Formation of novel TRPC channels by complex subunit interactions in embryonic brain
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A complex with regulatory subunit Ppp2r2d
Xenopus unwinding complex at replication fork
FUNCTION Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition.SUBUNIT Interacts with the CDK1 protein kinase to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex. When not in a complex with cdk1, interacts with spdya. Interacts with nap1l1.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Accumulates steadily during G2 and is abruptly destroyed at mitosis.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
FUNCTION Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition.SUBUNIT Interacts with the cdc2 protein kinase to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex. When not in a complex with cdc2, interacts with spdya. Interacts with nap1l1. Interacts with nanos1.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Accumulates steadily during G2 and is abruptly destroyed at mitosis.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Localization of the kinesin-like protein Xklp2 to spindle poles requires a leucine zipper, a microtubule-associated protein, and dynein
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2
FUNCTION Inhibits wnt, nodal/nr-1 and bmp signaling in the embryo to promote head formation and anterior neural induction. Within the endoderm, acts as an essential mediator of nodal/nr-1-induced cardiogenesis in the overlying mesoderm.SUBUNIT The long chain interacts with nodal/nr-1, bmp4 and wnt8, thereby inhibiting their function. The short chain interacts with nodal/nr-1 but not bmp4 or wnt8.TISSUE SPECIFICITY A component of the Nieuwkoop signaling center in the blastula. Expressed transiently in a broad anterior domain of the gastrula, including the anterior endoderm of the Spemann's organizer and more laterally the cardiac primordia. Expression is excluded from the prospective prechordal plate region and the ring of cells that give rise to the trunk-tail mesoderm.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression increases at stage 10 (early gastrula), continues during gastrula and early neurula stages before rapidly declining during neurulation.INDUCTION By nodal/nr-1 signaling and wnt8 signaling including the downstream effectors mix-A/mix.1 and siamois acting synergistically with either lhx1/lim1 or otx2. Also by acvr1b/alk4.MISCELLANEOUS Microinjection of cer1 into blastomeres results in the formation of ectopic heads that contain cyclopic eyes as well as duplicated internal organs such as liver and heart. The heart beats at a rhythm different to that of the primary heart. Based on this phenotype the name 'cerberus' was chosen after a mythological guardian dog with multiple heads.SIMILARITY Belongs to the DAN family.SIMILARITY Contains 1 CTCK (C-terminal cystine knot-like) domain.
Neuronal TRP channels: thermometers, pathfinders and life-savers
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CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: A phosphoprotein + H(2)O = a protein + phosphate.
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FUNCTION Central component of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.SUBUNIT Forms a heterodimer with XCAP-C/SMC4. Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/BRRN1, XCAP-D2/CNAP1 and XCAP-G/CAPG.SIMILARITY Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
FUNCTION Central component of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerase.SUBUNIT Forms a heterodimer with XCAP-E/SMC2. Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/BRRN1, XCAP-D2/CNAP1 and XCAP-G/CAPG.SIMILARITY Belongs to the SMC family. SMC4 subfamily.
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p-S67-cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 19-A
FUNCTION B regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) that plays a key role in cell cycle by controlling mitosis entry and exit. The activity of PP2A complexes containing ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) fluctuate during the cell cycle: the activity is high in interphase and low in mitosis. During mitosis, activity of PP2A is inhibited via interaction with phosphorylated ensa and arpp19 inhibitors. PP2A complexes containing ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) also regulate the activity of TGF-beta/Activin/Nodal signaling by restricting receptor activity. Within the PP2A complexes, the B regulatory subunits modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also may direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.SUBUNIT PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (PR65 or subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. Proteins that associate with the core dimer include three families of regulatory subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families), the 48 kDa variable regulatory subunit, viral proteins, and cell signaling molecules. Interacts with ensa (when phosphorylated at 'Ser-67') and arpp19 (when phosphorylated at 'Ser-67'), leading to inhibit PP2A activity.MISCELLANEOUS ppp2r2d is an abundant subunit in egg extracts and represents 70% or more of B55 subunits (PubMed:19793917).SIMILARITY Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.SIMILARITY Contains 7 WD repeats.
