signalling pathway
inhibition of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the frizzled-2 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
positive regulation of frizzled-2 signalling pathway
up regulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
up-regulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
upregulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
activation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
stimulation of frizzled-2 signaling pathway
positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway
Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression.
down regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
down-regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
downregulation of gene expression, epigenetic
inhibition of gene expression, epigenetic
negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
Any epigenetic process that activates or increases the rate of gene expression.
up regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
up-regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
upregulation of gene expression, epigenetic
activation of gene expression, epigenetic
stimulation of gene expression, epigenetic
positive regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
down regulation of glycogen catabolic process
down-regulation of glycogen catabolic process
downregulation of glycogen catabolic process
negative regulation of glycogen breakdown
negative regulation of glycogen catabolism
negative regulation of glycogen degradation
inhibition of glycogen catabolic process
negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
positive regulation of glycogen breakdown
positive regulation of glycogen catabolism
positive regulation of glycogen degradation
up regulation of glycogen catabolic process
up-regulation of glycogen catabolic process
upregulation of glycogen catabolic process
activation of glycogen catabolic process
stimulation of glycogen catabolic process
positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
negative regulation of cardiac contraction
negative regulation of heart contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
positive regulation of cardiac contraction
positive regulation of heart contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.
down regulation of innate immune response
down-regulation of innate immune response
downregulation of innate immune response
negative regulation of innate immune response
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
down regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
down-regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
downregulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolism
inhibition of isoprenoid metabolic process
negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
positive regulation of isoprenoid metabolism
up regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
up-regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
upregulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
activation of isoprenoid metabolic process
stimulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
positive regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
negative regulation of class switch recombination
negative regulation of isotype switch recombination
negative regulation of isotype switching
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
positive regulation of class switch recombination
positive regulation of isotype switch recombination
positive regulation of isotype switching
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity.
down regulation of light-activated channel activity
down-regulation of light-activated channel activity
downregulation of light-activated channel activity
inhibition of light-activated channel activity
negative regulation of light-activated channel activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity.
up regulation of light-activated channel activity
up-regulation of light-activated channel activity
upregulation of light-activated channel activity
activation of light-activated channel activity
stimulation of light-activated channel activity
positive regulation of light-activated channel activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
down regulation of lipid metabolic process
down-regulation of lipid metabolic process
downregulation of lipid metabolic process
negative regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
up regulation of lipid metabolic process
up-regulation of lipid metabolic process
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
negative regulation of membrane potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
positive regulation of membrane potential
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the mitotic metaphase to anaphase transition.
down regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
down-regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
downregulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
inhibition of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the mitotic metaphase to anaphase transition.
up regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
up-regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
upregulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
activation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
stimulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
down regulation of striated muscle development
down-regulation of striated muscle development
downregulation of striated muscle development
inhibition of striated muscle development
negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
up regulation of striated muscle development
up-regulation of striated muscle development
upregulation of striated muscle development
activation of striated muscle development
stimulation of striated muscle development
positive regulation of striated muscle tissue development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization.
negative regulation of nitrogen utilization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization.
positive regulation of nitrogen utilization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nurse cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of nurse cell apoptosis
negative regulation of nurse cell apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nurse cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of nurse cell apoptosis
positive regulation of nurse cell apoptotic process
Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Any process that increases the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which bicoid mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
down regulation of bicoid mRNA localization
down-regulation of bicoid mRNA localization
downregulation of bicoid mRNA localization
negative regulation of bicoid mRNA localisation
negative regulation of bicoid mRNA localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which bicoid mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
positive regulation of bicoid mRNA localisation
up regulation of bicoid mRNA localization
up-regulation of bicoid mRNA localization
upregulation of bicoid mRNA localization
positive regulation of bicoid mRNA localization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.
down regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
down-regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
downregulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
negative regulation of oocyte pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
negative regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localisation
inhibition of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
negative regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.
positive regulation of oocyte pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
positive regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localisation
up regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
up-regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
upregulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
activation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
stimulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
positive regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
Any heritable epigenetic process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein function by self-perpetuating conformational conversions of normal proteins in healthy cells. This is distinct from, though mechanistically analogous to, disease states associated with prion propagation and amyloidogenesis. A single protein, if it carries a glutamine/asparagine-rich ('prion') domain, can sometimes stably exist in at least two distinct physical states, each associated with a different phenotype; propagation of one of these traits is achieved by a self-perpetuating change in the protein from one form to the other, mediated by conformational changes in the glutamine/asparagine-rich domain. Prion domains are both modular and transferable to other proteins, on which they can confer a heritable epigenetic alteration of function; existing bioinformatics data indicate that they are rare in non-eukarya, but common in eukarya.
down regulation of protein activity, epigenetic
down-regulation of protein activity, epigenetic
downregulation of protein activity, epigenetic
negative regulation of protein activity, epigenetic
inhibition of protein activity, epigenetic
negative regulation of molecular function, epigenetic
Any heritable epigenetic process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein function by self-perpetuating conformational conversions of normal proteins in healthy cells. This is distinct from, though mechanistically analogous to, disease states associated with prion propagation and amyloidogenesis. A single protein, if it carries a glutamine/asparagine-rich ('prion') domain, can sometimes stably exist in at least two distinct physical states, each associated with a different phenotype; propagation of one of these traits is achieved by a self-perpetuating change in the protein from one form to the other, mediated by conformational changes in the glutamine/asparagine-rich domain. Prion domains are both modular and transferable to other proteins, on which they can confer a heritable epigenetic alteration of function; existing bioinformatics data indicate that they are rare in non-eukarya, but common in eukarya.
positive regulation of protein activity, epigenetic
up regulation of protein activity, epigenetic
up-regulation of protein activity, epigenetic
upregulation of protein activity, epigenetic
activation of protein activity, epigenetic
stimulation of protein activity, epigenetic
positive regulation of molecular function, epigenetic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
up regulation of protein kinase activity
up-regulation of protein kinase activity
positive regulation of protein kinase activity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine.
down regulation of pteridine metabolic process
down-regulation of pteridine metabolic process
downregulation of pteridine metabolic process
negative regulation of pteridine metabolism
inhibition of pteridine metabolic process
negative regulation of pteridine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine.
positive regulation of pteridine metabolism
up regulation of pteridine metabolic process
up-regulation of pteridine metabolic process
upregulation of pteridine metabolic process
activation of pteridine metabolic process
stimulation of pteridine metabolic process
positive regulation of pteridine metabolic process
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the DNA of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the DNA of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA.
positive regulation of recombination within rDNA repeats
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication.
down regulation of retroviral genome replication
down-regulation of retroviral genome replication
downregulation of retroviral genome replication
inhibition of retroviral genome replication
negative regulation of retroviral genome replication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication.
up regulation of retroviral genome replication
up-regulation of retroviral genome replication
upregulation of retroviral genome replication
activation of retroviral genome replication
stimulation of retroviral genome replication
positive regulation of retroviral genome replication
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression.
down regulation of rhodopsin gene activity
down-regulation of rhodopsin gene activity
downregulation of rhodopsin gene activity
negative regulation of rhodopsin gene activity
negative regulation of rhodopsin gene expression
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression.
positive regulation of rhodopsin gene activity
up regulation of rhodopsin gene activity
up-regulation of rhodopsin gene activity
positive regulation of rhodopsin gene expression
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the sevenless signaling pathway.
down regulation of sevenless signaling pathway
down-regulation of sevenless signaling pathway
downregulation of sevenless signaling pathway
negative regulation of sev signaling pathway
negative regulation of sevenless signalling pathway
inhibition of sevenless signaling pathway
negative regulation of sevenless signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the sevenless signaling pathway.
positive regulation of sev signaling pathway
positive regulation of sevenless signalling pathway
up regulation of sevenless signaling pathway
up-regulation of sevenless signaling pathway
upregulation of sevenless signaling pathway
activation of sevenless signaling pathway
stimulation of sevenless signaling pathway
positive regulation of sevenless signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.
down regulation of sister chromatid cohesion
down-regulation of sister chromatid cohesion
downregulation of sister chromatid cohesion
negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.
up regulation of sister chromatid cohesion
up-regulation of sister chromatid cohesion
upregulation of sister chromatid cohesion
stimulation of sister chromatid cohesion
positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.
down regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
down-regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
downregulation of smoothened signaling pathway
negative regulation of hedgehog signaling pathway
negative regulation of hh signaling pathway
negative regulation of smoothened signalling pathway
inhibition of smoothened signaling pathway
negative regulation of smoothened by patched
negative regulation of smoothened activity
negative regulation of smoothened receptor activity by patched
negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.
positive regulation of hedgehog signaling pathway
positive regulation of hh signaling pathway
positive regulation of smoothened signalling pathway
up regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
up-regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
upregulation of smoothened signaling pathway
activation of smoothened signaling pathway
stimulation of smoothened signaling pathway
positive regulation of smoothened by patched
positive regulation of smoothened receptor activity by patched
positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation.
positive regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization.
negative regulation of sulphur utilization
negative regulation of sulfur utilization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization.
positive regulation of sulphur utilization
positive regulation of sulfur utilization
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level.
regulation of survival gene product activity
regulation of survival gene product expression
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level.
activation of survival gene product activity
positive regulation of survival gene product activity
positive regulation of survival gene products
up regulation of survival gene product activity
up-regulation of survival gene product activity
upregulation of survival gene product activity
stimulation of survival gene product activity
positive regulation of survival gene product expression
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.
down regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
down-regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
downregulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
inhibition of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
negative regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.
up regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
up-regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
upregulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
activation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
stimulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
positive regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the Polycomb group.
regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (Polycomb group)
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the Polycomb group.
positive regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (Polycomb group)
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the trithorax group.
regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (trithorax group)
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the trithorax group.
negative regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (trithorax group)
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription.
down regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
down-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
downregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
negative regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
inhibition of transcription, DNA-dependent
down regulation of gene-specific transcription
down-regulation of gene-specific transcription
downregulation of gene-specific transcription
inhibition of gene-specific transcription
negative regulation of gene-specific transcription
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription.
positive regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
up regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
up-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
upregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
activation of transcription, DNA-dependent
stimulation of gene-specific transcription
stimulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
activation of gene-specific transcription
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription
up regulation of gene-specific transcription
up-regulation of gene-specific transcription
upregulation of gene-specific transcription
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Any mating-type specific process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cellular DNA-dependent transcription.
down regulation of transcription, mating-type specific
down-regulation of transcription, mating-type specific
downregulation of transcription, mating-type specific
inhibition of transcription, mating-type specific
negative regulation of mating-type specific transcription, DNA-dependent
Any mating-type specific process that activates or increases the rate of cellular DNA-dependent transcription.
up regulation of transcription, mating-type specific
up-regulation of transcription, mating-type specific
upregulation of transcription, mating-type specific
activation of transcription, mating-type specific
stimulation of transcription, mating-type specific
positive regulation of mating-type specific transcription, DNA-dependent
A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during mitosis.
regulation of transcription during mitosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during mitosis.
positive regulation of transcription, mitotic
up regulation of transcription during mitosis
up-regulation of transcription during mitosis
upregulation of transcription during mitosis
activation of transcription during mitosis
stimulation of transcription during mitosis
positive regulation of transcription during mitosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.
regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex assembly
regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex biosynthesis
regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex formation
regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex assembly
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex biosynthesis
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex formation
up regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
up-regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
upregulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
activation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
stimulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
down regulation of translational elongation
down-regulation of translational elongation
downregulation of translational elongation
negative regulation of translational elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
up regulation of translational elongation
up-regulation of translational elongation
upregulation of translational elongation
positive regulation of translational elongation
Any process that decreases the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.
down regulation of translational fidelity
down-regulation of translational fidelity
downregulation of translational fidelity
negative regulation of translational fidelity
Any process that increases the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.
positive regulation of translational fidelity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
down regulation of translational termination
down-regulation of translational termination
downregulation of translational termination
negative regulation of translational termination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
up regulation of translational termination
up-regulation of translational termination
upregulation of translational termination
stimulation of translational termination
positive regulation of translational termination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasodilation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasodilation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
negative regulation of DNA recombination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
positive regulation of DNA recombination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
down regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
downregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
inhibition of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
up regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
upregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
activation of carbohydrate metabolic process
stimulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
down regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
down-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
downregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolism
inhibition of catecholamine metabolic process
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolism
up regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
up-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
upregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
activation of catecholamine metabolic process
stimulation of catecholamine metabolic process
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
down regulation of complement activation
down-regulation of complement activation
negative regulation of complement cascade
negative regulation of complement activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
positive regulation of complement cascade
positive regulation of complement activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
down regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
down-regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
downregulation of fatty acid metabolic process
negative regulation of fatty acid metabolism
inhibition of fatty acid metabolic process
negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolism
up regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
up-regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
upregulation of fatty acid metabolic process
activation of fatty acid metabolic process
stimulation of fatty acid metabolic process
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the willingness or readiness of a female to receive male advances.
Any process that activates or increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances.
positive regulation of female receptivity
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
down-regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
downregulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone metabolism
inhibition of juvenile hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.
positive regulation of juvenile hormone metabolism
up regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
up-regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
upregulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
activation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
stimulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
positive regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
activation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
negative regulation of muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
positive regulation of muscle contraction
Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
down regulation of phosphate metabolic process
down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
downregulation of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolism
inhibition of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
positive regulation of phosphate metabolism
up regulation of phosphate metabolic process
up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
upregulation of phosphate metabolic process
activation of phosphate metabolic process
stimulation of phosphate metabolic process
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
down regulation of steroid metabolic process
down-regulation of steroid metabolic process
downregulation of steroid metabolic process
negative regulation of steroid metabolism
negative regulation of steroid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
positive regulation of steroid metabolism
up regulation of steroid metabolic process
up-regulation of steroid metabolic process
upregulation of steroid metabolic process
stimulation of steroid metabolic process
positive regulation of steroid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorus utilization.
down regulation of phosphorus utilization
down-regulation of phosphorus utilization
downregulation of phosphorus utilization
negative regulation of phosphorus utilization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
positive regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
stimulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
activation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global
up regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter.
positive regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
down regulation of translational initiation
down-regulation of translational initiation
downregulation of translational initiation
negative regulation of translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
up regulation of translational initiation
up-regulation of translational initiation
upregulation of translational initiation
positive regulation of translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorus utilization.
positive regulation of phosphorus utilization
Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.
down regulation of mitotic recombination
down-regulation of mitotic recombination
negative regulation of mitotic recombination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic recombination
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormone.
regulation of juvenile hormone breakdown
regulation of juvenile hormone catabolism
regulation of juvenile hormone degradation
regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.
down regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing
inhibition of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing
up regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
upregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
activation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
stimulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.
down regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
down-regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
downregulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
inhibition of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.
up regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
up-regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
upregulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
activation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
stimulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway.
down regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
down-regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
downregulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
negative regulation of complement cascade, alternative pathway
inhibition of complement activation, alternative pathway
negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway.
positive regulation of complement cascade, alternative pathway
up regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
up-regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
upregulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
activation of complement activation, alternative pathway
stimulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
positive regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.
down regulation of complement activation, classical pathway
down-regulation of complement activation, classical pathway
downregulation of complement activation, classical pathway
negative regulation of complement cascade, classical pathway
inhibition of complement activation, classical pathway
negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.
positive regulation of complement cascade, classical pathway
up regulation of complement activation, classical pathway
up-regulation of complement activation, classical pathway
upregulation of complement activation, classical pathway
activation of complement activation, classical pathway
stimulation of complement activation, classical pathway
positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway
Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and decreases the rate at which this time point is reached.
down regulation of development, heterochronic
down-regulation of development, heterochronic
downregulation of development, heterochronic
inhibition of development, heterochronic
negative regulation of development, heterochronic
Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and increases the rate at which this time point is reached.
up regulation of development, heterochronic
up-regulation of development, heterochronic
upregulation of development, heterochronic
activation of development, heterochronic
stimulation of development, heterochronic
positive regulation of development, heterochronic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
down regulation of dopamine metabolic process
down-regulation of dopamine metabolic process
downregulation of dopamine metabolic process
negative regulation of dopamine metabolism
inhibition of dopamine metabolic process
negative regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
positive regulation of dopamine metabolism
up regulation of dopamine metabolic process
up-regulation of dopamine metabolic process
upregulation of dopamine metabolic process
activation of dopamine metabolic process
stimulation of dopamine metabolic process
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids.
down regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
down-regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
downregulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid metabolism
inhibition of ecdysteroid metabolic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids.
positive regulation of ecdysteroid metabolism
up regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
up-regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
upregulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
activation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
stimulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
positive regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
Any process that reduces the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
down-regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
downregulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism
negative regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis
negative regulation of juvenile hormone formation
negative regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis
inhibition of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.
positive regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism
positive regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis
positive regulation of juvenile hormone formation
positive regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis
up regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
up-regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
upregulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
activation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
stimulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
down-regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
downregulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone breakdown
negative regulation of juvenile hormone catabolism
negative regulation of juvenile hormone degradation
inhibition of juvenile hormone catabolic process
negative regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormone.
positive regulation of juvenile hormone breakdown
positive regulation of juvenile hormone catabolism
positive regulation of juvenile hormone degradation
up regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
up-regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
upregulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
activation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
stimulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
positive regulation of juvenile hormone catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of juvenile hormone.
down regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
down-regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
downregulation of juvenile hormone secretion
inhibition of juvenile hormone secretion
negative regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of juvenile hormone.
up regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
up-regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
upregulation of juvenile hormone secretion
activation of juvenile hormone secretion
stimulation of juvenile hormone secretion
positive regulation of juvenile hormone secretion
Any process, mediated by small non-coding RNAs, that modulates the frequency, rate or extent that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.
regulation of translation, ncRNA-mediated
Any process, mediated by small non-coding RNAs, that activates or increases the rate that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.
up regulation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
up-regulation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
upregulation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
activation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
stimulation of mRNA translation, ncRNA-mediated
positive regulation of translation, ncRNA-mediated
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
up-regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
upregulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
activation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
stimulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
down regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
downregulation of nucleoside metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleoside metabolism
inhibition of nucleoside metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
positive regulation of nucleoside metabolism
up regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
upregulation of nucleoside metabolic process
activation of nucleoside metabolic process
stimulation of nucleoside metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
downregulation of nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolism
inhibition of nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide metabolism
up regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
upregulation of nucleotide metabolic process
activation of nucleotide metabolic process
stimulation of nucleotide metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases.
down regulation of purine base metabolic process
down-regulation of purine base metabolic process
downregulation of purine base metabolic process
negative regulation of purine base metabolic process
negative regulation of purine base metabolism
inhibition of purine base metabolic process
negative regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purine bases.
positive regulation of purine base metabolic process
positive regulation of purine base metabolism
up regulation of purine base metabolic process
up-regulation of purine base metabolic process
upregulation of purine base metabolic process
activation of purine base metabolic process
stimulation of purine base metabolic process
positive regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases.
down regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
down-regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
downregulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
negative regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
negative regulation of pyrimidine base metabolism
inhibition of pyrimidine base metabolic process
negative regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases.
positive regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
positive regulation of pyrimidine base metabolism
up regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
up-regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
upregulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
activation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
stimulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process
positive regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
down regulation of smooth muscle contraction
down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction
downregulation of smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
up regulation of smooth muscle contraction
up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction
upregulation of smooth muscle contraction
stimulation of smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
down regulation of striated muscle contraction
down-regulation of striated muscle contraction
downregulation of striated muscle contraction
inhibition of striated muscle contraction
negative regulation of striated muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
up regulation of striated muscle contraction
up-regulation of striated muscle contraction
upregulation of striated muscle contraction
activation of striated muscle contraction
stimulation of striated muscle contraction
positive regulation of striated muscle contraction
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
regulation of transcription by carbon catabolites
carbon catabolite regulation of transcription
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
positive regulation of transcription by carbon catabolites
carbon catabolite activation of transcription
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
down regulation of embryonic development
down-regulation of embryonic development
negative regulation of embryonic development
Any process involving iron that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translational initiation.
down regulation of translational initiation by iron
down-regulation of translational initiation by iron
downregulation of translational initiation by iron
inhibition of translational initiation by iron
negative regulation of translational initiation by iron
Any process involving iron that activates or increases the rate of translational initiation.
up regulation of translational initiation by iron
up-regulation of translational initiation by iron
upregulation of translational initiation by iron
activation of translational initiation by iron
stimulation of translational initiation by iron
positive regulation of translational initiation by iron
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
Any process involving pheromones that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription.
down regulation of transcription by pheromones
down-regulation of transcription by pheromones
downregulation of transcription by pheromones
inhibition of transcription by pheromones
negative regulation of transcription by pheromones
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.
down regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
downregulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid anabolism
negative regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis
negative regulation of ecdysteroid formation
negative regulation of ecdysteroid synthesis
inhibition of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.
positive regulation of ecdysteroid anabolism
positive regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis
positive regulation of ecdysteroid formation
positive regulation of ecdysteroid synthesis
up regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
upregulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
activation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
stimulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid.
down regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
down-regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
negative regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid.
positive regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
activation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of syncytial blastoderm cell cycle progression
inhibition of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of syncytial blastoderm cell cycle progression
up regulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
activation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.
regulation of activated T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of activated T-cell proliferation
regulation of activated T-lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of activated T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.
down regulation of activated T cell proliferation
down-regulation of activated T cell proliferation
downregulation of activated T cell proliferation
negative regulation of activated T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of activated T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of activated T-lymphocyte proliferation
inhibition of activated T cell proliferation
negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating.
regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
Any process that increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating.
up regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
up-regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
upregulation of female receptivity, post-mating
activation of female receptivity, post-mating
stimulation of female receptivity, post-mating
positive regulation of female receptivity, post-mating
Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oskar mRNA translation. To ensure the localization of Oskar protein at the posterior pole of the oocyte, translation of oskar mRNA is repressed during its transport to the posterior pole and activated upon localization of the mRNA at the posterior cortex.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oskar mRNA translation.
positive regulation of oskar mRNA translation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
regulation of resting T cell proliferation
regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
down regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
down-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
downregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of resting T cell proliferation
inhibition of T cell homeostatic proliferation
negative regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation
Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.
Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
up regulation of transcription by glucose
up-regulation of transcription by glucose
upregulation of transcription by glucose
positive regulation of transcription by glucose
A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis.
mitotic regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter
regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter during mitosis
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter, mitotic
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis.
mitotic activation of transcription from Pol I promoter
positive regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter during mitosis
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter, mitotic
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
Any process involving pheromones that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter by pheromones
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
Any process involving pheromones that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter by pheromones
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis.
mitotic regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter, mitotic
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, mitotic
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis.
mitotic activation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter during mitosis
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, mitotic
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis.
mitotic regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter
regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter, mitotic
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter, mitotic
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis.
mitotic activation of transcription from Pol III promoter
positive regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter during mitosis
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter, mitotic
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-6Y = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-8X + CO2.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:1-precorrin-6Y C5,15-methyltransferase (C-12-decarboxylating)
precorrin-6Y C5,15-methyltransferase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-4 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin 5.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:precorrin-4 C11 methyltransferase activity
precorrin-4 C11-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phospholipid + 1,2-diacylglycerol = lysophospholipid + triacylglycerol.
phospholipid:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase activity
phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity
Enables the directed movement of electrons from the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.
electron transporter, transferring electrons from cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannitol + NAD(+) = D-mannose + H(+) + NADH.
NAD-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol bisphosphate + phosphate.
inositol trisphosphate phosphatase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving CTP, cytidine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving IMP, inosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ITP, inosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ITP, inosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving TTP, ribosylthymine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of TTP, ribosylthymine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UMP, uridine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UMP, uridine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolic process
adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUMP, deoxyuridine (5'-)monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUMP, deoxyuridine (5'-)monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
deoxyribosylthymine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine, guanine riboside, a nucleoside with a wide species distribution.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, guanine riboside, a nucleoside with a wide species distribution.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 7-methylguanosine, a modified nucleoside that forms a cap at the 5'-terminus of eukaryotic mRNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 7-methylguanosine, a modified nucleoside that forms a cap at the 5'-terminus of eukaryotic mRNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
purine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine deoxyribonucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
purine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
purine deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside metabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside anabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside formation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside synthesis
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside breakdown
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside catabolism
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside degradation
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
pyrimidine nucleoside biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
positive regulation of vitamin metabolism
up regulation of vitamin metabolic process
up-regulation of vitamin metabolic process
upregulation of vitamin metabolic process
stimulation of vitamin metabolic process
positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
down regulation of vitamin metabolic process
down-regulation of vitamin metabolic process
downregulation of vitamin metabolic process
negative regulation of vitamin metabolism
negative regulation of vitamin metabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
coenzyme and prosthetic group degradation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of corrin, C19H22N4, the fundamental heterocyclic skeleton of the corrinoids. It consists of four reduced pyrrole rings joined into a macrocyclic ring. Corrin is the core of the vitamin B12 molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of corrin, C19H22N4, the fundamental heterocyclic skeleton of the corrinoids. It consists of four reduced pyrrole rings joined into a macrocyclic ring. Corrin is the core of the vitamin B12 molecule.
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
negative regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
positive regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-alanine and related amino acids.
D-alanine family amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-alanine and related amino acids.
D-alanine family amino acid biosynthesis
D-alanine family amino acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ocellus pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ocellus pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate biosynthetic process
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
glycerol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methanol, CH3-OH, a colorless, flammable, mobile, poisonous liquid, widely used as a solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methanol, CH3-OH, a colorless, flammable, mobile, poisonous liquid, widely used as a solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of octanol, the 8-carbon alcohol with the formula C8H17OH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octanol, the 8-carbon alcohol with the formula C8H17OH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic phenol-containing compound anabolism
aerobic phenol-containing compound biosynthesis
aerobic phenol-containing compound formation
aerobic phenol-containing compound synthesis
aerobic phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic phenol-containing compound breakdown
aerobic phenol-containing compound catabolism
aerobic phenol-containing compound degradation
aerobic phenol-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic phenol-containing compound anabolism
anaerobic phenol-containing compound biosynthesis
anaerobic phenol-containing compound formation
anaerobic phenol-containing compound synthesis
anaerobic phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic phenol-containing compound breakdown
anaerobic phenol-containing compound catabolism
anaerobic phenol-containing compound degradation
anaerobic phenol-containing compound catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pentachlorophenol, a chlorinated insecticide and fungicide used primarily to protect timber from fungal rot and wood boring insects. Pentachlorophenol is significantly toxic to mammals, plants, and many microorganisms.
This term was made obsolete because pentachlorophenol is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-nitrophenol, a nitroaromatic compound which is used in the production of dyes, leather treatment agents, fungicides and as an intermediate in the production of the insecticide parathion.
This term was made obsolete because 4-nitrophenol is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-nitrophenol, a nitroaromatic compound which is used in the production of dyes, leather treatment agents, fungicides and as an intermediate in the production of the insecticide parathion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol), an aromatic compound derived from the fermentation of lichen and synthesized by some higher plants.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cresol, a mixture of the aromatic alcohol isoforms o-, p-, and m-cresol, which is obtained from coal tar or petroleum. The isomers are used as disinfectants, textile scouring agents, surfactants and as intermediates in the manufacture of salicylaldehyde, coumarin, and herbicides as well as being a major component of creosote.
This term was made obsolete because cresol is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cresol, a mixture of the aromatic alcohol isoforms o-, p-, and m-cresol, which is obtained from coal tar or petroleum. The isomers are used as disinfectants, textile scouring agents, surfactants and as intermediates in the manufacture of salicylaldehyde, coumarin, and herbicides as well as being a major component of creosote.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol.
This term was made obsolete because m-cresol is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trypanothione (N1,N6,-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine), an essential redox intermediate in intracellular thiol redox regulation which also plays a role in protecting against oxidative stress.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trypanothione (N1,N6,-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine), an essential redox intermediate in intracellular thiol redox regulation which also plays a role in protecting against oxidative stress.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene ketone.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methyl ethyl ketone, a clear, colorless liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor. It is used as a solvent and in making plastics, textiles and paints.
This term was made obsolete because methyl ethyl ketone is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
methyl ethyl ketone biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methyl ethyl ketone, a clear, colorless liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bacteriocins, any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a bacteriocin, any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a chlorinated aromatic compound widely used as a herbicide.
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid anabolism
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid biosynthesis
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid formation
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid synthesis
This term was made obsolete because 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a chlorinated aromatic compound widely used as a herbicide.
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid breakdown
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid catabolism
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, an aromatic sulfonate used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.
2-aminobenzenesulphonate biosynthetic process
This term was made obsolete because 2-aminobenzenesulfonate is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
2-aminobenzenesulfonate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, an aromatic sulfonate used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.
2-aminobenzenesulphonate catabolic process
2-aminobenzenesulfonate catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbazole, a heterocyclic aromatic compound containing a dibenzopyrrole system that is produced during coal gasification and is present in cigarette smoke. Coal tar produced at high temperature contains an average of 1.5% carbazole. It is used widely in synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and plastics and is a suspected carcinogen.
This term was made obsolete because carbazole is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbazole, a heterocyclic aromatic compound containing a dibenzopyrrole system that is produced during coal gasification and is present in cigarette smoke. Coal tar produced at high temperature contains an average of 1.5% carbazole. It is used widely in synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and plastics and is a suspected carcinogen.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-hydroxyphenylacetate, 1,3-benzenediol monoacetate, also known as resorcinol monoacetate.
This term was made obsolete because 3-hydroxyphenylacetate is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
3-hydroxyphenylacetate biosynthetic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fluorene, a tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing a five-membered ring. It is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives and is also a by-product of coal-conversion and energy-related industries. It is commonly found in vehicle exhaust emissions, crude oils, motor oils, coal and oil combustion products, waste incineration, and industrial effluents.
This term was made obsolete because fluorene is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gallate, the anion of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
This term was made obsolete because phenanthrene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phthalate, any ester or salt of phthalic acid.
This term was made obsolete because phthalates are not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phthalate, the anion of phthalic acid.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylene, a mixture of three colorless, aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, ortho-, meta- and para-xylene.
This term was made obsolete because xylene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of m-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
This term was made obsolete because m-xylene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of o-xylene, (1,2-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
This term was made obsolete because o-xylene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene), a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.
This term was made obsolete because p-xylene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of styrene, an aromatic hydrocarbon liquid used in the manufacture of polystyrene.
This term was made obsolete because styrene is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons made up of isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons made up of isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-pinene, a monoterpene that may be a significant factor affecting bacterial activities in nature.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alpha-pinene, a monoterpene that may be a significant factor affecting bacterial activities in nature.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products.
This term was made obsolete because toluene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products, in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products, in the absence of oxygen.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.
This term was made obsolete because 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, a highly explosive pale yellow crystalline solid.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, a highly explosive pale yellow crystalline solid, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene anabolism
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene biosynthesis
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene formation
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene synthesis
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, a highly explosive pale yellow crystalline solid, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene breakdown
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene catabolism
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene degradation
anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trinitrotoluene, a methylated benzene molecule with three NO2 groups attached to it.
This term was made obsolete because trinitrotoluene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trinitrotoluene, a methylated benzene entity with three NO2 groups attached to it. This includes the explosive TNT, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-nitrotoluene, 1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene.
This term was made obsolete because 4-nitrotoluene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitrotoluene, any methylbenzene molecule with NO2 group(s) attached.
This term was made obsolete because nitrotoluene is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitrotoluene, any methylbenzene molecule with NO2 group(s) attached.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiocyanate, any anion or salt of thiocyanic acid.
This term was made obsolete because thiocyanates are not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiocyanate, any anion of thiocyanic acid.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triethanolamine, a combustible, hygroscopic, colorless liquid commonly used in dry-cleaning solutions, cosmetics, detergents, textile processing, wool scouring, and as a corrosion inhibitor and pharmaceutical alkalizing agent.
This term was made obsolete because triethanolamine is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triethanolamine, a combustible, hygroscopic, colorless liquid commonly used in dry-cleaning solutions, cosmetics, detergents, textile processing, wool scouring, and as a corrosion inhibitor and pharmaceutical alkalizing agent.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toluene-4-sulfonate, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, the anion of sulfonic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.
toluene-4-sulphonate biosynthetic process
This term was made obsolete because toluene-4-sulfonate is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
toluene-4-sulfonate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene-4-sulfonate, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, the anion of sulfonic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-toluenecarboxylate, 4-methylbenzenecarboxylate, the anion of carboxylic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.
This term was made obsolete because 4-toluenecarboxylate is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
4-toluenecarboxylate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lignins, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving protocatechuate, the anion of protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protocatechuate, the anion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid.
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins that occur in plants. They are responsible from most of the scarlet, purple, mauve and blue coloring in higher plants, especially of flowers.
anthocyanin-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.
anthocyanin-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids, containing a flavan skeleton. They are differentiated from flavonoids by the point of attachment of the aromatic ring group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
isoflavonoid phytoalexin metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
isoflavonoid phytoalexin catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 6-hydroxycineole (6-hydroxy-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane), a hydrocarbon with the formula C10H18O2.
6-endo-hydroxycineole biosynthetic process
This term was made obsolete because 6-hydroxycineole is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, a chlorinated aromatic compound which is a key intermediate in the aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
This term was made obsolete because 2,4-dichlorobenzoate is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
2,4-dichlorobenzoate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, a chlorinated aromatic compound which is a key intermediate in the aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a chlorinated phenoxy compound which functions as a systemic herbicide and is used to control many types of broadleaf weeds.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid anabolism
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid biosynthesis
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid formation
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid synthesis
This term was made obsolete because 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a chlorinated phenoxy compound which functions as a systemic herbicide and is used to control many types of broadleaf weeds.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid breakdown
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid catabolism
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide, an acylanide herbicide widely used to protect corn, onion, cabbage, rose bushes, and ornamental plants.
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide anabolism
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide biosynthesis
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide formation
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide synthesis
This term was made obsolete because 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide is not synthesized by living organisms and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide, an acylanide herbicide widely used to protect corn, onion, cabbage, rose bushes, and ornamental plants.
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide breakdown
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide catabolism
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide degradation
2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide catabolic process
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-nitropropane, a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, fruity odor.
This term was made obsolete because 2-nitropropane is not synthesized by living organisms, and GO does not cover non-biological processes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-nitropropane, a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, fruity odor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of Z-phenylacetaldoxime, a member of the glucosinolate group of compounds.
Z-phenylacetaldoxime biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of Z-phenylacetaldoxime, a member of the glucosinolate group of compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP), a halohydrin suspected of being carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic.
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP), a halohydrin suspected of being carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic.
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphoarginine, a phosphorylated derivative of the amino acid arginine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphoarginine, a phosphorylated derivative of the amino acid arginine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + ATP = 6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:D-gluconate 6-phosphotransferase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramide.
regulation of glucosylceramide anabolism
regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthesis
regulation of glucosylceramide formation
regulation of glucosylceramide synthesis
regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramide.
down regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
downregulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glucosylceramide anabolism
negative regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthesis
negative regulation of glucosylceramide formation
negative regulation of glucosylceramide synthesis
inhibition of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramide.
positive regulation of glucosylceramide anabolism
positive regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthesis
positive regulation of glucosylceramide formation
positive regulation of glucosylceramide synthesis
up regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
upregulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
activation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
stimulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.
positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.
negative regulation of fatty acid oxidation
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, from other compounds, including pyruvate.
glycerol biosynthetic process from pyruvate
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SMAD signaling protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes.
phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.
phosphatidylethanolamine catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues. DAG is a normal intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl phospholipids and is released from them by phospholipase C activity. DAG from phosphatidyl inositol polyphosphates is important in signal transduction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. It is a common intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving streptomycin, a commonly used antibiotic in cell culture media. It acts only on prokaryotes and blocks transition from initiation complex to chain elongating ribosome.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + aminoglycoside = CoA + 3-N-acetylaminoglycoside. This is acetylation of the 3-amino group of the central deoxystreptamine ring.
3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:2-deoxystreptamine-antibiotic N3'-acetyltransferase activity
gentamycin 3'-N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:gentamicin-C N3'-acetyltransferase activity
gentamicin 3'-N-acetyltransferase activity
gentamicin-(3)-N-acetyltransferase activity
3'-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase activity
aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(3)-1
aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(3)-I activity
aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannan, the main hemicellulose of soft (coniferous) wood, made up of D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannan, the main hemicellulose of soft (coniferous) wood, made up of D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactarate, the anion of galactaric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribitol, a pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ribitol, a pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of allose, allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose, differing only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group of C-3.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of allose, allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose, differing only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group of C-3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose. D-arabinose occurs in plant glycosides and is a constituent of arabinonucleosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose. L-arabinose occurs free, e.g. in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving teichoic acid, any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol, a substance composed of mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol metabolism
GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, fucose and glucuronic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
enterobacterial common antigen metabolism
enterobacterial common antigen metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.
extracellular polysaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
N-acetylneuraminate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving CMP-N-acetylneuraminate, a substance composed of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-D-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.
deoxyribose 1-phosphate metabolic process
2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
deoxyribose phosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate, the diphosphorylated sugar 1,5-diphospho-2-deoxyribose.
deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose 5-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 5-phospho-2-deoxyribose.
deoxyribose 5-phosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.
5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate metabolism
5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactarate, the anion of galactaric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-galactarate, the D-enantiomer of galactarate, the anion of galactaric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-galacturonate, the D-enantiomer of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid is a component of plant gums and bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronate, the anion of glucuronic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, an acidic sugar present in lipopolysaccharides of the outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria.
keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid metabolism
keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues. The structure of this core oligosaccharide appears to be similar in closely related bacterial strains.
lipopolysaccharide core region metabolism
lipopolysaccharide core region metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = a polynucleotide + phosphate. Hydrolyzes the free 3'-phosphate resulting from single strand breaks in DNA due to oxidative damage.
5'-polynucleotidekinase 3'-phosphatase activity
deoxyribonucleate 3'-phosphatase activity
polynucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-DNA.
ATP-dependent polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity
ATP-dependent DNA 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity
ATP:5'-dephosphopolydeoxyribonucleotide 5'-phosphotransferase activity
ATP-dependent polydeoxyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol = 3-hydroxypropanal + H2O.
glycerol hydro-lyase (3-hydroxypropanal-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + magnesium protoporphyrin IX = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+) + magnesium protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester.
(-)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine:magnesium-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase activity
Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Mg protoporphyrin methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:magnesium-protoporphyrin O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:magnesium-protoporphyrin-IX O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine-magnesium protoporphyrin methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethioninemagnesium protoporphyrin methyltransferase activity
magnesium-protoporphyrin O-methyltransferase activity
magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + 2 H(+) + phytyl diphosphate = chlorophyll a + diphosphate.
chlorophyllide-a:phytyl-diphosphate phytyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: shikimate or quinate ester of p-coumaric acid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = caffeic acid conjugate (caffeoyl shikimic acid or chlorogenic acid) + H2O + NADP+.
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + isochorismate = 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate + pyruvate + CO2.
This term was made obsolete because it was derived from an EC entry (2.5.1.64) that has since been split into two entries.
2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase activity
The directed movement of 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenylmercury acetate, an organomercurial compound composed of a mercury atom attached to a benzene ring and an acetate group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organomercury compounds, any organic compound containing a mercury atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organomercury compounds, any organic compound containing a mercury atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chorismate, the anion of (3R-trans)-3-((1-carboxyethenyl)oxy)-4-hydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nopaline, (N-(I-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)glutamic acid), a rare amino-acid derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving octopine, (N-(1-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)-L-alanine), an amino acid derived opine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate = pyruvate + succinate.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate pyruvate-lyase (succinate-forming)
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate pyruvate-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: violaxanthin + 2 ascorbate = zeaxanthin + 2 dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O; and antheraxanthin + ascorbate = zeaxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H2O.
violaxanthin:ascorbate oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z,13S,15Z)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate.
(9Z)-(13S)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate isomerase (cyclizing)
Catalysis of the reaction: ferulic acid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 5-hydroxyferulic acid + H2O + NADP+.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + polyprenylpyrophosphate = dimethylmenaquinone + diphosphate + CO2.
1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphtoate prenyltransferase activity
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate + 2 reduced ferredoxin.
(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl-diphosphate:oxidized ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity
(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase activity
1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase activity
1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase activity
4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-phosphorylated forms of glucose.
non-phosphorylated glucose metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (R)-4-hydroxymandelate, the anion of a hydroxylated derivative of mandelate (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetate).
(R)-4-hydroxymandelate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A.
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA metabolism
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-aminoethylphosphonate, most abundant and ubiquitous of naturally occurring phosphonates. It is typically found as a conjugate of glycans, lipids, and proteins, which in turn perform essential biochemical functions in specialized lower organisms.
2-aminoethylphosphonate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate, a hydroxylated derivative of phenylpropionate.
3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate metabolism
3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine, i.e. (2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-cysteine, (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, which occurs naturally in firefly luciferin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-lysine, the D-enantiomer of lysine; i.e. (2R)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aerobactin (C22H36N4O13), a hydroxamate iron transport compound. It is a conjugate of 6-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamine)-2-aminohexanoic acid and citric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving FAD, the oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide.
oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide metabolic process
oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide metabolism
oxidized flavin-adenine dinucleotide metabolic process
oxidized flavin-adenine dinucleotide metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving FMN, riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate), a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.
benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate).
terpenoid indole alkaloid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dethiobiotin, a derivative of biotin formed by replacing the sulfur atom by two hydrogen atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diaminopimelate, the anion of the dicarboxylic acid 2,6-diaminoheptanedioic acid. It is an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis and as a component (as meso-diaminopimelate) of the peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dipyrrins (pyrromethanes), compounds containing two pyrrole rings linked through a methine, -CH=, group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethylsilanediol, the smallest member of the dialkylsilanediols. Dimethylsilanediol is the monomer of polydimethylsiloxane, a compound which can be found in a wide range of industrial and consumer products.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organosilicons, any organic compound that contains silicon.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
short-chain fatty acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. In eukaryotes, these function as carriers of mono- and oligosaccharide residues in the glycosylation of lipids and proteins within intracellular membranes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), a derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a methylated amine group. Present in trace levels in plants and slightly higher in bacteria.
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine metabolism
phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.
platelet activating factor metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 mono-beta-D-galactosyldiacylglycerol = alpha-D-galactosyl-beta-D-galactosyldiacylglycerol + 1,2-diacylglycerol.
digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase activity
3-(beta-D-galactosyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:mono-3-(beta-D-galactosyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
galactolipid-galactolipid galactosyltransferase activity
galactolipid:galactolipid galactosyltransferase activity
interlipid galactosyltransferase activity
galactolipid galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + UDP-D-galactose = 3-[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-galactosyl]-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-galactose-dependent DGDG synthase activity
UDP-galactose-dependent digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase activity
UDP-galactose:3-(beta-D-galactosyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 6-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:MGDG galactosyltransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid, a compound which some organisms, e.g. prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes, and plants, can synthesize de novo. Others, notably mammals, cannot. In yeast, it is present as a factor in the B complex of vitamins.
para-aminobenzoic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxazole or thiazole, five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen and a sulfur, respectively, in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
isopentenyl pyrophosphate metabolic process
isopentenyl diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-methylmalonyl-CoA, the L-enantiomer of 2-carboxypropanoyl-CoA. S-methylmalonyl-CoA is an intermediate in the beta oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids in animals.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme b, a Fe(II) porphyrin complex readily isolated from the hemoglobin of beef blood, but also found in other proteins including other hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes P-450, catalases, peroxidases as well as b type cytochromes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhizobactin 1021, (E)-4-((3-(acetylhydroxyamino)propyl)-amino)-2-hydroxy-(2-(2-(3-(hydroxy(1-oxo-2-decenyl)amino)propyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid, a siderophore produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.
nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinate (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid, or niacin).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylhomocysteine; the L-enantiomer is formed from S-adenosylmethionine and is a strong inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-mediated methylation reactions. It can be cleaved to form adenosine and homocysteine.
S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt.
S-adenosylmethioninamine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving protoporphyrinogen IX, the specific substrate for the enzyme ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron to form protoheme. It is probably also the substrate for chlorophyll formation.
See also the molecular function term 'ferrochelatase activity ; GO:0004325'.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor for synthesis of vitamin B12, chlorophyll, and heme in organisms that produce these compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfolipids, any compound containing a sulfonic acid residue joined by a carbon-sulfur bond to a lipid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sulfolipid, a compound containing a sulfonic acid residue joined by a carbon-sulfur bond to a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfite + UDP-D-glucose = H(2)O + UDP-6-sulfoquinovose.