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p-S67-cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 19-B
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CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ATP + [DNA-directed RNA polymerase] = ADP + [DNA-directed RNA polymerase] phosphate.ENZYME REGULATION Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-161 activates it.SUBUNIT Forms a stable but non-covalent complex with a regulatory subunit and with a cyclin. Interacts with spdya.PTM Phosphorylation at Tyr-15 by wee1 and wee2 inhibits the protein kinase activity and acts negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition).SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.SIMILARITY Contains 1 protein kinase domain.
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FUNCTION Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerase.SUBUNIT Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/NCAPH, XCAP-D2/NCAPD2 and XCAP-G/NCAPG.PTM Phosphorylated by CDK1. Its phosphorylation, as well as that of XCAP-D2 and XCAP-G subunits, activates the condensin complex and is required for chromosome condensation.SIMILARITY Belongs to the CND2 (condensin subunit 2) family.
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The substrate of Greatwall kinase, Arpp19, controls mitosis by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A
Greatwall phosphorylates an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A that is essential for mitosis
Mcm8 is related to the Mcm2-7 helicase and is found in vertebrates but not in C. elegans or the yeasts. Studies in Xenopus egg extracts showed that Mcm8 does not associate with the soluble Mcm2-7 complex and binds chromatin upon initiation of DNA synthesis. Mcm8 depletion does not affect replication licensing or Mcm3 loading but slows down DNA synthesis and reduces chromatin recruitment of Rpa34 and DNA polymerase-alpha. Recombinant Mcm8 has ATPase and helicase activities.
Cdk1 (Cdc2) in complex with Ccnb (cyclin B) phosphorylates condensin I subunits Ncapd2, Ncapg and Ncaph in mitotic Xenopus egg extracts. While phosphorylation sites in Ncapg and Ncaph have not been identified, Ncapd2 is phosphorylated on threonine residues T1314, T1348 and T1353 (Kimura et al. 1998) which are conserved in human and mouse orthologs. Phosphorylation by Cdk1 enables condensin I to introduce positive supercoils into DNA and promotes chromatin condensation (Kimura et al. 1998).
Multiple Xenopus proteins are localized at replication fork
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Replication Fork', 1 molecule of 'xCdc45', 1 molecule of 'xMcm8', and 1 molecule of 'xGINS complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Xenopus unwinding complex at replication fork' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
FUNCTION Cooperation and regulatory loops of multiple nodals are essential for mesendoderm patterning in early embryos. Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development. Activates the activin-like signaling pathway to induce dorsal and ventral mesoderm in animal cap ectoderm. In addition, also dorsalizes ventral marginal zone (VMZ) tissues during gastrulation. Acts in a downstream signaling cascade via cripto and cer1 to mediate cardiogenesis in embryonic mesoderm. Directs the orientation of the left-right axis by driving the left-specific gene cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm.SUBUNIT Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Interacts with, and is inhibited by cer1 and gdf10/bmp3b.TISSUE SPECIFICITY In the first phase of expression, localized to the vegetal region of the blastula. During gastrulation (stage 10.5), this expression disappears and instead becomes localized to the dorsal marginal zone, with enrichment in the organizer. During the second phase of expression in neurulae and tailbud embryos, expression restarts firstly in two symmetric patches near the posterior end of the notochord, and then in a large asymmetrical domain in the left lateral plate mesoderm.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Has two phases of temporal expression during embryogenesis; first expressed at late blastula (stage 9) with expression peaking at early gastrula. Expression then disappears before restarting in a second phase in late neurulae (stage 17).INDUCTION By dorsal mesoderm-inducing signals including smad2-smad4, activin and other nodal-related proteins including nodal2/nr-2 and nodal4/nr-4. Shows autoinduction by nodal/nr-1. Induced by vegt, acting in an autoregulatory loop. Beta-catenin potentiates the response to activin. Not induced by wnt8 alone, but wnt8 potentiates the response to activin. Suppressed by ventral inducers such as bmp4.SIMILARITY Belongs to the TGF-beta family.
p-S67-Ensa/p-S67-Arpp19 binds PP2A-Ppp2r2d
Recombinant Xenopus Ensa and Arpp19 are phosphorylated by recombinant Xenopus Mastl on serine residue S67. Once phosphorylated, Ensa and Arpp19 bind and inhibit the phosphatase activity of PP2A complexed with the regulatory subunit Ppp2r2d (B55-delta) (Mochida et al. 2010, Gharbi-Ayachi et al. 2010).