UDP-6-sulfo-6-deoxyglucose sulfohydrolase activity
sulfite:UDP-glucose sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-sulfur bond, C-S.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-sulphur bonds
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-sulfur bonds
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + UDP-D-galactose = 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + H(+) + UDP.
UDP galactose-1,2-diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose-diacylglyceride galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-1,2-diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase activity
1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sulfoquinovose + 1,2-diacylglycerol = sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol + UDP.
UDP-sulphoquinovose:DAG sulphoquinovosyltransferase activity
UDP-sulfoquinovose:DAG sulfoquinovosyltransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, a cyclic silicone-oxygen ring compound with two methyl groups attached to each silicone atom.
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane degradation
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, a cyclic silicone-oxygen ring compound with two methyl groups attached to each silicone atom.
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose + ATP = S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
5-methylthioribose kinase (phosphorylating)
ATP:S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:S5-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate = S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate.
1-phospho-5'-S-methylthioribose isomerase activity
5-methylthio-5-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity
5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase activity
S-methyl-5-thio-5-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
S-methyl-5-thio-5-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity
S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose-1-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose-1-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity
methylthioribose 1-phosphate isomerase activity
S-methyl-5-thioribose-1-phosphate isomerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose 6-phosphate = UDP + sucrose 6-phosphate.
UDP-glucose-fructose-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:D-fructose-6-phosphate 2-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-fructose-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:D-fructose-6-phosphate 2-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose phosphate-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase activity
sucrosephosphate-UDP glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-fructose phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-D-galactose:xylose galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:O-beta-D-xylosylprotein 4-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:xylose galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:O-beta-D-xylosylprotein 4-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-xylose galactosyltransferase activity
xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + xylitol = D-xylulose + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
The process following disc eversion whereby imaginal discs fuse with adjacent disc derivatives to form a continuous adult epidermis.
The joining of the parts of the wing imaginal discs, giving rise to the adult thorax.
The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
down regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
down regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
down-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
down-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
downregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
downregulation of photoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
inhibition of photoreceptor cell differentiation
inhibition of photoreceptor differentiation
negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
positive regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
up regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
up regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
up-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
up-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation
upregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
upregulation of photoreceptor differentiation
activation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
activation of photoreceptor differentiation
stimulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
stimulation of photoreceptor differentiation
positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
The series of events required for a umami taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates.
perception of umami taste, detection of chemical stimulus
perception of umami taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus
sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of umami taste
sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of umami taste
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of umami taste
A protein or protein-RNA complex that localizes to one or more of the sex chromosome(s), where it acts to normalize transcription between different sexes.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D glycerate; this reaction does not require the cofactor 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate; this reaction requires the cofactor 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
glycerate phosphomutase (diphosphoglycerate cofactor) activity
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + histamine = N(tau)-methylhistamine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:histamine N-tele-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosylmethionine-histamine N-methyltransferase activity
A ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the association of the U4/U6 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.
The regulated release of saliva from the salivary glands. In man, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.
OBSOLETE. The directed movement of alpha-factor, one of the two yeast mating factors, out of a cell.
This term was made obsolete because it is a gene product based term and it does not involve a unique process.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In female humans, these include growth of axillary and pubic hair, breast development and menstrual periods. Their development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of secondary female sexual characteristics
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In male humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, and testicular/penile enlargement. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of secondary male sexual characteristics
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary female sexual characteristics
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary male sexual characteristics
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + trans-aconitate = (E)-2-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)but-2-enedioate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(E)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate 3'-O-methyltransferase activity
trans-aconitate 3-methyltransferase activity
Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.
Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.
The modification of asparagine to (3-aminopropyl)(L-aspartyl-1-amino)phosphoryl-5'-adenosine as found in microcin C7 produced from the mccA gene in E. coli plasmid pMccC7.
(3-aminopropyl)(L-aspartyl-1-amino)phosphoryl-5'-adenosine anabolism from asparagine
(3-aminopropyl)(L-aspartyl-1-amino)phosphoryl-5'-adenosine formation from asparagine
(3-aminopropyl)(L-aspartyl-1-amino)phosphoryl-5'-adenosine synthesis from asparagine
(3-aminopropyl)(L-aspartyl-1-amino)phosphoryl-5'-adenosine biosynthetic process from asparagine
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal cone cell. A retinal cone cell is one of the two photoreceptor subtypes in a camera-type eye.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-malate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH + pyruvate.
(R)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
bifunctional L(+)-tartrate dehydrogenase-D(+)-malate (decarboxylating)
D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NADP+ = oxaloacetate + NADPH + H+.
(S)-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
NADP-linked malate dehydrogenase activity
malic dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
Catalysis of the deacetylation of xylans and xylo-oligosaccharides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing alpha-L-arabinofuranoside residues in alpha-L-arabinosides.
alpha-L-arabinofuranoside arabinofuranohydrolase activity
alpha-L-arabinofuranoside hydrolase activity
polysaccharide alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->6) linkages in (1->6)-beta-D-glucans.
1,6-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase activity
beta-1,6-glucan 6-glucanohydrolase activity
glucan endo-1,6-beta-glucosidase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->5)-alpha-arabinofuranosidic linkages in (1->5) arabinans.
1,5-alpha-L-arabinan 1,5-alpha-L-arabinanohydrolase activity
arabinan endo-1,5-alpha-L-arabinosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.
alpha-D-glucosiduronate glucuronohydrolase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity, cleaving Phe24-Phe, but not Leu15-Tyr and Phe25-Tyr in the B chain of insulin.
Ganoderma lucidum aspartic proteinase activity
Ganoderma lucidum carboxyl proteinase activity
Scytalidium aspartic proteinase B activity
Scytalidium lignicolum aspartic proteinase B
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity similar to that of pepsin A, preferring hydrophobic residues at P1 and P1', but also cleaving Gly20-Glu in the B chain of insulin. Clots milk, and activates trypsinogen.
Penicillium aspartic proteinase activity
Penicillium caseicolum aspartic proteinase activity
Penicillium citrinum acid proteinase activity
Penicillium citrinum aspartic proteinase activity
Penicillium cyclopium acid proteinase activity
Penicillium duponti aspartic proteinase activity
Penicillium expansum acid proteinase activity
Penicillium expansum aspartic proteinase activity
Penicillium janthinellum acid proteinase activity
Penicillium janthinellum aspartic protease activity
Penicillium janthinellum aspartic proteinase activity
Penicillium roqueforti acid proteinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose + O2 = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O2.
beta-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxido-reductase activity
beta-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase activity
beta-D-glucose:quinone oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + methanol = H2O2 + formaldehyde.
Note that EC:1.1.3.31 was deleted from EC as it cannot be distinguished from alcohol oxidase (EC:1.1.3.13).
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + oxalate = CO(2) + formate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-dehydroshikimate = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H2O. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate is also known as protocatechuate.
Catalysis of the 4,5-ring opening reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine + O2 = 4,5-seco-DOPA. 4,5-seco-DOPA spontaneously recyclizes to form betalamic acid.
dihydroxyphenylalanine dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 9-alpha-copalyl diphosphate + H2O = aphidicolan-16-beta-ol + diphosphate.
9-alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (aphidicolan-16-beta-ol-forming)
aphidicolan-16 beta-ol synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD(P)+ = 3-methylbutanal + NAD(P)H + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
3-methylbutanal reductase [NAD(P)] activity
3-methylbutyraldehyde reductase activity
3-methylbutanol:NAD(P) oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxal + O2 + H2O = glyoxalate + H2O2.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate = 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H(2)O.
5-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate 4-dehydratase activity
S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose-1-phosphate hydro-lyase activity
S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose-1-phosphate hydro-lyase[5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl-phosphate-forming]
methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase activity
S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose-1-phosphate hydro-lyase [5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl-phosphate-forming]
methylthioribulose 1-phosphate dehydratase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate + aspartate = methionine + oxaloacetate.
aspartate-2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: versiconal = versicolorin B + H2O.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of lactone rings (intramolecular cyclic esters) to produce a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucuronosides, yielding free glucuronic acid.
Catalysis of the removal of acetylesters (as acetate) from galacturonic acid residues in the backbone of rhamnogalacturonan.
rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of rhamnogalacturonan, generating oligosaccharides of the form alpha-D-us-galacturonic acid-(1,2)-alpha-L-rhamnose-(1,4)-alpha-D-galacturonate-(1,2)-L-rhamnose-(1,2)-alpha-L-rhamnose-p-(1,4)-alpha-D-galacturonic acid, terminating at the non-reducing end with a hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid residue.
rhamnogalacturonan alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyluronide lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 long-chain alcohol + O2 = 2 long-chain aldehyde + 2 H2O.
fatty alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase activity
long-chain-alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.
regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.
up regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
up-regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
upregulation of Ras protein signal transduction
activation of Ras protein signal transduction
stimulation of Ras protein signal transduction
positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.
down regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
down-regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
downregulation of Ras protein signal transduction
inhibition of Ras protein signal transduction
negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
An extremely narrow tubular channel located between adjacent cells. An instance of this is the secretory canaliculi occurring between adjacent parietal cells in the gastric mucosa of vertebrates.
Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rap family.
Catalysis of the transfer of a cation or cations from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
cation efflux transmembrane transporter activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving enniatins, any of various cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics from Fusarium species that function as ionophores.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enniatins, any of various cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics from Fusarium species that function as ionophores.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.
up regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
up-regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
upregulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
activation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
stimulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
positive regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.
down regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
down-regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
downregulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
inhibition of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
negative regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in Gp with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
ribonuclease guaninenucleotido-2'-transferase (cyclizing)
Aspergillus oryzae ribonuclease activity
OBSOLETE. The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the leg are generated and organized. A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands.
OBSOLETE. The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the leg joint are generated and organized. A leg joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a leg to allow movement in a controlled manner.
Catalysis of the oxidative degradation or interconversion of polyamines.
1-N-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Catalysis of the reaction: mandelonitrile = cyanide + benzaldehyde.
mandelonitrile benzaldehyde-lyase (cyanide-forming)
mandelonitrile benzaldehyde-lyase activity
The process of maintaining mRNA in a specific location in the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
maintenance of oocyte pole plasm mRNA localization
maintenance of pole plasm mRNA localization
Any process that results in the directed movement of mRNA to the oocyte pole plasm.
establishment of oocyte pole plasm mRNA localization
establishment of pole plasm mRNA localisation
establishment of pole plasm mRNA localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the viral entry into the host cell.
regulation of viral penetration into host cell
regulation of viral entry into host cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell.
negative regulation of viral penetration into host cell
negative regulation of viral entry into host cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of viral entry into the host cell.
positive regulation of viral penetration into host cell
positive regulation of viral entry into host cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a daughter centriole of an existing centriole.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.
down regulation of centriole replication
down-regulation of centriole replication
negative regulation of centriole replication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.
positive regulation of centriole replication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis.
regulation of mitotic centrosome separation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation.
down regulation of mitotic centrosome separation
down-regulation of mitotic centrosome separation
downregulation of mitotic centrosome separation
inhibition of mitotic centrosome separation
negative regulation of mitotic centrosome separation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation.
up regulation of mitotic centrosome separation
up-regulation of mitotic centrosome separation
upregulation of mitotic centrosome separation
activation of mitotic centrosome separation
stimulation of mitotic centrosome separation
positive regulation of mitotic centrosome separation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.
Catalysis of the isomerization of poly-cis-carotenoids to all-trans-carotenoids.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + solute(in) = solute(in) + sulfate(out), by a channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.
voltage gated sulfate antiporter activity
voltage-dependent sulfate antiporter activity
voltage-sensitive sulfate antiporter activity
voltage-sensitive sulphate antiporter activity
voltage-gated sulfate antiporter activity
The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the lysosomal membrane.
lysosomal hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V0 domain
lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain
A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the lysosomal membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the lysosomal lumen.
lysosomal hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase complex
lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex
The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the lysosomal membrane.
lysosomal hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V1 domain
lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain
OBSOLETE. The resumption of the Saccharomyces mitotic cell division cycle by pheromone-arrested cells that have not mated.
This term was made obsolete because there is no evidence that this process is unique to Saccharomyces.
re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest (sensu Saccharomyces)
OBSOLETE. The process of nucleolar expansion, as seen in Saccharomyces.
nucleolar size increase (sensu Saccharomyces)
The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, out of a cell or organelle.
Establishment and formation of the optic placode, paired ectodermal placodes that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.
optic placode formation in camera-type eye
optic placode formation involved in camera-style eye
optic placode formation involved in camera-type eye formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Catalysis of the movement of sphingolipids from one membrane face to the other ('flippase' activity), driven by the hydrolysis of ATP.
sphingolipid-translocating ATPase activity
Enables the directed movement of sphingolipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sphingolipids, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway
regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
down regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
down-regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
downregulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway
inhibition of insulin receptor signaling pathway
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
positive regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway
up regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
up-regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
upregulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
activation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
stimulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division.
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation
regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation
regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation
regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation
up regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
upregulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
activation of alpha-beta T cell activation
stimulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
down regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
downregulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation
inhibition of alpha-beta T cell activation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
regulation of alpha-beta T cell development
regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
up regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
upregulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
activation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
stimulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell development
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
down regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
downregulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation
inhibition of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell development
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation
regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation
up regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
upregulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
activation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
stimulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
down regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
downregulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation
inhibition of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation
regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation
regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation
regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
down regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
down-regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
downregulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation
inhibition of gamma-delta T cell activation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation
up regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
upregulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
activation of gamma-delta T cell activation
stimulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.
regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of gamma-delta T-cell proliferation
regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation
regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.
down regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
down-regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
downregulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-cell proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation
inhibition of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell proliferation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation
up regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
upregulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
activation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
stimulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid.
Tethered to the plasma membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that the peptide sequence does not span the membrane.
The action characteristic of a hormone that takes part in the digestion process.
The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.
The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a leading edge cell, the dorsal-most cells of the epidermis that migrates during dorsal closure.
dorsal closure, leading edge cell differentiation
The changes that occur during dorsal closure of the shape and structure of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies the dorsal side of the embryo.
dorsal closure, amnioserosa morphology change
Maintenance of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies a hole in the embryonic dorsal epidermis.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium.
compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
regulation of retinal programmed cell death
regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
positive regulation of retinal programmed cell death
up regulation of retinal programmed cell death
up-regulation of retinal programmed cell death
upregulation of retinal programmed cell death
activation of retinal programmed cell death
stimulation of retinal programmed cell death
positive regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
down regulation of retinal programmed cell death
down-regulation of retinal programmed cell death
downregulation of retinal programmed cell death
negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death
inhibition of retinal programmed cell death
negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
activation of retinal cell programmed cell death
stimulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
up regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
up-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
upregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
down regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
down-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
downregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death
inhibition of retinal cell programmed cell death
negative regulation of retina cell programmed cell death
negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
negative regulation of insulin secretion
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacteriocin stimulus. A bacteriocin is a protein substance released by certain bacteria that kills but does not lyse closely related strains of bacteria. Specific bacteriocins attach to specific receptors on cell walls and induce specific metabolic block, e.g. cessation of nucleic acid or protein synthesis of oxidative phosphorylation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a streptomycin stimulus. Streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic in cell culture media which acts only on prokaryotes and blocks transition from initiation complex to chain elongating ribosome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a DDT stimulus. DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide moderately toxic to humans and other animals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbamate stimulus. Carbamates are a group of insecticides and parasiticides that act by inhibiting cholinesterase.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclodiene stimulus. A cyclodiene is any organic insecticide (as dieldrin or chlordane) with a chlorinated methylene group forming a bridge across a 6-membered carbon ring.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pyrethroid stimulus. Pyrethroids are a group of growth regulators, analogous to insect juvenile hormones, that interfere with the development of insect larvae and are used in the control of insects that are harmful in the adult stage.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
response to arsenic-containing substance
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chromate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tellurium ion stimulus.
An apical plasma membrane part that forms a narrow enfolded luminal membrane channel, lined with numerous microvilli, that appears to extend into the cytoplasm of the cell. A specialized network of intracellular canaliculi is a characteristic feature of parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in vertebrates.
Any process that contributes to the success of sperm fertilization in multiply-mated females.
The retention of sperm by a female following mating.
The process in which the use of stored sperm from the first-mating male is inhibited by the seminal fluid of subsequently mating males.
A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains Rtg2 and a smaller form of Spt7 than the fungal SAGA complex, and lacks Spt8. The complex is involved in the yeast retrograde response pathway, which is important for gene expression changes during mitochondrial dysfunction.
A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated.
Note that this term should not be used to refer to CD14 alone, but the multiprotein receptor complex that it is part of.
The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insecticides, chemicals used to kill insects.
Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to a galactoside acceptor molecule, usually an N-glycan, to form an alpha(1,6)-fucosylated galactoside.
galactoside 6-L-fucosyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor.
natural killer cell lectin-like receptor binding
The chemical reactions and pathways involving CDP, cytidine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP, cytidine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CDP, cytidine (5'-)diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
The directed movement of borate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with borate, the anion (BO3)3-.
Catalysis of the transport of borate across a membrane against the concentration gradient.
boron transmembrane transporter activity
borate transmembrane transporter activity
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.
The controlled release of acid by a cell or group of cells.
The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virion, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.
Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
The controlled release of citric acid, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, by a cell or group of cells.
The controlled release of formic acid, HCOOH, by a cell or group of cells.
The controlled release of lactic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, by a cell or group of cells.
The controlled release of malic acid, hydroxybutanedioic (hydroxysuccinic) acid, by a cell or group of cells.
The controlled release of oxalic acid, ethanedioic acid, by a cell or group of cells.
Any process that reduces the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
down regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
down-regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
downregulation of viral protein levels in host cell
negative regulation of viral protein levels
inhibition of viral protein levels in host cell
negative regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
Any process that increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
positive regulation of viral protein levels
up regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
up-regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
upregulation of viral protein levels in host cell
activation of viral protein levels in host cell
stimulation of viral protein levels in host cell
positive regulation of viral protein levels in host cell
Any of the protein subunits that comprise the closed shell or coat (capsid) of certain viruses.
A stable empty viral capsid produced during the assembly of viruses.
The induction by a virus of an immune response in the host organism.
activation of host immune response by virus
induction of host immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of a host defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive activation of host immune response by virus
passive viral induction of host immune response
passive induction of host immune response by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a host defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of host immune response
active induction of host immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of a host humoral defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive induction of humoral immune response in host by virus
passive viral activation of humoral immune response in host
passive viral induction of humoral immune response in host
passive induction of host humoral immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of a cell-mediated host defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive induction of cell-mediated immune response in host by virus
passive viral activation of cell-mediated immune response in host
passive viral induction of cell-mediated immune response in host
passive induction of host cell-mediated immune response by virus
The unintentional stimulation by a virus of an innate host defense response to viral infection, as part of the viral infectious cycle.
passive induction of innate immune response in host by virus
passive viral activation of innate immune response in host
passive viral induction of innate immune response in host
passive induction of host innate immune response by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a host humoral defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of humoral immune response in host
active induction of humoral immune response in host by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a cell-mediated host defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of cell-mediated immune response in host
active induction of cell-mediated immune response in host by virus
The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of an innate host defense response to viral infection.
active viral induction of innate immune response in host
active induction of innate immune response in host by virus
The dissemination of infectious virion particles within an infected host organism.
spread of virus within multicellular host
The process of viral dissemination within an infected host organism where infectious virion particles are passed from infected to uninfected host cells.
cell to cell spread of virus within host
spread of virus within host, cell to cell
The process of viral dissemination within an infected host organism where infectious virion particles are passed from infected to uninfected host tissue.
spread of virus within host, tissue to tissue
tissue to tissue spread of virus within host
viral spread within host, tissue to tissue
spread of virus in host, tissue to tissue
The directed movement of viral capsid proteins within the nucleus of the host cell.
viral capsid transport in host cell nucleus
The directed movement of viral capsid proteins within the cytoplasm of the host cell.
viral capsid transport in host cell cytoplasm
The process in which a capsid acquires a membrane envelope.
The process in which a capsid acquires another membrane envelope, subsequent to acquiring an initial membrane envelope.
The re-envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring an additional membrane envelope.
nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
The re-envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host Golgi membrane system, thus acquiring an additional membrane envelope.
Golgi membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
The re-envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host endoplasmic reticulum membrane system, thus acquiring an additional membrane envelope.
ER membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from ER membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from ER membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from ER membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host Golgi membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
Golgi membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid envelopment
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host endoplasmic reticulum membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
ER membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from ER membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from ER membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from ER membrane by viral capsid envelopment
Any process in which viral capsid precursors are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the nucleus, thus accumulating the necessary components for assembly of a capsid.
establishment and maintenance of viral capsid precursor localization in nucleus
localization of viral capsid precursors in nucleus
nuclear localization of viral capsid precursors
viral capsid precursor localisation in host cell nucleus
viral capsid precursor localization in host cell nucleus
viral capsid precursor localization to host cell nucleus
The release of virion particles from the cell that does not result in cell lysis.
The exit of the virion particle from the host cell by exocytosis, without causing cell lysis.
A form of viral release in which the viral particles bud out through cellular membranes without causing cell lysis. It is also a form of viral envelopment.
The exit of the virion particle from the host cell by exocytosis, resulting in cell lysis.
OBSOLETE. A form of viral release in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host endoplasmic reticulum membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus and cell lysis.
lytic endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding
OBSOLETE. A form of viral release in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host Golgi membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus and cell lysis.
OBSOLETE. A form of viral release in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host nuclear membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus and cell lysis.
lytic viral budding from plasma membrane
lytic virus budding from plasma membrane
A form of viral release in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host Golgi membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus without triggering cell lysis.
non-lytic viral budding from Golgi membrane
non-lytic virus budding from Golgi membrane
A form of viral release in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host plasma membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus without triggering cell lysis.
non-lytic viral budding from plasma membrane
non-lytic virus budding from plasma membrane
A form of viral release in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host endoplasmic reticulum membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus without triggering cell lysis.
non-lytic endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding
non-lytic viral budding from ER membrane
non-lytic virus budding from ER membrane
The evagination of the nucleocapsid from the host Golgi membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus.
The evagination of the nucleocapsid from the host endoplasmic reticulum membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus.
endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding
The evagination of the nucleocapsid from the host nuclear membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus.
The evagination of the nucleocapsid from the host plasma membrane system, resulting in envelopment of the virus.
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host plasma membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
plasma membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid envelopment
The re-envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host plasma membrane system, thus acquiring an additional membrane envelope.
plasma membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
The re-envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host inner nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring an additional membrane envelope.
inner nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
The re-envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host outer nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring an additional membrane envelope.
outer nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment
viral budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host inner nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
inner nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host outer nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope.
outer nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment
viral budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment
virus budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment
Any viral process that inhibits the termination of host cell protein biosynthesis that occurs in response to viral infection.
negative regulation by virus of host cell protein biosynthesis shutoff
negative regulation by virus of host cell protein biosynthetic process shutoff
viral inhibition of host cell protein biosynthesis shutoff
viral inhibition of host cell protein biosynthetic process shutoff
viral inhibition of termination of host cell protein biosynthesis
viral inhibition of termination of host cell protein biosynthetic process
viral suppression of termination by host of host cell protein biosynthesis
viral suppression of termination by host of host cell protein biosynthetic process
suppression by virus of host termination of protein biosynthetic process
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of interferon activity within the host cell.
negative regulation by virus of intracellular interferon activity
suppression by virus of intracellular interferon activity in host
suppression by virus of host intracellular interferon activity
Any viral process that results in the inhibition of host cell cytokine production.
negative regulation by virus of host cytokine production
suppression by virus of host cytokine production
Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
inhibition of host MHC class I molecule presentation by virus
negative regulation by virus of MHC class I cell surface presentation
suppression by virus of MHC class I cell surface presentation in host
suppression by virus of host MHC class I cell surface presentation
suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.
Any viral process that interferes with the processing of mRNA in the host cell.
viral perturbation of host mRNA processing
modification by virus of host mRNA processing
Any viral process that discriminates against and subsequently inhibits host transcripts containing introns, thus allowing only intronless viral mRNA to be fully processed.
negative regulation by virus of expression of host genes with introns
viral inhibition of expression of host genes with introns
suppression by virus of expression of host genes with introns
Any viral process that inhibits the splicing of host mRNA, thus reducing host protein production.
negative regulation by virus of host mRNA splicing
suppression by virus of host mRNA splicing
Any viral process that disperses host splicing factors (snRNPs) to prevent host mRNA splicing, thus reducing host protein production.
viral dispersion of host splicing factors
dispersion by virus of host splicing factors
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome.
Any viral process that interferes with and inhibits the assembly and function of polysomes.
See also the cellular component term 'polysome ; GO:0005844'.
The directed movement of intronless viral mRNA from the host nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.
intronless viral mRNA export from host cell nucleus
intronless viral mRNA export out of nucleus
intronless viral mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
intronless viral mRNA export from host nucleus
The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.
The process of organizing and assembling viral replication proteins in preparation for viral replication.
viral replication complex formation and maintenance
The process of restoring viral DNA after damage or errors in replication.
The process of moving the (often) incomplete virion to the cell surface in order to be released from the cell. Egress can involve travel through the endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasm and will often include final maturation stages of the virion, but it occurs entirely within the cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor on the host cell surface.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a virion, either by binding to components of the capsid or the viral envelope.
OBSOLETE. Any viral process that results in the inhibition of complement neutralization of the host cell.
negative regulation by virus of host complement neutralization
This term was made obsolete because the meaning of the term is unclear. It most likely refers to inhibiting the process by which a virus particle is neutralized by the host cell in a complement-dependent manner.
suppression by virus of host complement neutralization
Viral interference in host cell processes that lead cell cycle arrest, allowing cell division to occur.
negative regulation by virus of cell cycle arrest
suppression by virus of host cell cycle arrest
The viral induction of modification to the host RNA polymerase II.
virus-induced modification of host RNA polymerase II
induction by virus of modification of host RNA polymerase II
The directed movement of a virion into, out of, or within a host cell.
The directed movement of a virion within a host cell from one location to another.
The period of virion development during which the capsid components form the immature capsid and encapsulate the viral genome; the capsid often undergoes a number of structural alterations during this period.
A multimeric ring of proteins through which the DNA enters and exits the viral capsid.
The recruitment of the helicase-primase complex to viral DNA lesions during viral DNA repair.
recruitment of helicase-primase complex to DNA lesions
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the severity of viral infection and subsequent disease.
This term was made obsolete because 'virulence' is not a biological process; however, alteration of virulence also does not fit under 'regulation of biological quality ; GO:0065008' because it is a product both of the genotype/phenotype of the infecting organism and the genotype/phenotype of the organism being infected and varies by individual within a species both for the infecting organism and the infected organism.
The directed movement of viral capsid proteins within the host cell.
intracellular transport of viral capsid in host cell
The exit of the immature viral procapsid from the nucleus of the host cell.
egress of viral procapsid from host cell nucleus
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the severity of viral infection and subsequent disease.
The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-threonine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of (2S,3S,4Xi,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine sulfoxide (3-methyl-L-lanthionine sulfoxide), as found in the antibiotic actagardine.
peptide cross-linking via (2S,3S,4Xi,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine sulphoxide
peptide cross-linking via (2S,3S,4Xi,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine sulfoxide
The covalent linkage of heme and a protein via 1'-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-heme-histidine, tele-heme-histidine).
A complex of proteins that form a scaffold around which the viral capsid is constructed.
The assembly and maintenance of the viral scaffold around which the viral capsid is constructed.
See also the cellular component term 'viral scaffold ; GO:0046806'.
Antigenically dense structures located at the periphery of nuclei, close to but not abutting nuclear membranes. Assemblons contain the proteins for immature-capsid assembly; they are located at the periphery of a diffuse structure composed of proteins involved in DNA synthesis, which overlaps only minimally with the assemblons. More than one site can be present simultaneously.
Globular nuclear domains where the transcription and replication of the viral genome occurs. More than one site can be present simultaneously.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the extracellular matrix of a host cell.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of histone deacetylase, which catalyzes of the removal of acetyl groups from histones, proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the surface of a host cell.
The process during virion attachment where a virion binds to a host cell receptor, resulting in a conformational change of the virus protein.
virion attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor
The process during virion attachment where a virion binds to a host cell surface coreceptor.
virion attachment, binding of host cell surface coreceptor
Any process in which the viral genome is retained within the capsid during genome cleavage and packaging.
A vesicle used to transport the partial or complete virion between cellular compartments.
Interacts with chemokine receptors to reduce the action of a chemokine.
A location in the host cell nucleus where viral proteins colocalize late in infection prior to the onset of viral DNA synthesis. More than one site can be present simultaneously.
The process in which proteins mediate their own secretion across the outer membrane through a beta-barrel pore structure formed by the C-terminal domain of the protein precursor. Following passage across the outer membrane, the mature protein is released from the pore by an autocatalytic activity. Proteins secreted by the Type V system are first translocated across the plasma membrane by the Sec pathway.
protein secretion by the autotransporter system
protein secretion by the type V protein secretion system
protein secretion by the type V secretion system
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + chorismate = 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + L-glutamate. It is composed of two enzymatic activities (which may be present on one or two polypeptides); the first is a glutaminase which yields ammonia from glutamine, releasing glutamate. The ammonia is used by the second activity which catalyzes the amination of chorismate to form 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate.
chorismate:L-glutamine amido-ligase activity
para-aminobenzoic acid synthase activity
Note that the name 'para-aminobenzoic acid synthase' was initially given to the 'aminodeoxychorismate synthase' activity before the additional 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase activity was discovered. It is the lyase activity that actually produces para-aminobenzoic acid from 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate.
4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity
DNA structures that are not part of a chromosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
down regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
down-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
downregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic transport
negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
up regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
up-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
upregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
activation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
stimulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
regulation of protein export out of nucleus
regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
down regulation of protein export from nucleus
down-regulation of protein export from nucleus
downregulation of protein export from nucleus
negative regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein export out of nucleus
negative regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
negative regulation of protein-nucleus export
inhibition of protein export from nucleus
negative regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
positive regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein export out of nucleus
positive regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
positive regulation of protein-nucleus export
up regulation of protein export from nucleus
up-regulation of protein export from nucleus
upregulation of protein export from nucleus
activation of protein export from nucleus
stimulation of protein export from nucleus
positive regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
regulation of RNA import into cell nucleus
regulation of RNA transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of RNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
down regulation of RNA import into nucleus
down-regulation of RNA import into nucleus
downregulation of RNA import into nucleus
negative regulation of RNA import into cell nucleus
negative regulation of RNA transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
negative regulation of RNA-nucleus import
negative regulation of RNA import into nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of RNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
positive regulation of RNA import into cell nucleus
positive regulation of RNA transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
positive regulation of RNA-nucleus import
up regulation of RNA import into nucleus
up-regulation of RNA import into nucleus
positive regulation of RNA import into nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
down regulation of RNA export from nucleus
down-regulation of RNA export from nucleus
downregulation of RNA export from nucleus
negative regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
negative regulation of RNA export out of nucleus
negative regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
negative regulation of RNA-nucleus export
negative regulation of RNA export from nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
positive regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
positive regulation of RNA export out of nucleus
positive regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
positive regulation of RNA-nucleus export
up regulation of RNA export from nucleus
up-regulation of RNA export from nucleus
positive regulation of RNA export from nucleus
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process of removing a phosphate group from a phosphorylated carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y with a phosphate group attached to it.
phosphorylated carbohydrate dephosphorylation
The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trisporic acid, a carotenoic acid derivative used as a pheromone in some species of Zygomycota.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trisporic acid.
Establishment of the dorsal filaments, elaborate specializations of the chorion that protrude from the anterior end of the egg and facilitate embryonic respiration.
Establishment of the micropyle, a single cone-shaped specialization of the chorion that allows sperm entry into the egg prior to fertilization.
Allocation of a set number of cells to each primary branch in an open tracheal system, prior to the onset of cell migration. This establishes different domains of cells within the tracheal placode.
branched duct epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system
The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with hydroxyapatite, the calcium phosphate mineral of formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found both in rocks of nonorganic origin and as a component of bone and dentin.
The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.
OBSOLETE. The process of introducing a phosphate group into inositol or a phosphatidylinositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms.
myo-inositol or phosphatidyl-myo-inositol phosphorylation
myo-inositol and derivative phosphorylation
inositol or phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphatidylinositol, any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol.
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process
phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphorylation
The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol.
myo-inositol phosphate dephosphorylation
The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.
phosphatidylinositol phosphate catabolic process
phosphatidylinositol phosphate dephosphorylation
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, with NAD or NADP as acceptor
A large enclosure of aggregated pigment, typically bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl c), that acts as a light-harvesting antenna structure and is characteristic of green photosynthetic bacteria (e.g. Chlorobiaceae). The BChl aggregates are organized into lamellar elements by pigment-pigment rather than pigment-protein interactions. Chlorosomes also contain BChl a, carotenoids, quinones, lipids, and proteins, and are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane via a BChl a-containing protein baseplate.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a hydrogenosome.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a glycosome.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a glyoxysome.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a chromoplast and form the chromoplast envelope.
Increases the activity of rubisco by the removal of otherwise inhibitory sugar phosphates: RuBP, and in some plants, 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate.
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase activity
ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase activase activity
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activator activity
The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The directed movement of terpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Terpenoids are a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and include derivatives with various functional groups.
The directed movement of tetraterpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Tetraterpenoids are terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
The directed movement of carotenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
An intracellular, often complex, membranous structure, sometimes with additional membranous lamellae inside, found in bacteria. They are associated with synthesis of DNA and secretion of proteins.
The incorporation of iron into a 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato diiron disulfide.
iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato diiron disulphide
iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato diiron disulfide
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadmium (Cd) ions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with N-acetylgalactosamine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose, the n-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.
Catalysis of the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
metal ion transmembrane transporter activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ephrin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or group of cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
regulation of follicle stimulating hormone secretion
regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
positive regulation of follicle stimulating hormone secretion
up regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
up-regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
upregulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
activation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
stimulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
down regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
down-regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
downregulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
negative regulation of follicle stimulating hormone secretion
inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
negative regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells.
The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
positive regulation of hormone anabolism
positive regulation of hormone biosynthesis
positive regulation of hormone formation
positive regulation of hormone synthesis
up regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
up-regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
upregulation of hormone biosynthetic process
activation of hormone biosynthetic process
stimulation of hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells.
positive regulation of hormone secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells.
negative regulation of hormone secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
positive regulation of lipid biosynthesis
up regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
upregulation of lipid biosynthetic process
activation of lipid biosynthetic process
stimulation of lipid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
The carbamoylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine.
The dehydration of peptidyl-S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-cyano-L-cysteine.
formation of peptidyl-serine thiocyanate ester
peptidyl-S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine dehydration
The incorporation of iron into an L-cysteinyl diiron subcluster, found in Fe-hydrogenase.
iron incorporation into hydrogenase diiron subcluster via L-cysteine ligation
The transient amidinylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-amidino-L-cysteine.
enzyme active site formation via S-amidino-L-cysteine
The methylation of the N-terminal isoleucine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-isoleucine.
N-terminal peptidyl-isoleucine methylation
The methylation of the N-terminal leucine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-leucine.
The methylation of the N-terminal tyrosine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-tyrosine.
N-terminal peptidyl-tyrosine methylation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + AMP = nucleoside diphosphate + ADP.
nucleoside triphosphate-adenosine monophosphate transphosphorylase activity
nucleoside-triphosphate-adenylate kinase activity
nucleoside-triphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase activity
nucleoside triphosphate adenylate kinase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.
tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](n) metabolic process
tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.
folic-acid containing compound polyglutamylation
tetrahydrofolyl-[Glu](n) biosynthetic process
tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate biosynthesis
tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.
regulation of transport across mitochondrial membrane
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability
The controlled release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium oxalate, CaC2O4, a salt of oxalic acid. In animals, it may be excreted in urine or retained in the form of urinary calculi.
Catalysis of the reaction: prephytoene pyrophosphate = phytoene + diphosphate.
Note that this should not be confused with 'geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity ; GO:0016767', EC:2.5.1.32. This activity is the second part of the formation of phytoene from geranylgeranyl-diphosphate, the first stage of which is catalyzed by EC:2.5.1.32.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.
The directed movement of substances within a cell.
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the spontaneous (nonenzymatic) formation of crystals in a solution, for example, calcium oxalate crystals in urine.
This term was made obsolete because a more appropriate term was created.
negative regulation of crystal formation
The directed movement of substances between the intracellular membranes of a cell, for example, the transfer of glycolipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to other cellular membrane structures in which they reside.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any pectinesterase enzyme.
See also the molecular function term 'pectinesterase activity ; GO:0030599'.
The formation of bonds from two or more atoms within the same ligand to a metal atom in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor), with the acyl group being converted into alkyl on transfer.
transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
Catalysis of the transfer of transition metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
transition metal ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions at the level of a cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
cellular transition metal ion homeostasis
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-dephospho-CoA = 2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA + adenine.
2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3-dephospho-CoA synthase activity
ATP:3-dephospho-CoA 5''-triphosphoribosyltransferase activity
ATP:dephospho-CoA 5-triphosphoribosyl transferase activity
triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase activity
The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen (N) atom in an N-terminal glycine residue to form N-palmitoyl-glycine.
Palmitoylation of glycine only occurs when glycine is at the N-terminal position of a protein.
N-terminal peptidyl-glycine N-palmitoylation
Catalysis of the transfer of a pyruvyl (oxopropanoyl) group from one compound to another.
Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->6) linkage.
alpha-(1->3)-fucosyltransferase activity
alpha-(1->6)-fucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-L-fucosyl residue from GDP- beta-L-fucose to the serine hydroxy group of a protein acceptor.
GDP-L-fucose:polypeptide fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-beta-L-fucose:polypeptide O-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase activity
GDP-fucose:polypeptide fucosyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, a specific peptide sequence that ensures a protein is retained within the ER.
endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence binding
The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an L-phenylalanine residue to form 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-phenylalanine.
peptide cross-linking via 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-phenylalanine
The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an L-phenylalanine residue to form 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-phenylalanine.
peptide cross-linking via 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-phenylalanine
The post-translational cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an L-threonine residue to form 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-allo-threonine.
peptide cross-linking via 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-allo-threonine
The racemization of peptidyl-L-threo-threonine at the alpha-carbon to form D-allo-threonine. This is coupled with the formation of the cross-link 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-allo-threonine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell or group of cells.
regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
down regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
down-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
downregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
inhibition of neurotransmitter secretion
negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Any small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex. A pore complex is a small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of liquids and/or gases.
See also the cellular component term 'pore complex ; GO:0046930'.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) = ATP + H2O + Na+(in), by a rotational mechanism.
sodium-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism
Catalysis of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ADP + phosphate = ATP + H2O, coupled with transport of H+ down a concentration gradient, by a rotational mechanism.
hydrogen ion translocating F-type ATPase activity
hydrogen ion transporting two-sector ATPase activity
hydrogen ion transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase activity
type I phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity
Modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator activity
See also the molecular function term '1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity ; GO:0016303'.
1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase regulator activity
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxyadenosine + H2O = deoxyinosine + NH3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytochelatins, any of a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes. The structure is of the type (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl)n-glycine, where n is 2 to 11.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochelatins, any of a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes. The structure is of the type (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl)n-glycine, where n is 2 to 11.
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside.
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside.
nucleoside monophosphate phosphorylation
Catalysis of the reaction: L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid + acetyl-CoA = CoA-SH + N-acetyl azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.
azetidine-2-carboxylic acid acetyltransferase activity
The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Catalysis of the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
The addition of a carbamoyl group to a protein amino acid. A carbamoyl group is the acyl group -CO-NH2.
The carbamylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative N-carbamoyl-L-alanine.
N-terminal peptidyl-alanine N-carbamylation
N-terminal peptidyl-alanine N-carbamoylation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid. Hydroxylysine is found in collagen and commonly has galactose and then glucose added sequentially by glycosyltransferases.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone, as carried out by individual cells. Although 3-hydroxybutyrate is not a ketone, it is classed as a ketone body because it exists in an equilibrium with acetoacetate. Ketone bodies may accumulate in excessive amounts in the body in starvation, diabetes mellitus or in other defects of carbohydrate metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Biosynthesis involves the formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, which is cleaved to acetate and acetyl-CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy source as an alternative to glucose. Utilization of ketone bodies in peripheral tissues involves conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA, which is then converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA.
The directed movement of a cell or organism towards a source of light.
The directed movement of a cell or organism away from a source of light.
A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment.
A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.
An increased in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. For example, a shock to the tail of the marine snail Aplysia, to which the snail responds by withdrawing its gill, will result in increased gill withdrawal the next time the skin is touched.
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
ATP phosphohydrolase (H+-transporting) activity
hydrogen ion transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism
hydrogen ion translocating A-type ATPase activity
hydrogen ion translocating V-type ATPase activity
proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
ATP phosphohydrolase (Na+-transporting) activity
ATP synthase, sodium ion specific activity
Na(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase activity
sodium transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism
sodium-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism
The directed movement of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate transport
adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate transport
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transport
Catalysis of the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate transporter activity
adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a retinoid X receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a thyroid hormone receptor.
The directed movement of substances from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum transport
The directed movement of a peptide antigen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity (H3-K9 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16) + H2O = histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone H4 protein.
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity (H4-K16 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16). This reaction represents the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine at position 16 of histone H4.
histone lysine acetyltransferase activity (H4-K16 specific)
histone acetyltransferase activity (H4-K16 specific)
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 24 of the histone H3 protein.
This term was made obsolete because there is no lysine at position 24 of histone H3.
histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-K24 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-K9 specific)
histone methylase activity (H3-K9 specific)
histone methyltransferase activity (H3-K9 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 36). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 36 of the histone H3 protein.
histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-K36 specific)
histone methylase activity (H3-K36 specific)
histone methyltransferase activity (H3-K36 specific)
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 27). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 27 of the histone H3 protein.
histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-K27 specific)
histone methylase activity (H3-K27 specific)
histone methyltransferase activity (H3-K27 specific)
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with TAP protein, transporter associated with antigen processing protein. TAP protein is a heterodimeric peptide transporter consisting of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the TAP1 subunit of TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the TAP2 subunit of TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with tapasin, a member of the MHC class I loading complex which bridges the TAP peptide transporter to class I molecules.
Catalysis of the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in a beta-1,3 linkage to the mannose(beta-1,4)Glc disaccharide core of glycolipids.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:beta-D-mannosyl-glycolipid beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
beta-1,4-mannosylglycolipid beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
regulation of haemoglobin biosynthetic process
regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
positive regulation of haemoglobin biosynthesis
positive regulation of haemoglobin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hemoglobin anabolism
positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthesis
positive regulation of hemoglobin formation
positive regulation of hemoglobin synthesis
up regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
upregulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
activation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
stimulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
down regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
downregulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of haemoglobin biosynthesis
negative regulation of haemoglobin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of hemoglobin anabolism
negative regulation of hemoglobin biosynthesis
negative regulation of hemoglobin formation
negative regulation of hemoglobin synthesis
inhibition of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process
Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-D-glucuronic acid to N-acetyllactosamine (galactosyl beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine).
galactosyl beta-1,4 N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,3 glucuronosyltransferase activity
N-acetyllactosamine beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA to asioloorosomucoid.
asioloorosomucoid beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA to the disaccharide galactosyl beta-1,3 N-acetylgalactosamine, a common component of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
galactosyl beta-1,3 N-acetylgalactosamine beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an N-hydroxyarylamine = CoA + an N-acetoxyarylamine.
N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase activity
arylhydroxamate N,O-acetyltransferase activity
N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which X-H and Y-H form X-Y.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond, with other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.21.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which X-H and Y-H form X-Y and the acceptor is oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond, with oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor and reduces quinone or similar compound.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen reduces a known acceptor other than a cytochrome, an iron-sulfur protein, NAD, NADP, or a quinone or similar compound.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, with other known acceptors
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and the latter donor is dehydrogenated.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, flavin as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-2-acetyl-6-(3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one + NAD(+) = (S)-usnate + 2 H(+) + NADH.
reduced-(S)-usnate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (ether-bond-forming)
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of conjugation, the union or introduction of genetic information from compatible mating types that results in a genetically different individual.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADP(+) = (4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxohexanoate + H(+) + NADPH.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NADP+ 6-oxidoreductase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate dehydrogenase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate = NADH + (4S)-4,6-dihydroxy-2,5-dioxohexanoate.