The kinesin-12 family member Xklp2 is a plus-end-directed dimeric kinesin.
Cerberus binds Xnr-1, the Xenopus Nodal homolog, and negatively regulates Xnr-1 signaling (Piccolo et al. 1999).
Netrin-1, through its activation of DCC, triggers TRPC channel mediating the Ca+2 influx that is required for the growth cone turning. The effect of netrin-1 on TRP currents in the neurons is studied in Xenopus. In cultured Xenopus spinal neurons, Netrin-1 evoked Ca+2 influx and a depolarizing, TRPC-like current in both soma and growth cones. Inhibition of the Xenopus homologue of mammalian TRPC1 (XTRPC1) prevented Ca+2 influx, TRPC-like current activation and the chemotropic turning of the growth cone in response to a gradient of Netrin-1. Netrin-1 receptor signalling to TRPC channels is mediated via hydrolysis of PIP2 by PLCgamma which then activates TRPC channel activity through IP3 and DAG.
FUNCTION Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme involved in mitotic spindle assembly. Required for centrosome separation and maintenance of spindle bipolarity during mitosis.SUBUNIT Homodimer. Dimerization is required for targeting to microtubule minus ends. Found in a complex with tpx2 and microtubules. Its association with microtubules and targeting to microtubule minus ends requires tpx2.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Strongly expressed in testis and weakly in lung (at protein level).DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed maternally in oocytes and eggs (at protein level).SIMILARITY Belongs to the kinesin-like protein family. KLP2 subfamily.SIMILARITY Contains 1 kinesin-motor domain.
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FUNCTION The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.SUBUNIT Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of gins1/psf1, gins2/psf2, gins3/psf3 and gins4/sld5.SIMILARITY Belongs to the GINS2/PSF2 family.
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Phosphorylation and activation of 13S condensin by Cdc2 in vitro
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SIMILARITY Belongs to the endosulfine family.
FUNCTION Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerase.SUBUNIT Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/NCAPH, XCAP-D2/NCAPD2 and XCAP-G/NCAPG.PTM Phosphorylated by cdk1. Its phosphorylation, as well as that of XCAP-D2 and XCAP-H subunits, activates the condensin complex and is required for chromosome condensation.SIMILARITY Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.SIMILARITY Contains 10 HEAT repeats.
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The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals
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FUNCTION Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis. When phosphorylated at Ser-67 during mitosis, specifically interacts with ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) and inhibits its activity, leading to inactivation of PP2A, an essential condition to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high during M phase.SUBUNIT Interacts (when phosphorylated at Ser-67) with ppp2r2d.PTM Phosphorylation at Ser-67 by gwl during mitosis is essential for interaction with ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) and subsequent inactivation of PP2A. Phosphorylated by PKA.SIMILARITY Belongs to the endosulfine family.
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FUNCTION Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases. May target the condensin complex to DNA via its C-terminal domain.SUBUNIT Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/NCAPH, XCAP-D2/NCAPD2 and XCAP-G/NCAPG.PTM Phosphorylated by CDK1. Its phosphorylation, as well as that of XCAP-H and XCAP-G subunits, activates the condensin complex and is required for chromosome condensation.SIMILARITY Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
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FUNCTION Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis. When phosphorylated at Ser-67 during mitosis, specifically interacts with ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) and inhibits its activity, leading to inactivation of PP2A, an essential condition to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high during M phase.SUBUNIT Interacts (when phosphorylated at Ser-67) with ppp2r2d.PTM Phosphorylation at Ser-67 by gwl during mitosis is essential for interaction with PPP2R2D (PR55-delta) and subsequent inactivation of PP2A. Phosphorylated by PKA.SIMILARITY Belongs to the endosulfine family.
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FUNCTION Required for initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Binds to chromatin in a mutually dependent manner with the GINS DNA replication complex.SUBUNIT Interacts with topbp1.SIMILARITY Belongs to the CDC45 family.
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MCM8 is an MCM2-7-related protein that functions as a DNA helicase during replication elongation and not initiation
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gene ontology term for cellular function
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Localization of MCM2-7, Cdc45, and GINS to the site of DNA unwinding during eukaryotic DNA replication
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