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase activity
2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate (3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonic acid) dehydrogenase activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)) dehydrogenase activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 5-dehydrogenase activity
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate dehydrogenase activity
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinitol + NAD(+) = L-ribulose + H(+) + NADH.
L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase (ribulose forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
TDP-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase activity
dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase (4-reductase)
dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
thymidine diphospho-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase activity
dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose 4-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + 2 NAD(+) + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 3 H(+) + 2 NADH + UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucuronate.
UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:NAD oxidoreductase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:NAD+ 6-oxidoreductase activity
UDPacetylglucosamine dehydrogenase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine dehydrogenase activity
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 6-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 16-alpha-hydroxysteroid = NADPH + H+ + 16-oxosteroid.
16alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity
16alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
16alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)+ 16-oxidoreductase activity
16-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + 17-alpha,20-alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one = NAD(P)H + H+ + 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone.
20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity
20alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)+ 20-oxidoreductase activity
17-alpha,20-alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + pregnan-21-ol = H(+) + NADH + pregnan-21-al.
21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
21-hydroxysteroid:NAD+ 21-oxidoreductase activity
pregnan-21-ol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + pregnan-21-ol = H(+) + NADPH + pregnan-21-al.
21-hydroxy steroid (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase activity
21-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) activity
21-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity
21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
21-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 21-oxidoreductase activity
NADP-21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
pregnan-21-ol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 3-alpha-hydroxy-5-beta-androstane-17-one = NADH + H+ + 5-beta-androstane-3,17-dione.
3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstane-17-one 3alpha-dehydrogenase activity
3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-steroid dehydrogenase activity
3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-steroid:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
etiocholanolone 3-alpha-dehydrogenase activity
etiocholanolone 3alpha-dehydrogenase activity
3-alpha-hydroxy-5-beta-androstane-17-one 3-alpha-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate + NAD(+) = (1S,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate + H(+) + NADH.
(-)t-3,t-4-dihydroxycyclohexane-c-1-carboxylate-NAD oxidoreductase activity
(1S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantolactone + NADP+ = 2-dehydropantolactone + NADPH + H+. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NADP+.
(R)-pantolactone:NADP+ oxidoreductase (A-specific)
2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (A-specific) activity
2-dehydropantolactone reductase (A-specific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + 3-beta-hydroxy-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholest-7-ene-4-beta-carboxylate = NAD(P)H + H+ + CO2 + 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholest-7-en-3-one.
3-beta-hydroxy-4-alpha-methylcholestenecarboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methylcholestenecarboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methylcholestenoate dehydrogenase activity
sterol 4-alpha-carboxylic decarboxylase activity
sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NADP(+) = 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADPH.
12-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
12alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity
12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
12alpha-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 12-oxidoreductase activity
NAD-dependent 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
NADP-12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NADP(+) = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(+) + NADPH.
L-glycerol 3-phosphate:NADP oxidoreductase activity
NADPH-dependent glycerin-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glycerin-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glycerol phosphate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase activity
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
glycerol-3-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase [NADP+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA = NADH + H+ + 2-methylaceto-acetyl-CoA.
(2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
2-methyl-3-hydroxy-butyryl CoA dehydrogenase activity
2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity
2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol = NADH + H+ + 7-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one.
3-beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid oxidoreductase activity
cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha-diol 3beta-dehydrogenase activity
cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha-diol:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
cholest-5-ene-3-beta,7-alpha-diol 3-beta-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = NADPH + H+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate.
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 11-oxidoreductase activity
NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase activity
prostaglandin 11-keto reductase activity
prostaglandin-D(2) 11-ketoreductase activity
prostaglandin-D(2) 11-reductase activity
prostaglandin-D(2) ketoreductase activity
prostaglandin-D2 11-ketoreductase activity
reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-ethanol + NAD(+) = (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + H(+) + NADH.
(indol-3-yl)ethanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
indole-3-ethanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-ethanol + NADP(+) = (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + H(+) + NADPH.
(indol-3-yl)ethanol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
indole-3-ethanol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
indoleacetaldehyde (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity
indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate = NADPH + H+ + (5Z,13E)-9-alpha-hydroxy-11,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dienoate.
NADP-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
NADP-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase activity
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP)
NADP-linked prostaglandin D2 dehydrogenase activity
dehydrogenase, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
prostaglandin-D 15-dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) activity
prostaglandin-D 15-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + prostaglandin E(1) = 15-dehydro-prostaglandin E1 + H(+) + NADPH.
(13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase activity
type II 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + a 7-beta-hydroxysteroid = NADPH + H+ + a 7-oxosteroid.
7beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+)
7beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 7-oxidoreductase activity
NADP-dependent 7-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
NADP-dependent 7beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
7-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.
3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3(or 17)-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3(or 17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3(or 17)alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol + NADP(+) = 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one + H(+) + NADPH.
3-beta(or 20-alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
3beta,20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity
dehydrogenase, 3beta,20alpha-hydroxy steroid
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + OH-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = NADH + H+ + B-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein].
(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-acyl-carrier-protein:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase (NADH) activity
3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) reductase activity
3-oxoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein reductase (NADH)
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD(P)+.
3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (A-specific) activity
3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (A-specific)
3alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (A-specific)
androsterone dehydrogenase (A-specific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzyl (2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxybutanoate + NADP(+) = benzyl 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate + H(+) + NADPH.
benzyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity
benzyl-(2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxybutanoate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
benzyl-2-methyl-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin = NADPH + H+ + 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin.
6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin:NADP+ 2'-oxidoreductase activity
6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (2'-oxo)reductase activity
6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin 2'-reductase activity
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin reductase activity
pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin reductase activity
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin 2'-reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + (R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate = NAD(P)H + H+ + 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate.
(R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
(R)-aromatic lactate dehydrogenase activity
(R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate + NAD(+) = 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate + H(+) + NADH.
trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate:NAD+ 4-oxidoreductase activity
4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: diethyl (2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxysuccinate + NADP(+) = diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxosuccinate + H(+) + NADPH.
diethyl-(2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxysuccinate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxosuccinate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate + NADP(+) = 3-oxoglycyrrhetinate + H(+) + NADPH.
3alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase activity
3alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
3-alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + prostaglandin I(2) = 15-dehydro-prostaglandin I(2) + H(+) + NADPH.
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9alpha-epoxy-11alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase activity
NADP+-dependent PGI2-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity
NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin (prostacyclin) dehydrogenase activity
15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + (15S)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate = NAD(P)H + H+ + 15-oxo-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate.
(15S)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NAD(P)+ 15-oxidoreductase activity
15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase activity
15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + testosterone = NADH + H+ + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.
3-alpha(17-beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
3alpha(17beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+)
3alpha(or 17beta)-hydroxysteroid:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
3alpha,17beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity
testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: codeine + NADP(+) = codeinone + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (7S)-salutaridinol + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + salutaridine.
salutaridinol:NADP+ 7-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NAD(+) = D-ribulose + H(+) + NADH.
D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase (ribulose-forming) activity
D-arabinitol:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (D-ribulose-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + scytalone = NADPH + H+ + 1,3,6,8-naphthalenetetrol.
scytalone:NADP+ delta5-oxidoreductase activity
tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + 2 NADP(+) = biopterin + 2 H(+) + 2 NADPH.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:1.1.1.253.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-carnitine + NAD(+) = 3-dehydrocarnitine + H(+) + NADH.
(S)-carnitine:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The reaction is B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD(P)+.
3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B-specific) activity
3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B-specific)
3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity
3alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (B-specific)
hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity
androsterone dehydrogenase (B-specific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: lithocholate + NAD(+) = 3-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADH.
3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholanate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
3alpha-hydroxycholanate dehydrogenase activity
alpha-hydroxy-cholanate dehydrogenase activity
3-alpha-hydroxycholanate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol = 17-beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one + NADH + H+.
3-alpha(or 20-beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
3alpha,20beta-hydroxysteroid:NAD+-oxidoreductase activity
NADH-20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
delta4-3-ketosteroid hydrogenase activity
(R)-20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + testosterone = NADPH + H+ + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.
17beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase activity
NADP-dependent testosterone-17beta-oxidoreductase activity
testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+)
testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 3-carboxy-2-hydroxyadipate = NADH + H+ + CO2 + 2-keto-adipate.
(-)-1-hydroxy-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) activity
(-)-1-hydroxy-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
(1R,2S)-1-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
2-hydroxy-3-carboxyadipate dehydrogenase activity
3-carboxy-2-hydroxyadipate dehydrogenase activity
3-carboxy-2-hydroxyadipate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) activity
3-carboxy-2-hydroxyadipate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Note that EC:1.1.1.155 was merged into EC:1.1.1.87 as they are identical.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerate + CO2 + NAD(P)+ = NAD(P)H + H+ + 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate.
D-glycerate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (carboxylating)
oxaloglycolate reductase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol + NADP(+) = 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H(+) + NADPH.
3-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (NADP) dehydrogenase activity
m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity
m-hydroxybenzylalcohol dehydrogenase activity
3-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxystearate + NAD(+) = 2-oxostearate + H(+) + NADH.
(R)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase activity
(R)-2-hydroxystearate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
D-2-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase activity
(R)-2-hydroxy-fatty acid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxystearate + NAD(+) = 2-oxostearate + H(+) + NADH.
(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase activity
(S)-2-hydroxystearate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
L-2-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase activity
(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty acid dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ferricytochrome C-553 + D-lactate = 2 ferrocytochrome C-553 + pyruvate.
(R)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c-553 2-oxidoreductase activity
D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-cheilanthifoline + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (S)-stylopine + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
(S)-cheilanthifoline oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming) activity
(S)-cheilanthifoline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-scoulerine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (S)-cheilanthifoline + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
(S)-scoulerine oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming) activity
(S)-scoulerine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + H+ + R-N-methylcoclaurine + S-N-methylcoclaurine = 2 H2O + NADP+ + berbamunine.
(S)-N-methylcoclaurine oxidase (C-O phenol-coupling) activity
(S)-N-methylcoclaurine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (C-O phenol-coupling)
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-reticuline + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 2 H(2)O + NADP(+) + salutaridine.
(R)-reticuline oxidase (C-C phenol-coupling) activity
(R)-reticuline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (C-C phenol-coupling)
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (S)-canadine + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
(S)-tetrahydroberberine synthase activity
(S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming) activity
(S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O = 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol.
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone:oxidized-dithiothreitol oxidoreductase activity
phylloquinone epoxide reductase activity
vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O = 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol.
3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone:oxidized-dithiothreitol oxidoreductase activity
vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase activity
vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: polyvinyl alcohol + ferricytochrome c = oxidized polyvinyl alcohol + ferrocytochrome c + H+.
polyvinyl-alcohol:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity
polyvinyl-alcohol:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
polyvinyl alcohol:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase activity
polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantolactone + A = 2-dehydropantolactone + AH(2).
(R)-pantolactone:acceptor oxidoreductase (flavin-containing)
(R)-pantoyllactone dehydrogenase (flavin) activity
2-dehydropantolactone reductase (flavin) activity
2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (flavin) activity
(R)-pantolactone dehydrogenase (flavin) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose + D-glucose = D-glucitol + D-glucono-1,5-lactone.
D-glucose:D-fructose oxidoreductase activity
glucose-fructose oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (+-)-trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol + 2 NADP(+) = acenaphthene-1,2-dione + 2 H(+) + 2 NADPH.
(+-)-trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
trans-1,2-acenaphthenediol dehydrogenase activity
trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ferricytochrome B5 + ascorbate = ferrocytochrome B5 + monodehydroascorbate.
L-ascorbate:ferricytochrome-b5 oxidoreductase activity
ascorbate-cytochrome b5 reductase activity
L-ascorbate-cytochrome-b5 reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + 2 sulochrin = 2 (2S)-bisdechlorogeodin + 2 H(2)O.
sulochrin:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, (+)-specific)
sulochrin oxidase [(+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + 2 sulochrin = 2 (2R)-bisdechlorogeodin + 2 H(2)O.
sulochrin:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, (-)-specific)
sulochrin oxidase [(-)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a lipid hydroperoxide + 2 reduced glutathione = 2 H2O + lipid + 2 oxidized glutathione.
glutathione:lipid-hydroperoxide oxidoreductase activity
hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity
peroxidation-inhibiting protein: peroxidase, glutathione (phospholipid hydroperoxide-reducing)
phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity
peroxidation-inhibiting protein activity
phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2) + menaquinone = reduced menaquinone.
hydrogen-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
hydrogen:menaquinone oxidoreductase activity
quinone-reactive Ni/Fe-hydrogenase activity
hydrogen:quinone oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H(2) = 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + H(+).
5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase activity
H(2)-dependent methylene-H(4)MPT dehydrogenase activity
H(2)-forming N(5),N(10)-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
H2-dependent methylene-H4MPT dehydrogenase activity
H2-forming N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
N(5),N(10)-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase activity
N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase activity
hydrogen:5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin oxidoreductase activity
hydrogen:N(5),N(10)-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin oxidoreductase activity
hydrogen:N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin oxidoreductase activity
N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + O(2) = 5-(3-carboxylato-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-4,6-dihydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate + H(+).
7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8alpha-dioxygenase activity
7,8-dihydroxykynurenate oxygenase activity
7,8-dihydroxykynurenate:oxygen 8,8a-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
7,8-dihydroxykynurenate:oxygen 8,8alpha-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8a-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate = 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate.
2,3-dihydroxy-beta-phenylpropionate oxygenase activity
2,3-dihydroxy-beta-phenylpropionic dioxygenase activity
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase activity
3-carboxyethylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + O(2) = 3-hydroxy-5,9,17-trioxo-4,5:9,10-disecoandrosta-1(10),2-dien-4-oate + H(+).
3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione:oxygen 4,5-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
3-alkylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity
3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + O(2) = 2-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate + 2 H(+).
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-oxygenase activity
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone + O(2) = 4-hydroxybenzoate + formate + 2 H(+).
(4-hydroxybenzoyl)methanol oxygenase activity
2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone oxidoreductase (C-C-bond-cleaving)
2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + benzene-1,2,4-triol = maleylacetate.
4-hydroxycatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + O2 + 2,5-dihydroxypyridine = formate + maleamate.
2,5-dihydroxypyridine oxygenase activity
2,5-dihydroxypyridine:oxygen 5,6-oxidoreductase activity
2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + ATP + Photinus luciferin = light + diphosphate + AMP + CO2 + oxidized Photinus luciferin.
Photinus luciferin 4-monooxygenase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing)
Photinus-luciferin 4-monooxygenase (ATP-hydrolysing)
Photinus-luciferin:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, ATP-hydrolysing)
Photinus-luciferin 4-monooxygenase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + 3-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-4-one = carbon monoxide + N-formylanthranilate.
(1H)-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase activity
1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase activity
3-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-4-one 2,4-dioxygenase (CO-forming)
3-hydroxy-4(1H)-one, 2,4-dioxygenase activity
3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase activity
quinoline-3,4-diol 2,4-dioxygenase activity
3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyuridine + 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) = 2-deoxy-D-ribono-1,4-lactone + CO(2) + succinate + uracil.
pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 1'-dioxygenase activity
pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside,2-oxoglutarate 1'-dioxygenase activity
2'-deoxyuridine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (1'-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyuridine + 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) = CO(2) + succinate + uridine.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2'-hydroxylase activity
pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 2'-dioxygenase activity
pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside,2-oxoglutarate 2'-dioxygenase activity
2'-deoxyuridine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2'-hydroxylating)
thymidine 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate = NAD(P)+ + 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate.
2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine 5-carboxylic acid dioxygenase activity
3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
3-hydroxy-3-methylpyridinecarboxylate dioxygenase activity
methylhydroxypyridine carboxylate dioxygenase activity
methylhydroxypyridinecarboxylate oxidase activity
3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridinecarboxylate dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (6aR,11aR)-3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + H(2)O + NADP(+). (6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan is also known as (-)-glycinol.
(6aR,11aR)-3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6a-hydroxylating)
3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-hydroxylase activity
3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6alpha-monooxygenase (erroneous)
3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + H+ + trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate = H2O + NADP+ + trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinate.
5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate/shikimate 3'-hydroxylase activity
coumaroylquinate(coumaroylshikimate) 3'-monooxygenase activity
trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3'-hydroxylating)
5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate 3'-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + H+ + (S)-N-methylcanadine = H2O + NADP+ + allocryptopine.
(S)-N-methylcanadine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-hydroxylating)
(S)-cis-N-methyltetrahydroberberine 14-monooxygenase activity
(S)-cis-N-methyltetrahydroprotoberberine-14-hydroxylase activity
methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-hydroxylase activity
methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 4-hydroxymandelonitrile + H(2)O + NADP(+).
4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile hydroxylase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile monooxygenase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
hydroxyphenylacetonitrile 2-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + progesterone = H2O + NADP+ + testosterone acetate.
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, side-chain cleaving)
androstenedione, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (17-hydroxylating, lactonizing)
ketosteroid,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, ester-producing/20-hydroxylating, side-chain cleaving/17-hydroxylating, lactonizing)
progesterone, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, ester-producing)
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADPH + O(2) + protopine = 6-hydroxyprotopine + H(2)O + NADP(+).
protopine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrosanguinarine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine + H(2)O + NADP(+).
dihydrosanguinarine 10-hydroxylase activity
dihydrosanguinarine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (10-hydroxylating)
dihydrosanguinarine 10-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrochelirubine + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine + H(2)O + NADP(+).
dihydrochelirubine 12-hydroxylase activity
dihydrochelirubine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating)
dihydrochelirubine 12-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoyl-CoA + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + H(2)O + NADP(+).
benzoyl-CoA,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + NADPH + O(2) = N(6)-hydroxy-L-lysine + H(2)O + NADP(+).
L-lysine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Note that EC:1.13.12.10 was merged into this term.
L-lysine 6-monooxygenase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + 27-hydroxycholesterol = H2O + NADP+ + 7-alpha,27-dihydroxycholesterol.
27-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase activity
27-hydroxycholesterol 7a-hydroxylase activity
27-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity
27-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase activity
27-hydroxycholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7alpha-hydroxylating)
27-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + NADH + O(2) + quinolin-4-ol = H(2)O + NAD(+) + quinoline-3,4-diol.
1-H-4-oxoquinoline 3-monooxygenase activity
quinolin-4(1H)-one 3-monooxygenase activity
quinolin-4(1H)-one,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-oxygenating)
4-hydroxyquinoline 3-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NAD(P)H + 3-hydroxyphenylacetate = H2O + NAD(P)+ + homogentisate.
3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-monooxygenase activity
3-hydroxyphenylacetate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-hydroxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one + NADPH + O(2) = 6-oxohexanoate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one,NADPH:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (1,2-lactonizing)
2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + O(2) = A + H(2)O + testololactone.
4-androstene-3,17-dione monooxygenase activity
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione 17-oxidoreductase activity
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione hydroxylase activity
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione-hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (13-hydroxylating, lactonizing)
androstene-3,17-dione hydroxylase activity
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione monooxygenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + O(2) + phylloquinone = 2,3-epoxyphylloquinone + A + H(2)O.
phylloquinone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-epoxidizing)
phylloquinone monooxygenase (2,3-epoxidizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 O2 + donor-H2 + Latia luciferin = light + H2O + acceptor + formate + CO2 + oxidized Latia luciferin.
Latia luciferin monooxygenase (demethylating)
Latia-luciferin,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Latia-luciferin monooxygenase (demethylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD(P)+ + CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose = NAD(P)H + CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose.
CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose:NAD(P)+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase system activity
CDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase activity
CDP-4-keto-deoxy-glucose reductase activity
NAD(P)H:CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose oxidoreductase activity
cytidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase activity
cytidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose reductase activity
CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NADP-triose phosphate dehydrogenase activity
dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde phosphate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (phosphorylating)
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (phosphorylating)
triosephosphate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) activity
triosephosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (phosphorylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + CoA + 2-keto-isovalerate = NADH + CO2 + isobutyryl-CoA.
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-methyl-propanoylating)
2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD+ + 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde = NADH + 2-amino-muconate.
2-aminomuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde:NAD+ 6-oxidoreductase activity
2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
alpha-aminomuconic epsilon-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
alpha-hydroxymuconic epsilon-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD+ + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-al = NADH + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate.
3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxycholestan-26-al 26-dehydrogenase activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al dehydrogenase activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al:NAD+ 26-oxidoreductase activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxycholestan-26-al 26-dehydrogenase activity
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxycholestan-26-al 26-oxidoreductase activity
cholestanetriol-26-al 26-dehydrogenase activity
trihydroxydeoxycoprostanal dehydrogenase activity
3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxycholestan-26-al 26-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + NAD(+) + palmitaldehyde = H(+) + NADH + palmitoyl-CoA.
hexadecanal:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating)
hexadecanal dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 4-trimethylammoniobutanal = NADH + 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate.
4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
4-trimethylammoniobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde + H2O = NADH + 4-hydroxyphenylacetate.
4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-guanidinobutanal + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 4-guanidinobutanoate + 2 H(+) + NADH.
4-guanidinobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
4-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
alpha-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ethyl (R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate + NADP(+) = ethyl 3-oxohexanoate + H(+) + NADPH.
(R)-3-hydroxyacid ester dehydrogenase activity
ethyl-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
(R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ethyl (S)-3-hydroxyhexanoate + NADP(+) = ethyl 3-oxohexanoate + H(+) + NADPH.
(S)-3-hydroxyacid ester dehydrogenase activity
ethyl-(S)-3-hydroxyhexanoate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity
(S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + NAD(+) + phenylglyoxylate = benzoyl-CoA + CO(2) + NADH.
phenylglyoxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
phenylglyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ferricytochrome C-553 + formate = ferrocytochrome C-553 + CO2.
formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553)
formate:ferricytochrome-c-553 oxidoreductase activity
formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome-c-553) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + O(2) + phosphate + pyruvate = acetyl phosphate + CO(2) + H(2)O(2).
phosphate-dependent pyruvate oxidase activity
pyruvate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acceptor + an aldehyde = donor-H2 + an acid.
aldehyde dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity
aldehyde:(pyrroloquinoline-quinone) oxidoreductase activity
aldehyde dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + NAD(+) = 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + H(+) + NADH.
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate dehydrogenase activity
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid 7,8-diol dehydrogenase activity
kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol = NADPH + catechol.
trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate = NADH + CO2 + catechol.
(1R,6R)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase activity
3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity
cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase activity
cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
dihydrodihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase activity
1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = trans-D2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+.
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein:NADP+ oxidoreductase (A-specific)
enoyl-ACP reductase (NADPH, A-specific) activity
enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase (NADPH, A-specific) activity
enoyl-acyl carrier protein (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity
enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein reductase (NADPH, A-specific)
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, A-specific) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate + NADP(+) = 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate + H(+) + NADPH.
2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate:NADP+ delta2-oxidoreductase activity
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + NAD(+) = 2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + H(+) + NADH.
2-methyl-branched-chain-acyl-CoA:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate + NAD(+) = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + CO(2) + NADH.
(1R,2S)-dihydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
dihydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
terephthalate 1,2-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity
(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: A + H(2)O + isoquinoline = AH(2) + isoquinolin-1(2H)-one.
isoquinoline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: A + H(2)O + quinaldate = AH(2) + kynurenate.
quinaldic acid 4-oxidoreductase activity
quinoline-2-carboxylate:acceptor 4-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Catalysis of the reaction: A + H(2)O + quinoline-4-carboxylate = 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylate + AH(2).
quinoline-4-carboxylate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
quinoline-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxidoreductase activity
quinoline-4-carboxylate 2-oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S,5S)-3,5-diaminohexanoate + H(2)O + NAD(+) = (S)-5-amino-3-oxo-hexanoate + H(+) + NADH + NH(4)(+).
L-3,5-diaminohexanoate dehydrogenase activity
L-erythro-3,5-diaminohexanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
L-erythro-3,5-diaminohexanoate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + L-pipecolate = NADPH + delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate.
1,2-didehydropipecolate reductase activity
1,2-didehydropipecolic reductase activity
D1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase activity
L-pipecolate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
delta 1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase activity
delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N(5)-[1(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-ornithine + H(2)O + NADP(+) = L-ornithine + H(+) + NADPH + pyruvate.
5-N-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-ornithine-forming)
N5-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-ornithine-forming)
N5-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate = NAD(P)H + 3,4-dehydro-1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate.
thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate:NAD(P)+ 5,6-oxidoreductase activity
thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-reticuline + NADP(+) = 1,2-dehydroreticuline + H(+) + NADPH.
(R)-reticuline:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
1,2-dehydroreticulinium ion reductase activity
1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-2-[(R)-1-carboxyethylamino]pentanoate + H(2)O + NAD(+) = L-2-aminopentanoate + H(+) + NADH + pyruvate.
(2S)-2-{[1-(R)-carboxyethyl]amino}pentanoate dehydrogenase (NAD, L-aminopentanoate-forming)
(2S)-2-{[1-(R)-carboxyethyl]amino}pentanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-aminopentanoate-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H(+) + NADPH.
6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase activity
N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
lysine:alpha-ketoglutarate:TPNH oxidoreductase (epsilon-N-[gultaryl-2]-L-lysine forming)
saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, lysine-forming) dehydrogenase activity
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H(2)O + NAD(+) = L-glutamate + allysine + H(+) + NADH.
6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipic-delta-semialdehyde and glutamate forming)
aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase activity
dehydrogenase, saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, glutamate-forming)
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + dihydrosanguinarine = H2O2 + sanguinarine.
dihydrobenzophenanthridine:oxygen oxidoreductase activity
dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: electron-transferring flavoprotein + H2O + dimethylamine = reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein + formaldehyde + methylamine.
dimethylamine:electron-transferring flavoprotein oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.
NAD(P)H2:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase activity
insulin-glutathione transhydrogenase activity
protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)H) activity
protein-dithiol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + NADP(+) = bis-gamma-glutamylcystine + H(+) + NADPH.
Bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase (NADPH)
NADPH2:bis-gamma-glutamylcysteine oxidoreductase activity
NADPH:bis-gamma-glutamylcysteine oxidoreductase activity
bis-g-glutamylcystine reductase (NADPH) activity
bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase (NADPH) activity
gamma-glutamylcysteine:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene + H(+) + NADPH.
4-(dimethylamino)phenylazobenzene:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
N,N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene oxide reductase activity
NADPH-dependent DMAB N-oxide reductase activity
NADPH2:4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene oxidoreductase activity
NADPH:4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene oxidoreductase activity
dimethylaminoazobenzene N-oxide reductase activity
4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetamidofluorene + NAD(P)+ + H2O = N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene + NAD(P)H + H+.
2-acetamidofluorene:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity
N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene reductase activity
NAD(P)H2:N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene N-oxidoreductase activity
NAD(P)H:N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene N-oxidoreductase activity
N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene reductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 cob(II)alamin + NAD+ = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + NADH + H+.
NADH-linked aquacobalamin reductase activity
NADH2:cob(III)alamin oxidoreductase activity
NADH:cob(III)alamin oxidoreductase activity
cob(II)alamin:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: homocystine + 2 reduced glutathione = oxidized glutathione + 2 homocysteine.
glutathione:homocystine oxidoreductase activity
glutathione-homocystine transhydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidized glutathione + CoA = reduced glutathione + CoA-glutathione.
CoA:glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity
coenzyme A:glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity
coenzyme A:oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase activity
glutathione coenzyme A-glutathione transhydrogenase activity
glutathione-coenzyme A glutathione disulfide transhydrogenase activity
glutathione:coenzyme A-glutathione transhydrogenase activity
glutathione-CoA-glutathione transhydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cystine + 2 reduced glutathione = oxidized glutathione + 2 L-cysteine.
NADPH-dependent GSH-cystine transhydrogenase
glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidized glutathione + [xanthine dehydrogenase] = reduced glutathione + xanthine-oxidase.
[xanthine-dehydrogenase]:oxidized-glutathione S-oxidoreductase activity
enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulphide) activity
enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (oxidized-glutathione) activity
glutathione-dependent thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase activity
thiol:disulphide oxidoreductase activity
xanthine-dehydrogenase:glutathione-disulfide S-oxidoreductase activity
xanthine-dehydrogenase:oxidized-glutathione S-oxidoreductase activity
enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulfide) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + chlorate = A + chlorite + H(2)O + H(+).
chlorite:acceptor oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + acyl-CoA = L-phosphatidate + CoA.
2-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-demethylsterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = sterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:6-demethylsterigmatocystin 6-O-methyltransferase activity
demethylsterigmatocystin methyltransferase activity
demethylsterigmatocystin 6-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 7-O-methylsterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-homocysteine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:sterigmatocystin 7-O-methyltransferase activity
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:sterigmatocystin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
sterigmatocystin 8-O-methyltransferase activity
sterigmatocystin methyltransferase activity
sterigmatocystin 7-O-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + trimethylsulfonium = (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + dimethyl sulfide + H(+).
trimethylsulfonium-tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase activity
trimethylsulfonium:tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase activity
trimethylsulphonium-tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase activity
trimethylsulfonium-tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + methylammonium = N-methyl-L-glutamate + NH(4)(+).
methylamine-glutamate methyltransferase activity
methylamine:L-glutamate N-methyltransferase activity
methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homocysteine + dimethylsulfonioacetate = (methylthio)acetate + L-methionine + H(+).
dimethylsulfonioacetate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
dimethylthetin-homocysteine methyltransferase activity
thetin-homocysteine methylpherase activity
thetin-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homocysteine + betaine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine.
betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase activity
betaine-homocysteine transmethylase activity
trimethylammonioacetate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + tRNA containing uridine at position 54 + FADH + H+ = tetrahydrofolate + tRNA containing ribothymidine at position 54 + FAD+.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:tRNA-UPsiC (uracil-5-)-methyl-transferase activity
folate-dependent ribothymidyl synthase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate-tRNA-(uracil-5-)-methyltransferase (FADH-oxidizing) activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate-transfer ribonucleate uracil 5-methyltransferase activity
methylenetetrahydrofolate-tRNA-(uracil-5-)-methyltransferase (FADH2-oxidizing) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcobamide + methanol = H2O + Co-methyl-Co-5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcob(I)amide.
methanol cobalamin methyltransferase activity
methanol:5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcobamide Co-methyltransferase activity
methanol:5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcobamide methyltransferase activity
methanol:corrinoid methyltransferase activity
This function is the first step in the pathway of methanogenesis from methanol.
methanol-5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcobamide Co-methyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dCMP + H(2)O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylate.
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:deoxycytidylate 5-hydroxymethyltransferase activity
d-cytidine 5'-monophosphate hydroxymethylase activity
deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase activity
deoxycytidylate hydroxymethyltransferase activity
deoxycytidylic hydroxymethylase activity
deoxycytidylate 5-hydroxymethyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + D-methylmalonyl-CoA = oxaloacetic acid + propionyl-CoA.
(S)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxyltransferase activity
(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxyltransferase activity
(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase activity
methylmalonyl coenzyme A carboxyltransferase activity
methylmalonyl-CoA carboxyltransferase activity
methylmalonyl-CoA transcarboxylase activity
methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-hydroxymethylceph-3-em-4-carboxylate + carbamoyl-phosphate = phosphate + a 3-carbamoyloxymethylcephem.
3'-hydroxymethylcephem-O-carbamoyltransferase activity
carbamoyl-phosphate:3-hydroxymethylceph-3-em-4-carboxylate carbamoyltransferase activity
3-hydroxymethylcephem carbamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + acetoin = 1-deoxy-D-altro-heptulose 7-phosphate + acetaldehyde.
1-deoxy-D-altro-heptulose-7-phosphate synthase activity
1-deoxy-D-altro-heptulose-7-phosphate synthetase activity
3-hydroxybutan-2-one:D-ribose-5-phosphate aldehydetransferase activity
3-hydroxybutan-3-one:D-ribose-5-phosphate aldehydetransferase activity
acetoin-ribose-5-phosphate transaldolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [myelin proteolipid] + palmityl-CoA = [myelin proteolipid] O-palmitoylprotein + CoA.
[myelin-proteolipid] O-palmitoyltransferase activity
palmitoyl-CoA:[myelin-proteolipid] O-palmitoyltransferase activity
myelin-proteolipid O-palmitoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose = 1,2-di-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose + D-glucose.
1-(hydroxycinnamoyl)-glucose:1-(hydroxycinnamoyl)-glucose hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
1-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-beta-D-glucoside:1-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl-beta-D-glucoside 1-O-sinapoyltransferase activity
hydroxycinnamoylglucose-hydroxycinnamoylglucose hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
sinapoylglucose-sinapoylglucose O-sinapoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholine + CoA.
acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + acetyl-CoA = 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + CoA.
acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate 2-O-acetyltransferase activity
alkyllyso-GP:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity
alkylglycerophosphate 2-O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymalonate + sinapoyl-CoA = CoA + sinapoyltartronate.
hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme-A:tartronate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
sinapoyl-CoA:2-hydroxymalonate O-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
tartronate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-10-(methoxycarbonyl)-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.0^{1,9}.0^{2,7}.0^{16,19}]nonadeca-2(7),3,5,13-tetraen-16-ium + acetyl-CoA = (1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-11-(acetyloxy)-12-ethyl-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-10-(methoxycarbonyl)-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.0^{1,9}.0^{2,7}.0^{16,19}]nonadeca-2(7),3,5,13-tetraen-16-ium + CoA.
17-O-deacetylvindoline-17-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA-17-O-deacetylvindoline 17-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:17-O-deacetylvindoline 17-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetylcoenzyme A-deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetylcoenzyme A:deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetylcoenzyme A:deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase activity
deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase activity
deacetylvindoline acetyltransferase activity
17-O-deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dichloroaniline + malonyl-CoA = N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)malonamate + CoA.
malonyl-CoA:3,4-dichloroaniline N-malonyltransferase activity
3,4-dichloroaniline N-malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: biochanin-A + malonyl-CoA = 6'-malonyl-biochanin A + CoA.
flavone (flavonol) 7-O-glycoside malonyltransferase activity
flavone/flavonol 7-O-beta-D-glucoside malonyltransferase activity
malonyl-CoA:flavone/flavonol 7-O-glucoside malonyltransferase activity
malonyl-CoA:isoflavone-7-O-beta-D-glucoside 6''-O-malonyltransferase activity
malonyl-coenzyme A:flavone/flavonol-7-O-glycoside malonyltransferase activity
malonyl-coenzyme A:isoflavone 7-O-glucoside-6''-malonyltransferase activity
isoflavone-7-O-beta-glucoside 6''-O-malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside + malonyl-CoA = malonyl-flavonol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside + CoA.
flavonol 3-O-glucoside malonyltransferase activity
malonyl-CoA:flavonol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside 6''-O-malonyltransferase activity
malonyl-coenzyme A:flavonol-3-O-glucoside malonyltransferase activity
flavonol-3-O-beta-glucoside O-malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine + CoA.
acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase activity
1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol + acyl-CoA = 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerol + CoA.
1-hexadecyl-2-acetylglycerol acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase activity
1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: caffeoyl-CoA + isocitrate = 2-caffeoylisocitrate + CoA.
caffeoyl-CoA:isocitrate 3-O-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
isocitrate O-dihydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: feruloyl-CoA + galactarate = 2-(E)-O-feruloyl-D-galactarate + CoA.
feruloyl-CoA:galactarate O-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
galacturate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
galactarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucarate + sinapoyl-CoA = 2-O-sinapoyl-D-glucarate + CoA.
sinapoyl-CoA:glucarate O-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
glucarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glucarolactone + sinapoyl-CoA = O-sinapoylglucarolactone + CoA.
sinapoyl-CoA:glucarolactone O-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
glucarolactone O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: shikimate + coumaroyl-CoA = 4-coumaroylshikimate + CoA.
4-coumaroyl-CoA:shikimate O-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + phosphatidylcholine = retinyl-ester-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + 2-acylglycerophosphocholine.
lecithin--retinol acyltransferase activity
phosphatidylcholine:retinol-(cellular-retinol-binding-protein) O-acyltransferase activity
phosphatidylcholine:retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] O-acyltransferase activity
phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: caffeoyl-CoA + putrescine = N-caffeoylputrescine + CoA + H(+).
caffeoyl-CoA putrescine N-caffeoyl transferase activity
caffeoyl-CoA:putrescine N-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:putrescine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase activity
putrescine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
putrescine N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-3-D-galactosyl-sn-2-acylglycerol + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = D-galactosyldiacylglycerol + [acyl-carrier protein].
acyl-ACP:lyso-MGDG acyltransferase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier protein: lysomonogalactosyldiacylglycerol acyltransferase activity
acyl-acyl-carrier-protein:D-galactosylacylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
galactosylacylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2,3,6-tetrakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose + 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose = 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose + D-glucose.
1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose:1,2,3,6-tetrakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose 4-O-galloyltransferase activity
beta-glucogallin-tetragalloylglucose 4-galloyltransferase activity
beta-glucogallin:1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose 4-O-galloyltransferase activity
beta-glucogallin:1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose 4-O-galloyltransferase activity
beta-glucogallin-tetrakisgalloylglucose O-galloyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + 1-alkyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-alkyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
1-organyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:1-organyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine arachidonoyltransferase (CoA-independent)
1-organyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:1-organyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine arachidonoyltransferase (CoA-independent)
glycerophospholipid arachidonoyl-transferase (CoA-independent) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
1-organyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:1-organyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine acyltransferase (CoA-dependent)
glycerophospholipid acyltransferase (CoA-dependent) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid.
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:1-organyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid acetyltransferase activity
platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (7S)-salutaridinol + acetyl-CoA = (7S)-O-acetylsalutaridinol + CoA.
acetyl-CoA:salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase activity
salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + 3 malonyl-CoA = 3 CO2 + 2,3',4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone + 4 coenzyme A.
malonyl-CoA:3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA malonyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + 1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose = beta-D-glucose + alkyl cinnamate.
1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose:alcohol O-cinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: anthocyanidin-3,5-diglucoside + hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA = anthocyanidin 3-glucoside-5-hydroxycinnamoylglucoside + CoA.
hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:anthocyanidin 3,5-diglucoside 5-O-glucoside-6'''-O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = phosphatidylcholine + CoA.
1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase activity
acyl coenzyme A-monoacylphosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:1-acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine transacylase activity
acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
lysophosphatide acyltransferase activity
lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity
1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate + CoA.
acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase activity
N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-7-O(or 9-O)-acetylneuraminate + CoA.
N-acetylneuraminate 7(8)-O-acetyltransferase activity
N-acetylneuraminate 7,8-O-acetyltransferase activity
N-acetylneuraminate O7-(or O9-)acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-7- and/or 8-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-7- or 8-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-9(7)-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-9(or 7)-O-acetyltransferase activity
glycoprotein 7(9)-O-acetyltransferase activity
N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: deacetyl-[citrate-oxaloacetate-lyase ((pro-3S)-CH(2)COO(-)-acetate)] + S-acetylphosphopantetheine = [citrate oxaloacetate-lyase ((pro-3S)-CH(2)COO(-)-acetate)] + pantetheine 4'-phosphate.
S-acetyl phosphopantetheine:deacetyl citrate lyase S-acetyltransferase activity
S-acetylphosphopantetheine:deacetyl-citrate-oxaloacetate-lyase((pro-3S)-CH2COO-rightacetate)S-acetyltransferase activity
deacetyl-citrate-(pro-3S)-lyase S-acetyltransferase activity
deacetyl-citrate-(pro-3S)-lyase acetyltransferase activity
deacetyl-[citrate-(pro-3S)-lyase] S-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl + N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminonbiphenyl = N-acetoxy-4-aminobiphenyl + N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl.
N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene N-O acyltransferase activity
N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl:N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl O-acetyltransferase activity
aromatic hydroxylamine acetyltransferase activity
arylhydroxamate acyltransferase activity
arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acetyltransferase activity
aromatic-hydroxylamine O-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-amino-L-alanine + oxalyl-CoA = N(3)-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoate + CoA.
oxalyl-CoA:L-2,3-diaminopropanoate 3-N-oxalyltransferase activity
oxalyl-CoA:L-2,3-diaminopropanoate N3-oxalyltransferase activity
oxalyl-CoA:L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid oxalyltransferase activity
oxalyldiaminopropionate synthase activity
oxalyldiaminopropionic synthase activity
2,3-diaminopropionate N-oxalyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.
2-acylglycerol-3-phosphorylcholine acyltransferase activity
2-acylglycerophosphocholine acyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.
acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetyl-CoA = 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.
blood platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity
lyso-GPC:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase activity
lyso-platelet activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity
lyso-platelet-activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity
lysopaf:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase activity
platelet-activating factor acylhydrolase activity
platelet-activating factor-synthesizing enzyme activity
1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase activity
1-alkyl-2-lysolecithin acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 2-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 2-O-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase activity
acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase activity
1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase activity
OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-acylglycerol + arachidonyl-CoA = CDP-diacylglycerol + CoA.
CDP-acylglycerol O-arachidonyltransferase activity
CDPacylglycerol O-arachidonyltransferase activity
arachidonoyl-CoA:CDP-acylglycerol O-arachidonoyltransferase activity
arachidonyl-CoA:CDP-acylglycerol O-arachidonyltransferase activity
This term was made obsolete because the evidence for the existence of this reaction was retracted. Please see PMID:6885763 for more information.
CDP-acylglycerol O-arachidonoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-O-(indol-3-ylacetyl)-beta-D-glucose + myo-inositol = 1L-1-O-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-myo-inositol + D-glucose.
1-O-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-beta-D-glucose:myo-inositol (indol-3-yl)acetyltransferase activity
1-O-(indol-3-ylacetyl)-beta-D-glucose:myo-inositol indole-3-ylacetyltransferase activity
indole-3-acetyl-beta-1-D-glucoside:myo-inositol indoleacetyltransferase activity
indoleacetylglucose-inositol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sterol + 1,2-diacylglycerol = sterol ester + acylglycerol.
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:sterol O-acyltransferase activity
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:sterol acyl transferase activity
diacylglycerol-sterol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain-alcohol + acyl-CoA = a long-chain ester + CoA.
acyl-CoA:long-chain-alcohol O-acyltransferase activity
long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxysterol + triacylglycerol = a 3-beta-hydroxysterol ester + 1,2-diacylglycerol.
triacylglycerol-sterol O-acyltransferase activity
triacylglycerol:3beta-hydroxysterol O-acyltransferase activity
triacylglycerol:sterol acyltransferase activity
triglyceride-sterol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-substituted L-cysteine + acetyl-CoA = S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine + CoA + H(+).
acetyl-CoA:S-substituted L-cysteine N-acetyltransferase activity
cysteine-S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + dolichol = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyldolichol.
3-sn-phosphatidylcholine:dolichol O-acyltransferase activity
phosphatidylcholine-dolichol O-acyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + acetyl-CoA + H(2)O = L-2-acetamido-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
acetyl-CoA:(S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate-2,6-dicarboxylate N2-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:(S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate 2-N-acetyltransferase activity
acetyl-CoA:L-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate N2-acetyltransferase activity
tetrahydrodipicolinate acetylase activity
tetrahydrodipicolinate:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity
tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose = 1,6-bis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose + D-glucose.
1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose:1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose O-galloyltransferase activity
beta-glucogallin O-galloyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose + choline = O-sinapoylcholine + D-glucose.
1-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-beta-D-glucose:choline 1-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
sinapoylglucose-choline O-sinapoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 13-hydroxylupanine + 2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA = 13-(2-methylcrotonoyloxy)lupanine + CoA.
(E)-2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:13-hydroxylupinine O-2-methylcrotonoyltransferase activity
13-hydroxylupanine acyltransferase activity
tigloyl-CoA:13-hydroxylupanine O-tigloyltransferase activity
13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucarate + chlorogenate = (-)-quinate + 2-O-caffeoylglucarate.
chlorogenate:glucarate O-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
chlorogenate:glucarate caffeoyltransferase activity
chlorogenic acid:glucaric acid O-caffeoyltransferase activity
chlorogenate-glucarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: feruloyl-CoA + quinate = O-feruloylquinate + CoA.
feruloyl-CoA:quinate O-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase activity
hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A-quinate transferase activity
quinate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + L-alanyl-tRNA = UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-N6-(L-alanyl)-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + tRNA.
L-alanyl-tRNA:UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine 6-N-alanyltransferase activity
L-alanyl-tRNA:UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine N6-alanyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramoylpentapeptide lysine N(6)-alanyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramoylpentapeptide lysine N6-alanyltransferase activity
alanyl-transfer ribonucleate-uridine diphosphoacetylmuramoylpentapeptide transferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylmuramoylpentapeptide lysine N(6)-alanyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylmuramoylpentapeptide lysine N6-alanyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylmuramoylpentapeptide-lysine N6-alanyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [(1->2)-beta-D-fructosyl](n) + [(1->2)-beta-D-fructosyl](m) = [(1->2)-beta-D-fructosyl](n+1) + [(1->2)-beta-D-fructosyl](m-1).
1,2-beta-D-fructan 1(F)-fructosyltransferase activity
1,2-beta-D-fructan 1F-fructosyltransferase activity
1,2-beta-D-fructan:1,2-beta-D-fructan 1(F)-beta-D-fructosyltransferase activity
1,2-beta-D-fructan:1,2-beta-D-fructan 1F-beta-D-fructosyltransferase activity
1,2-beta-fructan 1(F)-fructosyltransferase activity
2,1-beta-D-fructan:2,1-beta-D-fructan 1-beta-D-fructosyltransferase activity
2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase activity
fructan:fructan fructosyl transferase activity
1,2-beta-fructan 1F-fructosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin + UDP-D-glucose = daphnin + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-glucose:7,8-dihydroxycoumarin 7-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:o-dihydroxycoumarin glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:7,8-dihydroxycoumarin 7-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-o-dihydroxycoumarin 7-O-glucosyltransferase activity
o-dihydroxycoumarin 7-O-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: coniferyl alcohol + UDP-D-glucose = coniferin + UDP.
UDP-glucose coniferyl alcohol glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:coniferyl-alcohol 4'-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:coniferyl-alcohol 4'-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-coniferyl alcohol glucosyltransferase activity
coniferyl-alcohol glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-D-glucose + protein = alpha-D-glucosyl-protein + ADP.
1,4alpha-glucan-protein synthase (ADP-forming) activity
ADP-glucose:protein 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
ADPglucose:protein 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
ADPglucose:protein glucosyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphoglucose-protein glucosyltransferase activity
alpha-1,4-glucan-protein synthase (ADP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2-coumarate + UDP-D-glucose = trans-beta-D-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-glucose:trans-2-hydroxycinnamate O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPG:o-coumaric acid O-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:trans-2-hydroxycinnamate O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-o-coumarate glucosyltransferase activity
2-coumarate O-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: anthocyanidin + UDP-D-glucose = anthocyanidin-3-O-D-glucoside + UDP.
UDP-D-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin/flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:cyanidin-3-O-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity
anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin-3-O-D-rhamnosyl-(1,6)-D-glucoside + UDP-D-glucose = cyanidin-3-O-[D-rhamnosyl-(1,6)-D-glucoside]-5-O-D-glucoside + UDP.
UDP-glucose:cyanidin-3-O-D-rhamnosyl-1,6-D-glucoside 5-O-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:cyanidin-3-O-beta-L-rhamnosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity
cyanidin-3-rhamnosylglucoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (indol-3-yl)acetate + UDP-D-glucose = 1-O-(indol-3-ylacetyl)-beta-D-glucose + UDP.
UDP-glucose:auxin glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:(indol-3-yl)acetate beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:indol-3-acetic acid glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:indol-3-ylacetate glucosyl-transferase activity
UDP-glucose:indol-3-ylacetate glucosyltransferase activity
UDPG-indol-3-ylacetyl glucosyl transferase activity
UDPglucose:indole-3-acetate beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
indol-3-ylacetylglucose synthase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-indoleacetate glucosyltransferase activity
indole-3-acetate beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + UDP-galactose = O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-1D-myo-inositol + UDP.
UDP-D-galactose:inositol galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 1-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:myo-inositol 1-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
inositol 1-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-inositol galactosyltransferase activity
inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + 1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = 1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1) + fructose.
sucrose:1,6-, 1,3-alpha-D-glucan 3-alpha- and 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
sucrose:1,6-alpha-D-glucan 3(6)-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose:1,6-alpha-D-glucan 3-alpha- and 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose-1,6-alpha-glucan 3(6)-alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-coumarate + UDP-D-glucose = 4-O-beta-D-glucosyl-4-hydroxycinnamate + UDP.
UDP-glucose-hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:trans-4-hydroxycinnamate 4-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:trans-4-hydroxycinnamate 4-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
hydroxycinnamoyl glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-hydroxycinnamate glucosyltransferase activity
hydroxycinnamate 4-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-menthol + UDP-D-glucose = (-)-menthyl beta-D-glucoside + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-glucose:(-)-menthol O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:(-)-menthol O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:monoterpenol glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-monoterpenol glucosyltransferase activity
monoterpenol beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.
UDP-galactose:4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-galactosylxylose galactosyltransferase activity
galactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose = 2-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-galactose, sn-3-glycerol phosphate:1->2' galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate-2-D-galactosyl transferase activity
UDPgalactose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
floridoside phosphate synthetase activity
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,3-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = 1,3-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-alpha-D-mannosyl)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose + UDP.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:mannotetraose alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine mannoside alpha1->2-alphacetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
mannotetraose 2-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.
O-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:O-glycosyl-glycoprotein (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to -D-galactose of beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R) beta-1,3-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
elongation 3beta-GalNAc-transferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-mucin beta(1->3)-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (elongating)
elongation 3-beta-GalNAc-transferase activity
beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-galactosalaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.
O-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:O-glycosyl-glycoprotein (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R) beta-1,3-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
mucin core 3 beta3-GlcNAc-transferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-mucin beta(1->3)-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
acetylgalactosaminyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.
O-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:O-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to N-acetyl-D-galactosamine of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R) beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
core 4 beta6-GalNAc-transferase activity
core 6-beta-GalNAc-transferase B activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-mucin beta(1->6)-acetylglucosaminyltransferase B
acetylgalactosaminyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1L-1-O-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-myo-inositol + UDP-D-galactose = 5-O-(indol-3-ylacetyl)-myo-inositol D-galactoside + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-galactose:(indol-3-yl)acetyl-myo-inositol 5-O-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:indol-3-ylacetyl-myo-inositol 5-O-D-galactosyltransferase activity
indol-3-ylacetyl-myo-inositol galactoside synthase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-indolylacetylinositol galactosyltransferase activity
indolylacetyl-myo-inositol galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacylglycerol + UDP-D-glucose = 3-D-glucosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol + UDP.
UDP-glucose-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:1,2-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase activity
1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 13-hydroxydocosanoate + UDP-D-glucose = 13-beta-D-glucosyloxydocosanoate + UDP.
13-glucosyloxydocosanoate 2'-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-13-hydroxydocosanoate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:13-hydroxydocosanoic acid glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-hydroxydocosanoate glucosyltransferase activity
13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: flavonol 3-O-D-glucoside + UDP-L-rhamnose = flavonol 3-O-L-rhamnosylglucoside + UDP.
UDP-L-rhamnose:flavonol-3-O-D-glucoside 6''-O-L-rhamnosyltransferase activity
UDP-rhamnose:flavonol 3-O-glucoside rhamnosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphorhamnose-flavonol 3-O-glucoside rhamnosyltransferase activity
flavonol-3-O-glucoside L-rhamnosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxine + UDP-D-glucose = 5'-O-beta-D-glucosylpyridoxine + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-glucose-pyridoxine glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:pyridoxine 5'-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:pyridoxine 5'-O-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:pyridoxine 5'-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-pyridoxine 5'-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
pyridoxine 5'-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyceramide + UDP.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosyl-ceramide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-alpha-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-(N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-2,3)-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + UDP.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-alpha-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-acetylneuraminyl(alpha2->3)galactosyl(beta1->4)glucosyl beta1->4-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 raffinose = sucrose + 1F-alpha-D-galactosylraffinose.
raffinose (raffinose donor) galactosyltransferase activity
raffinose-raffinose a-galactosyltransferase activity
raffinose-raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
raffinose:raffinose alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
raffinose:raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
raffinose-raffinose alpha-galactotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + UDP-galactose = 6F-alpha-D-galactosylsucrose + UDP.
UDP-galactose:sucrose 6F-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:sucrose 6F-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:sucrose 6fru-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
sucrose 6(F)-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
sucrose 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-sucrose 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
sucrose 6F-alpha-galactotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: methylazoxymethanol + UDP-D-glucose = H+ + cycasin + UDP.
UDP-glucose:methyl-ONN-azoxymethanol beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-methylazoxymethanol glucosyltransferase activity
methyl-ONN-azoxymethanol glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-methylazoxymethanol glucosyltransferase activity
methyl-ONN-azoxymethanol beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosylproteoglycan + UDP.
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase I activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:D-glucuronyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-proteoglycan beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
glucuronylgalactosylproteoglycan beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-chondroitinacetylgalactosaminyltransferase I activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-chondroitin acetylgalactosaminyltransferase I
glucuronylgalactosylproteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase II activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
glucuronyl-N-acetylgalactosaminylproteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
glucuronyl-N-acetylgalactosaminylproteoglycan beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-chondroitin acetylgalactosaminyltransferase II activity
glucuronosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxymandelonitrile + UDP-D-glucose = H(+) + taxiphyllin + UDP.
UDP-glucose:4-hydroxymandelonitrile glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:4-hydroxymandelonitrile glucosyltransferase activity
cyanohydrin glucosyltransferase activity
hydroxymandelonitrile glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-R + UDP-D-galactose = D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-R + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-galactose:D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-R beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-R beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-lactosylceramide beta1->3-galactosyltransferase activity
lactosylceramide beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: lipopolysaccharide + UDP-N-acetylmannosaminouronate = N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminouronosyl-1,4-lipopolysaccharide + UDP.
LPS N-acetylmannosaminouronosyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminouronate:lipopolysaccharide N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminouronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylmannosaminuronate-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol acetylmannosaminuronosyltransferase activity
lipopolysaccharide N-acetylmannosaminouronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroxyanthraquinone + UDP-D-glucose = a glucosyloxyanthraquinone + UDP.
UDP-glucose:hydroxyanthraquinone O-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:hydroxyanthraquinone O-glucosyltransferase activity
anthraquinone-specific glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-anthraquinone glucosyltransferase activity
hydroxyanthraquinone glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a flavanone + UDP-D-glucose = a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside + UDP.
UDP-glucose:flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
hesperetin 7-O-glucosyl-transferase activity
naringenin 7-O-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-flavanone 7-O-glucosyltransferase activity
flavanone 7-O-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP.
N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol beta-1,4-N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylmannosamine:N-acetylglucosaminyl diphosphorylundecaprenol N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetyl-mannosamineacetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol acetylmannosaminyltransferase activity
N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP-D-glucose = beta-D-glucosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP.
UDP-D-glucose:N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol glucosyltransferase activity
N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucosiduronate + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = H(+) + luteolin 7-O-[(beta-D-glucosiduronate)-(1->2)-(beta-D-glucosiduronate)] + UDP.
UDP-glucuronate:luteolin 7-O-glucuronide-glucuronosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucuronate:luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide 2''-O-glucuronosyltransferase activity
luteolin-7-O-glucuronide 2''-O-glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-luteolin 7-O-glucuronide glucuronosyltransferase activity
luteolin-7-O-glucuronide 7-O-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: luteolin 7-O-[(beta-D-glucosiduronate)-(1->2)-(beta-D-glucosiduronate)] + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = H(+) + luteolin 7-O-[(beta-D-glucosiduronate)-(1->2)-(beta-D-glucosiduronate)] 4'-O-beta-D-glucosiduronate + UDP.
UDP-glucuronate:luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide-glucuronosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucuronate:luteolin-7-O-beta-D-diglucuronide 4'-O-glucuronosyltransferase activity
UDPglucuronate:luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide-4'-O-glucuronosyl-transferase activity
UDPglucuronate:luteolin-7-O-beta-D-diglucuronide 4'-O-glucuronosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronate-luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide glucuronosyltransferase activity
luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide 4'-O-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nuatigenin + UDP-D-glucose = H(+) + nuatigenin 3-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP.
UDP-glucose:(20S,22S,25S)-22,25-epoxyfurost-5-ene-3beta,26-diol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:(20S,22S,25S)-22,25-epoxyfurost-5-ene-3beta,26-diol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
nuatigenin 3beta-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-nuatigenin glucosyltransferase activity
nuatigenin 3-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol + UDP-D-glucose = (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-yl beta-D-glucoside + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-glucose:(25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:(25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
sarsapogenin 3beta-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-sarsapogenin glucosyltransferase activity
sarsapogenin 3-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + UDP-D-glucose = 4-(beta-D-glucosyloxy)benzoate + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-glucose:4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)benzoic acid glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:4-hydroxybenzoate 4-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:4-hydroxybenzoate 4-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
p-hydroxybenzoate glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-4-hydroxybenzoate glucosyltransferase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate 4-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phenylthioacetohydroximate + UDP-D-glucose = desulfoglucotropeolin + UDP.
N-hydroxythioamide S-beta-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:N-hydroxy-2-phenylethanethioamide S-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:thiohydroximate S-beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPG:thiohydroximate glucosyltransferase activity
desulfoglucosinolate-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase activity
thiohydroximate S-glucosyltransferase activity
thiohydroximate glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-thiohydroximate glucosyltransferase activity
thiohydroximate beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyloligosaccharide + beta-D-mannosylphosphodecaprenol = (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-oligosaccharide + decaprenol phosphate.
beta-D-mannosylphosphodecaprenol:1,6-alpha-D-mannosyloligosaccharide 1,6-alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
mannosylphospholipid-methylmannoside alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity
beta-mannosylphosphodecaprenol-mannooligosaccharide 6-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-(N-acetyl-B-glucosaminyl-1,2)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-beta)-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-beta)-D-mannosyl-R + UDP.
N-glycosyl-oligosaccharide-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase VI activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:2,6-bis(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-alpha-D-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
mannosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase activity
mannosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-glycopeptide beta-1->4-acetylglucosaminyltransferase VI activity
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase VI activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-glycopeptide beta-1->4-acetylglucosaminyltransferase VI
alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + UDP-D-glucose = 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-D-glucoside + UDP.
UDP-glucose:2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-glucosyltransferase activity
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-D-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: galactogen + UDP-galactose = 1,6-beta-D-galctosylgalactogen + UDP.
UDP-galactose:galactogen beta-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:galactogen beta-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase activity
beta-(1,6)-D-galactosyltransferase activity
galactogen 6beta-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-galactogen galactosyltransferase activity
galactogen 6-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + UDP.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide beta-1,3-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
beta1->3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
lactosylceramide beta-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-lactosylceramide beta-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
lactosylceramide 1,3-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol + UDP-D-glucose = UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl(1,2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol.
MGlcDAG (1->2) glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:1,2-diacyl-3-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (1->2) glucosyltransferase activity
diglucosyl diacylglycerol (DGlcDAG) synthase activity
monoglucosyl diacylglycerol (1->2) glucosyltransferase activity
diglucosyl diacylglycerol synthase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine + UDP-D-galactose = H(+) + psychosine + UDP.
UDP-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactotransferase activity
UDPgalactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactotransferase activity
UDPgalactose:sphingosine O-galactosyl transferase activity
galactosyl-sphingosine transferase activity
psychosine-UDP galactosyltransferase activity
psychosine-uridine diphosphate galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-sphingosine beta-galactosyltransferase activity
sphingosine beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glucomannan(n) + GDP-mannose = glucomannan(n+1) + GDP.
GDP-man-beta-mannan mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:glucomannan 1,4-beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity
glucomannan 4-b-mannosyltransferase activity
glucomannan 4-beta-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-D-glucose + glucose-6-phosphate = alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate + GDP.
GDP-glucose-glucosephosphate glucosyltransferase activity
GDP-glucose:D-glucose-6-phosphate 1-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
GDPglucose-glucose-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
GDPglucose:D-glucose-6-phosphate 1-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphoglucose-glucose phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
trehalose phosphate synthase (GDP-forming) activity
alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (GDP-forming) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: estradiol-17alpha 3-D-glucuronoside + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 17alpha-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-estradiol 3-D-glucuronoside + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:estradiol-17alpha-3-D-glucuronoside 17alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
hydroxy steroid acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
steroid acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-steroid acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
steroid N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-galacturonate + 1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl(n) = 1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl(n+1) + UDP.
UDP galacturonate-polygalacturonate alpha-galacturonosyltransferase activity
UDP-D-galacturonate:1,4-alpha-poly-D-galacturonate 4-alpha-D-galacturonosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalacturonate-polygalacturonate alpha-galacturonosyltransferase activity
polygalacturonate 4-alpha-galacturonosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ceramide + UDP-galactose = D-galactosylceramide + UDP.
UDP galactose-N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:N-acylsphingosine D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:N-acylsphingosine D-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity
N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
GDP mannose alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-mannose:heteroglycan 2-(or 3-)-alpha-D-mannosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose-heteroglycan alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
heteropolysaccharide alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
heteroglycan alpha-mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: poly(glycerol phosphate) + UDP-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucosylpoly(glycerol phosphate) + UDP.
UDP glucose-poly(glycerol-phosphate) alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:poly(glycerol-phosphate) alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:poly(glycerol-phosphate) alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-poly(glycerol-phosphate) alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
poly(glycerol-phosphate) alpha-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: poly(ribitol phosphate) + UDP-D-glucose = beta-D-glucosylpoly(ribitol phosphate) + UDP.
UDP glucose-poly(ribitol-phosphate) beta-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-D-glucose polyribitol phosphate glucosyl transferase activity
UDP-D-glucose:polyribitol phosphate glucosyl transferase activity
UDP-glucose:poly(ribitol-phosphate) beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:poly(ribitol-phosphate) beta-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-poly(ribitol-phosphate) beta-glucosyltransferase activity
poly(ribitol-phosphate) beta-glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-undecaprenyl phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose = D-mannosyl undecaprenyl phosphate + GDP.
GDP mannose-undecaprenyl phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
GDP-D-mannose:lipid phosphate transmannosylase activity
GDP-mannose:undecaprenyl-phosphate D-mannosyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphomannose-undecaprenyl phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
undecaprenyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: raffinose + 1-alpha-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol = stachyose + myo-inositol.
alpha-D-(1->3)-galactosyl-myo-inositol:raffinose galactosyltransferase activity
galactinol-raffinose galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: poly(ribitol phosphate) + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-poly(ribitol phosphate) + UDP.
UDP acetylglucosamine-poly(ribitol phosphate) acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:poly(ribitol-phosphate) N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-poly(ribitol phosphate) acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
poly(ribitol-phosphate) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: lipopolysaccharide + UDP-D-glucose = D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide + UDP.
UDP-glucose:galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-galactosylpolysaccharide glucosyltransferase activity
lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase II activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycosaminoglycan + UDP-galactose = D-galactosylglycosaminoglycan + UDP.
UDP-galactose:glycosaminoglycan D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:glycosaminoglycan D-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-mucopolysaccharide galactosyltransferase activity
glycosaminoglycan galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: polyprenyl phosphate + UDP-D-glucose = polyprenylphosphate-glucose + UDP.
UDP-glucose:phosphopolyprenol D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:phosphopolyprenol D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:polyprenol monophosphate glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-polyprenol monophosphate glucosyltransferase activity
phosphopolyprenol glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:D-galactosyl-1,4-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucosylceramide beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide 3III-beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:globotriaosylceramide beta-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:globotriaosylceramide beta1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
galactosylgalactosylglucosylceramide beta-D- activity
globotriaosylceramide 3-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
globotriosylceramide beta-1,6-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-galactosylgalactosylglucosylceramide acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
galactosylgalactosylglucosylceramide beta-D-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + 1-alpha-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol = raffinose + myo-inositol.
1-alpha-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol:sucrose 6-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-myo-inositol:sucrose 6-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
galactinol:sucrose 6-galactosyl transferase activity
galactosyltransferase, galactinol-sucrose
galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1,3)-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-galactose = D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1,3)-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP.
UDP-galactose:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucosylceramide beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucosylceramide beta-D-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyl-glucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide galactosyltransferase activity
glucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide beta-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R + UDP-galactose = alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R + UDP.
N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:Gal-beta-1->4GlcNAc-R alpha-1->3-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:Galbeta1->4GlcNAc-R alpha1->3-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:beta-D-Gal(1,4)-D-GlcNAc alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-Gal:beta-D-Gal(1,4)-D-GlcNAc alpha-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose-acetyllactosamine alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDP-galactose:N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycopeptide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase activity
beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
beta-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
glucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine alpha-1->3-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine alpha1->3-galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosyl-glucosylceramide galactosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide galactosyltransferase activity
N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(1,3)-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(1,3)-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,3-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucosylceramide alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activity
globoside acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-globoside alpha-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
globoside alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 bilirubin-glucuronoside = bilirubin + bilirubin-bisglucuronoside.
bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity
bilirubin monoglucuronide transglucuronidase activity
bilirubin-glucuronoside:bilirubin-glucuronoside D-glucuronosyltransferase activity
bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose = 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + H(+) + UDP.
UDP-Gal:sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid 1-alpha-galactosyl-transferase activity
UDP-galactose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
UDPgalactose:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity
glycerol 3-phosphate 1alpha-galactosyltransferase activity
isofloridoside-phosphate synthase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-glycerol phosphate galactosyltransferase activity
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-galactosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + nicotinamide mononucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H(+) + nicotinamide.
nicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
nicotinamide mononucleotide synthetase activity
nicotinamide-nucleotide:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrophosphate + a 2,4-dioxotetrahydropyrimidine D-ribonucleotide = PRPP + a 2,4-dioxotetrahydropyrimidine.
2,4-dioxotetrahydropyrimidine-nucleotide:diphosphate phospho-alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
dioxotetrahydropyrimidine phosphoribosyl transferase activity
dioxotetrahydropyrimidine ribonucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
dioxotetrahydropyrimidine-ribonucleotide diphosphorylase activity
dioxotetrahydropyrimidine-ribonucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity
dioxotetrahydropyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-L-dihydrostreptose + streptidine 6-phosphate = O-(1->4)-alpha-L-dihydrostreptosyl-streptidine 6-phosphate + dTDP + H(+).
dTDP-L-dihydrostreptose:streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase activity
dTDPdihydrostreptose-streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase activity
thymidine diphosphodihydrostreptose-streptidine 6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase activity
dTDP-dihydrostreptose-streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichol-phosphate + UDP-D-xylose = dolichyl D-xylosyl phosphate + UDP.
UDP-D-xylose:dolichyl-phosphate D-xylosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-phosphate D-xylosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl D-xylosyl phosphate + protein = dolichol-phosphate + D-xylosylprotein.
dolichyl-D-xylosyl-phosphate:protein D-xylosyltransferase activity
dolichyl-xylosyl-phosphate-protein xylosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: flavonol 3-O-glycoside + UDP-D-xylose = flavonol 3-O-D-xylosylglycoside + UDP.
UDP-D-xylose:flavonol-3-O-glycoside 2''-O-beta-D-xylosyltransferase activity
flavonol-3-O-glycoside xylosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: peptide diphthamide + NAD+ = peptide N-(ADP-D-ribosyl)diphthamide + niacinamide.
NAD+:peptide-diphthamide N-(ADP-D-ribosyl)transferase activity
NAD-diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD+-diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,6-beta-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + CMP.
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-lactosylceramide sialyltransferase
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:lactosylceramide alpha-2,6-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activity
CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activity
lactosylceramide alpha-2,6-N-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetylneuraminyl-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide + CMP.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = 1,2-diacyl-3-[3-(alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminyl)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol + CMP + H(+).
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
galactosyldiacylglycerol alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->6)]-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + CMP.
(alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-alpha-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-galactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
(alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:(alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide alpha-2,6-N-acetylneuraminyl-transferase activity
NeuAc-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc-alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetyl-galactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-(alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide-alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity
(alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-galactosaminide 6-alpha-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + CMP. Alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide is also known as GM3.
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase activity
CMP-acetylneuraminic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activity
CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide-sialyltransferase activity
cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-lactosylceramide alpha2,3- sialyltransferase activity
lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (6AS,11AS)-3,6A,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate = glyceollin + diphosphate.
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan dimethylallyltransferase activity
dimethylallyl-diphosphate:(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan dimethyltransferase activity
dimethylallylpyrophosphate:3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan dimethylallyltransferase activity
dimethylallylpyrophosphate:trihydroxypterocarpan dimethylallyl transferase activity
trihydroxypterocarpan dimethylallyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: p-hydroxybenzoate + solanesyl pyrophosphate = nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.
nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate transferase activity
p-hydroxybenzoate dimethylallyltransferase activity
p-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase activity
p-hydroxybenzoic acid-polyprenyl transferase activity
p-hydroxybenzoic-polyprenyl transferase activity
solanesyl-diphosphate:4-hydroxybenzoate nonaprenyltransferase activity
4-hydroxybenzoate nonaprenyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 1-phosphate + all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate + diphosphate.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate:sn-glyceryl phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
glycerol phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
phosphoglycerol geranylgeranyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate + all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = 2,3-di-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate + diphosphate.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate:sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
geranylgeranyloxyglycerol phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
geranylgeranylglycerol-phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 putrescine = NH3 + sym-homospermidine.
putrescine:putrescine 4-aminobutyltransferase (ammonia-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-oxo acid + L-asparagine = an amino acid + 2-oxosuccinamate.
L-asparagine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase activity
asparagine--oxo-acid aminotransferase activity
asparagine-keto acid aminotransferase activity
asparagine-oxo-acid aminotransferase activity
asparagine-oxo-acid transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate.
(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate aminotransferase activity
L-3-aminoisobutyrate aminotransferase activity
L-3-aminoisobutyrate transaminase activity
L-3-aminoisobutyric aminotransferase activity
beta-aminoisobutyrate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity
(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate + L-tryptophan = 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate + L-phenylalanine.
L-tryptophan-alpha-ketoisocaproate aminotransferase activity
L-tryptophan:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
tryptophan--phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
tryptophan-phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
tryptophan-phenylpyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine + pyruvate = L-alanine + pyridoxal.
pyridoxamine--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
pyridoxamineu-pyruvic transaminase activity
pyridoxamine-pyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-isoleucine.
L-valine:(S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate aminotransferase activity
valine--3-methyl-2-oxovalerate aminotransferase activity
valine--isoleucine aminotransferase activity
valine--isoleucine transaminase activity
valine-2-keto-methylvalerate aminotransferase activity
valine-3-methyl-2-oxovalerate aminotransferase activity
valine-3-methyl-2-oxovalerate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose = L-glutamate + UDP-2-acetamido-4-dehydro-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-glucose.
UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
UDP-4-amino-2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose aminotransferase activity
UDP-4-amino-2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose transaminase activity
uridine diphospho-4-amino-2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose aminotransferase activity
UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + oxaloacetate = L-aspartate + glyoxylate.
glycine--oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity
glycine-oxalacetate aminotransferase activity
glycine-oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity
glycine:oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity
glycine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate + pyruvate = L-alanine + phosphonoacetaldehyde.
(2-aminoethyl)phosphonate aminotransferase activity
(2-aminoethyl)phosphonate transaminase activity
(2-aminoethyl)phosphonate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
(2-aminoethyl)phosphonate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
(2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid aminotransferase activity
2-aminoethylphosphonate aminotransferase activity
2-aminoethylphosphonate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
2-aminoethylphosphonate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
2-aminoethylphosphonate-pyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine.
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate aminotransferase activity
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate transaminase activity
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase activity
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
D-3-aminoisobutyrate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
D-3-aminoisobutyrate--pyruvate transaminase activity
D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase activity
D-beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
beta-aminoisobutyrate--pyruvate transaminase activity
beta-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
Note that this function was EC:2.6.1.61.
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-methionine + pyruvate = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
D-methionine--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
D-methionine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
D-methionine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
D-methionine-pyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-2,4-diaminobutyrate + pyruvate = L-alanine + L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde.
L-2,4-diaminobutanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
L-diaminobutyric acid transaminase activity
diaminobutyrate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity
diaminobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
diaminobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + oxomalonate = aminomalonate + pyruvate.
L-alanine-ketomalonate transaminase activity
L-alanine:oxomalonate aminotransferase activity
alanine--oxomalonate aminotransferase activity
alanine-ketomalonate (mesoxalate) transaminase activity
alanine-oxomalonate aminotransferase activity
alanine-oxomalonate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-dopa = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate.
3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
dihydroxyphenylalanine aminotransferase activity
dihydroxyphenylalanine transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,6/3,5-pentahydroxycyclohexanone + L-glutamine = 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol + 2-oxoglutaramate.
L-glutamine-keto-scyllo-inositol aminotransferase activity
L-glutamine-scyllo-inosose transaminase activity
L-glutamine:2,4,6/3,5-pentahydroxycyclohexanone aminotransferase activity
glutamine scyllo-inosose aminotransferase activity
glutamine--scyllo-inosose aminotransferase activity
glutamine--scyllo-inosose transaminase activity
glutamine-scyllo-inosose aminotransferase activity
glutamine-scyllo-inosose transaminase activity
glutamine-scyllo-inositol transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol + pyruvate = 1D-1-guanidino-1-deoxy-3-dehydro-scyllo-inositol + L-alanine.
1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol aminotransferase activity
1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
L-alanine-N-amidino-3-(or 5-)keto-scyllo-inosamine transaminase activity
guanidinoaminodideoxy-scyllo-inositol-pyruvate aminotransferase activity
1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-phenylalanine = phenylpyruvate + L-alanine.
L-phenylalanine(L-histidine):pyruvate aminotransferase activity
phenylalanine (histidine) aminotransferase activity
phenylalanine(histidine) aminotransferase activity
phenylalanine(histidine) transaminase activity
phenylalanine(histidine):pyruvate aminotransferase activity
L-phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase activity
L-histidine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
histidine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
L-phenylalanine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxylate + an aromatic amino acid = L-glycine + an aromatic oxo acid.
aromatic-amino-acid--glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
aromatic-amino-acid-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
aromatic-amino-acid:glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
aromatic-amino-acid-glyoxylate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + glycine.
L-kynurenine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (cyclizing)
kynurenine--glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
kynurenine-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity
kynurenine-glyoxylate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine.
L-glutamine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
glutamine--phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
glutamine-phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
glutamine-phenylpyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 3-amino-6-acetamidohexanoate = L-glutamate + 3-oxo-6-acetamidohexanoate.
6-acetamido-3-aminohexanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
N(6)-acetyl-beta-lysine aminotransferase activity
N6-acetyl-beta-lysine aminotransferase activity
epsilon-acetyl-beta-lysine aminotransferase activity
N6-acetyl-beta-lysine transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate + L-aspartate = L-phenylalanine + oxaloacetate.
L-aspartate:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
aspartate--phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
aspartate-phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity
aspartate-phenylpyruvate transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine = 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate + L-glutamate.
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine aminotransferase activity
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
D-hydroxyphenylglycine aminotransferase activity
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine transaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: microsomal-membrane protein + diphosphate = diphosphate + O-phospho-microsomal-membrane protein.
diphosphate:microsomal-membrane-protein O-phosphotransferase activity
pyrophosphate-protein phosphotransferase activity
pyrophosphate:protein phosphotransferase activity
triphosphate-protein phosphotransferase activity
triphosphate:microsomal-membrane-protein phosphotransferase activity
diphosphate-protein phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] + ATP = [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] phosphate + ADP.
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase activity
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase activity
ATP:hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) phosphotransferase activity
beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase (phosphorylating) activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) kinase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH2) kinase activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase activity
[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) = ADP + 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphate.
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase activity
ATP:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphotransferase activity
[3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] kinase activity
branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase activity
branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase activity
branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase activity
branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase (phosphorylating) activity
[3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerone + phosphoenolpyruvate = glycerone phosphate + pyruvate.
phosphoenolpyruvate:glycerone phosphotransferase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate-glycerone phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.
inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase activity
1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase activity
ATP:1D-myo-inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase activity
1D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate 5-kinase activity
1D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate 6-kinase activity
inositol-trisphosphate 5-kinase activity
inositol-trisphosphate 6-kinase activity
inositol tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.
1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
ATP:1D-myo-inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphotransferase activity
inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
inositol-tetrakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
inositol tetrakisphosphate 5-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + D-glucose = D-glucose 6-phosphate + glycerol.
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase activity
glycerol-3-phosphate-glucose phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-hexose + acyl phosphate = D-hexose phosphate + an acid.
acyl-phosphate:D-hexose phosphotransferase activity
hexose phosphate:hexose phosphotransferase activity
acyl-phosphate-hexose phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hexose + phosphoramidate = hexose 1-phosphate + NH3.
phosphoramidate-hexose transphosphorylase activity
phosphoramidate:hexose 1-phosphotransferase activity
phosphoramidic-hexose transphosphorylase activity
phosphoramidate-hexose phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose + long chain polyphosphate = glucose-6-phosphate + long chain polyphosphate.
polyphosphate-D-(+)-glucose-6-phosphotransferase activity
polyphosphate-glucose 6-phosphotransferase activity
polyphosphate:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase activity
polyphosphate-glucose phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol + diphosphate = glycerol 1-phosphate + H(+) + phosphate.
PPi-glycerol phosphotransferase activity
diphosphate:glycerol 1-phosphotransferase activity
pyrophosphate--glycerol phosphotransferase activity
diphosphate-glycerol phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + diphosphate = O-phospho-L-serine + H(+) + phosphate.
diphosphate:L-serine O-phosphotransferase activity
pyrophosphate--serine phosphotransferase activity
pyrophosphate-L-serine phosphotransferase activity
diphosphate-serine phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydrostreptomycin 6-phosphate = ADP + dihydrostreptomycin 3'alpha,6-bisphosphate + 2 H(+).
ATP:dihydrostreptomycin-6-P 3'alpha-phosphotransferase activity
ATP:dihydrostreptomycin-6-phosphate 3'alpha-phosphotransferase activity
dihydrostreptomycin 6-phosphate kinase (phosphorylating)
dihydrostreptomycin-6-phosphate 3'alpha-kinase activity
dihydrostreptomycin-6-phosphate 3'-alpha-kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: fructose-6-phosphate + diphosphate = phosphate + fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
6-phosphofructokinase (diphosphate) activity
6-phosphofructokinase (pyrophosphate) activity
diphosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase activity
diphosphate:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
inorganic pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity
inorganic pyrophosphate-phosphofructokinase activity
pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase activity
pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructo-1-kinase activity
pyrophosphate-fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase activity
diphosphate-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-polyphosphate + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate = long-chain-polyphosphate + 3-phosphoglycerate.
1,3-diphosphoglycerate-polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate:polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
diphosphoglycerate-polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
3-phosphoglyceroyl-phosphate-polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxy-5-methyl-5'-cytidylate + ATP = 5-methyldeoxycytidine diphosphate + ADP + H(+).
ATP:5-methyldeoxycytidine-5'-phosphate phosphotransferase activity
5-methyldeoxycytidine-5'-phosphate kinase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphate + long-chain-polyphosphate = dolichol-phosphate + long-chain-polyphosphate.
dolichyl-diphosphate:polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
dolichylpyrophosphate:polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
dolichyl-diphosphate-polyphosphate phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate + UTP = UDP-D-xylose + diphosphate.
UTP-xylose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UTP:alpha-D-xylose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoxylose pyrophosphorylase activity
xylose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
xylose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
UTP:xylose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: hexose 1-phosphate + nucleoside triphosphate = NDP-hexose + diphosphate.
NTP:alpha-D-aldose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
NTP:hexose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
hexose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
hexose 1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
nucleoside diphosphohexose pyrophosphorylase activity
nucleoside-triphosphate-aldose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
GTP:alpha-D-hexose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GTP:hexose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphohexose pyrophosphorylase activity
hexose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
nucleoside-triphosphate-hexose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate + GTP = diphosphate + GDP-L-fucose.
GTP:L-fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GTP:beta-L-fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GTP:fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphate L-fucose pyrophosphorylase activity
fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-D-galactose.
dTDP galactose pyrophosphorylase activity
dTDP-galactose pyrophosphorylase activity
dTTP:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase activity
galactose 1-phosphate thymidylyl transferase activity
thymidine diphosphogalactose pyrophosphorylase activity
thymidine triphosphate:alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase activity
galactose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + CTP = CDP-D-glucose + diphosphate.
CTP:D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity
cytidine diphosphate-D-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity
cytidine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity
glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + GTP = diphosphate + GDP-D-glucose.
GTP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
GTP:glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
guanosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity
glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ADP + H(+) = ADP-ribose + phosphate.
ADP:D-ribose-5-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
ADP:ribose-5-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphoribose phosphorylase activity
ribose-5-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: aldose 1-phosphate + ADP = phosphate + ADP-aldose.
sugar-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
ADP:aldose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
ADP:alpha-D-aldose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphate glucose:orthophosphate adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphosugar phosphorylase activity
aldose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: aldose 1-phosphate + NDP = phosphate + NDP-aldose.
sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
NDP:aldose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
NDP:alpha-D-aldose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
glucose 1-phosphate inosityltransferase activity
nucleoside diphosphate sugar:orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
nucleoside diphosphosugar phosphorylase activity
sugar phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
aldose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + CTP = CDP-glycerol + diphosphate.
CTP:glycerol 3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphate glycerol pyrophosphorylase activity
cytidine diphosphoglycerol pyrophosphorylase activity
glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribitol 5-phosphate + CTP = CDP-ribitol + diphosphate.
CTP:D-ribitol-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
cytidine diphosphate ribitol pyrophosphorylase activity
cytidine diphosphoribitol pyrophosphorylase activity
ribitol 5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
D-ribitol-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phospho-alpha-D-glucuronate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.
UDP-D-glucuronic acid pyrophosphorylase activity
UDP-glucuronate pyrophosphorylase activity
UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphorylase activity
UTP:1-phospho-alpha-D-glucuronate uridylyltransferase activity
UTP:glucuronate-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucuronic pyrophosphorylase activity
glucuronate-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 GTP = P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate + diphosphate + H(+).
guanosine-triphosphate guanylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-adenylyl sulfate + NH(4)(+) = adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate + 2 H(+) + sulfate.
adenylylsulfate:ammonia adenylyltransferase activity
adenylylsulphate-ammonia adenylyltransferase activity
adenylylsulfate-ammonia adenylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylethanolamine phosphate + CTP = CDP-N-methylethanolamine + diphosphate.
CTP:N-methylethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
CTP:N-methylphosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase activity
monomethylethanolamine phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity
N-methylphosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + sphingosine = CMP + H(+) + sphingosyl-phosphocholine.
CDP-choline-sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase activity
CDP-choline:sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase activity
cytidine diphosphocholine-sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase activity
phosphorylcholine-sphingosine transferase activity
sphingosine choline phosphotransferase activity
sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerophosphate(n) + CDP-glycerol = glycerophosphate(n+1) + CMP.
CDP-glycerol:poly(glycerophosphate) glycerophosphotransferase activity
CDPglycerol glycerophosphotransferase activity
cytidine diphosphoglycerol glycerophosphotransferase activity
poly(glycerol phosphate) polymerase activity
teichoic acid glycerol transferase activity
CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ribitol phosphate(n) + CDP-ribitol = ribitol phosphate(n+1) + CMP.
CDP-ribitol:poly(ribitol phosphate) ribitolphosphotransferase activity
CDPribitol ribitolphosphotransferase activity
poly(ribitol phosphate) synthetase activity
polyribitol phosphate polymerase activity
polyribitol phosphate synthetase activity
CDP-ribitol ribitolphosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + UDP-D-galactose = H(+) + UDP-N-acetyl-6-(D-galactose-1-phospho)-D-glucosamine + UMP.
UDP-galactose:UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine galactose phosphotransferase activity
UDPgalactose-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine galactose phosphotransferase activity
UDPgalactose:UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine galactose phosphotransferase activity
uridine diphosphogalactose-uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine galactose-1-phosphotransferase activity
UDP-galactose-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine galactose phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein D-mannose + UDP-D-glucose = glycoprotein 6-(D-glucose-1-phospho)-D-mannose + UMP.
UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucose-1-phosphotransferase activity
UDP-glucose:glycoprotein-D-mannose glucosephosphotransferase activity
UDPglucose-glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase activity
UDPglucose:glycoprotein-D-mannose glucosephosphotransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-glycoprotein glucose-1-phosphotransferase activity
UDP-glucose-glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol + CDP-choline = plasmenylcholine + CMP.
CDP-choline-1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerol phosphocholinetransferase activity
CDP-choline:1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity
1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-undecaprenyl phosphate + UDP-D-galactose = alpha-D-galactosyl-diphosphoundecaprenol + UMP.
UDP-galactose:undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase activity
poly(isoprenol)-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase activity
poly(isoprenol)-phosphate galactosephosphotransferase activity
poly(isoprenyl)phosphate galactosephosphatetransferase activity
undecaprenyl phosphate galactosyl-1-phosphate transferase activity
undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphomannan(n) + GDP-mannose = phosphomannan(n+1) + GMP.
GDP-mannose:phosphomannan mannose phosphotransferase activity
phosphomannan mannosephosphotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dithioerythritol + thiosulfate = hydrogen sulfide + dithioerythritol disulfide + sulfite.
thiosulfate:dithioerythritol sulfurtransferase activity
thiosulphate-dithiol sulphurtransferase activity
thiosulfate-dithiol sulfurtransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucosyl-1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl-1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl-1,3-1-O-alkyl-2-O-acylglycerol + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate = 6-sulfo-alpha-D-glucosyl-1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl-1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl-1,3-1-O-alkyl-2-O-acylglycerol + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:triglucosyl-1-O-alkyl-2-O-acylglycerol 6-sulfotransferase activity
triglucosylalkylacylglycerol sulphotransferase activity
triglucosylmonoalkylmonoacyl sulfotransferase activity
triglucosylalkylacylglycerol sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + desulfoglucotropeolin = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + glucotropeolin + H(+).
3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate:desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase activity
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase activity
PAPS-desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase activity
desulphoglucosinolate sulphotransferase activity
desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + quercetin 3-sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H(+) + quercetin 3,3'-disulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:quercetin-3-sulfate 3'-sulfotransferase activity
PAPS:flavonol 3-sulfate 3'-sulfotransferase activity
quercetin-3-sulphate 3'-sulphotransferase activity
quercetin-3-sulfate 3'-sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + quercetin 3-sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H(+) + quercetin 3,4'-disulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:quercetin-3-sulfate 4'-sulfotransferase activity
PAPS:flavonol 3-sulfate 4'-sulfotransferase activity
quercetin-3-sulphate 4'-sulphotransferase activity
quercetin-3-sulfate 4'-sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: quercetin 3,3'-bissulfate + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate = quercetin 3,3',7-trissulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:quercetin-3,3'-bissulfate 7-sulfotransferase activity
PAPS:flavonol 3,3'/3,4'-disulfate 7-sulfotransferase activity
quercetin-3,3'-bissulphate 7-sulphotransferase activity
quercetin-3,3'-bissulfate 7-sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H(+) + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4,6-disulfate.
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate 6-sulfotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulphate sulphotransferase activity
uridine diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfotransferase activity
uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfotransferase activity
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate sulfotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA + succinate.
dicarboxyl-CoA:dicarboxylic acid coenzyme A transferase activity
hydroxymethylglutarate coenzyme A-transferase activity
succinate:(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate CoA-transferase activity
succinate-hydroxymethylglutarate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-citramalate + succinyl-CoA = citramalyl-CoA + succinate.
citramalate coenzyme A-transferase activity
succinyl coenzyme A-citramalyl coenzyme A transferase activity
succinyl-CoA:citramalate CoA-transferase activity
succinate-citramalate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetate + butanoyl-CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + butanoate.
butanoyl-CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase activity
butyryl coenzyme A-acetoacetate coenzyme A-transferase activity
butyryl-CoA-acetoacetate CoA-transferase activity
butyrate-acetoacetate CoA-transferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-(4-acetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene + H(2)O = 5-(4-hydroxy-but-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene + acetate + H(+).
5-(4-acetoxy-1-butynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene:acetate esterase activity
5-(4-acetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene O-acetylhydrolase activity
acetoxybutynylbithiophene esterase activity
acetoxybutynylbithiophene deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H(2)O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+).
4-methylumbelliferyl-acetate acylhydrolase activity
methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminoglycan = acetate + D-galactosaminoglycan.
N-acetyl galactosaminoglycan deacetylase activity
N-acetyl-D-galactosaminoglycan acetylhydrolase activity